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Muffler Sound Development Using Analysis of Acoustic Source of Engine Exhaust System2014-01-00261/30/2026
In order to achieve the proper automobile interior sound, the tailpipe noise of the exhaust system must be considered as a main contributor. This paper describes a study of the achievement of dynamic sound quality through exhaust system design. Firstly, we determined the vehicle's interior sound quality and established a target sound using a subjective assessment of 10 benchmark vehicles. The exhaust noise target is determined by means of transfer path analysis focusing on the noise source and how it's impacted by the muffler design. The exhaust system is commonly modeled as a combination of source strength and impedance. We obtained the source character by the wave decomposition method using two microphones and six loads ultimately leading to an optimized design of the inner muffler structure. Based on this study, we achieved dynamic interior sound and improved exhaust system performance.
Han, HakSon, Park, ChulMin, Heo, JeongHoi, Kang, Sang Kyu
Application of DOE Techniques to Identify Factors Influencing Gearbox Synchronizer Wear and Life.2026-26-04891/16/2026
Gearbox synchronizers are essential components for ensuring smooth gear shifting in both manual and automated manual transmissions. The lifespan of a synchronizer is influenced by a complex interplay of several factors, including synchro geometry, lubrication, friction material properties, clutch design parameters, powertrain vibrations, and various operating conditions. These factors contribute to the wear and degradation of synchronizers over time, affecting the overall performance and durability of the transmission system. This paper investigates the influence of various design and operational parameters on the synchronizer's life using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach. A comprehensive experimental plan was meticulously developed to systematically vary key factors such as synchronizer friction material, the number of cones, lubricant viscosity, and clutch stiffness, among others. The resulting experimental data was analyzed through statistical methods, particularly regression
Jagtap, Amol Shivaji, Koulage, Dasharath, Rudramath, Sagar
Investigation of Fatigue Durability Failure Mechanisms in High-Pressure Hydraulic Pipes of Power Steering Systems2026-26-05421/16/2026
Abstract—The high-pressure hydraulic pipeline in the power steering system is a vital component for ensuring optimal performance. During warranty analysis, leakage incidents were observed at the customer end within the warranty period. The primary factors contributing to these failures include pipe material thickness, material composition, mechanical properties, and engine-induced vibrations. This study investigates fatigue-related failures through detailed material characterization and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) based on real world usage road load data collected. The objective is to identify the root causes by examining the influence of varying pipe thickness on fatigue life. The investigation discovered that crack initiation predominantly occurred on the concave side of bent pipe sections, specifically on the engine-side high-pressure steering line, which is connected to the power steering pump mounted on the engine. Fracture surfaces exhibited characteristics consistent with
SURVADE, LALIT, Koulage, Dasharath Baliram, Biswas, Kaushik
Early Prediction of CNG Filling Time using Artificial Intelligence for Design Optimization2026-26-06621/16/2026
The CNG fuel system is a critical component in vehicle development and typically includes large-volume gas cylinders (up to 800 liters). As these vehicles often operate over long distances daily, frequent refueling is necessary, making a short gas filling time highly desirable. Currently, CNG filling time is evaluated after prototype development to determine the refueling duration. If the filling time is excessive, design changes to the fuel system are required, leading to significant cost and time penalties and causing delays in the vehicle product development cycle. By integrating AI/ML technology, a mathematical model has been developed based on various influencing parameters. This model will predict CNG gas filling time across all commercial vehicle platforms at the initial Zero design release gateway. This early prediction will enable further optimization to improve gas filling time. The goal of this research work to optimising the filling time for various platform before physical
Choudhary, Aditya Kant, Petale, Mahendra, Dutta, Surabhi, Bagul, Mithilesh
Study of Style wheel rim failure Due to Rim and disc assembly interference2026-26-05411/16/2026
This study focuses on the investigation of wheel rim failures near weld zone during repeated cornering induced by interference between the rim and disc during the wheel manufacturing assembly process. Strain gauges were employed to capture real-time stress and strain distributions at critical zones during interference fitting. The experimental results revealed that improper interference levels lead to significant stress concentrations, often surpassing the material's elastic limit, initiating micro-crack formation and promoting fatigue failure. Detailed strain analysis indicated that both radial and axial stresses contribute to long-term structural degradation. The study highlights the critical role of dimensional tolerances, surface finishes, and assembly forces in minimizing stress-induced failures. Recommendations are provided for optimizing design and assembly practices to enhance the durability and reliability of automotive wheels.
