Browse Topic: Interiors, Cabins, and Cockpits

Items (5,427)

Static Seat Comfort CAE DOE Variation Study to Understand the Impact of Seating Adjustment and Occupant Posture on Seat Pressure Distribution

2024-26-028701/16/2024

The automotive seat has undergone significant advancements in technology due to changing customer demands, levels of autonomy and vehicle regulations. These advancements have presented both opportunities and challenges in creating a pleasant experience for customers by ensuring optimal seat comfort and a joyful human experience. Seats are always being built to accommodate different percentiles of occupant comfort requirements; original equipment manufacturers come up with various seating adjustment features. However, there is considerable variation among each percentile of occupants in how they utilize these features to achieve a comfortable seating position based on their unique preferences and circumstances. Additionally, there are variations in occupant postures due to the ways people have adapted their driving habits or styles when it comes to the way they sit. The objective of this paper is to understand the sensitivity of seat adjustments and occupant postures on static seat

H S, Rakesh, Lal G M, Sherin, Rahmani, Reza

Digital approach for design of modular, scalable Futuristic Instrument Panel for Commercial Vehicle

2024-26-038701/16/2024

Road infrastructure in India is being upgraded at a rapid pace. Quality of life of people has also improved significantly in the last decade. Such trends have significantly impacted design of commercial vehicles and vehicular systems in the country. This paper deals with the design and development of a modern futuristic instrument panel for trucks. Methodology to arrive at product features and solutions which retain their novelty and appeal for a longer term has also been illustrated. Regulatory scenario, modularity, HMI, Perceived Quality, Driver Comforts, evolving technologies, trends and materials are some of the considerations which have discussed in detail. International benchmarks and customer requirement have been analyzed for setting Performance targets. A digital approach for evaluating these considerations evolved during the design and development process has been elaborated in detail. Design verifications methodology has been formulated at digital level and physical

Mhaske, Pramodkumar Chimaji, PALLATH, Ashap, Navsariwala, Prashant, Apte, Sanjay

OPTIMISED DESIGN SOLUTION FOR FLOOR CONSOLE AND SIMILAR COMPONENTS

2024-26-032001/16/2024

Traditionally floor console design requires structural part inside the assembly to mount surrounding parts to withstand various load cases and functionality. this leads to heavy assembly weight & greater number of parts in assembly. This will also impact on overall cost of the component as well as assembly cycle time, logistics & maintenance cost. In order to address this issue for any floor console or similar component which requires structural part inside for rigidity we thought of redesigning our parts and use of CPSF injection molded parts without impacting aesthetics. Counter pressure structural foam (CPSF) process allows us to design in more structural and thicker parts while still it gives good class a quality. CPSF process is similar to IM process only, but here along with thermoplastic materials in pelletized form and blowing agent is also added in hopper in proper ratio. Components similar like floor console requires more strengthen parts for holding loads & occupant sitting

Kole, Abhinandan, John, Pramod, pena, Geofrey

A UNIVERSAL STEERING GROMMET DESIGN APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE PASSENGER CABIN NVH PERFORMANCE

2024-26-020201/16/2024

As a car OEM, we continuously strive to set the bar for competitors with every product. Consumer travel experiences are enhanced by increasing passenger cabin silence. There is only one steering system opening in the firewall panel, which is used for allowing intermediate shaft's fitment on the pinion shaft of the steering gear. The steering grommet is the sole component that covers the firewall cut-out without disrupting steering operations, which has a substantial impact on the NVH performance of the vehicle. It is typically used in cars to eliminate engine noise and dust entering to passenger compartment. The part is assembled inside the vehicle where the steering intermediate shaft passing through BIW firewall panel. We use a bearing, plastic bush, or direct rubber interference design in the steering grommet to accommodate the rotational input the driver provides to turn the automobile. However, occasionally noise may be produced due to uneven bearing or plastic bush loading or a

J, Sadhish, Vijayarangan, Deepak

A Novel Approach to Make an Efficient Thermal Management of a Solar Electric Four-Wheeler Through Model-Based System Simulation

2024-26-013001/16/2024

The objective of this paper is to determine and design an optimized thermal management system for a solar electric four-wheeler while considering system influence. The major systems that will be analyzed and optimized include the HVAC, solar system, and battery. The HVAC system imposes a challenge to the designers to fulfill the passenger's comfort and to operate it efficiently under a wide range of external loads from solar radiation, ambient temperature & humidity, human metabolic activity, and also other loads like the propulsion system temperature on the cabin. From the literature, it is found that the air conditioning system reduces on average 14% of the total battery capacity whereas the heating system reduces it by 18%, which makes the HVAC system design a crucial aspect to consider for the system influence. The battery car voltage changes significantly to meet the power demand and because of this, the battery system produces a large amount of heat while discharging which will

Karthikeyan, Vikram Raj, Gumma, Muralidhar

INTEGRATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM IN THE CAR DOOR HANDLE

2024-26-028501/16/2024

The car door handle is an essential component of any vehicle, as it plays a crucial role in providing access to the cabin and ensuring safety of the passenger. The primary function of the car door handle is to allow entry and exit from the vehicle while preventing unauthorized access. In addition to this, car door handles also play a critical role in ensuring passenger safety by keeping the door closed during accidents or when there is a significant amount of G-force acting on the vehicle. A typical car door handle comprises several components including the structure, cover, Bowden lever, bracket, pins and other child parts. The structure provides the ergonomics and rigidity for grabbing the handle, while the cover gives the handle an aesthetic appearance. The Bowden lever facilitates the unlatching of the door and the intermediate parts ensure that the handle operates smoothly. The position of the Bowden lever is crucial for the unlatching process and for keeping the door closed

