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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV1020235/3/2024

ABSTRACT

Commercial Vehicles: Vol. 1

EPRCOMPV1420235/3/2024

ABSTRACT

Legal Issues and Policy: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV1320235/3/2024

ABSTRACT

Sensors: Vol. 1

EPRCOMPV1120235/3/2024

ABSTRACT

Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOL

EPR202302711/22/2023

Electrical vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles for urban air mobility (UAM) are garnering increased attention from both the automotive and aerospace industries, with use cases ranging from individual transportation, public service, cargo delivery, and more. Distributed electric propulsion systems are their main technical feature; they determine vehicle size and propulsion efficiency and provide distributed thrust to achieve attitude control. Considering the intended role of eVTOL vehicles, ducted-fan systems are ideal choice for the propulsor, as the duct provides a physical barrier between the rotating blades and the human, especially during the take-off and landing phases. Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOL introduces the main bottlenecks and key enablers of ducted-fan propulsion systems for eVTOL applications. Based on the introduction and discussion of these important issues, this report will help eVTOL engineers understand the key technical issues and inspire them to develop the ideal solutions that will enable eVTOL vehicle deployment for UAM operations. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

The Adoption of Digital Twins in Integrated Vehicle Health Management

EPR202302410/26/2023

To many, a digital twin offers “functionality,” or the ability to virtually rerun events that have happened on the real system and the ability to simulate future performance. However, this requires models based on the physics of the system to be built into the digital twin, links to data from sensors on the real live system, and sophisticated algorithms incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). All of this can be used for integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) decisions, such as determining future failure, root cause analysis, and optimized energy performance. All of these can be used to make decisions to optimize the operation of an aircraft—these may even extend into safety-based decisions. The Adoption of Digital Twins in Integrated Vehicle Health Management, however, still has a range of unsettled topics that cover technological reliability, data security and ownership, user presentation and interfaces, as well as certification of the digital twin’s system mechanics (i.e., AI, ML) for use in safety-critical applications. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Josh Test Record

EPR20230219/26/2023

Minimal data to cause taxonomy task

Plating, Nickel-Thallium-Boron or Nickel-Boron Electroless Deposition

AMS2433D3/10/2021

This specification covers the requirements for an electroless nickel-thallium-boron or nickel-boron, deposit on various substrates.

Unsettled Topics Concerning Automated Driving Systems and the Development Ecosystem SAAS Demo 10-17-23

EPR20200043/17/2020

With over 100 years of operation, the current automobile industry has settled into an equilibrium with the development of methodologies, regulations, and processes for improving safety. In addition, a nearly $2-trillion market operates in the automotive ecosystem with connections into fields ranging from insurance to advertising. Enabling this ecosystem is a well-honed, tiered supply chain and an established development environment. Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is a leap forward for the existing automotive industry; now the automobile is expected to manage perception and decision-making tasks. The safety technologies associated with these tasks were presented in an earlier SAE EDGE™ Research Report, “Unsettled Technology Areas in Autonomous Vehicle Test and Validation.” In a later SAE EDGE™ Research Report, “Unsettled Topics Concerning Automated Driving Systems and the Transportation Ecosystem,” senior executives from the automotive ecosystem explored the impact of AV technology as they faced the prospect of this disruptive technology entering their marketplace. Interestingly, stable use-models and market penetration were all gated primarily by the demonstration of AV safety. Building on these previous verification and validation (V&V)-related reports, “Unsettled Topics Concerning Automated Driving Systems and the Development Ecosystem” explores the open issues in the shift of the development and supplier environment toward a new AV-enabled future. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles

EPR20200052/28/2020

This SAE EDGE Research Report explores the many legal issues raised by the advent of automated vehicles. While promised to bring major changes to our lives, there are significant legal challenges that have to be overcome before they can see widespread use. A century’s worth of law and regulation were written with only human drivers in mind, meaning they have to be amended before machines can take the wheel. Everything from key federal safety regulations down to local parking laws will have to shift in the face of AVs. This report undertakes an examination of the AV laws of Nevada, California, Michigan, and Arizona, along with two failed federal AV bills, to better understand how lawmakers have approached the technology. States have traditionally regulated a great deal of what happens on the road, but does that still make sense in a world with AVs? Would the nascent AV industry be able to survive in a world with fifty potential sets of rules? Given the current lack of a federal AV law, state-level legislation can have a great deal of influence over the industry. Beyond government regulation, what other areas of our legal system will have to adapt to AVs? How do we assign liability for an accident in which the only actors were machines? How do you give an AV a ticket? The questions are numerous and have already captured the imagination of lawyers and lawmakers. This report will explore a number of potential changes facing the legal system, the unsettled aspects that derive from this new world, and the proposed solutions that have been raised. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