P, Praveen, DEsigan, Lakshmipathy, K, CHANDRAMOHAN, C, Santhosh
The Impact of Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) on Automotive Headlights Performance and Driver Perception2026-26-01301/16/2026
Automotive lighting has been evolved from simple incandescent lamps to advanced LED based AFS and ADB functions. These lighting play crucial role in road traffic enhancing better visibility and safety to driver as well as other road users. Today’s Automotive Headlights use different light sources viz., Halogen, HID (Xenon), LED, and Laser each emitting light at different correlated color temperatures (CCT), measured in Kelvin (K). Color temperature not only influences visibility but also impacts the amount and perception of glare experienced by other drivers. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of correlated color temperature of automotive headlamps on driver visibility and comfort during night driving conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment using headlamps with different CCTs ranging from 3000K to 6500K. Participants from various age groups and genders were involved to capture diverse perceptions. Studies confirm that both CCT and
Patil, Mahendra Govind, Kirve, Jyoti Kirve, Parlikar, Padmakumar
Accelerating Product Development Life Cycle through Digitalization of Fatigue Life for Structural Components2026-26-04961/16/2026
In today’s competitive market, accelerating product development without compromising durability is critical. Durability is a key benchmark for assessing the quality and reliability of automotive products. To meet rising customer expectations and regulatory demands, the industry must develop vehicles that offer high performance and reduced weight while ensuring safety. A well-engineered vehicle must retain structural integrity and functionality under normal operating conditions and withstand extreme load events without critical failure. Achieving this requires effective Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA), integrated with robust design practices and efficient validation processes. However, physical RLDA is time-consuming and costly, as it depends on prototype vehicles that are often available only in the later development stages. Failures identified during these late-stage tests can delay the product launch significantly. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a digital
Kokare, Sanjay, Dwivedi, Sushil, Siddiqui, Arshad, Iqbal, Shoaib
Advanced Indirect Tire Health Monitoring System Using Transfer Learning for Predictive Maintenance2026-26-06701/16/2026
Tire wear is a critical factor in vehicle safety and operational reliability, with worn-out tires contributing to nearly 30% of highway blowouts and a significant portion of tire-related accidents. Traditional tire wear indicators—such as tread wear bars or mileage-based replacement schedules—lack precision, do not offer real-time feedback, and often fail to prevent hazardous situations caused by uneven or rapid tire degradation. These shortcomings underscore the urgent need for intelligent, data-driven solutions in predictive tire maintenance. While earlier efforts have focused on physical models or basic machine learning algorithms, their limited adaptability and poor generalization across platforms reduce effectiveness in real-world deployments. This paper presents a Machine Learning-based Tire Wear Prediction System, designed for both cloud-based analytics and on-vehicle edge deployment. The system predicts individual tire wear using CAN-based inputs, supported by a transfer
Imteyaz, Shahma, Iqbal, Shoaib
Developing Advanced CAE Model for Door Glass Regulator Operating Noise Reduction through TEST/CAE Correlation2026-26-03111/16/2026
The importance of performance improvement and weight optimization using CAE in the early design stages of vehicle development has been continuously increasing over the past two decades. And, the accuracy of CAE models plays key role, more efforts are required to improve it. Representation of exact physical model in CAE is still a big challenge for achieving an accurate TEST vs CAE correlation. In this research, the procedure and application of door system model correlation were described to reduce the glass regulator operating noise. The function of a regulator in door system is to open and close the glass. The regulator under improper design creates unwanted noise and discomfort to the passenger. In current door CAE Model, we are unable to identify this real time problem. Therefore, this paper discusses how to correlate door system model according to the assembly stage based on modal correlation and it helped in calculating accurate glass regulator operating noise. As a result, the
PANUGANTI, NARESH KUMAR, Choi, Seungchan
A Comprehensive Study of vehicle side door structure and window glass displacement during slam for refinement2026-26-05491/16/2026
In the vehicle closures validation process, the displacements in its structure and window glass have significant impact on its service life. The objective of this paper is to develop a test case using instrumentation and data acquisition for measuring the vehicle door structure and its window glass displacement along the lateral direction. This measurement support for understanding the door and window glass displacement impact on its primary and secondary rubber seals, striker, check arm, hinges, and its structural rigidity. The door mechanisms also get affects by door displacement which results to significant deterioration in its performance. The test setup comprises of sensors with required range and accuracy connected with data acquisition system by selecting appropriate sampling rate. The sensors placed on window glass and on door structure top corner during the measurement. Different window glass positions like full close, half close and fully opened considered for the study
Arthanathan, Sankaranarayanan, SHASHIDHAR, S, B, VENKATASUBRAMANIAN
Development of Door Impact Loads Using Frugal use of Pedal Force Sensor2026-26-05381/16/2026
The first step in designing or analyzing any structure is to understand “right” set of loads. Typically, off-road vehicles have many access doors for service/getting into cab etc. Design of these doors and their latches involve a knowledge of the closing loads when the door is shut mostly with an impact of varying magnitudes. In scenarios of these impact events, where there is sudden change of velocity within few milliseconds, produces high magnitude of loads on structures. One common way of estimating these loads using hand calculations involves evaluating the rate-of-change-of-momentum. However, this calculation needs “duration of impact”, and it is seldom known/difficult to estimate. Failing to capture duration of impact event will change load magnitudes drastically, e.g. load gets doubled if time-of-impact gets reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 seconds and subsequently fatigue life of the components in “Door-closing-event” gets reduce by ~7 times. For these problems, structures are usually
Valkunde, Sangram, Ghate, Amit, GAGARE, KIRAN
Failure Analysis of Dissimilar Metal Weld Joint of an Air Spring Bracket within an Automotive Active Seat Suspension System2026-26-04871/16/2026