Kumar, Vinayak

Auto lock of manual seat track adjustment in passenger vehicles

2024-26-000101/16/2024

Vehicle seats are provided with a facility to adjust the seat forward or rearward. Seating positions can be adjusted according to the comfort of the occupants. Seat track position plays an important role in airbag deployment during vehicle crash. A hand lever is used to manually adjust the seat track in some vehicles by pulling up the lever and releasing it after the appropriate seating position has been adjusted. All the safety manuals provided by OEMs warns about the adjustment of seat track position as forward or rearward during vehicle movement. It is high risk because of any rapid movements due to unexpected road conditions might result in driver losing control of the pedals and steering wheel and this may leads to severe injuries and even can cause fatalities. The proposed system in this paper is focused to provide more safety to the driver with a new method " Auto lock of manual seat track adjustment in passenger vehicles”. The proposed system shall be integrated with Body

Nalagatla, Karthik, S, Deepak Kumar, Jamadar, Tohidanjum

Child Injury Pattern and Mechanism Differences Based on the Front Seat Occupancy Status in Rear Impacts with Severe Structural Intrusions from the Rear

2024-26-000501/16/2024

Child crash injury protection in severe rear impact chiefly depends on how well the rear survival space bounded by the vehicle structure is maintained. Previous research and studies have shown the ill effects of front seatback collapse intruding into the rear child survival space from the front with minor or no intrusions from the rear. This paper shows the child injury pattern and fatal injury mechanism for a rear impact crash with a severe compartment intrusion from the rear without any front seat occupant. Furthermore, it compares the injury outcome with a similar crash and severe intrusion in the presence of the front occupant employing a full-scale vehicle-to-vehicle crash test. A detailed real-world crash investigation is conducted to identify the injury mechanism. It is compared with the outcome of similar severity rear impact vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests producing different injury patterns. The comparison and the analysis show that the survival space intrusion due to safety

Thorbole, Chandrashekhar

Improving Dynamic Response of PEMFC Anode Pressure in Droped Load Scenarios through Split Range Control

2023-01-702610/30/2023

The dynamic response of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells’ anode pressure and the pressure difference between the cathode and anode significantly influence the performance and durability of fuel cells. To address the slow dynamic response of the anode pressure during rapid load drops, this study proposes a split range control strategy by introducing the hydrogen purge valve into the anode pressure control. By rational planning the split range block, the hydrogen purge valve is opened at appropriate times during load drops. To validate the effectiveness of the split range control, simulations are conducted under load drop conditions using an 80 kW fuel cell hydrogen and air supply subsystem model. The simulation results demonstrate that the split range control reduces the setting time of the anode pressure during load drops by half, with the most significant improvement observed at 67% load to idle condition, where the setting time is reduced from 2.6 s to 1.1 s. Furthermore

Zhang, Junyu, Chen, Fengxiang, Pei, Fenglai, Li, Tao, Xu, Shuo

Metamaterial application to automotive glass for vibration reduction and reduced noise transmission

2025-01-011905/05/2023

A metamaterial which, attached to the edge of a panel, reduces vibration results in reduced noise transmission into a vehicle. In this particular case, the metamaterial is designed to be attached to the edge of a glass panel and can reduce panel vibration and noise transmission due to wind or other sources into the vehicle interior. Acoustic transmission loss and panel vibration assessments show the benefit of this approach.

Sorenson, Steve, Moore, Jaime, Robison, Scott, Li, Xiaopeng

Underbody contribution simulation for vehicle wind-noise.

2025-01-002605/05/2023

Wind noise is one of the largest sources to the interior noise of modern electric and hybrid vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways from medium speed and generate considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low frequencies. The transmission mechanism through the vehicle floor and underbody is a complex phenomenon as the paths to the cavity can be both airborne and structure-borne. This study is focused on the floor contribution to wind noise of different type of vehicles (SUV and Sport car), whose underbody structure are largely different. Aero-Vibro-acoustic simulations are performed to clarify the transmission mechanism of the underbody wind noise and

Mordillat, Philippe, Zerrad, Mehdi, Errico, Fabrizio

Tonal noise investigation of automotive HVAC systems : a hybrid method

2025-01-002705/05/2023

There is no need to recall how the electrification trend of transport facilities has tightened the requirements around acoustic comfort. Within the automotive industry, these targets are more challenging for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems for which passengers are in the foreground of noise emissions. The complexity of the requirements and specifications set by car manufacturers and suppliers stems from a dual aspect. First is quantitative based on the sound pressure level, whether it's the overall level or 1/3 octave band spectra. The second is purely subjective based on the perceived noise quality by stakeholders and final customers worldwide. During development phases, low frequency tone noises are frequently encountered on these systems which might induce discomfort to the passengers. The experimental investigations usually point to an aerodynamic origin, which prompted this research activity. The purpose of this work is to analyze and understand the mechanism of

Bennouna, Saad, Alaoui, Mohamed

Active noise control with head tracking system

2025-01-001205/05/2023

In active noise control, the control region size(zone of control) decreases as the frequency increases, so that even a small moving of the passenger's head causes the ear position to go out of the control region. In order to increase the size of the control region, many speakers and microphones are generally required, but it is difficult to apply it in a vehicle cabin due to space and cost constraints. In this study, we propose moving zone of quite actvie noise control technique. An 2D images based head tracking system captured by a camera to generate the passenger's head coordinates in real time with deep learning algorithm. In the controller, the control position is moved to the ear position using a multi-point virtual microphone algorithm according to the generated ear position. After that, the multi-point adaptive filter training system applies the optimal control filter to the current position and maintains the control performance. Through this study, it is possible to secure the