Latest Journal Issues

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journaldocument2

title

Stapp Car Crash Journal

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Fuels and Lubricants

Materials and Manufacturing

Recent Books

Browse All 159

Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]

R-367To be published on 03/22/2099

Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.

This is a new book

MMS-BOOK-0017/9/2025

A book about nothing

This is a book title - updated

EXAMPLE-BOOK5/22/2025

We have an abstract!

Example/Book: A Semiotic Journey Through Simulated Realities

EXAMPLE/BOOK5/22/2025

In Example/Book, celebrated meta-narrative theorist Ellory Venn crafts a dazzling labyrinth of story and simulation. Ostensibly a guide to writing guides, this fictional "book within a book" explores what it means to create meaning in a world increasingly defined by artificial constructs. Blending speculative fiction, surreal philosophy, and academic satire, Example/Book follows a nameless compiler as they attempt to assemble the definitive manual on manuals, only to discover that the structure of their own reality is fractal, recursive, and entirely unreliable. A postmodern meditation on authorship, identity, and the limits of language, Example/Book challenges readers to consider: what happens when the example becomes the origin, and the book begins to write itself?

Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction

R-4804/23/2025

Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction is a unique title which addresses important aspects of investigating crashes, who does this kind of work, and how a healthy attitude and open mind are required to properly perform investigations. It also discusses what to expect from the on-scene part of the investigation, and the fundamental approaches to common types of wreckage reconstruction. Written by Don Knutson, a veteran of this industry, Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction is intended for the practitioner, student, or those who are simply curious about how aircraft wreckage is reconstructed. Full references are provided in the various chapters for additional reading and research. Many examples of aircraft crash scenarios and circumstances are presented in a "generic" form but relate to actual investigations, which should prove as a useful investigative resource whether you are an apprentice or an experience professional with a government aviation agency (NTSB, AAIB, FAA, etc.), an aircraft/engine/component manufacturer, military branch, insurance company, law enforcement agency, or a law firm. Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction is a must-read book for all who are passionate about the subject and want to understand how this activity actually happens in the field.

Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Vol. 1

EPRCOMPV0120234/15/2024

Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV0220234/15/2024

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 17

B-9897/4/2022

The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-17 supersedes MMPDS-16 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that was maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used.

Project Management for Mobility Engineers: Principles and Case Studies

R-4703/17/2020

Project Management for Mobility Engineers: Principles and Case Studies provides the latest training, workshops and support consultation to Design and Development companies to optimize their New Product Development (NPD) strategies, organizational structures, and Design Document Management Systems to respond to the fast-paced and ever evolving demands and challenges facing today's mobility companies.

McLaren: The Engine Company

R-4853/13/2020

McLaren: The Engine Company is the previously untold story of McLaren Engines, an American company founded in 1969 by Bruce McLaren and his partners to build engines for McLaren's legendary Can-Am and Indy Cars. From this base in suburban Detroit were born the mighty big-block Chevrolet V8s that powered the iconic orange cars to two of their five consecutive Cam-Am championships. McLaren's busy dyno rooms also spawned the howling turbo Offenhausers that put Mark Donohue and Johnny Rutherford in Victory Lane at Indianapolis three times between 1972 and 1976. For decades this non-descript shop was the hotbed of horsepower for factories and top independents alike. McLaren Engines developed the turbocharged Cosworth DFV Formula 1 engine that powered Indy cars for both Team McLaren and Penske Racing. It rendered BMW's turbo engine for U.S. IMSA racing that later became BMW's Formula 1 weapon. The long list of race engines developed here powered Buick Indy and IMSA cars, BMW GTP cars, Cadillac LeMans prototypes, Porsche Trans-Am 944s and David Hobbs' F5000 single seaters. There were McLaren-built big-block turbo V8s for offshore boat racing and even a Cosworth-Vega engine for American dirt tracks! Author Roger Meiners combines his life-long passion for motor racing and technology with his historian's sensibilities to make the engines, cars, and key personalities come alive within this book's pages. Ride along with Meiners as he uncovers little-known details of the company's transition from a race shop to an engineering company, developing lust-worthy performance cars such as the sensational 1987 Buick GNX, the 1989 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo, the FR500 Ford Mustang concept, and other projects that the public never saw. Today the company, known as McLaren Engineering, is a subsidiary of Canada-based Linamar Corporation, and is sought after by global automakers for its unrivaled testing, development and manufacturing capability.

