Browse Topic: Refrigerants

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Organic Material for Next-Generation HVAC TechnologiesTBMG-3962408/01/2021
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems often come with dehumidifiers but are currently not energy efficient, guzzling around 76% of the electricity in commercial and residential buildings. Researchers have determined that organic material called polyimides use less energy to dry air. Poly-imide-based dehumidifiers can bring down the price of HVAC systems, which currently cost thousands of dollars.
Magazine Article
Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment Intended for use with Both R-1234yf and R-134aJ3030_202011 (Current)11/13/2020
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recovery/recycling/recharge equipment intended for use with both R-1234yf and R-134a in a common refrigerant circuit that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This document does not apply to equipment used for R-1234yf and R-134a having a common enclosure with separate circuits for each refrigerant, although some amount of separate circuitry for each refrigerant could be used.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment Intended for use with Both R-1234yf and R-134aJ3030_202011-TEST-REC (Historical)11/13/2020
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recovery/recycling/recharge equipment intended for use with both R-1234yf and R-134a in a common refrigerant circuit that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This document does not apply to equipment used for R-1234yf and R-134a having a common enclosure with separate circuits for each refrigerant, although some amount of separate circuitry for each refrigerant could be used.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
Safety and Design Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compression SystemsJ639_202011 (Current)11/09/2020
This SAE Standard applies to refrigerant vapor compression systems that provide cooling and/or heating for passenger cars, light trucks, and commercial vehicles (on and off road) that use automotive type mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems. Large trucks, buses, and other vehicles that do not use typical automotive A/C systems or use refrigerants not listed in this document are not covered by this standard. This standard covers vehicles with MAC systems using belt driven compressors and electric motor driven compressors. This document provides industry-recognized standards for the design, assembly, and test of MAC systems, including necessary service equipment, and is intended to cover all phases of the lifetime of MAC systems to minimize environmental, health, and safety impacts. The standards listed in this document cover the currently accepted industry guidelines and procedures. The standards can be used as requirements for regulatory authorities to meet minimum environmental
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Technical Standard
Safety and Design Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compression SystemsJ639_202011-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2020
This SAE Standard applies to refrigerant vapor compression systems that provide cooling and/or heating for passenger cars, light trucks, and commercial vehicles (on and off road) that use automotive type mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems. Large trucks, buses, and other vehicles that do not use typical automotive A/C systems or use refrigerants not listed in this document are not covered by this standard. This standard covers vehicles with MAC systems using belt driven compressors and electric motor driven compressors. This document provides industry-recognized standards for the design, assembly, and test of MAC systems, including necessary service equipment, and is intended to cover all phases of the lifetime of MAC systems to minimize environmental, health, and safety impacts. The standards listed in this document cover the currently accepted industry guidelines and procedures. The standards can be used as requirements for regulatory authorities to meet minimum environmental
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Technical Standard
Standard for Refrigerant Risk Analysis for Mobile Air Conditioning SystemsJ2773_202005 (Current)05/15/2020
This SAE Standard describes methods to understand the risks associated with vehicle mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems in all aspects of a vehicle’s lifecycle including design, production, assembly, operation, and end of life. Information for input to the risk assessment is provided in the appendices of this document. This information should not be considered to be complete, but only a reference of some of the data needed for a complete analysis of the risk associated with the use of refrigerants in MAC systems.
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Technical Standard
Alternatives to Cadmium PlatingAIR4160B (Current)03/24/2020
To document and provide access to information obtained by an industry survey.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Information Report
HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycle/Recharging Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsJ2788_202001 (Current)01/03/2020
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment performance requirements for recovery and recycling of HFC-134a that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. It also is intended to establish requirements for equipment used to recharge HFC-134a to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and SAE J2099. The requirements apply to the following types of service equipment and their specific applications. a Recovery/recycling equipment b Recovery/recycling-refrigerant charging c Refrigerant recharging equipment only
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
Measurement of Passenger Compartment Refrigerant Concentrations Under System Refrigerant Leakage ConditionsJ2772_201909 (Current)09/03/2019
This Standard is restricted to refrigeration circuits that provide air-conditioning for the passenger compartments of passenger and commercial vehicles. This Standard includes analytical and physical test procedures to evaluate refrigerant concentration inside the passenger compartment. In the early phases of vehicle evaluation, usage of the analytical approach may be sufficient without performing physical tests. The physical test procedure involves releasing refrigerant from an external source to a location adjacent to the evaporator core (inside the HVAC module). An apparatus is used to provide a repeatable, calibrated leak rate. If the system has multiple evaporators, leakage could be simulated at any of the evaporator locations. This standard gives detail information on the techniques for measuring R-744 (CO2) and R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf), but the general techniques described here can be used for other refrigerants as well.