Oh, ChiSung

High-resolution option for the Sottek Hearing Model Tonality enables accurate order analysis

2025-01-009305/05/2023

The Sottek Hearing Model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the nuances of sound perception, including such aspects as loudness, tonality, roughness, fluctuation strength, sharpness, and impulsiveness. The principal model was first published more than three decades ago as part of a doctoral thesis. Over the past few decades, the model has been refined and recently standardized in the international standard ECMA 418-2. This standard addresses several psychoacoustic parameters, including a new approach to time-varying loudness based on a nonlinear combination of partial tonal and noise loudness. This is the preferable approach because the loudness of tonal components (i.e., tonal loudness) may have a more pronounced impact on loudness perception than the loudness caused by other components (i.e., noise loudness). Other standardized parameters include tonality and psychoacoustic modulation analyses. These comprise roughness, which is employed to evaluate rapidly

Sottek, Roland, Bray, Wade

Cabin noise modeling for seat location variation using AI and Machine Learning

2025-01-012905/05/2023

Analyzing acoustic performance in large and complex assemblies, such as vehicle cabins, can be a time-intensive process, especially when considering the impact of seat location variations on noise levels. This paper explores the use of AI and machine learning to streamline this analysis by predicting the effects of different seat configurations on cabin noise, particularly at the driver’s ear level. The study begins by establishing a baseline simulation of cabin noise and generating training data for various seat location scenarios. This data is then used to train an AI model capable of predicting the noise impact of further seat adjustments. These predictions are validated through detailed simulations. The paper discusses the accuracy of these predictions, the challenges encountered, and provides insights into the effective use of AI and machine learning in acoustic analysis for cabin noise, with a specific emphasis on seat location as a key variable. Keywords: Acoustic analysis, AI

Kottalgi, Santosh, Banerjee, Bhaskar

Designing Rubber Flaps for Resonance Management: High-Frequency Tuning in Electric Vehicles Using AI/ML Approaches

2025-01-012505/05/2023

High-frequency whine noise in electric vehicles (EVs) poses a significant challenge, affecting customer perception and the overall vehicle experience. One primary source of this undesirable noise is the interaction between motor pole resonance and the resonance of the engine mount rubber. This paper presents an innovative method for predicting and tuning the frequency response of engine mounts by precisely adjusting the dimensions of rubber flaps, specifically their length and width. The proposed solution employs a dual approach: fine-tuning rubber flap dimensions and utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques. An ML model, trained on historical data, predicts how varying flap dimensions impact frequency response, providing a data-driven foundation for optimization. This prediction capability is enhanced by a Python program that automates the optimization process using a linear combination formula, efficiently addressing resonance issues. By integrating ML insights with the linear

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip

Data-Driven Machine Learning Approach for Rattle Risk Mitigation

2025-01-012605/05/2023

In the modern automotive industry, squeak and rattle issues are critical factors affecting vehicle perceived quality and customer satisfaction. Traditional approaches to predicting and mitigating these problems heavily rely on physical testing and simulation technologies, which can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, especially for larger models. In this study, we propose a data-driven machine learning approach to mitigate rattle risks more efficiently. In this study, a floor console model has been evaluated using the traditional simulation-based E-line method to pinpoint high-risk areas. Data generation is performed by varying material properties, thickness, and flexible connection stiffness using the Modified Extensible Lattice Sequence (MELS) sampling algorithm, creating a diverse and comprehensive dataset for generating a machine learning (ML) model. Utilizing the dataset, the top contributing variables were identified for training the ML models. Various machine-learning

Parmar, Azan, Rao, Sohan, Reddy, Hari Krishna

Feasibility of In situ vehicle level transmission loss measurement to guide dash pass through grommet selections

2025-01-012205/05/2023

Noise transmission through the vehicle dash panel plays a critical role in isolating passengers from noise sources within the motor bay of the vehicle. Grommets containing electrical harness routing as well as HVAC lines are examples of dash panel pass throughs that should be selected with care. Acoustic performance of these components is generally characterized in terms of measured quantities such as noise reduction (NR), sound transmission loss (STL), and Insertion Loss (IL). These measurements need to be carried out as per SAE or ASTM standards in appropriate anechoic or reverberant chambers as this is important for consistency. This work explores an in-situ vehicle measurement setup utilizing a repurposed vehicle cabin designed to serve as an anechoic chamber with its frunk acting as a reverberant chamber. This in-situ setup method is then compared to results following standards to discuss the differences in results. The data is studied to understand if there are any advantages to

Joodi, Benjamin, Jayakumar, Vignesh, Chang, Michael, Geissler, Christian, Pilz, Fernando, Conklin, Chris

Research on NVH Performance of Pulse Heating System of One Vehicle

2025-01-007805/05/2023

When the ambient temperature is too low, the performance of the lithium-ion battery will deteriorate, and the car will have the problems of difficult charging, fast power consumption, and even difficult to start, so the battery needs to be heated before use to provide a comfortable working environment for the lithium-ion. The high-frequency pulse heating system can quickly and evenly raise the temperature of the battery, but there is noise during operation, which affects the NVH performance of the vehicle itself, and its noise comfort needs to be further optimized. Firstly, the high-frequency pulse heating system is discussed in detail, and the parameters affecting NVH performance and heating efficiency are explored. Secondly, NVH testing and subjective and objective evaluation were carried out based on different system parameters, relevant data were collected to establish a model, the influence of each parameter on the two was demonstrated, multi-objective optimization was carried out

YUN, ZHAO, Shouhui, Huang, zhou, changshui, Teng, Charlie

This is a course with a really long, verbose title with special characters; testing the ingestion process and display on the website. The limit in Docebo is 255 characters, although I don't believe we have one longer than 200 characters in real life. Wow!