In modern four-wheelers, seat suspension systems play a crucial role in enhancing occupant comfort by mitigating the effects of road unevenness and vibrations. Among these systems, active suspension mechanisms offer advanced performance through complex assemblies involving welded, riveted, and bolted joints. This study investigates the failure of an air spring bracket - a critical component of a pneumatic active suspension system - manufactured by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) of two dissimilar ferrous materials which are likely to be SAPH440 and S355J2. These different materials were used based on mechanical properties required to perform by their particular part. System level validation tests were conducted to ensure the reliability of the seat suspension system. The one of the validation tests is continuous cyclic fatigue test which is carried out on the complete seat assembly. However, during vibration / cyclic endurance testing, premature failures were observed near the weld joints
Patale Jr, Reshma, PINJARI, JAYANT NAMDEV, BALI, SHIRISH
Decision-fatigue mitigation in Automotive HMI System2026-26-06521/16/2026
Abstract - With advent of digital displays in driver cabins in commercial vehicles, the drivers are getting offered with many features. Due to availability of vast number of features, drivers face decision fatigue in choosing the appropriate features. Many are unaware of all available functionalities displayed in the HMI System, leading to a bare minimum usage or complete neglect of helpful features. This not only affects the driving efficiency but also increases cognitive load, especially in complex driving scenarios. Instead of manually choosing between multiple settings, the driver can simply activate a recommendation mode, allowing the system to optimize selections dynamically. Novelty of this proposal focuses on introducing Intelligence in HMI Systems in such a way that it will maximize the usage index and reduce decision fatigue in drivers. To achieve this, an AI-driven recommendation system is introduced, based on User Customization and Adaptive Learning Model along with ML
K, Sunil, Dhoot, Disha
State-of-the-Art Battery Thermal Management Technologies for SCV EV: An Integrated Approach to Enhance Energy Utilization, Boost Battery Efficiency, and Reduce Expenses2026-26-00761/16/2026
The Effective battery thermal management is fundamental to ensuring both the performance and durability of small commercial electric vehicles. This study investigates advanced methods for maximizing energy efficiency, extending driving range, shortening charging durations, and lowering costs by employing insulation and thermoelectric cooling technologies. India's diverse and often extreme climatic conditions-ranging from intense summer heat to cold winters-significantly affect the thermal management of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Also in small commercial vehicle segment uncontrolled operation condition (loading & off-road driving) of vehicle is common in India which leads to higher average C rate from battery implies need active battery cooling. Keeping batteries within their optimal temperature range is vital for maintaining their efficiency, safety, and service life. Advanced thermal insulating materials stabilize battery temperatures by minimizing heat gain and external
Chormule, Suhas Rangrao, Warule, Prasad, Nagpure, Rahul, Jadhav, Vaibhav
"Parametric Evaluation of Rolling Resistance in Bias & Radial Tyres and influence of key operational parameters under varying conditions."2026-26-06061/16/2026
Tyre rolling resistance is a fundamental parameter in automotive engineering, directly impacting vehicle fuel efficiency and overall performance. The Rolling Resistance Coefficient (CRR) is influenced by tyre construction, material properties, and operational conditions such as inflation pressure, vehicle speed, load, ambient temperature, and road surface roughness. This study investigates the influence of critical parameters—including test speed, inflation pressure, load, temperature, and slip angle—on the rolling resistance of tyres of various sizes. While previous research has predominantly focused on radial tyres, this paper extends the analysis to include bias-ply tyres, which remain widely used in ASEAN countries, including India. The findings aim to offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers by examining the behaviour of bias tyres under real-world conditions. Special focus is given to the influence of slip and camber angles, with experiments conducted on passenger
Joshi, Amol, Khairatkar, Vyankatesh, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Design optimization of the propeller shaft and transfer case for high-speed 4WD vehicles2026-26-03431/16/2026
Nowadays, vehicle enthusiasts often vary their driving patterns, ranging from driving at very high speeds to off-roading. Due to these driving patterns, 4WD vehicle demand is continuously growing day by day. A 4WD vehicle used to have better traction control with enhanced stability. The 4WD vehicle performance and reliability at high speed are critically influenced by driveline stiffness and natural frequency. Driveline stiffness and natural frequency are very critical parameter for high-speed vehicles, that significantly influenced by the propeller shaft and transfer case. This study focuses on the design optimization of the transfer case and critical frequency of propeller shafts to enhance vehicle performance at high speeds. The analysis begins with a comprehensive study of the factors affecting power transfer path, transfer case stiffness, critical frequency, including material properties, propeller shaft geometry and the boundary conditions. Advanced computational methods are
Kumar, Sarvesh, Yadav, Sahdev, S, Manickaraja, Sanjay, L, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, Deole, Subodh M
Design Robustness of Electronic Locking Differential for enhanced off-road performance2026-26-05021/16/2026
The Electronic Locking Differential (ELD) is a critical component for enhancing off-road vehicle performance by ensuring optimal traction in challenging terrains. This paper addresses intermittent engagement issues observed in the ELD system during off-road trials, which impacted its reliability and functionality. It presents a comprehensive study of design robustness improvements implemented to resolve these concerns and optimize the ELD’s performance, ensuring enhanced customer satisfaction in demanding off-road environments. The analysis begins with identifying factors contributing to the intermittent engagement and disengagement of the ELD system upon actuation. These factors include residual magnetism, material properties, temperature effects, and the stack-up characteristics of transfer path components under various boundary conditions. To address these challenges, three key design modifications were introduced: (1) reduction of residual magnetism through an increased air gap
S, Mohd Imtiaz, AP, Baaheedharan, Ghumare, Dheeraj, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar
AI-Driven Stress and Fatigue Life Prediction of Engine Connecting Rods using Geometric Deep Learning2026-26-06331/16/2026
The connecting rod is one of the critical components of the engine which is subjected to complex cyclic loading, demanding precise evaluation of stress distribution and fatigue life. Conventional Finite Element Method (FEM)-based simulations, while accurate, are computationally expensive and time-intensive—especially when iterating through multiple design variations. To address this, we present an AI/ML-based predictive framework using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and Geometric Deep Learning (GDL) techniques to efficiently predict stress and fatigue life of the connecting rod. The methodology involves representing FEM mesh data as graph structures, where nodes and edges capture geometric and physical relationships. GNN architectures, including MeshCNN and PointNet++, are trained on historical simulation data to learn spatial dependencies and nonlinear mappings between geometry, load conditions, and resulting stress/life outputs. The framework significantly reduces computation time