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J1979-DA, Digital Annex of E/E Diagnostic Test Modes

J1979DA_202608 (Current)8/6/2026

On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) regulations require passenger cars, and light and medium duty trucks, to support communication of a minimum set of diagnostic information to off-board “generic” test equipment. This document specifies the diagnostic data which may be required to be supported by motor vehicles and external test equipment for diagnostic purposes which pertain to motor vehicle emission-related data. SAE J1979 was originally developed to meet U.S. OBD requirements for 1996 and later model year vehicles. ISO 15031 5 was based on SAE J1979 and was intended to combine the U.S. requirements with European OBD requirements for 2000 and later model year vehicles.

Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee

Fuel Cell Vehicle Terminology

ARP1283D (Current)

8/5/2026

This SAE Information Report contains definitions for hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicle terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other hydrogen fuel cell vehicle documents, specifically, Standards or Recommended Practices.

A-20C Interior Lighting - Test

Fuel Cell Vehicle Terminology

AS521A (Current)

8/5/2026

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Fuel Cell Vehicle Terminology

J1535_202608 (Current)

8/5/2026

HFTC6, Operator Accommodation

Fuel Cell Vehicle Terminology

AMS5770E (Current)

8/5/2026

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

FITTING, CROSS, PIPE, INTERNAL THREAD

ALT_AMSOIL01 (Current)

8/4/2026

A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee

Design Criteria and Certification for OEM Mobile Air Conditioning Evaporator and Service Replacements

J2842_202608 (Current)

8/4/2026

The intent of this standard is to establish a framework to assure that all evaporators conforming to its requirements demonstrate an acceptable health and safety environment for vehicle occupants as determined from the completed risk assessment. R-744 and low pressure (i.e., non-transcritical refrigerants with a critical temperature between 85 and 120 °C) mobile air conditioning (MAC) refrigerant evaporators shall meet the testing and labeling requirements of this standard. SAE J639 contains a list of all refrigerants considered acceptable for use in mobile thermal systems for which this standard applies when the refrigerant is used in a direct expansion architecture. SAE J639 also requires an assessment to be performed to minimize reasonable risks in MAC systems. The evaporator (as designed and manufactured) shall be part of that risk assessment, and it is the responsibility of the vehicle manufacturer to ensure all relevant aspects of the evaporator are included. It is the responsibility of all vehicle or evaporator manufacturers to comply with the standards of this document at a minimum. (Substitution of specific test procedures by vehicle manufacturers that correlate well to field return data is acceptable.) As appropriate, this standard can be used as a guide to support risk assessments. With regard to certification, most vehicle manufacturers have established formal production part approval processes (PPAP) where compliance certification is established and formally documented. For an evaporator manufacturer of non-original equipment parts (or a vehicle manufacturer that does not have a formal part compliance certification process), then the certification described in this standard is the requirement to which those evaporators shall comply. In this case, the evaporator manufacturer or an independent institution shall complete the evaporator certification according to SAE J2911. An example of the latter would be the completion of witness testing by the evaporator manufacturer with the submission of certification documents by the witness organization. This standard originated for the introduction of R-1234yf. The content is based upon the associated 2011 Risk Assessment with input from five OEM evaporator manufacturers. R-744 was included as its requirements were understood in 2011. Refrigerant R-152a was excluded from this standard because a single secondary loop refrigerant system is required. This standard also does not apply to R-134a refrigerant evaporators because it is proven in use.