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Technical Standard
R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf) Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment for Flammable Refrigerants for Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsJ2843_201907 (Current)07/15/2019
This SAE Standard applies to equipment to be used with R-1234yf refrigerant only. It establishes requirements for equipment used to recharge R-1234yf to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and purity levels defined in SAE J2099. Refrigerant service equipment is required to ensure adequate refrigerant recovery to reduce emissions and provide for accurate recharging of mobile air conditioning systems. Equipment shall be certified to meet all performance requirements outlined in this document and international/regional construction and safety requirements as outlined in this document.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
R-1234yf and R744 Design Criteria and Certification for OEM Mobile Air Conditioning Evaporator and Service ReplacementsJ2842_201906 (Current)06/25/2019
The intent of this standard is to establish a framework to assure that all evaporators for R-744 and R-1234yf mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems shall meet appropriate testing and labeling requirements. SAE J639 requires an assement to be performed to minimize reasonable risks in MAC systems. The evaporator (as designed and manufactured) shall be part of that risk assessment, and it is the responsibility of the vehicle manufacturer to assure all relevant aspects of the evaporator are included. It is the responsibility of all vehicle or evaporator manufacturers to comply with the standards of this document at a minimum. (Substitution of specific test procedures by vehicle manufactures that correlate well to field return data is acceptable.) As appropriate, this standard can be used as a guide to support risk assessments. With regard to certification, most vehicle manufacturers have established formal production part approval processes (PPAP) where compliance certification is
Interior Climate Control MAC Supplier Committee
Technical Standard
HFC-134a Refrigerant Electronic Leak Detectors, Minimum Performance CriteriaJ2791_201903 (Current)03/20/2019
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors. So they will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing all motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
R-1234yf Service Hose, Fittings and Couplers for Mobile Refrigerant Systems Service EquipmentJ2888_201902 (Current)02/11/2019
This SAE Standard covers fittings, couplers, and hoses intended for connecting service hoses from mobile air-conditioning Systems to service equipment such as charging, recovery and recycling equipment. (Figure 1) This specification covers service hose fittings and couplers for MAC service equipment service hoses, per SAE J2843 and SAE J2851, from mobile air-conditioning systems to service equipment such as manifold gauges, vacuum pumps, and air-conditioning charging, recovery and recycling equipment.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Recommended Practice
AVIONICS REFRIGERATION COOLING SYSTEMARINC728 (Current)10/27/2017
This standard provides standards for the in accordance with which aircraft operators and manufacturers can order avionics refrigeration units and can design installations for an ARCS.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Characteristic
Efficiency Improvement by Separation of Vapor and Liquid in Condenser Headers2017-01-018003/28/2017
This paper introduces the concept of separation of two-phase flow in condenser as a way to improve condenser efficiency. The benefits of vapor-liquid refrigerant separation and the reason why it will improve the condenser performance are explained. Numerical studies are presented on the effects of separation on performance of an R134a microchannel condenser, with the comparison to experiment data. Model predicts that at the same mass flow rate, the exit temperature is lower by 2.2 K in the separation condenser compared with that in the baseline. Up to 9% more flow rate of condensate is also predicted by the model in the separation condenser. Experiment results confirm the same trend. In addition, the reason why a certain circuiting of passes with pre-assumed separation results in the header improves the condenser is investigated by the model and results are presented.