ZWB1319.LA02/10/2023

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An experimental study to understand the effect of calibration parameters and operating conditions on piston and cylinder bore temperatures for a multi-cylinder DI diesel engine through piston telemetry.

2022-28-048511/18/2022

There is a huge shift in Indian emission standards and that had made a huge impact on engineering work allied with engines and their AFT devices. The piston is most loaded with thermomechanical stresses and early detection of failure can save much time, cost and overall organization can focus to make more robust, technically fit, and reliable products to market. So, it is important to know the effect of engine operating conditions on power cylinder components and other related systems during the development phase of an engine. The operating temperatures are known to be affected by various calibration/control parameters relating to sub-systems like air handling, injection, and cooling systems. These are often tuned based on performance and emission requirements. In this work, a detailed experimental investigation has been reported about the effect of key calibration parameters and boundary conditions on the temperatures of the power cylinder components of a multi-cylinder medium-duty DI

Chaudhari, Priyanka, Thakur, Anil, Chila, Shreepal, Paygude, Sachin, More, Rahul Shriram, Rohokale, Dilip

Developing Intelligent Windshield Fogging Prediction and HVAC Control Model

2022-28-046011/09/2022

The Indian continental region encompasses various geographical terrains and climatic conditions, which summons the automotive OEMs to build a robust Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. For a typical passenger cars and utility vehicle segments, on board HVAC primarily serves two major purpose a) providing year round thermal comfort to the passengers and b) enact defogging and defrosting action of front windshield as per regulatory requirement and customer need. Nowadays, Full Automatic Temperature Control (FATC) is introduce in nearly all segments of passenger cars. It intelligently manages HVAC system as per customer comfort. Although case of windshield fogging which deteriorates front vision through windshield is not fully automatize and actively manage. The case of repetitive unclear front vision severely affects driving safety for the occupants. Thus, customer as per their observation of fogging over windshield will manually activate/deactivate defog mode. The

Venu, Santosh, Mehta, Bhavik, Panchare, Datta

AC System COP Optimization Through Major or Minor Adjustment of Component Design

2022-28-042311/09/2022

In the process of designing of complete cycle of vapour compression refrigerant system, most important part is optimization of performance of all components including compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator and piping and COP of the system . For balancing and COP optimization of air conditioning cycle, it is extremely important that all component selected must be balanced and synchronized with other components relatively. Many researches have been done related to system COP and performance optimization through various method as well as component performance optimization. While optimizing the cycle, changing one component parameter effects the other components behavior and becomes challenge to control all other characteristic. Sometimes even a minor adjustment in the cycle leads change in output result of components which are not preferable. The present paper is about optimization of system COP of refrigerant cycle through various combination of iteration that includes

raj, Abhishek, Bajpai, Himanshu, Agarwal, Roopak, Anal, Rajeev

Design of Hybrid Air Conditioning System Using Phase Change Material for Commercial Sleeper Vehicles

2022-28-044811/09/2022

Many road accident happens due to fatigue & deprive sleep of drivers. Many times driver use AC system for their quick thermal comfort during night with engine ON. This scenario is very critical from human's safety & vehicle functionality point of view. This also consumes additional 10-15% of fuel requirements in AC running condition. So, to address social problems of driver's sleep & pollution free environment by reducing the use of fossil there is a need of alternative techniques for air cooling which works during engine OFF condition. Various alternatives options for air cooling have been reviewed & extensive evaluations are mapped on the various performance parameters. Based on this the phase change material technology can be easily adopted due to its packaging flexibility. Phase change material (PCM) technology available in the market since decades for the use of storing the thermal energy. Perhaps the use of PCM material in controlled manner in not fully known for longer period of

Shalgar, Sandeep, Nagarhalli, Prasanna V, BEDRE, PALLAVI, SRIVASTAVA, SARVESH, Tupe, Akshay

Improve the Passenger Thermal Comfort Inside Car Cabin at Various Seat Location

2022-28-044511/09/2022

In today’s competitive automotive industry with its rapid pace of innovation, HVAC engineers continually think about customer convenience and their comfort requirements. ‘Multi zone HVAC system’ is one of the features that proposes to satisfy the customers’ need for individualized comfort settings for each passenger seated in different parts of a vehicle cabin. In many instances, passengers in a car have different preferences for air temperature setting based on their sitting locations. This situation sometimes arises due to difference in the intensity of solar radiation entering inside vehicle cabin from windscreen and front/side glasses. This happens due to relative position of the sun and the direction which the car is facing. In the current single zone automatic HVAC system, the user can only set one common temperature and air flow rate for the entire vehicle cabin. There is no provision for each passenger seat to have a unique temperature and air flow setting according to the

Deshmukh, Gaensh S.

