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Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]R-367To be published on 03/22/2099
Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Segers, Jorge
Acoustic Assessment in a Small Displacement Diesel Engine2014-32-01291/30/2026
In the last years, the increasing concern for the environmental issues of IC engines has promoted the development of new strategies capable of reducing both pollutant emissions in atmosphere and noise radiation. Engines can produce different types of noise: 1) aerodynamic noise due to intake and exhaust systems and 2) surface radiated noise. Identification and analysis of noise sources are essential to evaluate the individual contribution (injection, combustion, piston slap, turbocharger, oil pump, valves) to the overall noise with the aim of selecting appropriate control strategies. Previous paper focused on the combustion related noise emission. The research activity aimed at diagnosing and controlling the combustion process via acoustic measurements. The optimal placement of the microphone was selected, where the signal was strongly correlated to the in-cylinder pressure development during the combustion process. Analysis and processing of the sound emission allowed the acoustic
Chiatti, Giancarlo, Recco, Erasmo, Chiavola, Ornella, Conforto, Silvia
Methods to Mitigate Tail Pipe Noise in Passenger Vehicles2018-01-12801/30/2026
The cold end of an exhaust system plays an important role in today’s passenger cars by reducing the engine noise and thus keeping a pleasant cabin room for optimum passenger comfort. However, due to vehicle layout constraints, it may be difficult to achieve a Muffler design which fulfills the required noise attenuation requirement. It becomes imperative to have an understanding of the different parameters that affect the overall tail pipe noise. In an automobile exhaust system, Exhaust Mufflers play a major role in noise reduction by helping in the attenuation of undesirable noises from the engine. The overall content of the tail pipe noise of an IC engine can be segregated into two categories - Order noise and Flow noise. Order noises are low frequency pressure pulses generated during the exhaust valve opening and closing in the engine combustion cycle. Flow noises are high frequency noises which are generated due to the flow of the exhaust gas and primarily depends on gas velocity
Vineeth, S., Chauhan, Vikram, Nanda, Aditya
Innovations & Best Practices in EMS: Digital SupplementsSAE-DIG-SUP-0011/30/2026
The Community Healthcare Emergency Collaborative outlines effective Mobile Integrated Healthcare programs, emphasizing partnerships and training for community paramedics to enhance patient care and reduce emergency department visits.
Muffler Sound Development Using Analysis of Acoustic Source of Engine Exhaust System2014-01-00261/30/2026
In order to achieve the proper automobile interior sound, the tailpipe noise of the exhaust system must be considered as a main contributor. This paper describes a study of the achievement of dynamic sound quality through exhaust system design. Firstly, we determined the vehicle's interior sound quality and established a target sound using a subjective assessment of 10 benchmark vehicles. The exhaust noise target is determined by means of transfer path analysis focusing on the noise source and how it's impacted by the muffler design. The exhaust system is commonly modeled as a combination of source strength and impedance. We obtained the source character by the wave decomposition method using two microphones and six loads ultimately leading to an optimized design of the inner muffler structure. Based on this study, we achieved dynamic interior sound and improved exhaust system performance.
Han, HakSon, Park, ChulMin, Heo, JeongHoi, Kang, Sang Kyu
Digital Data Model for the AS9100D Aerospace StandardSAE-PJ-00011/20/2026
This digital data model for the AS9100D aerospace quality management standard provides a structured, machine‑readable representation of the requirements, definitions, and industry‑specific enhancements that distinguish AS9100D from its ISO 9001:2015 foundation. Designed to support interoperability across aviation, space, and defense organizations, the model encapsulates the standard’s clause hierarchy, terminology, and compliance attributes in a format optimized for automated processing, validation, and lifecycle management. The model incorporates the revised clause structure introduced with ISO 9001:2015 and extends it with aerospace‑specific obligations, risk‑based considerations, and supply‑chain expectations defined by the International Aerospace Quality Group (IAQG). It captures the relationships between core quality management system elements—such as leadership, planning, operational control, and performance evaluation—while embedding additional AS9100D requirements related to
Prediction of Trimmed BIW Noise transfer function based on BIW response using Machine Learning2026-26-06401/16/2026
This research focuses on the prediction of the Noise Transfer Function (NTF) in a trimmed Body-in-White (BIW) structure by leveraging machine learning technique considering BIW-level NTF, dynamic stiffness at engine mount attachment points, and Vibration Transfer Function (VTF). The study employs an iterative methodology, adjusting the thickness of various BIW panels to analyse their impact on noise transfer characteristics. Frequency response functions are generated at the BIW attachment points to assess the effectiveness of these modifications. By systematically increasing and decreasing panel thicknesses, and stiffness at the attachment point and trimmed BIW level responses the study aims to optimize the acoustic performance of the BIW structure. The findings provide critical insights into the relationship between structural modifications and noise transfer, offering valuable guidance for automotive design and engineering during early design stage to reduce the development time.