Li, Jun, Hrnjak, Pega
Journal Article
Experimentally Validated Effects of Separation of Liquid and Vapor on Performance of Condenser and System2017-01-016203/28/2017
This paper presents the results of an experimental study to determine the effect of vapor-liquid refrigerant separation in a microchannel condenser of a MAC system. R134a is used as the working fluid. A condenser with separation and a baseline condenser identical on the air side have been tested to evaluate the difference in the performance due to separation. Two categories of experiments have been conducted: the heat exchanger-level test and the system-level test. In the heat exchanger-level test it is found that the separation condenser condenses from 1.6% to 7.4% more mass flow than the baseline at the same inlet and outlet temperature (enthalpy); the separation condenser condenses the same mass flow to a lower temperature than the baseline condenser does. In the system-level test, COP is compared under the same superheat, subcooling and refrigerating capacity. Separation condenser shows up to 6.6% a higher COP than the baseline condenser.
Li, Jun, Feng, Lili, Hrnjak, Pega
Technical Paper
NVH Challenges with Introduction of New Refrigerant HFO-1234yf2017-01-017203/28/2017
The refrigerant transition from HFC-134a to HFO-1234yf has proven to be more challenging on controlling refrigerant flow-induced noises generated from automotive air-conditioning (A/C) systems than originally anticipated. The objectives of this paper are to describe the noise issues with HFO-1234yf, understand the mechanisms and key factors affecting HFO-1234yf refrigerant flow-induced noise. Finally, the countermeasures and guidelines for attenuating and suppressing the noise are presented.
Venkatappa, Suhas, Koberstein, Manfred, Liu, Zhengyu
Technical Paper
R-1234yf [HFO-1234yf] Refrigerant Electronic Leak Detectors, Minimum Performance CriteriaJ2913_201610 (Current)10/20/2016
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors. The equipment specified here will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning the equipment design or use beyond that of sampling a flammable refrigerant save those described in 3.1 and 3.2 of this document. All requirements of this standard shall be verified in SAE J2911.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
Experimental Evaluation of an Automobile Air - Conditioning System with and without Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger2016-01-911005/18/2016
This study involves the experimental aspects of R134a Automobile Air Conditioning (AAC) system with & without Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger (LSHX). To evaluate the performance of an Automobile Air Conditioning system, an experimental system consisting of original components from an R134a Automobile Air Conditioning system has been set up and instrumented. An additional Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger is used in conventional Automobile Air Conditioning system. Effect of evaporator temperature variation & compressor speed variation on R134a Automobile Air Conditioning system performance is evaluated. From experimental evaluation, it is derived that there is a Coefficient of Performance (COP) improvement in Automobile Air Conditioning system with Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger compared to Automobile Air Conditioning system without Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger. Performance of an R134a Automobile Air Conditioning system degrades with increase in compressor speed. From refrigerant side, it is
Vaghela, Jignesh
Journal Article
Experimental Evaluation of an Automobile Air - Conditioning System with and without Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger2016-01-9110-TEST-REC05/18/2016
This study involves the experimental aspects of R134a Automobile Air Conditioning (AAC) system with & without Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger (LSHX). To evaluate the performance of an Automobile Air Conditioning system, an experimental system consisting of original components from an R134a Automobile Air Conditioning system has been set up and instrumented. An additional Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger is used in conventional Automobile Air Conditioning system. Effect of evaporator temperature variation & compressor speed variation on R134a Automobile Air Conditioning system performance is evaluated. From experimental evaluation, it is derived that there is a Coefficient of Performance (COP) improvement in Automobile Air Conditioning system with Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger compared to Automobile Air Conditioning system without Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger. Performance of an R134a Automobile Air Conditioning system degrades with increase in compressor speed. From refrigerant side, it is
Vaghela, Jignesh
Journal Article
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Microchannel Evaporator Design on the Performance of Two-Phase Ejector Automotive Air Conditioning Cycles2015-01-036204/14/2015