Comparative Study Between OpenFOAM and STAR-CCM+ for HVAC Airflow Analysis

2022-28-043711/09/2022

Vehicle air conditioning and heating system is one of the most important part of an automobile system. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely used to predict air flow rates and distribution in such HVACs. Commercial CFD codes such as FLUENT and STAR-CCM+ are widely used in simulation for industrial research. But usage of these software comes with a heavy cost. Cost is one such parameter where industries try to bring down, without compromising on the deliverables in product development. OpenFOAM is one such license free, open source code that can be used to modify and compile its code based on the needs and the physics of the problem in hand. This study assesses the performance of airflow magnitude and distribution in an HVAC using OpenFOAM. The assessment uses the same mesh with initial and boundary conditions. The results between STAR-CCM+ and OpenFOAM are compared in terms of grid-independent solutions using various scalar and vector plots. The results thus obtained is also

Baruah, Murchana

An Experimental Study for Reduction of Refrigerant Flow Induced Noise in a Passenger Vehicle

2022-28-043911/09/2022

Air conditioning these days has become an indispensable part of human comfort due to rising global temperatures. Air conditioners are installed to achieve thermal comfort in enclosed spaces such as rooms, vehicle passenger cabins, laboratories etc. As the air conditioning units employ dynamic processes to maintain thermal comfort it creates many unwanted noises which lower the acoustic comfort. One of these unwanted noises is the refrigerant flow induced noise inside passenger cabin of an automobile when the air conditioning is switched on in a thermally soaked vehicle. This paper elaborates about the study done on a calorimetric bench inside a semi-anechoic environment for identification of the noise signature and its acoustic interpretation. It also compares the noise readings obtained on the bench and at vehicle level in a semi-anechoic setting. The paper discusses about the possible mechanism for the occurrence of the refrigerant flow induced noise. It also discusses about various

Sharma, Rachit, Kumar, Mukesh, Kumar, Shubham, Patra, Subhashree

Novel Approach Development for Air Conditioning Compressor Capacity Measurement

2022-28-042811/09/2022

The actual compressor capacity is generally different from the theoretical capacity due to internal leakages, losses and manufacturing imperfections. Conventionally, compressors’ volumetric efficiency and compressor capacity is measured using system level (calorimeter) testing consisting of evaporator, condensor and TXV in a closed loop system with known refrigerants (R134, R1234yf etc.). In this paper a novel methodology is demonstrated and test rig developed for evaluating any automobile air conditioning compressors’ actual volumetric efficiency and capacity by using working fluid as atmospheric air in an open loop single phase system. Compressor of theoretical capacities 90, 110, 125, 140, 150 cm3/rev were tested and actual capacities were measured at different pressure ratios and compressor RPMs. The process parameters of the test rig were continuously monitored and readings were taken through data acquisition system. Comparative study is also presented for tested volumetric

Yadav, Aditya Pratap, Sharma, Kamal, Goel, Arun Kumar

Cost Effective Method of Improving the Cabin Air Quality using HVAC Case Coating

2022-28-045211/09/2022

Cost effective method of Improving the Cabin Air Quality using HVAC case Coating Among many environments, the motor vehicle cabin micro-environment has been of public concern. Infact Air pollution more harmful to children in cars than outside. Although commuters typically spend only 1-2hrs per day of their time in vehicles, the emissions from various interior components of motor vehicles as well as emissions from exhaust fumes carried by ventilation supply air are significant sources of harmful air pollutants that could lead to unhealthy human exposure due to their high concentrations inside vehicles' cabins. This N9 silver ion technology helps significant reduction of microbial & viruses in inside vehicle cabins air. On contact silver will neutralize harmful bacteria on plastic surfaces giving them long lasting freshness and long-term protection. Silver is a natural antimicrobial. That means that microbes-germs can't survive in the presence of silver ions. Silver ions released from

Anandan, Ram, Anugu, Anil, EEDALA, V V N CHOWDARY, Sampath, Karthikeyan

Application of Packing in Sealing Doors and Reducing Fluid Leakage in Automotive HVAC of Climate Control System.

2022-28-045711/09/2022

The heating, ventilation and air conditioning system is one of the complex system install inside the cabin of automobile vehicle. Each HVAC discipline has specific design requirement in terms of packaging space, performance target etc. Technical specification such as airflow, noise, air distribution, allowable leakage rate varies as per vehicle segment and interior design accordingly. While maintaining the design parameter of HVAC, design engineers often faces challenges related to water leakage, air leakage, water infiltration etc. Controlling these parameters becomes crucial for customer satisfaction and for safety features. Several researches on seal proof technology is done and still going on, either for air based application or water based application or any other fluid material. Application of sealing technology spread over almost everywhere from domestic purpose to industrial application. Similarly in HVAC, application of packing for sealing doors or reducing leakage plays a

raj, Abhishek, Bajpai, Himanshu, Agarwal, Roopak

Mobile Air Conditioner Off the Grid Cooling Solution

2022-28-045411/09/2022

MOBILE AIRCONDITIONER OFF THE GRID COOLING SOLUTION ABSTRACT Rooftop air conditioners are great to use at camp sites with power supply, and swamp coolers only work effectively in dry areas. Rooftop Air Conditioners have excellent cooling capacity. It cools down an entire van space but consumes huge amount of energy! Unable to take on the go. Swamp Cooler consumes less power. Ideal to use in dry climates. But once the humidity gets high, the swamp cooler will struggle to have any effect. And one will have to fill the unit with water manually. Window Air Conditioner is an inexpensive solution with good cooling effect, but it’s bulky, difficult to move, install and power. It blocks windows and damages easily on bumpy roads if fitted in vehicle. Solution for these problems and to bring endless possibilities to outdoor cooling is state of the art device called mobile Airconditioner that provides cooling on the go and off the grid. Concept design is made with special features like small size

SINGHAL, SUNNY

A Novel Approach for Assessing Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) in Future Mobility Solutions