Pathan, Mohammed Shakil, K, Karthikeyan, pilla, sashanka, S Kangde, Suhas
Structural analysis and Design optimization of Cylinder Head of Cummins Light duty Engine for Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck2026-26-04951/16/2026
This paper presents the design, structural analysis, and risk assessment done by Cummins to evaluate the structural integrity of Light Duty engine cylinder head for a Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck. Initially, Cummins used F2.5L (4-cylinder) engine that has 154hp, but rising market demands for more power, fuel efficiency, lower cost and weight, and future emission compliance led to customer requirements for 177hp (Drive New F2.5L, 15% uprate) and 197hp+ (Drive New F3.0L, 22% uprate) from the same base engine. The increase in power requirement possesses challenges on critical components, especially cylinder heads in terms of thermal and structural limits. This paper addresses the challenges and risks in current cylinder head design driven by new power demands, specifically reduced fatigue margins in the water jacket area and increased temperatures on the combustion face under high thermomechanical loads. It explores the design modifications made to the cylinder head design to
Pathak, Arun Jyoti, Adiverekar, Vaidehi, Singh, Rahul, Biyani, Mayur
Virtual Paint Shop: Automotive E-coating Process2026-26-03651/16/2026
The automotive paint shop is one of the most energy-intensive processes in vehicle manufacturing. This drives automotive OEMs to continuously improve production efficiency and reduce operational costs through digital twin technologies. Additionally, the push for shorter time-to-market emphasizes the need for simulation-based manufacturing processes—such as virtual testing and CAE simulations—to enable faster, data-driven decision-making early in the product development cycle, ultimately reducing cost and development time. Among the various stages in the paint shop, two of the most critical are: 1. Electro-dip coating (E-coating), also known as Electro-Deposition coating, which applies a corrosion-resistant primer to the Body-in-White (BIW). 2. Oven curing, which ensures the primer is properly bonded and cured for long-term protection and finish quality. To optimize these processes, a Dip-Drain-E-Coating simulation was developed using Siemens Simcenter STAR-CCM+. This simulation
Gundavarapu, V S Kumar, p, Vivekaanandan, Garg, Manish, Navelkar, Tanay, BS, Balachandran
Effect of pipe bending by rotary tube bending process on durability of frame structure2026-26-03701/16/2026
For Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), ensuring the overall quality of two-wheeler frames hinges on robust process capability and meticulous design considerations. A comprehensive Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation approach, integrating manufacturing processes and design elements, is vital for achieving optimal durability. This study focuses on developing such an approach through detailed finite element analysis of Cold Electric Welded (CEW) annealed round pipes used in frame construction. We simulate the bending process, capturing structural deformation and residual stresses. A 3D mechanical model with realistic tooling geometries and contact interactions accurately represents shape changes, ovality, and wall thickness redistribution. Unlike Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipes, CEW pipes, due to annealing, offer a stress-free initial state, allowing precise deformation analysis. Simulation results demonstrate significant geometric alterations in the bend zone
Rajwani, Ishwar, khare, Saharash
Electric mobility and materials circularity - a study of recycled PET textiles for automotive interiors2026-26-02371/16/2026
The adoption of sustainability in electric mobility has made it crucial to investigate environmentally friendly materials. Polymer materials used in automotive application plays very important role in material circularity contributing significant value addition to the overall carbon footprint index. This study discloses the development of recycled polyester textiles from PET bottle waste, use for automotive interior parts and carbon footprint impact. The use of recycled textiles is directly helping the organization in scope 3 emissions to get the lower carbon footprint value by eliminating the use of fossil fuel resources in making the PET textiles. In this study, the development road map methodology adopted, and validation cycle of recycled polyester textiles (PET) were explained broadly with results of different constructions, color and finishes against automotive critical requirements such as sun load UV resistance, abrasion durability, color migrations, soiling resistance
Palaniappan, Elavarasan, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, Balaji, K V, Dodiya, Rohanbhai
Exhaust Hot end system Transient Heat Transfer Analysis using Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) approach, Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Analysis to evaluate thermal durability and physical validation through Thermo-Shock Testing2026-26-02241/16/2026
Exhaust system suppliers are continuously enhancing their processes by adopting advanced simulation techniques and expedited testing procedures for optimizing exhaust systems. This aims to reduce time to market, accelerate vehicle launches, and ensure first-time right and consistent compliance with performance and durability standards. Traditionally, the CFD team conducts Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) analysis on the exhaust hot end system using input conditions such as engine-out gas temperature and maximum mass flow rate. The CAE team then performs steady-state heat transfer analysis by sharing the structural CAE model with CFD for CHT skin temperature mapping. Once steady state heat transfer analysis complete, skin temperature plots are to be compared with CFD to match CHT temperature results. These results are used for steady-state thermo-mechanical analysis across all heat-up cycles and assume system under ambient temperature for all cool-down cycles to evaluate system thermal
Natarajan, Suresh, J Y, Raja Shangara Vel
DESIGN & STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE PROPELLER SHAFT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY2026-26-02971/16/2026
Advanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites have emerged as an important class of engineering materials for load bearing applications with all round properties for many engineering and social applications. Composite materials are created by combining two or more dissimilar materials with a viewpoint to improve the properties or to create materials with desired properties. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific strength and stiffness of composite materials. The role of composite material in weight reduction and fuel saving in automobiles is highly significant. Advanced composite seems ideally suited for long, power drive shaft applications. Their elastic properties can be tailored to increase the torque and the rotational speed at which they operate. Composite driveshaft is designed based on filament winding technology for higher strength and torque applications. In the present work, a comparative