Much attention has been given in recent years to the use of two-phase ejectors and particularly to the performance of the standard ejector cycle with a liquid-vapor separator. However, this cycle may not be the best choice for automotive applications due to the large size required by an efficient separator as well as the cycle's performance at conditions of lower ejector potential. A limited amount of recent research has focused on alternate two-phase ejector cycles that may be better suited for automotive applications. One of these cycles, using the ejector to allow for evaporation at two different temperatures and eliminating the need for a separator, will be the subject of investigation in this paper. Previous investigations of this cycle have been mainly theoretical or experimental; this paper aims to provide a numerical analysis of the effect of evaporator design on the performance of the ejector cycles. In this paper, a numerical model of a microchannel evaporator is developed
Lawrence, Neal, Elbel, Stefan
Technical Paper
Passivation of Flexible YBCO Superconducting Current Lead With Amorphous SiO2 LayerTBMG-1744910/01/2013
Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADR) are operated in space to cool detectors of cosmic radiation to a few 10s of mK. A key element of the ADR is a superconducting magnet operating at about 0.3 K that is continually energized and de-energized in synchronism with a thermal switch, such that a piece of paramagnetic salt is alternately warm in a high magnetic field and cold in zero magnetic field. This causes the salt pill or refrigerant to cool, and it is able to suck heat from an object, e.g., the sensor, to be cooled. Current has to be fed into and out of the magnets from a dissipative power supply at the ambient temperature of the spacecraft. The current leads that link the magnets to the power supply inevitably conduct a significant amount of heat into the colder regions of the supporting cryostat, resulting in the need for larger, heavier, and more powerful supporting refrigerators. The aim of this project was to design and construct high-temperature superconductor (HTS
Magazine Article
Refrigerant and Lubricant Distribution in MAC System2013-01-149604/08/2013
This paper presents experimental results for refrigerant and lubricant mass distribution in a typical automotive A/C (MAC) system. Experiments were conducted by closing valves located at the inlet and outlet of each component after reaching steady state, isolating the refrigerant and lubricant in each component. Refrigerant mass is recovered in a separate vessel using liquid nitrogen to reduce refrigerant vapor pressure to near vacuum. The overall weight is determined within ±1% after the separation of refrigerant and lubricant. The mass of lubricant is determined by using three different techniques: Remove and Weigh, Mix and Sample, and Flushing. The total mass of lubricant in the system is determined with ±2.5% uncertainty on average. R134a and R1234yf are used with PAG 46 oil as working fluid at different Oil Circulation Ratio (OCR), ranging from 2% to 4%. Experiments are conducted in two standard testing conditions: I35 and L35 (SAE Standard J2765). R134a and R1234yf exhibit
Jin, Shenghan, Hrnjak, Pega
Journal Article
High Efficiency Subcool Condenser2013-01-129504/08/2013
Sustainable reduction of the CO2 emissions of future vehicles goes hand in hand with the increase in efficiency of ancillary units. Of particular importance is the reduction of fuel consumption attributed to the vehicle's air conditioning system. The innovative development of a condenser with a 3-pass subcooling zone renders it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the cooling circuit. This is applicable both in the case of current and future refrigerants. The basis for increasing the efficiency of the condenser is rooted in the systematic analysis of the local heat transfer functions, pressure drops and implementation of an improved flow path configuration. The current condenser design, which includes the functionality of a receiver/dryer with a dedicated subcooling zone, is effective at providing stable liquid refrigerant to the TXV under a variety of conditions. By optimally adapting the flow cross-section to the density change of the refrigerant and increasing the
Wawzyniak, Markus, Walter, Christoph, Kemle, Andreas, David, Guillaume
Journal Article
Alternatives to Cadmium PlatingAIR4160A (Historical)01/02/2013
To document and provide access to information obtained by an industry survey.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Information Report
Sealing A/C systems12AEID0918_0109/18/2012
Choosing the right automotive tube joint seal for HFO-1234yf refrigerant compatibility. In 2011, the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) approved HFO (hydrofluoro-olefin)-1234yf refrigerant to replace the HFC (hydrofluorocarbon)-134a refrigerant currently used in most U.S. automotive air-conditioning systems. The HFO-1234yf refrigerant has a GWP (Global Warming Potential) 335 times less than its predecessor. Japan and Europe had previously approved use of the new refrigerant for automotive A/C systems. It appears likely that HFO-1234yf will become the new global standard for environmentally friendly refrigeration. Invented jointly by Honeywell and DuPont, the new chemistry has undergone extensive vetting to ensure not only environmental performance but also the ability to meet critical automotive industry standards for toxicity, flammability, system performance, durability, and material compatibility.