2022-28-045511/09/2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has driven consumers to be extremely vigilant towards personal as well as shared hygiene necessitating use of facemask, maintaining social distancing, frequent hand wash and vehicle sanitization. Humans are exposed to pollutants such as Particulate Matter (PM), SOx, NOx, CO, O3, Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) and Pathogens (FBV- fungi, bacteria, viruses) either through air or by direct contact with contaminated surfaces. In a vehicle cabin, occupants are exposed to both, recirculating air through air-conditioning system and contact with touch points such as seats, steering wheel and armrest which may be contaminated. In order to safeguard the occupants, VIAQ enhancers like high efficiency cabin air filters (N95/ HEPA) with activated carbon/ anti-allergen/ anti-microbial layers, ionizers and anti-bacterial trims are being deployed by OEMs. In many cases, validation of these VIAQ enhancers is done on a bench setup. Once VIAQ enhancer is integrated into the

Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Kulkarni, Shridhar, Kapoor, Sangeet

Airflow and Thermal Management of Off-Road Vehicle Cabin

2022-28-045111/09/2022

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems play a crucial role in our day-to-day activities. With rise in global warming, leading to climate change, HVAC unit is the need of the hour. With average temperatures on the rise, it is quite imperative that the unit provides better thermal comfort to the passengers. Off-road vehicles like tractor, is also no exclusion. Tractor drivers have to experience adverse weather conditions out in the open field. Thus it is quite fundamental that sufficient airflow reaches every point inside the driver cabin, ensuring proper cool-down. To ensure proper distribution of airflow inside the cabin, optimization of HVAC unit needs to be properly carried out. The present study shows how an HVAC of an off-road vehicle is properly optimized with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics. STAR-CCM+ v2021.2.1 is used as solver for the simulation. Airflow and cool-down simulation of inside cabin is also carried out in both initial and optimized design. The

Singh, Shobit Kumar

Reviewers

15-15-03-0016

08/25/2022

Abstract Reviewers

El-Sayed, Mohamed

Evaluating Repeatability and Reproducibility of CEN Workshop Real Driving Cabin Air Quality Testing Method

02-15-04-002506/06/2022

Emissions from motor vehicles are generally recognized to pollute the outside air, with negative effects on human health and the environment. Little is known about the extent to which these pollutants enter the interior of the vehicles through their ventilation systems. The cabin air quality inside vehicles is very lightly regulated around the world, and there is no recognized standard method for measuring pollution ingress. This article tests the effectiveness of a method originally proposed in an SAE paper in 2019 for characterizing the degree of particle ingress. This cabin air quality index is hypothesized to give a repeatable, characteristic value for the vehicle to reduce in-cabin pollutant concentration compared to outside pollutant concentration, which may be suitable for inter-vehicle comparison.To test the method, a series of real-world on-road tests were conducted in Germany with three different types of measurement equipment, two different drivers, and two different routes

Holland, James, Molden, Nick, Hemming, Carl, Jung, Heejung

Improving the Performance of the Air Conditioning Unit in Different Locations of a City Bus and Lightening the Air Ducts

2022-01-504406/03/2022

The focus of this study is to validate vehicle test results of the air conditioning (AC) unit in a city bus and perform a comparative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on homogenizing the cabin air distribution in different AC unit locations on the rooftop. To validate CFD practical results, a vehicle test was performed outdoor during the AC unit works. Obtained test results based on airflow rate inside AC unit and also measured velocity values on the front cabin of air duct were validated without completely modeling the whole AC unit and indoor cabin via CFD. With this simplified method, it is thought that this approach can give an idea for new prototype air duct designs in relevant industries. Another advantage to this approach is that it avoids high mesh density near the radial fans (blowers) placed on the AC unit. Foam placed in air ducts as insulation and air blockage material is also optimized for air distribution in the indoor cabin. In conclusion, several foams and

Özcan, Onur, Demirtaş, Servet, Yıldız, Alp Eren, Coşkun, Atakan

Simulation Of Air Conditioning System For Thermal Comfort Using Machine Learning techniques

2022-26-122905/26/2022

This study is about the system which establishes a model for environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity of thermal comfort indicators by implementing different Machine Learning technique. In this work the principal goal is analyzing air flow, distribution of temperature and pressure in the Living room. In order to achieve the goal the domain is consider which is divided in to discretized manner which will be further used to record the thermal sensation and airflow. For the same simulated environment the experiment will be conducted, which resulting in to forming the dataset with respect time, relative humidity, draft, temperature, air flow. By considering the recorded dataset, machine learning algorithm like SVM (Support Vector Machine), radial basis function for different kernels, Decision tree, XG Boost and Adaboost are used to create the model in Pythan. Finally, various performance metrics like accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for all techniques are

Shete, Prachi, raut, vaishnavi, Mandhare, Janhavi, Borgaonkar, Apeksha, Dorwat, Ajit

Low Frequency Modal Management of a Tata Premium Hatchback Car

2022-01-036203/29/2022

Tactile feel of vehicle touch points is one of the important criteria of the customer choice while making the buying decisions in the dealership or on a test drive. This tactile feel of a vehicle is majorly governed by the low frequency mode management achieved while designing the vehicle. Different parameters like inclusion of multiple powertrains on a vehicle program, choice of multiple way seating different at driver’s, front passenger’s and rear passengers’ seating positions, instrument panel and steering system designs having higher torque delivery, suspension modes of the front and rear axles based on their articulation and degree of independency, global modes of the vehicle body, the cabin air cavity configuration and volume, etc. play a significant role in deciding this tactile feel of the vehicle being designed. How these parameters were tuned and designed while developing a Tata premium hatchback car has been elucidated with different subsystem development examples. The