Kulkarni, Prasad Ramesh, Bijwe, Vilas, Kulkarni, Shirish, Sahu, Dilip, Inamdar, Pushpak
Modelling of Turbulent Combustion of Liquid Ammonia in Dual Fuel CI Engine2026-26-04421/16/2026
Combustion of fossil fuel results in CO2 emission which is considered to be a leading cause of global warming. Alternative fuels with little or no carbon foot is being actively considered. Direct combustion of ammonia is being actively investigated as it is considered to be a carbon neutral fuel that does not emit CO 2 . It is one of the largest industrially produced chemicals and is easy to store and transport with a well-established supply-chain system. Compared to conventional fuels, ammonia has inferior combustion properties like high ignition delay, low flame speed and a high propensity to produce NOx due to the availability of fuel bound nitrogen. This study uses numerical simulations and a chemical kinetic model to examine the combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel blend in a dual fuel compression ignition IC engine. Both liquid ammonia and diesel are directly injected into the cylinder, with ammonia as the primary fuel and diesel as a pilot to initiate combustion. An
Warghat, Ketan Vinayak, Prabhakaran, Dinesh, Banerjee, Sayak, kolhe, Pankaj, Banerjee, Raja
Analysis of the Indian Patent Landscape on Alternative Fuels with a focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2026-26-02621/16/2026
This paper presents an analysis of the Indian patent landscape concerning alternative fuels, with a specific focus on hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs). The study aims to provide insights into the innovation trends, key players, white spaces and technological advancements, in this evolving sector within the Indian context. The study is based on the granted patents and disclosures in the said area, and also focuses on the key problems and solutions. Based on a review of patent publications from January 2024 to March 2025, it was observed that a significant number of patent records pertain to the broader domain of hydrogen internal combustion engine disclosures. Specifically, 540 extended families patent publications were screened focusing on hydrogen internal combustion engine as a domain of disclosure. Further analysis revealed that greater 75 % of applicants were from the industry sector, indicating a strong commercial interest in these
Nikam, Mahesh Suresh, Sutavane, Ila, V, Ajay, Aghav, Yogesh
A 3D CFD Combustion Evaluation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Potential Alternate Fuel for the Future CI Engines2026-26-01131/16/2026
Transportation industry is facing the growing challenge to reduce its carbon footprint and utilize the carbon neutral, more environmentally sustainable fuels to comply with the goal of carbon neutrality. Implementation of carbon free fuels such as Hydrogen, Ammonia and low carbon fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, but these fuels are suitable for SI engine architecture due to their high-octane ratings. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the few fuel solutions available today with a high Cetane rating (70-80), that can be used as a drop-in fuel in the existing CI engines, with minimal modifications. The main constituent of HVO is pure alkane and it can be produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats and various wastes and by-products. A closed cycle 3-D CFD combustion simulation using a detailed chemistry-based solver was conducted with the HVO, on a three cylinder, naturally aspirated water-cooled CI engine at
Tripathi, Ayush, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
An analysis of material damping characteristics: A comparison of Oberst Bar Method and Center Impedance Method and their relationship to Component Level.2026-26-03171/16/2026
Damping materials exhibit advantageous mechanical and acoustic characteristics that enhance the structural integrity of systems. These materials find extensive applications across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and building acoustics, and are widely employed in the development of soundproofing materials. The damping characteristics of materials primarily pertain to the dissipation of vibrational energy, the reduction of oscillations, and the controlling and subsequent attenuation of vibration-induced noise emanating from structures. To improve both structural integrity and acoustic performance, it is crucial to accurately assess the damping properties of these materials. The Oberst bar test method is a standard method used in the automotive, railway and building industry for initial optimization of damping material However, questions have arisen about the degree to which the outcomes of the Oberst test truly reflect real-world applications. Numerous experimental
Kamble, Prashant Prakash, Joshi, Manasi, Jain, Sachinkumar
There is ‘NO ALTERNATE TO ALTERNATE FUELS’2026-26-01081/16/2026
Alternate Fuels are to be redefined as current definition says any fuel other than Diesel or Petrol. CNG / LNG / LPG / Bi-fuels / Synthetic fuels / Electric energy and Hydrogen fuel are various alternate fuels; many more are expected to add mainly Solar energy in future. CNG / LNG / LPG are alternative fuels but from fossil fuels category. Renewable Fuels are fuels produced from renewable resources. Examples include: biofuels Hydrogen fuel and fully synthetic fuel (also known as electro fuel). Electrical energy & Hydrogen energy produced from conventional way can be classified as non-renewable fuels. Interestingly, Bio-fuels and Synthetic fuels are produced from the waste. Therefore, these fuels serve dual purpose - consumption of waste and generation of energy. While studying the fuels, we need to understand one more thing how these fuels are used, this is explained as below. The Alternative fuel choice is not easy as there are many things involved to be considered. We need to take
KUMATHEKAR, RAJESH RAMDAS
Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-03281/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra
Simulation based optimization of the NVH characteristics in modern high speed engine during development phase2026-26-03261/16/2026
Engine noise mitigation is paramount in powertrain development for enhanced performance and occupant comfort. Identifying NVH problems at the prototype stage leads to costly and time-consuming redesigns and modifications, potentially delaying the product launch. NVH simulations facilitate identification of noise and vibration sources, informing design modifications prior to physical prototyping. Early detection and resolution of NVH problems through simulation can significantly shorten the overall development cycle and multiple physical prototypes and costly redesigns. During NVH simulations, predicting and optimizing valvetrain and timing drive noise necessitates transfer of bearing, valve spring, and contact forces to NVH simulation models. Traditional simulations, involved continuous force data export and NVH model evaluation for each design variant, pose efficiency challenges. In this paper, an approach for preliminary assessment of dB level reductions across design iterations is
Rai, Ankur, Deshpande, Ajay Mahadeo, YADAV, RAKESH