Magazine Article
Automotive Engineering International 2012-09-1812AEID091809/18/2012
Sealing A/C systems Choosing the right automotive tube joint seal for HFO-1234yf refrigerant compatibility.
Magazine
Minimum Performance Requirements for Non-Refrigerant Tracer Gasses and Electronic Tracer Gas Leak DetectorsJ2970_201207 (Historical)07/19/2012
This standard provides the testing and functional requirements guidance necessary for a leak detection device that uses any non-A/C refrigerant tracer gas, such as helium or a nitrogen-hydrogen blend, to provide functional performance equivalent to a refrigerant electronic leak detector. It explains how a non- refrigerant leak detector’s calibration can be established to provide levels of detection equal to electronic leak detectors that meet SAE J2791 for R-134a and SAE J2913 for R-1234yf.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
Experimentally Validated Model of Refrigerant Distribution in a Parallel Microchannel Evaporator2012-01-032104/16/2012
This paper develops a model for a parallel microchannel evaporator that incorporates quality variation at the tube inlets and variable mass flow rates among tubes. The flow distribution is based on the equal pressure drop along each flow path containing headers and tubes. The prediction of pressure drop, cooling capacity, and exit superheat strongly agree with 48 different experimental results obtained in four configurations using R134a. Predicted temperature profiles are very close to infrared images of actual evaporator surface. When compared to the uniform distribution model (that assumes uniform distribution of refrigerant mass flow rate and quality) results from the new model indicate superior prediction of cooling capacity, and exit superheat. Model results indicate maldistribution of refrigerant mass flow rate among the parallel tubes, caused primarily by pressure drop in the outlet header.
Tuo, Hanfei, Bielskus, Algirdas, Hrnjak, Pega
Journal Article
High-Performance Micro-Porous Fluoropolymer Plastics for Critical ApplicationsTBMG-1046907/01/2011
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fully fluorinated polymer with exceptional chemical and physical properties: excellent chemical resistance, high temperature stability, good dielectric and nonstick properties and exceptional resistance to degeneration under severe conditions.
Magazine Article
Lightweight Magnetic Cooler With a Reversible CirculatorTBMG-1014305/25/2011
A design of a highly efficient and lightweight space magnetic cooler has been developed that can continuously provide remote/distributed cooling at temperatures in the range of 2 K with a heat sink at about 15 K. The innovative design uses a cryogenic circulator that enables the cooler to operate at a high cycle frequency to achieve a large cooling capacity. The ability to provide remote/distributed cooling not only allows flexible integration with a payload and spacecraft, but also reduces the mass of the magnetic shields needed.
Magazine Article
R-1234yf Refrigerant Identifier Installed in Recovery and Recycling Equipment for Use With Mobile A/C SystemsJ2927_201102 (Historical)02/07/2011
This SAE standard applies to refrigerant identification equipment to be used for identifying an acceptable level of R-1234yf purity in a refrigerant tank or vehicle MAC system labeled as containing R-1234yf, and not misidentify other refrigerants, per 5.7.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling Equipment Intended for Use With Both R12 and R134aJ1770_201011 (Current)11/05/2010
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recovery/recycling equipment intended for use with both R12 and R134a in a common refrigerant circuit that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This document does not apply to equipment used for R12 and R134a having a common enclosure with separate circuits for each refrigerant.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Technical Standard
Regulating Pressure-Volume Control of a Gas Blanketing Liquid R-124TBMG-TB-00721401/28/2010
A system for storing and circulating a refrigerant liquid [R- 124 (chloro- tetrafluoroethane)] includes a reservoir and a subsystem that regulates the pressure of nitrogen gas in the head space of the reservoir. The purpose of the pressurization is to prevent cavitation in a pump that circulates the liquid. It is necessary to keep enough nitrogen in the system to keep the pressure high enough to prevent cavitation even when the liquid is at its coldest and thus at its smallest volume. It is also necessary to satisfy a competing requirement to, when the refrigerant is at its warmest and thus at its greatest volume, prevent the pressure from exceeding the level at which a relief valve opens and vents the head-space gaseous mixture of refrigerant vapor and nitrogen to the atmosphere. The pressure-control subsystem includes a supply of nitrogen at a pressure of 80 psig (gauge pressure of 552 kPa), a commercial electronic pressure regulator, a programmable-logic controller, and pressure and
Magazine Article
Consensus building on refrigerant typeAUTOSEP08_0309/01/2008
The hydrofluoro-olefin refrigerant HFO-1234yf has emerged as Europe's favored R-134a replacement, but some prefer R-744. The refrigerant HFO-1234yf has risen to the No. 1 position as Europe's favored option to replace R-134a, which comes under a phase-out mandate beginning January 1, 2011. The replacement has a low global-warming impact, and possesses properties similar to those of R-134a. European favor for HFO-1234yf was made clear at a recent meeting of an ad hoc OEM HFO-1234yf group of 40 brands that have 69% of the European car market. Arranged by SAE International, the meeting was held June 10-12 in Phoenix and was immediately followed by a U.S. EPA program on the same topic. Members of VDA (German automakers association) are not members, and they could face a difficult go-it-alone approach with their preferred alternative, the carbon-dioxide refrigerant R-744.