Pol, Atul Devidas

IMPROVING AESTHETICS AND DURABILITY OF INTERIOR TRIMS WITH PU SOFT COATING

2022-01-040203/29/2022

Low density plastic substrate significantly contributes to the vehicle weight reduction. It's a low-cost substrate because of mass production of moulded parts. So being a low-cost substrate and its low density properties, the use of plastic parts in automotive body construction, has been increased. But most of the plastic materials are not stable and durable in its color and gloss. Specific additives may help it to withstand, owning to the fact that whole bulk of plastic need not be loaded with these additives. Most plastic parts consist of thermoplastic polymers, have less resistance to chemicals, and solvents. This problem can be resolved using cross-linked and resistant coatings. With the importance of plastics, in automotive interior applications, study of coatings are required which improves performance, aesthetic effects, durability, and chemical resistance. PU based coating has much importance because of its versatile and unique properties. This paper is about Polyurethane based

Palliwar, Kanchan Raju

Improving the design of automotive air conditioning compressors by predicting the minimum engagement voltage of electromagnetic clutches

2022-01-020603/29/2022

In order to insure passengers comfort, automotive air conditioning compressors are designed to be operational in case of low battery voltage. However, the “minimum engagement voltage” of compressors is mostly driven by designers’ know-how and rely extensively on laboratory tests, which can lead to two issues: Costly design modifications if problems are detected too late in the validation phase and the necessity to perform several design iterations before reaching the desired target. This paper presents the benefit of predicting the minimum engagement voltage where both of these drawbacks can be avoided, leading to a more robust design process. The method was tested on an electromagnetic clutch whose purpose is to engage the compressor when the air conditioning is turned on by passengers. The magnetic field generated by the clutch was estimated using an electromagnetic simulation software. Coil design parameters, materials magnetic properties, clutch assembly geometry and air gaps were

PLUY, Nicolas, Ohk, Changheon

Development and Application of J3112: A/C Compressor Oil Separator Effectiveness Test Standard

2022-01-021803/29/2022

SAE J-Standard J3112 – “A/C Compressor Oil Separator Effectiveness Test Standard” – was developed to provide an analytical means of determining if an a/c compressor with oil separator functionality meets the U.S. EPA criteria of a minimum 50% effectiveness in order to qualify for menu credits for greenhouse gas reduction, per CFR Title 40, §86.1868-12. From the start of the a/c efficiency credit program, OEMs could qualify for menu credit items without providing data on the effectiveness of the product being implemented, but EPA regulations required supporting data from 2020 MY through the end of the current published regulations in 2025 MY. J3112 was developed by the SAE Interior Climate Control MVAC Supplier Committee in order to provide a standardized procedure for determining oil separator effectiveness in order to comply with the EPA requirements for 2020-2025 model years. This presentation will provide background on how J3112 was developed, and how it is used in order to provide

Taylor, Dwayne

High performance unfilled polypropylene material for light weight interior trims

2022-01-039303/29/2022

Light weighting is important to improve energy efficiency in the automotive industry. In this paper, high performance unfilled polypropylene copolymer (PPCP) material was selected and developed to reduce weight and cost without compromising on functional requirements for interior trims such as door trims, lower pillar trims, scuff trims and rear quarter trims (RQT). Interior trims are loaded with challenging requirements such as stiffness, dimensional stability, haptic feel, scratch resistance, cleanability, thermal stability, toughness, low emission and weathering resistance. Reactor polymerised PPCP material compound met these requirements by having ultra-flow behaviour, optimum tensile strength, balanced modulus - impact strength, scratch resistant, low emission and improved thermal properties. The combination of material, optimized part and tool design led to weight savings and considerable cost reduction.

Govindaraj, Karthik, Deoli, Manish, Gregory, Koch

Evaluation of equivalent temperature in vehicle cabin by a mesh-free simulation -Part 3: Evaluation of equivalent temperature under transient heating condition -

2022-01-022203/29/2022

This paper describes the equivalent temperature based on the mesh-free simulation proposed by the previous papers (Part1 and Part2) under the transient heating condition in a 3D-CAD vehicle cabin including the thermal manikin which takes into account the clothing shape. For this purpose, firstly, the experiments of vehicle cabin measurering for the thermal environment including the teq are carried out under the transient heating condition. Then, the calculated results of the thermal environment in the vehicle cabin are compared with time series experimental data under the transient condition. They correspond to the experiments including transient changes on the whole. The transient calculated equivalent temperature of thermal manikin are also compared with experiments. As a result, since it is difficult to control the thermal manikin ideally in the experiment, it is difficult to compare the transient behavior. In particular, it is difficult to measure the amount of heat loss from the

Ozeki, Yoshiichi, Oi, Hajime, Matsumoto, Akira, Kondo, Ryota, Suzuki, Seiko

Experimental investigation on human thermal comfort in passenger compartment under actual air conditioning usage habits

2022-01-021703/29/2022

With the popularization of automobiles, people’s driving time increases gradually. However, the accompanying problem is that the interior space of the vehicle passenger compartment is narrow and relatively closed. If drivers and passengers are permanently in the uncomfortable passenger compartment, they will feel tired, agitated, inattention, etc., which is prone to traffic accidents. This makes people gradually improve the requirements of driving comfort. And thermal comfort is an important aspect of vehicle comfort, which is closely related to the energy consumption of air conditioning. The thermal environment in the vehicle passenger compartment is a special non-uniform thermal environment. However, due to the complexity of the thermal environment inside the automobile, the basic research on human thermal comfort in the non-uniform thermal environment is carried out in the building environment. The non-uniform thermal environment in the building is mainly caused by the non-uniform