Development of a GUI-Based Pitch Sequence Optimization Tool for Tyre Noise Reduction2026-26-03301/16/2026
Minimizing tyre noise is essential for enhancing ride comfort, especially in electric vehicles where the absence of engine noise makes tyre-generated sound more prominent. This work presents the development of a GUI-based pitch sequence optimization tool to support tyre design engineers in generating acoustically optimized tread sequences. The tool operates in two modes: without constraints, where the pitch sequence is optimized freely to reduce tonal noise levels; and with constraints, where specific design rules are applied to preserve pattern consistency and manufacturability. This tool plays a pivotal role in the tire development process, serving as one of the key evaluation criteria for tread pattern approval before mould fabrication. By enabling engineers to generate balanced, low-noise pitch sequences that align with both acoustic targets and engineering constraints, the tool facilitates faster design iterations and smooth integration with downstream processes. Its successful
Sampathraghavan, Lakshmi, Ramarathnam, Krishna Kumar, Mantripragada PhD, Krishna Teja, Ramachandran, Neeraj
Combustion dynamics and performance optimisation using higher HCNG blends for decarbonising the Gas Genset sector2026-26-02511/16/2026
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Dhar, Rit Prasad, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, Singh, Sauhard, Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Tule, Shubham, Aghav, Yogesh, Lakshminarasimhan, Krishna
Automotive Body Structures' Section and Joint Enhancement towards NVH performance2026-26-03311/16/2026
A primary focus of an automotive architecture development is to efficiently distribute the mass, energy, and stiffness throughout the body structure. The car body structure is integrated with load carrying members, pillar structures, panels, and joints. These structural members play a significant role in meeting the body in white (BIW) performance within weight targets. The initial development stage of the vehicle architecture has a flexibility to change the sections and joints as compared to the later stages. An effective utilization of the primary stage of the design will minimize the efforts during the later stage of the performance improvements. One of the critical performance metrics of the BIW is noise vibration and harshness (NVH). For better NVH performance, the BIW must meet certain stiffness and mass requirement that is specific to the vehicle configuration and type. A good design strategy of the section parameters of structural members along with stiffer joints will assist
Senthilkumar, Vibeesh, Raghuvanshi, Jayeshkumar, Lakshe, Shailesh
Evaluating Passenger Car Tyre Performance: Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics in Varied Testing Conditions2026-26-05781/16/2026
The lateral and longitudinal dynamics of passenger car tyres are crucial for vehicle safety, handling and stability, thus having a direct influence on the braking, acceleration, and cornering performance of a vehicle. This study investigates the influence of key input parameters, namely inflation pressure, vertical load, and inclination angle, on the tyre behaviour using a dual approach: Indoor testing using a Flatbed machine for controlled conditions and Outdoor testing using a traction trailer for real-world evaluations. Lateral dynamics is evaluated across a range of slip angles to analyse lateral force and aligning moment characteristics. The quantification of the influence of inclination angle, inflation pressure, and load on lateral characteristics is done by evaluating the cornering stiffness and aligning stiffness. The indoor tests are conducted in both sweep and steady-state modes. The outdoor tests rely solely on sweep testing due to practical limitations. The longitudinal
Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Duryodhana, Dasari, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
An Outer Waist Seal with Integrated Glass Wiping Mechanism for a Window Frame of a Vehicle2026-26-00111/16/2026
This innovation addresses a major safety concern where drivers experience poor visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror due to rain, fog, dust, or ice accumulation on the side door window glass. Existing solutions like hydrophobic coatings and heated door window glasses offer limited effectiveness, leading to the need for a more reliable and efficient system. To solve this issue, we have modified Outer Waist Seal by integrating Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. The Outer Waist Seal is a weatherproof strip located at the bottom edge of a vehicle’s side window, attached to the door panel. It prevents heavy water flow, dust, and debris from entering the door cavity while also supporting the window glass during its movement. This system features a stationary fixed arm and a rotating arm with an attached wiper blade, driven by a low-speed, high-torque motor and connected with the vehicle's Body Control Module. Upon activation, the rotating arm with blade wipes the Outside Rear View Mirror
Neelam, Rajat, Chowdhury, Ashok, Panchal, Girish, Kumar, Saurav
Steering On-Center Feel and Yaw Response Enhancement through Optimization of System Level Characteristics2026-26-00821/16/2026
To export India based SUVs to European markets, change in steering position is required to suit vehicle driving condition. Ideally, RHD and LHD variants of a same vehicle should have similar level of ride and handling performance parameters. However, due to various packaging constraints and regulations, there is a possibility of minor change in hardpoints of steering or suspension system which may lead to different behaviour in terms of body roll and steering response. While cornering or double lane change maneuvers, difference in steering phase angles or steering stiffness or suspension hardpoints results in different roll behaviour as well understeer characteristics of the vehicle. The present study shows key parameters and optimization methodology to maintain same level of ride and handling performance in both RHD and LHD variants. Objective measurements and, physical kinematics and compliance tests were carried out with various configurations of RHD and LHD variants to understand
Hussain, Inzamam Ul, Kamarthi, Ashwin, Rewale, Pratik, Nehal, S B, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Naidu, Kethireddi
Sudden Loss of Steering Assist Simulation Methodology Development and Validation2026-26-00871/16/2026
The aim of this study is to develop a validated simulation method that accurately predicts vehicle behaviour during a sudden loss of assist while cornering. The method also evaluates the steering effort required to return the vehicle to its intended path during failure scenarios, isolating the impact of uncertainties arising from driver performance. To illustrate the simulation methodology, the study involved testing various vehicles under conditions replicating sudden EPS assist loss during cornering. These tests captured the vehicle’s response and the steering effort needed to correct its path. Different parameters affecting the vehicle behaviour was studied and a validated method of simulation was developed.