Weissler, Paul
Magazine Article
HFC-134a Mobile Air Conditioning System Refrigerant Emission ChartJ2727_200808 (Historical)08/28/2008
The original SAE J2727 "Emission Chart" provided a rating system for comparing mobile A/C systems and was not intended to define mobile A/C system refrigerant emission. It had been developed from industry experience of expected system refrigerant emission based upon currently available technologies. The "System Emissions Chart" now contained in this revision is intended to serve as a means of estimating the annual refrigerant emissions rate (grams per year) from new production A/C systems equipped with specified component technologies. It provides emission values for various component technologies that are currently available, and can be expanded as new technologies are commercialized. This document provides the information to develop an Excel file template "System Emissions Chart" for system emission analysis. The chart includes automotive compressor technologies for conventional mobile air conditioning systems as well as those using semi-hermetic compressors. This standard can be
Interior Climate Control Fluids Committee
Technical Standard
Developing Flow Map for Two-Phase R134a after Expansion Device2008-01-073604/14/2008
This paper presents a mapping of developing adiabatic two-phase R134a flow directly after the expansion valve until the flow is “fully developed” in a 15.3mm inner diameter pipe. Flow characteristics of separation distance, flow type in the homogenous region, void fraction as a function of tube length, and fully developed flow region void fraction and regime were quantified and described.
Bowers, Chad D., Hrnjak, Predrag S.
Technical Paper
Automotive Engineering International 2007-10-01AUTOOCT0710/01/2007
After CD, what's next? Storing music in cars remains fraught with many engineering considerations as infotainment systems move into the next generation. Chevrolet Malibu General Motors has enhanced its midsize architecture for a more refined and luxurious ownership experience. Chrysler minivans Chrysler's family haulers feature a new look and more interior flexibility to go with a host of technology upgrades. Jaguar XF The company's middle sedan is updated with a 21st century interpretation of traditional standards. BMW M3 The high-performance version of the 3 Series coupe gets V8 power, other significant upgrades. Honda Accord The eighth generation of Honda's popular sedan offers more space, power, and safety. Fiat 500 The new car's styling harks back to the original of over 70 years ago, but it employs modern technology and shares a platform with the forthcoming Ford Ka replacement. Subaru Impreza The new model moves closer to the mainstream C-segment market, but a hatchback is added
Magazine Issue
R134a Refrigerant Automotive Air-Conditioned HoseJ2064_200512 (Historical)12/12/2005
This SAE Standard covers hose and hose assemblies intended for conducting liquid and gaseous R134a refrigerant in automotive air-conditioning systems. The hose shall be designed to minimize permeation of R134a refrigerant, contamination of the system, and to be functional over a temperature range of -30 to 125øC. Specific construction details are to be agreed upon between user and supplier. A hose marked "J2064" signifies that it has been coupled, tested, and has met the requirements of SAE J2064. It is the hose assembly manufacturer's responsibility to see that the assemblies meet the specified acceptance criteria for this specification.