Indla, Veneil Sai, REDDY, NEERATI, Kopparapu, Laxmi kanth
Risk assessment of cold side components using quick modal analysis correlation technique.2026-26-04411/16/2026
Abstract: Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of component with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis corelation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis corelation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Evaluation of Shear Trim Edge in HSLA Steel for Automotive Application2026-26-02861/16/2026
Quality of the Shear Trimmed edge of HSLA 550 steels is significantly affected by process variations such as Shear Trimming Clearance, trim tolerance, burr height and clamping force. All these parameters largely influence the characteristics of the Shear Affected Zone, a region on sheet metal where it undergoes deformation during the trimming process. The Shear Affected Zone is predominantly vulnerable to failure due to work hardening and the effects of strain rate, induced by the tonnage during the trimming operation. To assess the edge ductility of these materials, Tensile, Fatigue Strength, Die Punch Clearance, Roughness and Hardness Tests are carried out. These tests are crucial for applications that demand high formability and resistance to edge failure. Virtual simulation of edge trimming operation using elastoplastic material models in LS-Dyna have been performed to gain insights into burr formation and damage evolution during shearing. These simulations act as a precursor to
Thota, Badri Vishal, Kashyap, Amit, Bhuvangiri, Jaydev
Simulating Performance of Adhesive-Bonded Joints for Automotive Applications2026-26-04151/16/2026
Adhesive joining techniques have rapidly gained momentum in the automotive industry over the past decade, offering several advantages over traditional joining methods. The complex design requirements of modern automobiles have increased the demand for intricately shaped components, where conventional spot/seam welding and mechanical fastening are often not feasible. Unlike spot and arc welding, adhesives do not degrade the properties of the substrate. Moreover, they enable the joining of components made from dissimilar materials, thus contributing to the overall weight reduction of assemblies. Adhesives also provide damping effects, reducing noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), thereby contributing to a quieter and more comfortable ride. Additionally, adhesives enhance structural integrity by distributing stresses more uniformly across the joints. Consequently, understanding the simulation and failure prediction of adhesive joints has become essential. Traditional failure criteria
Parambathuvalappil, Rahul, Patil, Sanjay
Evaluating the Suitability of ADC12 for Sand Casting: Filling, Solidification, and Mechanical Properties2026-26-02961/16/2026
This research investigates the applicability of ADC12 aluminum alloy in sand casting processes and compares its casting behavior and performance with that of conventionally sand-cast alloys such as A356 and AlSi10Mg. ADC12 is primarily utilized in high-pressure die casting (HPDC) and low-pressure die casting (LPDC) due to its excellent castability, pressure tightness, and favorable mechanical properties in thin-walled components. However, its use in sand casting is minimal globally, primarily due to the alloy’s high silicon and iron content, which can lead to poor feeding characteristics, increased porosity, and structural non-uniformity in non-pressurized molds. In this study, 3 mm thick test castings were produced using conventional sand casting methods, with particular attention to mold and core design to simulate challenging flow and solidification conditions. Comparative castings of A356 and AlSi10Mg were also produced under identical conditions to establish performance baselines
Subramani, Rajesh, Jichkar, Pawan
Sustainable Tyre- A Journey to Meet Future Requirements of Tyre Industry2026-26-02911/16/2026
Sustainability and environmentally friendly business practices are becoming essential. Tyre industries are embracing the green initiatives to reduce its impact on the environment by exploring the eco-friendly strategies. Starting from the ethical raw material sourcing to a creative recycling technique, strategies are widely distributing in every step of tyre manufacturing to disposition. Each stage of a tyre's life cycle viz. raw material procurement, manufacturing, transportation both upstream and downstream as well as during the end-of-life phases have an emission-saving potential. It is important to reduce emissions at every stage of tyre's lifecycle. We, JK Tyre has recently developed a Sustainable Tyre with 11% less GHG emission through sustainable raw material approach. Bio sourced or bio attributed raw materials like Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Polybutadiene Rubber (PBR), Rubber process oil (RPO) and Silica along with natural rubber (NR) had been used. Beside the raw
Bhandary, Tirthankar, Singha Roy, Sumit, Paliwal, Mukesh, Dasgupta, Saikat, Chattopadhyay, Dipankar, Das, Mahuya, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
A study on the thermal degradation of chlorinated Polyethylene rubber2026-26-02761/16/2026
Elastomeric materials are essential in advanced automotive engineering for mobility, isolation, damping, fluid transfer (cooling, steering, fuel, and brake), and sealing because of their unique physio mechanical properties. Elastomers are commonly used in both static and dynamic components, such as hoses, mounts, bushes, and tires. Engine emission standards and weight optimization have caused higher temperature exposure conditions for automotive components. The steering system uses special purpose elastomers like Chlorinated Polyethylene that can deteriorate under abnormal conditions during vehicle operation or manufacturing process due to the high temperature exposure. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the causes and consequences of thermal degradation of elastomers. Thermal degradation is a significant phenomenon that changes the physical and chemical properties of elastomers, which results in a product not meeting functional requirements. This study investigates the thermal
THIRUPPATHI, ANANDHI, Mishra, Nitish, Krishnamoorthy, Kunju
Development of Sustainable Textile Solutions Using Recycled and Bio-Based Materials for Automotive Soft Trims2026-26-02361/16/2026
The shift towards sustainable and circular practices in the automotive industry is driving the development of eco-friendly materials for soft trims. This research explores the development and integration of sustainable textile solutions using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) from post-consumer waste and bio-based fibers such as banana and bamboo in various fabric forms—woven, knitted, and non-woven. Applications studied include seat fabrics, headliners, parcel shelves, and wheel arch liners. rPET textiles demonstrated promising strength, aesthetic appeal, and durability performance, while significantly reducing carbon footprint. Blends of rPET and virgin PET were optimized to balance properties with sustainability targets. Banana fibre, an agricultural by-product abundantly available in India, was explored for headliner substrates and parcel shelves, offering biodegradability and regional sourcing advantages. Bamboo fabrics, known for their natural antimicrobial properties
Deshpande, Sanjana, BORGAONKAR, Subodh