Vishweshwara, Manasa, Vijay, Vishnu, Nunes, Ronaldo, Hubert, Robert
Systematic Study To Understand And Resolve Brake Pull In Commercial Vehicles Using Simulation And Proving Ground Tests2026-26-00831/16/2026
In traditional commercial vehicles with leaf spring suspension and Recirculating Ball Joint (RCBT) steering systems often experience undesirable pulling due to unsymmetrical steering mechanism during braking, especially when the suspension and steering hardpoints are not properly tuned. This study investigates the causes behind such pulling behavior, specifically focusing on brake steer and bump steer, which occur due to misalignments in the suspension and steering geometries. Brake steer happens when the braking forces generate a torque, causing the vehicle to pull towards one side. On the other hand, bump steer refers to the unwanted changes in the wheel alignment when the suspension undergoes travel, leading to instability or unintended steering input. These two phenomena, if not controlled, can result in undesirable vehicle handling, especially under heavy braking conditions. The study aims to understand and quantify these mechanisms, providing insights into how they can be
Pandhare, Vinay Ramakant, M, Anantha Padmnabhan, NIZAMPATNAM, BALARAMAKRISHNA, Londhe, Abhijit, Doundkar, Vikas
Safety Locking and alert system for Container trailers with Geo fencing2026-26-02731/16/2026
The Container trailer is used worldwide to transport goods & materials especially e-commerce applications with valuable materials. These container trailers are presently locked with a mechanical locking system and often broken and unlocked by unauthorized people. During transportation time, the driver stops for natural calls, food or any other breakdown, the attempt is made to steal the materials. Many cases were known only after damages are done. It has become a serious issue nowadays in the transportation industry. To avoid these problems, we have designed and developed a system that operates pneumatically with digital locking control. The system is designed to ensure proper safety by rigid mechanical locking. It is actuated by a pneumatic system consisting of Directional control valve & pneumatic cylinders. The lock and unlock inputs are given through digitally and the digital controller provides the appropriate input to solenoid operated direction control valve. Based on the
kumaran, Rajasekar
Post-EOL Cybersecurity Validation for Automotive Production ECUs2026-26-06081/16/2026
ISO/SAE 21434 emphasizes comprehensive cybersecurity risk management throughout the automotive lifecycle. However, specific guidance on validating cybersecurity measures at the production level remains limited. This paper addresses the gap in production-stage validation, particularly after End-of-Line (EOL) flashing, which includes configurations of security hardware and software protection (e.g., UCB confirmation, JTAG, and P-flash password settings). Problem articulation: Current automotive cybersecurity validation methods, despite adherence to ISO/SAE 21434, lack specific procedures for the production stage. The existing system-level validation using the ASPICE V-model (e.g., SWE.6, SYS.5) does not ensure the integrity and functionality of cybersecurity features in the final manufactured unit post-EOL flashing. This gap poses a risk of vulnerabilities being introduced during the EOL process, compromising critical security measures. Proposed solution: To mitigate the cybersecurity
Chakraborty, Sucheta, Kulanthaisamy, Nagarajan, Sankar, Ganesh
Introducing a Novel System Engineering Framework for the safe deployment of Software Defined-Vehicles2026-26-06901/16/2026
The past decade has seen a systemic shift in the automotive landscape and the constituent parts of a vehicle. The automotive industry has shifted from a primarily hardware components industry to a software heavy industry, with software controlling majority of the vehicle functions. Coupled with the ability to fully update or evolve a vehicle's capabilities or functionalities, post point of sale through software updates, the technical, commercial and service landscape of the automotive industry is rapidly changing. This has brought increasing focus to the concept of Software Defined Vehicle, where the vehicle is not only constantly evolving, but is also becoming more personalised by leveraging data collected through the life of the vehicle. This requires a rethink of the current development and deployment approaches for vehicles, which are software-intensive. In this paper, we introduce a novel four-step system engineering framework for the safe development and deployment of Software
El Badaoui, Halima, Jame-Elizebeth, Mariat, Khastgir, Siddartha, Jennings, Paul
Virtual Validation of ADAS Algorithms Using Driver-in-the-Loop Simulation2026-26-00501/16/2026
Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulators have become crucial tools across automotive, aerospace, and maritime industries in enabling the evaluation of design concepts, testing of critical scenarios and provision of effective training in virtual environments. With the diverse applications of DIL simulators highlighting their significance in vehicle dynamics assessment, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle development, testing of complex control systems is crucial for vehicle safety. A comprehensive review of current research trends reveals key areas of focus such as realism of simulated experiences through improved vehicle dynamics models and advanced sensory feedback. The integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies help to create more immersive and informative simulations to improve the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of DIL simulation platforms. By examining the current landscape of DIL simulator use cases, this paper critically focuses on
Sharma, Chinmaya, Bhagat, Ajinkya, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
Development of an Software Algorithm Based Semi-automated Data Acquisition System for Gasoline Vehicle Calibration on Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-05351/16/2026
Vehicle level testing is one of the crucial part of the calibration development. In this, chassis dynamometer is used to collect the vehicle level data. Different engine and vehicle level parameters are logged at various speed and load points covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition is a repetitive activity and covers over 30-40% of the total testing duration. This phase includes base calibration verification, transient development, and emissions-related calibrations, all of which follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and inefficiencies. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, crucial vehicle data acquisition activities are identified, mapped into detailed steps. The algorithm introduces a semi-automated, stepwise process for data acquisition during chassis