Interior Climate Control Steering Committee
Technical Standard
Off-highway gets cooler and greenerOFHSEP04_0409/01/2004
An environmentally benign A/C refrigerant rooftop unit is ready for testing in logging and mining equipment in Australia. The refrigerant R-152a has generated interest because it has very low global warming potential-90% lower than R-134a, the refrigerant presently in use. If tests in Austrialia prove successful, the refrigerant could gain stature as a candidate to replace R-134. Carbon dioxide, which is another candidate even lower in global warming effects, is under development as an alternative, but poses higher cost issues, and, at best, is further down the road in terms of development. R152a would be a technically less difficult replacement. It has a lower molecular weight than R-134a, so about 40% less refrigerant would be needed to provide cooling performance comparable to R-134a. In addition, R-152a may provide a modest improvement in efficiency over R134a.
Weissler, Paul
Magazine Article
Thermophysical Properties of the Natural Environment, Gases, Liquids, and SolidsAIR1168/9 (Historical)06/22/2004
This AIR is arranged in the following four sections: 2A - Properties of the Natural Environment 2B - Properties of Gases 2C - Properties of Liquids 2D - Properties of Solids A summary of each section is given below. Section 2A - This section includes currently applicable earth atmosphere standards (Refs. 101 and 103) and data on the near-Earth environment. Limited data on Mars and Venus reflected solar and planetary-emitted radiation and on micrometeorite data are also included. For space vehicle applications, environmental models are of two general types: orbital and reentry. For orbital models, variable properties such as time and solar flux are usually averaged. Reentry atmospheres are chiefly a function of location and altitude, and selection may be based on reentry location. Variation with latitude is an important local effect (Ref. 106). The electromagnetic solar radiation data in this section are for altitudes above the Earth’s atmosphere. The amount of radiation energy below
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Information Report
R134a Liquid Level in a Receiver-Drier During Charge Determination, Steady State, and Transient Conditions2004-01-091703/08/2004
There currently exists a large variation in receiver-drier design in automotive TXV air conditioning applications. This is partly due to a lack of understanding of the impact of the receiver on A/C system operation. In order to study this, a see-through receiver has been built and used to study the liquid levels and refrigerant flow inside the receiver-drier in a TXV system. A charge determination test was conducted with the see-through receiver to determine the liquid level before, during, and after the charge plateau. Tests were conducted at steady state conditions to determine the liquid levels at various vehicle conditions. Transient tests were also conducted to study liquid levels during system changes, and run-dry conditions were determined. The TXV position was also tracked to correlate TXV reactions to system conditions, to assist In developing the theory of R/D operation in a TXV system. This work has lead to a better understanding on the role of the receiver-drier in a TXV
Finlayson, Scott M., Dickson, Tim R.
Technical Paper
Improved Thermal-Insulation Systems for Low TemperaturesTBMG-121909/01/2003
Improved thermal- insulation materials and structures and the techniques for manufacturing them are undergoing development for use in low-temperature applications. Examples of low- temperature equipment for which these thermal insulation systems could provide improved energy efficiency include storage tanks for cryogens, superconducting electric- power- transmission equipment, containers for transport of food and other perishable commodities, and cold boxes for low-temperature industrial processes. These systems could also be used to insulate piping used to transfer cryogens and other fluids, such as liquefied natural gas, refrigerants, chilled water, crude oil, or low-pressure steam.
Magazine Article
Regulating Pressure-Volume Control of a Gas Blanketing Liquid R-124TBMG-721410/01/2002
A system for storing and circulating a refrigerant liquid [R- 124 (chloro- tetrafluoroethane)] includes a reservoir and a subsystem that regulates the pressure of nitrogen gas in the head space of the reservoir. The purpose of the pressurization is to prevent cavitation in a pump that circulates the liquid. It is necessary to keep enough nitrogen in the system to keep the pressure high enough to prevent cavitation even when the liquid is at its coldest and thus at its smallest volume. It is also necessary to satisfy a competing requirement to, when the refrigerant is at its warmest and thus at its greatest volume, prevent the pressure from exceeding the level at which a relief valve opens and vents the head-space gaseous mixture of refrigerant vapor and nitrogen to the atmosphere. The pressure-control subsystem includes a supply of nitrogen at a pressure of 80 psig (gauge pressure of 552 kPa), a commercial electronic pressure regulator, a programmable-logic controller, and pressure and
Magazine Article
Refrigerant Blends Containing TrifluoroiodomethaneTBMG-752312/01/2001
Blends of refrigerant fluids have been developed as improved alternatives to conventional chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, which contribute to depletion of stratosphere ozone. Each blend of this type is a zeotropic or nearly azeotropic mixture of trifluoroiodo-methane (CF3I) with two or three hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant compounds. In addition to having zero ozone-depletion potential, these CF3I-containing refrigerant blends are nonflammable, and have low toxicity, low global-warming potential (GWP), and low total equivalent warming impact (TEWI). [GWP and TEWI are two measures that quantify different aspects of contributions to global warming.]