A numerical approach to optimize the flow characteristics for the enhancement of casting soundness of Al 6061 alloy die-casting2026-26-02841/16/2026
The optimization of flow characteristics such as filling time, flow velocity, viscosity and temperature play a vital role in the die-casting to enhance the casting soundness. Experimental trial and error methods for optimizing the flow characteristics of mold filling are costlier and time-consuming methods. A digital approach could significantly minimize the cost and time for the prediction of the flow characteristics of the casting. Z-Cast Pro is the casting simulation software used for simulating the whole casting process such as filling, solidification etc. This software basically utilizes the finite difference and finite volume approximation techniques to numerically unravel the molten metal flow and solidification equations. In this study, A 3D model of the valve housing is used to analyze the mold-filling behavior through high and low-speed plunger movement of the molten Al 6061 alloy using Z-Cast Pro software version 24. Higher-speed plunger movement required a total mold
Choudhary, Chandan, Subramaniam, Anand, Karle, Manish, Karle, Ujjwala
Enhancing Factory Modelling: Integrating Drone Technology and Automated Post Processing Systems2026-26-03071/16/2026
The growing environmental, economic, and social challenges have spurred a demand for cleaner mobility solutions. In response to the transformative changes in the automotive sector, manufacturers must prioritize digital validation of products, manufacturing processes, and tools prior to mass production. This ensures efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. By utilizing 3D modeling of factory layouts, factory planners can digitally validate production line changes, substantially reducing costs when introducing new products. One key innovation involves creating 3D models using point cloud data from factory scans. Traditional factory scanning processes face limitations like blind spots and periodic scanning intervals. This research proposes using drones equipped with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology for 3D scanning, enabling real-time mapping, autonomous operation, and efficient data collection. Drones can navigate complex areas, access small spaces, and optimize factory
Narad, Akshay Maruti, C H, Ajheyasimha, Vijayasekaran, Vinothkumar, FASGE, ABHISHEK
CAE driven seam weld optimization for stiffness and fatigue calculations2026-26-04781/16/2026
Structural parts are joined using seam welds, spot welds and bolted connections. The strength and stiffness of any structural part are strongly influenced by the properties of their joints. Seam welds are used extensively in the automotive industry to join panels. The design and the positioning of the seam welds have a significant impact on the technical cost of the project. In the automotive industry, structural optimization and fatigue simulation have become standard applications during any development process. The conventional approach in identifying the position and number of seam welds and its length is time consuming and leads to over design. Current paper highlights developing a simulation process for seam weld optimization in identifying the optimal position and length of seam welds. The optimization workflow is set up in CAE with design objective of minimizing the number of seam welds and finding the optimal length by meeting stiffness targets and fatigue life of seam welds
Gudipati, Raja Shekar Reddy
Assessment of emissions behaviour of Volatile compounds from polymeric materials used in automobile interiors2026-26-02221/16/2026
There is an increasing trend of using polymeric materials in the vehicle interior compartment. While the polymers provide benefits in terms of flexibility in profiling, lighter weight and aesthetics but one of the challenges with the polymers is emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during their usage and particularly at a temperature prevailing in the vehicle cabin. VOCs adversely impact the vehicle interior air quality and can pose a risk to occupants’ health. However, there is a lack of information on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from automotive interior materials. There are two types of methods, a whole vehicle chamber method (ISO 12219-1) and a bag method (ISO 12219-2) for evaluation of VOCs emissions from materials used in vehicle interior parts. ISO 12219-2 method describes quantitative testing of VOCs and semi-VOCs. This test method is quick and cost effective for analysis of materials for quick emission checks and can prove to be very effective in
PAtil, Yamini Jitendra, Thipse, Sukrut, Bawase, Moqtik
Integration of virtual testing methods in automotive safety: Methodology validation for rollover protection system (ROPS)2026-26-03751/16/2026
During recent years, the integration of virtual testing methodologies has gained significant importance in vehicle development for the passive safety evaluation. The accuracy of simulation results depends basically on the correct replication of physical test into the virtual model, for example to assign the realistic material properties from the structural components and following the boundary conditions replicated from real conditions. In this study the safety standards ISO 3471_2008 and ANSI ROHVA/OPEI-2016 have been considered as references of the safety validation process of hollow section roll-over protective structure (ROPS) integrated into a vehicle. A key objective is to stablish a virtual test methodology that could be applicable across different standards considering various industry markets, as for example European, American and Asian. A sensitivity analysis is necessary to evaluate what are the main aspects that gives significant deviations in results and in which we can
Laso Rodríguez, Manuel, Hanumantha, Chandrashekhar, Singh, Amit Kumar, Lal, Kundan
Optimization of the Rodip CED Process Suitability through Strategic Fixture System for Enhanced Hood Gap and Flushness Control in Automotive Manufacturing2026-26-04861/16/2026
The Ro-dip Cathodic Electrodeposition (CED) process is latest technology used by Automotive Manufacturers for higher quality corrosion protection in new generation Automobiles. This process involves multiple 360-degree rotation of automotive body in white (BIW) which exert higher hydrostatic forces on large surface panels like Hood. For maintaining consistent gaps & flushness control at vehicle level, it is important to safeguard the dimensional stability of light weight (crash performance sensitive) steel Hood panel while undergoing through this CED process. This study investigates the enhancement of hood panel alignment through strategic optimization of support rod placement and quantity within the Ro-dip CED system. By conducting experimental trials and computational simulations, the research identifies critical deformation points and evaluates the impact of varying support rod configurations on dimensional stability. The outcome results demonstrate that positioning support rods at
Tile, Vikrant, Unadkat, Siddharth, ASKARI, HASAN, Jadhav, Devidas
Experimental Study to Investigate and Control Image Blurriness due to IRVM Vibration2026-26-03211/16/2026