Kavekar, Pratap Chandrashekhar, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar, Shaikh, Wasim, Karadi, Subramanya
Automotive Cybersecurity Measures in ECU Production2026-26-06281/16/2026
Modern vehicles use a network of Electrical Control Units (ECUs) that transmit over 2500 signals. The production of these ECUs is fraught with cybersecurity challenges that can lead to significant vulnerabilities, which pose risks not only to the suppliers but also to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and end users. The automotive industry increasingly relies on sophisticated electronic systems but there is a lack of standardized approach to ensure robust cybersecurity measures during ECU production. It is imperative to establish effective safeguards against potential threats to ensure vehicle and passenger safety. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to enhancing cybersecurity in ECU production. Key measures include the activation of cybersecurity protections in series production units, secure flashing and dump processes, effective plant password management, and securing the JTAG port to prevent unauthorized access. By implementing these measures, suppliers can
Kulanthaisamy, Nagarajan, M S, Tejaswini, Sankar, Ganesh
Agricultural tractor brake linkage efficiency prediction and correlation using Flexible Multibody Dynamics model2026-26-01031/16/2026
In agricultural tractors, braking actuation is usually done through control linkages consisting of a series of connected four-bar linkages with multiple pivots from the pedal to the brake pads. The quality of force transmission is critical as it directly affects the braking performance of the tractor. Forces measured at the end of the control linkage or brake pull rod often show deviation with theoretically-based mechanical advantage calculations. This is due to various factors such as linkage transmission angle, elasticity, and friction in joints not considered, which contribute to loss in force transfer. A standardized simulation method needs to be developed and validated to predict the losses in the control linkage system. In this paper, the author proposes a simulation approach using multi-body dynamics, which includes contribution factors such as transmission angle, linkage elasticity, and friction in joints. MBS model for brake linkage system for three different tractors
Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, K, Vinoth, R, Sengottu, Paulraj, Lemuel
Application of DOE Techniques to Identify Factors Influencing Gearbox Synchronizer Wear and Life.2026-26-04891/16/2026
Gearbox synchronizers are essential components for ensuring smooth gear shifting in both manual and automated manual transmissions. The lifespan of a synchronizer is influenced by a complex interplay of several factors, including synchro geometry, lubrication, friction material properties, clutch design parameters, powertrain vibrations, and various operating conditions. These factors contribute to the wear and degradation of synchronizers over time, affecting the overall performance and durability of the transmission system. This paper investigates the influence of various design and operational parameters on the synchronizer's life using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach. A comprehensive experimental plan was meticulously developed to systematically vary key factors such as synchronizer friction material, the number of cones, lubricant viscosity, and clutch stiffness, among others. The resulting experimental data was analyzed through statistical methods, particularly regression
Jagtap, Amol Shivaji, Koulage, Dasharath, Rudramath, Sagar
Microcontroller-based modular mirror for Heavy and Mid commercial vehicles2026-26-00181/16/2026
Existing ICE Mid and Heavy commercial vehicles in the Indian and international market are recording a large number of mishaps due to blind spots and non accessibility of the driver to the opposite side mirror in real-time driving. Non-driver side rear view mirror adjustment creates the need for the driver to get down and adjust the mirror manually/ get support from the co-passenger. The paper proposes a solution for a Microcontroller-based compact mirror adjustment system, which will run with minimal economy and highest efficiency. This will assist drivers in aesthetically and safely monitoring of mirror to check on specific blind spots in day conditions. Mirror will be actuated via a Modular control panel, a Dashboard with audio input or button-operated system based on vehicle type and customer need, along with a quick response mechanism to operate the mirror. This will reduce the prone accidents due to non-visibility by approximately 30%, ensuring enhanced road safety and driver
Jambagi, Vaibhavi Vyankatesh, Gangvekar, Onkar, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
Battery Thermal Management Approach for 2-Wheeler Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case Study2026-26-01511/16/2026
India's electric 2-wheeler (E2W) market has witnessed fast growth, driven by lucrative government policies. Two-wheeler market captures 73% volume of total Indian automotive market, representing the largest segment (Greaves Electric Mobility Limited report 2024). Consequently, all manufacturers of 2-wheelers are developing new electric vehicles (EV) tailored for the Indian market. However, the Indian EV market has witnessed multiple fire accidents in recent years, raising safety concerns among consumers and industry stakeholders. These incidents highlight key weakness in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly during charging. Most existing E2W BTMS relies on passive air cooling, which has been associated with fire incidents due to its inefficiency in heat dissipation, particularly charging in India's high-temperature environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build thermally viable and economical BTMS for the growing E2W vehicles with fast charging capability. The
Emran, Ashraf, Sankhla, Harsh, Garg, Shivam, Raut PhD, Ankit, Hiremath, Vinodkumar, Berry, Sushil
Real-time range optimization for selected destinations by Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) in BEV’s2026-26-01681/16/2026