Magazine Article
Effect of Desiccant on the Stability of Automotive Air Conditioning Systems2000-01-098303/06/2000
Desiccant materials are commonly used in the automotive industry to reduce the level of moisture in vehicle air conditioning systems. The primary purpose for removing moisture from these systems is to avoid corrosion of metals, compatibility problems with polymeric materials, and possible freeze-up associated with free water. In nonpolar R-12/mineral oil systems with low solubility for water, moisture levels are usually controlled to 25 ppm or less. However, R-134a and PAG are highly polar and have good solubility for moisture, thus presenting reduced risk of free water in the air-conditioning systems. This paper addresses the questions of whether desiccants are required in air conditioning systems using R- 134a/PAG, and if required, what is the optimum quantity of desiccant for system stability and long-term system reliability Tests were conducted in the laboratory (accelerated sealed tube aging according to ASHRAE standard 97- 1989) as well as in the field (vehicle fleet tests). The
Rohatgi, Ngoc Dung T, Henderson, David R., Amin, Jay J., Xu, Jan, Karas, Lawrence C.
Technical Paper
R134a Refrigerant Automotive Air-Conditioning Hose *HS-150/2000*J2064_199906 (Historical)06/24/1999
This SAE Standard covers hose and hose assemblies intended for conducting liquid and gaseous R134a refrigerant in automotive air-conditioning systems. The hose shall be designed to minimize permeation of R134a refrigerant, contamination of the system, and to be functional over a temperature range of -30 to 125°C. Specific construction details are to be agreed upon between user and supplier. A hose marked "J2064" signifies that it has been coupled, tested, and has met the requirements of SAE J2064. It is the hose assembly manufacturer's responsibility to see that the assemblies meet the specified acceptance criteria for this specification.
Interior Climate Control Steering Committee
Technical Standard
TEWI Comparison of R744 and R134a Systems for Mobile Air Conditioning1999-01-058203/01/1999
This paper describes the comparison of the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) of R744 and R134a mobile a/c systems. TEWI calculations were performed using experimental results obtained at typical idling and driving conditions instead of model predictions as in the published literature. The results show that for most of the regions in Europe, Japan and the US, the R744 system has a much lower TEWI than the R134a system that was tested.
Yin, J. M., Pettersen, J., McEnaney, R., Beaver, A.
Technical Paper
Steady State and Cycling Performance of a Typical R134a Mobile A/C System1999-01-119003/01/1999
This paper presents experimental results on the performance of an a/c system with orifice tube for a typical compact car. Tests were conducted over a wide range of operating conditions, covering both steady state and cycling. The test matrices are presented and discussed. Special care was taken to understand the cycling conditions and the way to determine energy efficiency in this operating mode. The system test facilities and component instrumentation designed to achieve that goal are described. The paper also discusses issues related to the design of experiments and facilities for such comparisons.
Park, Y. C., McEnaney, R., Boewe, D., Yin, J. M., Hrnjak, P. S.
Technical Paper
R134a Refrigerant Automotive Air-Conditioning HoseJ2064_199808 (Historical)08/01/1998
This SAE Standard covers hose and hose assemblies intended for conducting liquid and gaseous R134a refrigerant in automotive air-conditioning systems. The hose shall be designed to minimize permeation of R134a refrigerant, contamination of the system, and to be functional over a temperature range of?30 to 125 ?C. Specific construction details are to be agreed upon between user and supplier. A hose marked "J2064" signifies that it has been coupled, tested, and has met the requirements of SAE J2064. It is the hose assembly manufacturer's responsibility to see that the assemblies meet the specified acceptance criteria for this specification.
Interior Climate Control Steering Committee
Technical Standard
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