Vibration is one of the prominent factors that determine the quality & comfort level of a vehicle. Moreover, if vibration occurs in areas that are almost entirely within customer touchpoints (during either city or highway driving conditions), it could become a critical factor behind the deterioration of brand image within the market. The interior rear-view mirror (IRVM) is one of the important components inside passenger cabin, providing drivers with a clear view of the rear traffic. However, vibrations induced by engine operation, road irregularities, and aerodynamic forces can cause the IRVM to oscillate, leading to image blurriness and compromised visibility and safety. This paper investigates the underlying causes of IRVM vibrations and their impact on image clarity. Through a combination of experimental analysis and computational modelling, we identify key factors contributing to mirror instability. The findings indicate the specific frequencies of vibration, particularly those
Khan, Aamir Naved, Saraswat, Vivek, Jha, Kartik, SINGH, HEMENDRA, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Khan, Nafees
Predictive Analysis and Risk Management of Nickel-Plated Aluminum Automotive Parts Exposed to Harsh Environmental Conditions2026-26-03051/16/2026
Aluminium is widely used across various industries due to its lightweight properties, high strength-to-weight ratio, and cost-effectiveness. However, its susceptibility to corrosion, particularly in harsh environmental conditions, presents challenges to its long-term durability and performance. To mitigate these issues, nickel plating was applied as a protective measure, creating a barrier to minimize aluminums' direct exposure to corrosive environments and enhance its resistance to degradation. In this study, nickel-plated aluminum was subjected to controlled corrosion testing under simulated real-world conditions, including high humidity, saline atmospheres, and industrial pollutants. The primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and longevity of nickel plating as a corrosion prevention method. Periodic observations and measurements were conducted to monitor material changes, such as surface degradation and corrosion product formation. The findings highlight the critical
NARAIN, ADITYA, Venugopal, Sivakumar, Gopalan, Vijaysankar, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran
Hydrogen Embrittlement in Galvanized High Carbon Steel Components of Automotive Seat Slider Assembly2026-26-03021/16/2026
This research paper investigates the failure of an isolator clip used in the seat slider assembly, which guides and restricts the sliding motion of the tooth bracket within the seat. The component is made of C80 high-carbon spring steel, known for its high strength. According to the manufacturing process details, zinc plating was applied to the component for corrosion protection, as confirmed by EDS analysis. A fractographic examination of the failed part revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture morphology with visible cracks. Certain areas also exhibited micro-void coalescence, indicating a dimpled fracture surface. The primary failure mode was intergranular (IG) fracture. The delayed fracture was attributed to intergranular fracture mechanisms, micro-void coalescence, and the high strength of the steel, which made the component susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms become trapped along the grain boundaries, where they form hydrogen
Saindane, Mehul Kishor, BALI, SHIRISH
Value-Engineered Design Optimization of a Reinforced Plastic Bracket to Meet Natural Frequency Targets in Passenger Vehicles.2026-26-03551/16/2026
The transition from metal to plastic in the design of engine mount brackets marks a pivotal step toward sustainable and value-driven automotive engineering. This study investigates the optimization of plastic engine mount brackets, focusing on material selection, structural performance, and alignment with NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) targets. Recycled polymer composites were chosen for their favorable mechanical properties, environmental resilience, and contribution to circular economy goals. The primary objectives were weight reduction, cost-effectiveness, and manufacturability, without compromising structural integrity or long-term durability. A combination of Finite Element Analysis (FEA), CAE-based durability simulations, modal analysis, and comprehensive vehicle-level validation was conducted to assess dynamic performance. Results demonstrated that the optimized plastic brackets not only satisfy critical natural frequency and durability requirements but also offer a
Hazra, Sandip, Gupta, Deepak, Khan, Arkadip, Gite, Yogesh
FATIGUE FAILURE ANALYSIS FOR AUTOMOTIVE TRASNMISSION2026-26-05771/16/2026
A fatigue failure in the transmission input shaft was identified during a bench-level endurance test under 2nd gear loading conditions. The test transmission’s input shaft comprises fixed 1st, reverse, and 2nd gears, with the remaining gears mounted as floating. The shaft was subjected to cyclic torsional loads, and failure occurred after a defined number of cycles. Metallurgical analysis revealed a brittle fracture surface with crack initiation at the outer surface, propagating to core in a helical pattern, ultimately resulting in complete shaft fracture. To monitor and replicate the failure, the test setup was instrumented with a Reilhofer Delta Analyzer for early fault detection. TTL signals from accelerometers mounted on the transmission and a bench speed sensor were fed into the system, which generated FFT spectra and trend indices. A warning alarm triggered upon deviation in the trend index, indicating premature damage initiation. The test was subsequently halted for component
Navale, Pradeep, Kushwaha, Rakesh, Patel, Hiral
Realistic LiDAR Data Simulation for Autonomous Systems using Physics-Informed Learning2026-26-01381/16/2026
Accurate and realistic simulation of LiDAR data is critical for the development and validation of autonomous driving systems. However, existing simulation approaches often suffer from a significant sim-to-real gap due to oversimplified modelling of physical interactions and environmental factors. In this work, we present a physics-informed deep learning framework that bridges this gap by enhancing the realism of simulated LiDAR data using generative adversarial networks guided by domain-specific physical constraints for LiDAR intensity. Our method incorporates key physical factors such as range, surface material properties, angle of incidence, and environmental conditions along with their underlying physical relationships as constraints into the Cycle-Consistent GAN architecture, enabling it to learn realistic transformations from synthetic to real-world LiDAR intensity data without requiring paired samples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach across multiple datasets
Anand, Vivek, Yadav, Sourav, Limba, Mohit, Pandey, Gaurav, Lohani, Bharat
High-Frequency Dynamic Stiffness Measurements of Automotive Elastomers for Electric Vehicles2026-26-03121/16/2026
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the demand for advanced elastomeric materials capable of meeting stringent noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) requirements. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs lack traditional powertrain-induced masking noise. In the automotive industry the dynamic stiffness of elastomers for internal combustion engines are determined traditionally using hydraulic test rigs up to test frequencies of max. 1000 Hz. Measurements in excess of these frequencies were not possible and are only carried out using computerized FE or CAE calculation models. Electric drive systems generate distinct tonal noise components in the high-frequency range up to 10 kHz , which are well perceptible even at low sound pressure levels. Consequently, the dynamic stiffness characteristics of elastomers up to 3000 Hz are critical for optimizing NVH performance. This study focuses on the high-frequency dynamic stiffness testing of automotive
Bohne, Christian, Gröne, Michael
Optimizing Brake Pedal Feel and Driver Comfort in Buses with Pneumatic Braking Systems2026-26-05361/16/2026
Brakes are a critical safety component in vehicles, and every parameter of the braking system plays a vital role in vehicle operation. Among these, brake pedal feel and driver confidence are key factors, in addition to achieving the required brake force, deceleration, and stopping distance. These aspects depend on the system-generated torque, available pneumatic pressure, lining material properties, and Electronic Braking System (EBS) parameters. This paper focuses on the factors influencing brake pedal feel while maintaining a balance between driver comfort and confidence during bus operation. Under optimal braking conditions, brake pedal response and brake torque gradient must align with the driver’s deceleration demands. The braking system must respond promptly, completing the application in the shortest possible duration. The brake torque gradient values specified in the EBS file should neither be too low nor too high, and the brake pedal feel must remain consistent throughout the
Pujari, Sachin, Salunkhe, Swapnil, Ali, Tauqeer
Lightweight Cascade Design Using Type IV Cylinders for Efficient Hydrogen Gas Logistics in India2026-26-04851/16/2026
Hydrogen mobility in India faces a key challenge in the form of high transportation and logistics costs, particularly in tier-II and tier-III cities where dedicated pipelines are not yet feasible. Current methods using traditional steel based cascades are heavy, inefficient, and limit payload capacity. This paper presents a novel lightweight cascade system designed to enhance the efficiency of hydrogen gas logistics using Type IV composite cylinders and an aluminium structural frame. The design adheres to PESO (Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation) standards and achieves a structural weight reduction of 52%, owing to the use of carbon fibre composite cylinders and aluminium framework. Field level analysis demonstrates that the gas transport efficiency is improved by a factor of 2.5 compared to conventional steel based systems when used in heavy duty trucks. This innovation offers a significant step forward in enabling economically viable hydrogen distribution for mobility
Parasumanna, Ajeet Babu, Muthusamy, Hariprasad, Ammu, VNSU Viswanath, Kola, Immanuel Raju
Improvement study of Style steel wheel durability in Multiple pothole impacts2026-26-05391/16/2026
This study focuses on improving the durability of steel wheel rims subjected to Multiple Pothole which is commonly found in Indian village roads - a critical scenario affecting vehicle safety and wheel lifespan. Initial steel wheel designs often face significant deformation or failure under repeated strikes and resulting in tyre air loss due to wheel bend, prompting the need for enhanced performance standards. In this research, a combination of finite element modelling, experimental impact testing, and material optimization strategies were employed to assess and improve the structural integrity of steel rims. Key parameters such as rim profile geometry & material composition were systematically varied to evaluate their influence on impact resistance. Results demonstrate that strategic design modifications and material enhancements can significantly increase the rim's ability to absorb energy and resist bending without substantial weight penalties. The findings offer practical
DEsigan, Lakshmipathy, P, Praveen, K, CHANDRAMOHAN, C, Santhosh
Hypoid Gear Performance Redefined: Addressing Scoring and Whine Noise Concerns2026-26-00781/16/2026
Rear drive vehicles transfer power to the rear wheels through the Gear Carrier Assembly, which is fit at the central section of the Rear Axle. The Gear Carrier Assembly includes hypoid ring and pinion gears, set at the heart of the system. However, gear scoring and whine noise frequently emerge as critical challenges, leading to reduced durability and compromised performance of the vehicle. This study focuses on the design and process improvements aimed at addressing these concerns while enhancing the overall performance and reliability of hypoid gears. Design enhancements include macro geometry refinements, material upgrades, and modifications in the heat treatment process. These changes improved key mechanical properties such as contact stress, bending strength, impact strength, and motion transmission error (MTE). Process optimizations involved precise control over carburizing, hardening, and quenching temperatures, as well as adjustments in quenching pressure. These measures
Praveen, Abhinav, Deshpande, Praveen, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, Parmar, Mayur, Karle, Nilesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Pagar, Pawan
Integrating Road Load Data Acquisition and Signal Processing Techniques to Generate Reliable Drive Files for Electrodynamic Shakers in Testing the Exhaust Systems of Off-Highway Applications2026-26-05521/16/2026
Generating a reliable drive file for an electrodynamic (ED) shaker from Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) and validating its correlation with real-world conditions through damage and fatigue analysis is crucial for accurate component testing, particularly in complex systems like off-highway exhaust systems. This paper presents a methodology for creating such a drive file and establishing its validity, highlighting the necessity of ED shakers for simulating the intricate dynamic loads experienced by these systems. The process begins with acquiring comprehensive RLDA under representative operational conditions of the off-highway vehicle. Drive files are generated using this data, which records accelerations at important exhaust system mounting locations. Advanced signal processing techniques are employed to condense the raw RLDA into a format suitable for shaker control. To establish proper correlation, the generated drive file is used to excite the exhaust system on an ED shaker
Khaire, Santosh Ramdas, Khaire, Rushikesh, Yadav, Dnyaneshwar
Thermal Management of High-Voltage Connectors using double-layered Phase-Change Materials (PCM)2026-26-02791/16/2026
Abstract: High Voltage cables and terminals are prone to high temperatures and rapid heat generation due to high current ratings, especially in electric vehicles (EVs). If the temperature exceeds a critical limit, danger may be posed to the components which are connected and the overall safety of the passengers. Traditionally, cooling methods are often energy-intensive and rely on active systems, which may not always be practical for high-power applications. Thus, a localized, fast, and reliable passive thermal management methodology that can be retrofitted into existing connector designs through modifications (e.g., enlargement and PCM integration) would provide significant safety enhancement. The material property of phase change materials, which possess high latent heat, has been used to maintain a steady temperature for a period of time. A dual PCM-layer has been incorporated into the design of the high-voltage connector to serve two purposes:1. The first PCM layer (PCM-1), with
Neogi, Angshuman, Shinde, Shardul
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