The automotive industry has undergone significant transformation with the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, to tackle range anxiety, the focus has shifted to energy management strategies for optimal range under different driving conditions. Developing an optimal energy management algorithm is crucial for overcoming optimal range and gaining a competitive edge in the market. This paper introduces a Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), designed to optimize battery usage and extend driving range. Utilizing vehicle digital twin model, DEMS estimates energy consumption across Eco, Normal, and Sports driving modes by analyzing vehicle velocity profiles and pedal inputs. By calculating actual battery consumption and pinpointing excess power usage, DEMS operates in a closed loop to periodically assess the power gap based on real-time vehicle conditions, including HV components like the Electric Drive system, DCDC, E-compressor and E-Heater; and
Dey, Supriyo, Venugopal, Karthick Babu, Penta, Amar, KUMAR, Rohit, Arya, Harshita
Investigation of Fatigue Durability Failure Mechanisms in High-Pressure Hydraulic Pipes of Power Steering Systems2026-26-05421/16/2026
Abstract—The high-pressure hydraulic pipeline in the power steering system is a vital component for ensuring optimal performance. During warranty analysis, leakage incidents were observed at the customer end within the warranty period. The primary factors contributing to these failures include pipe material thickness, material composition, mechanical properties, and engine-induced vibrations. This study investigates fatigue-related failures through detailed material characterization and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) based on real world usage road load data collected. The objective is to identify the root causes by examining the influence of varying pipe thickness on fatigue life. The investigation discovered that crack initiation predominantly occurred on the concave side of bent pipe sections, specifically on the engine-side high-pressure steering line, which is connected to the power steering pump mounted on the engine. Fracture surfaces exhibited characteristics consistent with
SURVADE, LALIT, Koulage, Dasharath Baliram, Biswas, Kaushik
Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-05931/16/2026
This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Sound quality refinement and vibration reduction during Horn Application in Electric Vehicles2026-26-03381/16/2026
This paper focuses on the cabin sound quality refinement and the tactile vibration reduction during horn application in the electric vehicle. Horn cracking sound is perceived in the cabin while pressing the horn. Higher vibrations are also perceived in accelerator pedal during the particular event. Sound diagnosis is carried out to identify the frequencies contributing to cracking noise. Transfer path analysis is conducted to identify the nature of noise and the predominant path through which forces transfer. Based on finding from TPA, various recommendations are evaluated which reduced the noise to a certain extent. Operational Deflection Shape(ODS) is conducted on the horn, horn mounting bracket and on the body to identify the component having higher deflection at the problematic frequencies . Based on the outcome of ODS, recommendations like dynamic stiffness improvement on the horn bracket and the body is assessed and the effect of each outcome is discussed. With all the
S, Nataraja Moorthy
Early Prediction of CNG Filling Time using Artificial Intelligence for Design Optimization2026-26-06621/16/2026
The CNG fuel system is a critical component in vehicle development and typically includes large-volume gas cylinders (up to 800 liters). As these vehicles often operate over long distances daily, frequent refueling is necessary, making a short gas filling time highly desirable. Currently, CNG filling time is evaluated after prototype development to determine the refueling duration. If the filling time is excessive, design changes to the fuel system are required, leading to significant cost and time penalties and causing delays in the vehicle product development cycle. By integrating AI/ML technology, a mathematical model has been developed based on various influencing parameters. This model will predict CNG gas filling time across all commercial vehicle platforms at the initial Zero design release gateway. This early prediction will enable further optimization to improve gas filling time. The goal of this research work to optimising the filling time for various platform before physical
Choudhary, Aditya Kant, Petale, Mahendra, Dutta, Surabhi, Bagul, Mithilesh
Achieving full ASIL-B level functional safety (FuSa) for Automotive Clusters2026-26-00081/16/2026
Traditionally, automotive cluster modules have not placed strong emphasis on functional safety (FuSa) measures for capturing and displaying data. Most cluster components are developed with a focus on Quality Management (QM) levels, and proprietary implementations are often used without adhering to standardized safety approaches. This paper highlights the need to bring certain cluster components under an Automotive Safety Integrity Level B (ASIL-B) context, proposing a standardized and structured methodology for their development — particularly by adopting Classic AUTOSAR frameworks. Several critical components within the cluster demand FuSa mechanisms to ensure reliable and safe operation. These components should be designed to comply with key safety principles, including freedom from interference, execution under privileged levels, and integrity verification. The FuSa goals for these components also extend to their configuration management and update strategies within the cluster
Singh, Iqbal, Kumar, Praveen
Study of Style wheel rim failure Due to Rim and disc assembly interference2026-26-05411/16/2026
This study focuses on the investigation of wheel rim failures near weld zone during repeated cornering induced by interference between the rim and disc during the wheel manufacturing assembly process. Strain gauges were employed to capture real-time stress and strain distributions at critical zones during interference fitting. The experimental results revealed that improper interference levels lead to significant stress concentrations, often surpassing the material's elastic limit, initiating micro-crack formation and promoting fatigue failure. Detailed strain analysis indicated that both radial and axial stresses contribute to long-term structural degradation. The study highlights the critical role of dimensional tolerances, surface finishes, and assembly forces in minimizing stress-induced failures. Recommendations are provided for optimizing design and assembly practices to enhance the durability and reliability of automotive wheels.
P, Praveen, DEsigan, Lakshmipathy, K, CHANDRAMOHAN, C, Santhosh
Standard SWS Requirement based Integration testing for classic AUTOSAR modules.2026-26-05071/16/2026
In the development of automotive ECUs, to keep performance in desired level, what remains constant is to verify, evaluate and validate ECU. Nowadays, Cars have multiple ECUs even in range of 50. Software is validated using target ECU, CAN communication and some I/O simulation techniques. Also, in some applications, virtual environment is created for testing. In this paper, method of Integration testing of AUTOSAR modules is presented which uses AUTOSAR SWS as its input. This makes standard test cases as SWS remains same for a AUTOSAR standard release. It enables a platform to efficiently test all layers of a AUTOSAR BSW modules after integration. For demonstration, we will use TriCore micro controller TC377TX from Infineon. Same controller is usually used in the development of automotive ECUs for various applications. Using winIDEA debugger from iSYSTEM, setup becomes easier to operate for any new person as it supports both debug and flash mode operation. Simplistic approach will be
Kelkar, Renu, Patil, Vardhman
The Impact of Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) on Automotive Headlights Performance and Driver Perception2026-26-01301/16/2026
Automotive lighting has been evolved from simple incandescent lamps to advanced LED based AFS and ADB functions. These lighting play crucial role in road traffic enhancing better visibility and safety to driver as well as other road users. Today’s Automotive Headlights use different light sources viz., Halogen, HID (Xenon), LED, and Laser each emitting light at different correlated color temperatures (CCT), measured in Kelvin (K). Color temperature not only influences visibility but also impacts the amount and perception of glare experienced by other drivers. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of correlated color temperature of automotive headlamps on driver visibility and comfort during night driving conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment using headlamps with different CCTs ranging from 3000K to 6500K. Participants from various age groups and genders were involved to capture diverse perceptions. Studies confirm that both CCT and
Patil, Mahendra Govind, Kirve, Jyoti Kirve, Parlikar, Padmakumar
Evaluation of Methods used to Determine Vehicle Center of Gravity Height2026-26-05131/16/2026
This paper contains a study of the measurement accuracies of two methods commonly used by vehicle industries and other stakeholders to determine vehicle center of gravity (CG) height. The two methods, which both appear in international standards, are the Axle Lift method and the Stable Pendulum method. The Stable Pendulum method requires a dedicated swinging platform mechanism, but it is generally considered to be more accurate than the Axle Lift method. Both methods rely on equations for computing CG height that are based on static balance models of a vehicle tested at various pitch angles. For each method, the accuracy of the resulting CG height computations is a function of the individual measurements needed in the model equations. The individual measurements needed depend on the method used, but they include weights, angles, and distance measurements. A theoretical error analysis study is presented that provides insight into the accuracy of both methods given the uncertainty in the
Heydinger, Gary, Zagorski, Scott, Bartholomew, Meredith, Andreatta, Dale
Accelerating Product Development Life Cycle through Digitalization of Fatigue Life for Structural Components2026-26-04961/16/2026
In today’s competitive market, accelerating product development without compromising durability is critical. Durability is a key benchmark for assessing the quality and reliability of automotive products. To meet rising customer expectations and regulatory demands, the industry must develop vehicles that offer high performance and reduced weight while ensuring safety. A well-engineered vehicle must retain structural integrity and functionality under normal operating conditions and withstand extreme load events without critical failure. Achieving this requires effective Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA), integrated with robust design practices and efficient validation processes. However, physical RLDA is time-consuming and costly, as it depends on prototype vehicles that are often available only in the later development stages. Failures identified during these late-stage tests can delay the product launch significantly. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a digital
Kokare, Sanjay, Dwivedi, Sushil, Siddiqui, Arshad, Iqbal, Shoaib
Comparative Study of EV Transmission Performance used in Various Vehicle Segments2026-26-05841/16/2026
The transition to electric mobility has accelerated the evolution of drivetrain technologies, particularly in the design and performance of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs utilize simpler yet diverse transmission systems cater to specific performance, efficiency, and application requirements. The growing adoption of electric vehicles across diverse transportation sectors has intensified the need for optimized electric transmission systems as per vehicle requirements. This research presents a comparative study of electric transmission performance across various vehicle segments, including Passenger Cars, Small commercial Vehicle, Commercial three-wheelers and All-terrain vehicles. The study evaluates different transmission configurations namely single-speed and multi-speed, based on key performance metrics such as Drag loss and Efficiency. Through a combination of literature review, and performance benchmarking, the
Jain, Sankalp, P, EKHESH
Advanced Indirect Tire Health Monitoring System Using Transfer Learning for Predictive Maintenance2026-26-06701/16/2026
Tire wear is a critical factor in vehicle safety and operational reliability, with worn-out tires contributing to nearly 30% of highway blowouts and a significant portion of tire-related accidents. Traditional tire wear indicators—such as tread wear bars or mileage-based replacement schedules—lack precision, do not offer real-time feedback, and often fail to prevent hazardous situations caused by uneven or rapid tire degradation. These shortcomings underscore the urgent need for intelligent, data-driven solutions in predictive tire maintenance. While earlier efforts have focused on physical models or basic machine learning algorithms, their limited adaptability and poor generalization across platforms reduce effectiveness in real-world deployments. This paper presents a Machine Learning-based Tire Wear Prediction System, designed for both cloud-based analytics and on-vehicle edge deployment. The system predicts individual tire wear using CAN-based inputs, supported by a transfer
Imteyaz, Shahma, Iqbal, Shoaib
Static Rollover Stability Analysis of Heavy Tipper vehicle2026-26-00901/16/2026
Heavy tipper vehicles are primarily utilized for transporting ores and construction materials. These vehicles often operate in challenging locations, such as mining sites, riverbeds, and stone quarries, where the roads are unpaved and characterized by highly uneven elevations in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of vehicle travel. During the unloading process, the tipper bodies are raised to significant heights, which increases the vehicle's centre of gravity, particularly if the payload material does not discharge quickly. Such conditions can lead to tipper rollover accidents, causing severe damage to life and substantial vehicle breakdowns. To analyse this issue, a study is conducted on the vehicle design parameters affecting the rollover stability of a 35-ton GVW tipper using multi-body simulations in ADAMS software. The tilt table test was simulated to determine the table angle at which wheel lift occurs. Initially, simulations are performed with the rigid body model
Vichare, Chaitanya Ashok, Patil, Sudhir, Gupta, Amit
Developing Advanced CAE Model for Door Glass Regulator Operating Noise Reduction through TEST/CAE Correlation2026-26-03111/16/2026
The importance of performance improvement and weight optimization using CAE in the early design stages of vehicle development has been continuously increasing over the past two decades. And, the accuracy of CAE models plays key role, more efforts are required to improve it. Representation of exact physical model in CAE is still a big challenge for achieving an accurate TEST vs CAE correlation. In this research, the procedure and application of door system model correlation were described to reduce the glass regulator operating noise. The function of a regulator in door system is to open and close the glass. The regulator under improper design creates unwanted noise and discomfort to the passenger. In current door CAE Model, we are unable to identify this real time problem. Therefore, this paper discusses how to correlate door system model according to the assembly stage based on modal correlation and it helped in calculating accurate glass regulator operating noise. As a result, the
PANUGANTI, NARESH KUMAR, Choi, Seungchan
Indian City Electric Bus Powertrain Optimization Using Active Learning Simulation Methodology2026-26-06571/16/2026
Public transport electrification is going to play a massive role in India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. India plans to electrify 800,000 buses in a push towards 30% EV penetration by 2030. Further encouraged by government incentives under National Electric Bus Program (NEBP), eBus market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~86% annually over the next 5 years. With most OEMs going for fleet electrification for reducing CO2 emissions and to cater to growing demand in Indian cities for cleaner public transport, improving powertrain efficiency and performance of state-of-the-art eBuses is a natural progression of e-mobility sector development in India. The first step in designing powertrain for an electric city bus is to determine the motor(s) size and transmission specifications (number of gears, gear ratios etc.). Complications arise due to a wider and non-linear operation range of eBus. This study focuses on powertrain optimization for a medium duty electric city
Emran, Ashraf, Berry, Sushil, Xia, Feihong, Chen, Bicheng, Sandhu, Rouble
A Comprehensive Study of vehicle side door structure and window glass displacement during slam for refinement2026-26-05491/16/2026
In the vehicle closures validation process, the displacements in its structure and window glass have significant impact on its service life. The objective of this paper is to develop a test case using instrumentation and data acquisition for measuring the vehicle door structure and its window glass displacement along the lateral direction. This measurement support for understanding the door and window glass displacement impact on its primary and secondary rubber seals, striker, check arm, hinges, and its structural rigidity. The door mechanisms also get affects by door displacement which results to significant deterioration in its performance. The test setup comprises of sensors with required range and accuracy connected with data acquisition system by selecting appropriate sampling rate. The sensors placed on window glass and on door structure top corner during the measurement. Different window glass positions like full close, half close and fully opened considered for the study
Arthanathan, Sankaranarayanan, SHASHIDHAR, S, B, VENKATASUBRAMANIAN
"Leveraging Python-CAN and UDS for Cost Effective Automotive ECU Re-Programming"2026-26-05431/16/2026
Electronics with Software plays a crucial role to realize innovations in automotive industry. Advancement in automotive features has been fast paced, with rising number of ECUs (Electronics Control Unit) architecture increasing the complexity and cost pressure. While ECUs have established themselves the core unit to process and control vehicle including diagnostics. Hence ECU programming is vital for every player contributing to automotive development. Programming of an ECU involves several files like Bootloader, Application and calibration files, which are programmed over CAN bus using few of the widely used licensed tool such as Vector’s V-Flash, INCA-Flash, FlashR, etc. Despite the existence of major tools several organizations look for alternatives due to the high cost involved with license and CAN Hardware dependencies of manufacturers. Throughout this research various programming tools and CAN hardware compatibility were evaluated in combination, including time to program. The
Khot, Shubham, Iqbal, MD Farhan, Anilkumar, Sandhya, Tavhare Sr, Sarika, Bose, Indranil
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