Xu, Xin, zhao, lanping

Further Analysis of the Blockage Phenomenon During the Testing of Bluff Automotive Bodies in Closed Wall Wind Tunnels

2022-01-108503/29/2022

The difficulties of testing a bluff automotive body of sufficient scale to match the on-road vehicle Reynolds number in a closed wall wind tunnel has led to many approaches being taken to adjust the resulting data for the inherent interference effects. But it has been impractical if not impossible to experimentally analyze the effects that are actually occurring on and around the vehicle when these blockage interferences are taking place. The present study is an extension of earlier work by the author and similarly to that study uses the CFD analysis of several bodies of differing configurations to examine the interference phenomena in solid wall wind tunnels and the effects that they have on the pressures, forces and force increments experienced by the vehicle model. This is accomplished by executing a series of CFD configurations with varying sized of the cross section from 0.2% to 13% blockage enabling an approximation of free air conditions as a reference. The earlier work is

Gleason, Mark, Riegel , Eugen

Conversion of Carbon dioxide into useful acids and byproducts

2022-01-022003/29/2022

Carbon dioxide capturing is necessary to prevent the change in climatic conditions and global warming. This study includes the capturing of carbon dioxide and the conversion of the captured carbon dioxide into useful commercial products. The study has been conducted in the exhaust gases of the highly used 1 ton split air conditioner in domestic applications. The equipment includes the carbon dioxide measuring device at the inlet and outlet. The exhaust gases coming out of the air conditioner are being measured by a digital flow meter and this ensures the mass flow rate of the gases into the unit. The processing unit has been enclosed with a polyvinyl chloride sheet to prevent exposure to the outside environment. In the presence of water two electrodes has been deployed for the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and formic acid. For this a protective experimental container has been placed in the vicinity of the air conditioner outlet. The flow rates of the gases into the

B, Prabakaran, Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep

Study On Passenger Cabin Under Passive Radiative Cooling Film

2022-01-021603/29/2022

Radiative cooling uses the space cold source to cool the object, and the radiative cooling film prepared based on its principle can reduce the fuel consumption of automobile air conditioning refrigeration. In this paper, according to the passive radiative cooling principle, taking SiO2 as the radiation cooling film of infrared radiation material, the theoretical cooling value of the passenger compartment of the automobile is calculated and analyzed based on the heat balance equation.The influence of radiative cooling film on the temperature field of passenger cabin was studied by finite element analysis.The results show that the cooling film made of SiO2 as passive radiation material has obvious cooling effect on passenger cabin.In the ambient temperature of 308.15K, the theoretical cooling temperature is 6.7K.When radiative cooling film is applied to automobiles, the cooling value of passenger cabin body, seat, instrument panel and other parts reaches 2.2K-5.1K, among which the

Peng, Chao Yi

Proposed Standards And Methods For Leak Testing Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Using Glycol-based Coolant With Empirically Derived Rejection Limits

2022-01-084803/29/2022

Lithium-ion batteries are a highly suitable energy source for many applications, particularly in the automotive sector due to their high energy density and low self-discharge rate. During the production of battery cells, rapid detection of leaks is essential to achieve necessary lifetime service-life and safety requirements. Once assembled into packs, whether made of prismatic, cylindrical or pouch cells, packs must be cooled by common automotive thermal management systems, for example those employing engine coolant and radiator, and in which manufacturers must prevent various leak-producing defects that affect durability, longevity and safety Two types of cooling systems are used in automobiles, an active variant in which refrigerant, compressor, evaporator and heat exchanger are used to operate the air conditioning system, or a passive variant with a cooling medium, typically a water/glycol mixture, and a heat exchanger cooled by ambient air. While good industry standards are

Wetzig, Daniel, Blaufuß, Marc

Magnesium Sheet Component Development and Demonstration Project

2022-01-028603/29/2022

Most of the applications of magnesium in lightweighting of commercial cars and trucks are die castings rather than sheet metal, and automotive applications of magnesium sheet have typically been experimental or low-volume serial production. The overarching objective of project was to develop new low-cost magnesium alloys, and demonstrate warm-stamping of magnesium sheet inner and outer door panels from a 2013 MY Ford Fusion at a fully accounted integrated component cost increase over conventional steel stamped components of no more than $2.50/lb. saved. The project demonstrated the computational design of new Mg alloys from atomistic levels, cast new experimental alloy ingots and explored thermo-mechanical rolling processes to produce thin Mg sheet of desired texture. A new commercial Mg alloy sheet material was sourced and pretreated with protective coil coatings, and its properties fully characterized. The Mg sheet was warm-formed using novel lubricants into intermediate size

Gerken, Randy T., Ghaffari, Bita, Sachdev, Anil K., Mehta, Manish, Carter, Jon T.

Physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics for Prediction of Vehicle Cabin Occupant Thermal Comfort

2022-01-018003/29/2022

Thermal cabin comfort is the largest consumer of battery energy second only to propulsion in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s). Accurate prediction of thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin with fast turnaround times will allow engineers to study the impact of various thermal comfort technologies and develop energy efficient Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this study a novel data-driven model based on physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy) method was developed to predict Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature (EHT), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and cabin air temperature under transient conditions and drive cycles. EHT is a recognized measure of the total heat loss from the human body that can be used to characterize highly non-uniform thermal environments such as a vehicle cabin. The SINDy model was trained on drive cycle data from Climatic Wind Tunnel (CWT) for a representative Battery Electric Vehicle. The performance of the

Warey, Alok, Kaushik, Shailendra, Han, Taeyoung

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