Interior Climate Control MAC Supplier Committee

Flux, Silver Brazing High Temperature

AMS3411E (Current)

8/4/2026

This specification covers a silver brazing flux in the form of paste.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

COUPLING, V-RETAINER, DOUBLE LATCH, TYPE I STANDARD PROFILE 6.50 TO 7.50 DIAMETER

AS1895/25 (Current)

8/4/2026

AMS AMEC Aerospace Metals and Engineering Committee

Guidelines for Aerodynamic Assessment of Medium and Heavy Commercial Ground Vehicles Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

J2966_202608 (Current)

8/4/2026

This document outlines general requirements for the use of CFD methods for aerodynamic simulation of medium and heavy commercial ground vehicles weighing more than 10000 pounds. The document provides guidance for aerodynamic simulation with CFD methods to support current vehicle characterization, vehicle development, vehicle concept development, and vehicle component development. The guidelines presented in the document are related to Navier-Stokes and Lattice-Boltzmann based solvers. This document is only valid for the classes of CFD methods and applications mentioned. Other classes of methods and applications may or may not be appropriate to simulate the aerodynamics of medium and heavy commercial ground vehicle weighing more than 10000 pounds.

Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee

Fuel Cell Vehicle Terminology

ARPT7101A (Current)

8/3/2026

A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee

Fuel Cell Vehicle Terminology

J2788_202608 (Current)

8/3/2026

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

SMC

CMS999 (Current)

7/24/2026

Scope

G-33 Configuration Management

Provisions of Medical Oxygen for Aircraft Occupants

AIR6190 (Current)

7/23/2026

This document provides information on provisions for passengers with disabilities on board commercial aircraft. In this context the term "provision of medical oxygen" shall be understood as application of oxygen on board an aircraft not linked to (post) decompression in the sense of Airworthiness Requirements FAR/CS 25 and Operational Regulations of FAR 121/135. Information about available equipment and physiological treatment in clinical practice will be provided in this document. It covers the use of oxygen concentrators according to guidance of FAR Advisory Circular AC120-95.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

FITTING, TEE, STANDARD AND REDUCER, BULKHEAD ON RUN, INTERNAL ON SIDE, FLARED, 37° SPHERICAL

AS6098B (Current)

7/22/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

The FMECA Process in the Concurrent Engineering (CE) Environment

AIR4845A (Current)

7/22/2026

This AIR by the G-11AT (Automation and Tools) subcommittee, examines the failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) requirements and procedures as performed on current and earlier vintage engineering programs. The subcommittee has focused on these procedures in relation to the concurrent engineering (CE) environment to determine where it may be beneficial, to both FMECA analysts and users, to automate some or all of the FMECA processes. Its purpose is to inform the reader about FMECAs and how the FMECA process could be automated in a concurrent engineering environment. There is no intent on the part of the authors that the material presented should become requirements or specifications imposed as part of any future contract. The report is structured to include the following subjects: a A FMECA overview b The current FMECA process c FMECA in the concurrent engineering environment d FMECA automation e The benefits of automation

G-41 Reliability

FITTING, TEE, INTERNAL STRAIGHT THREAD PORT

AS5192F (Current)

7/22/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Sealing Tape, Sheet, or Gasket, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Expanded (ePTFE), Oil and Water Resistant

AMS3255C (Current)

7/16/2026

This specification establishes the requirements for an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) in the form of sealing tape, gaskets, or sheets requiring no mixing or curing.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Limited Adaptive Forward Lighting System

J2591_202607 (Current)

7/16/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to motor vehicle Forward Illumination Devices which incorporate limited adaptive beam pattern capabilities. This document is to be used in conjunction with other forward lighting standards and/or recommended practices which define the base beam procedures, requirements, and guidelines.

Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee

FITTING, UNION, STANDARD AND REDUCER, BULKHEAD, FLARELESS

AS1007L (Current)

7/16/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

FITTING, UNION, STANDARD AND REDUCER, BULKHEAD, FLARELESS, PRECISION TYPE

AS6047D (Current)

7/15/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Felling Head Terminology and Nomenclature

J1272_202607 (Current)

7/15/2026

This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.

MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment

Application Layer - Generator Sets and Industrial

J1939/75_202607 (Current)

7/15/2026

SAE J1939-75 defines the set of data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. The data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) previously published within this document are published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document must refer to SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.

Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee