Browse Topic: Instrument panels

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Lighting, Aircraft Interior, Installation ofAS18276B (Historical)8/28/2020
This specification covers the installation of aircraft interior lighting for military aircraft.
A-20C Interior Lighting - Test
Development of Design and Engineering Recommendations for In-Vehicle Alphanumeric MessagesJ2831_202007 (Current)7/29/2020
This Information Report provides recommendations for alphanumeric messages that are supplied to the vehicle by external (e.g., RDS, satellite radio) or internal (e.g., infotainment system) sources while the vehicle is in-motion. Information/design recommendations contained in this report apply to OEM (embedded) and aftermarket systems. Ergonomic issues with regard to display characteristics (e.g., viewing angle, brightness, contrast, font design, etc.) should review ISO 15008.
Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Committee
Superior Interiors20AVEP01_031/1/2020
New-mobility thinking is changing how vehicle interiors will work for everyone. Future-vehicle interior renderings have always stoked our imaginations for what may be possible in the cabin environment. Automated vehicle (AV) developments, including high-function driver assistance features and mobility as a service (MaaS), are bringing new dimensions to those possibilities. Ironically, while near-term prospects for privately-owned autonomous (SAE Level 4) AVs have hit the hype curve's downward slope, research and development into how passengers will interact with new-mobility technology promises interior designs and features that will likely be on the market long before most consumers experience self-driving cars.
Visnic, Bill
Crew Station Lighting - Commercial AircraftARP1161B (Current)10/18/2019
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice covers the recommended requirements for the lighting and characteristics of instruments; information plates and displays, emergency, cautionary, advisory and status displays; circuit breaker and toggle switch positions; and the recommended requirements for the utility lighting system.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Design Guidelines for Fiberboard MaterialsJ1774_201909 (Current)9/25/2019
This document provides information on the various fiberboard products, which are available for automotive application. It is intended to give engineers and designers a better understanding of product usage, characteristics, properties and industry terminology. The following sections cover these topics: 2 General Product Information 3 Design Characteristics 4 Physical/Mechanical Properties 5 Fiberboard Definitions In sections 2, 3 and 4 the fiberboard products are categorized. These sections give an overview of product types, with general information about characteristics and properties. In cases where product categories encompass more than one material or material grade, ranges were established to cover all of the products in that category. The individual companies that supply fiberboard products should be consulted for specific information about a particular product or application.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP4103A (Current)9/17/2019
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for commercial transport aircraft except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Coating, Reflection-Reducing for Instrument GlassesAMS2521D (Current)2/11/2019
This specification covers optical-quality coatings applied to instrument glasses.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Effectiveness of Vehicle Cool Glove Box and Analysis of Parameters Effecting Cool Glove Box Performance2018-01-00694/3/2018
People needs and expectations from vehicles have changed. One of the need is to maintain the temperature of beverages without use of any external source. Cool Glove Box is a feature in which cool air from automotive HVAC system is used to maintain the temperature of the beverages in passenger vehicles. There are various parameters which play a vital role in maintaining the temperature of the beverages and to reduce the rise in temperature. The effectiveness of cool Glove Box is tested in vehicle in an environmental controlled chamber and impact of various parameters which affects the performance are studied. The Glove Box with cooling feature located on bottom of instrumental panel with good sealing and having high air flow directly from HVAC unit will have good cooling performance.
Janampally, Sandeep Kumar Reddy, Lingampelly, Rajaprasad, Sonti, Vijay Bhaskar
Flight Compartment GlareARP6161 (Historical)10/18/2017
This document is a tool for the certifying authority, cockpit designers, instrument suppliers, lighting suppliers, and component suppliers. It is an aid to understanding and meeting relavant regulatory requirements, particularly those relating to pilot compartment view {CFR 25.773(a)(2)} and instrument lights {25.1381(a)(2)} for glare arising from visible eletromagnetic radiation.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Optimizing the Design of Liquid Cooled Avionics System through the Use of Characterized 3D CFD Simulations in a 1D System Simulation2017-01-20209/19/2017
Modern military aircraft platforms are using more and more power which results in an ever increasing power density (SWaP). This in turn, generates more heat that has to be dissipated from the instrument panel and cockpit of the aircraft. Complicating this further is that the use of structural composites which are not efficient conductors of heat and the mission requirements of small heat signatures. Therefore alternative means of extracting the heat from the avionics systems must be used. Liquid cooled systems have the advantage over air cooled systems of a much higher heat transfer rate and the fact that the heat can be transported a significant distance from the source. Liquid cooled avionics have their own challenges as well. The architecture of the components (cold plates, etc.) used for extracting the heat from the electronics component must be optimized to perform consistently and reliably while maintaining the smallest footprint possible in the already crowded instrument panel. Additionally, these systems require piping, pumps, valves, heat exchangers and controls as well as a heat sink to send the heat to. In most military applications this is the fuel. Therefore, the design engineers must consider not only the design of the avionics package with its cooling requirements but also what to do with the heat once it has been transferred to the coolant. This requires the ability to optimize both the component design with the cooling design concurrently. A proposed method for this concurrent optimization is through the use of characterized 3D CFD simulations from a CAD imbedded CFD software in a system simulation tool using model based design approach. This allows initial evaluations of the cooling system long before the physical components would be available for bench testing.
Croegaert, Michael
Products of Tomorrow — March 2017TBMG-265283/1/2017
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Variably Transmittive, Electronically Controlled EyewearTBMG-261791/1/2017
During instrument flight training, the pilot must have his/her view through the aircraft windscreen restricted to simulate low-visibility conditions while permitting the pilot to view the instrument panel. In one current method, a hood is draped across the aircraft windscreen, or a face mask or blackened glasses are worn by the pilot. All such current methods create potentially hazardous disorientation and an unnatural environment for the trainee. In particular, the face mask and blackened glasses restrict the pilot’s peripheral vision, and require uncomfortable and unnatural head positions in order to see the entire instrument panel.
Instrument and Cockpit Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftAS264F (Current)8/29/2016
The desired system for aircraft instrument panel and cockpit lighting is one that will furnishlight of adequate intensity and distribution under all conditions of external lighting so that the crew may read instrumentation, placards, check lists, manuals, maps, instrument color coding, distinguish controls, etc., without undue interference with their vision outside of the aircraft.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Factors in Annoyance Due to Windshield Reflection of the Outline of the Head-up Display2016-01-14174/5/2016
The use of a head-up display (HUD) system has become popular recently, as it can provide feedback information at a position easily seen by the driver. However, the outline of the HUD bezel often reflects on the windshield of a HUD equipped vehicle. This phenomenon occurs when the sun is at a high position and reflects off the top of the instrument panel and the front view is dark. For this reason, it can occur when driving on asphalt paved roads, causing annoyance to the driver. Under fixed environmental conditions, the vehicle based factors that influence the annoyance caused by reflected boundary lines are the position of the reflection, line thickness, and the contrast of the reflected boundary line. These can be represented by the conspicuity of a striped pattern (contrast sensitivity function). In previous research in 1991, M. S. Banks et al. studied a contrast sensitivity function that included the factors stated above. However, they did not use the bright conditions that would cause reflection on a windshield. Therefore, the current study simulated conditions in which the sunlight comes from the sun at a high position, in order to obtain a new contrast sensitivity function that includes these factors. In the experiment, simulated sunlight was cast on the top of the instrument panel, and then a Campbell Chart of various spatial frequencies and contrasts was reflected on the windshield. Eight people participated in the experiment, and contrast was measured at positions corresponding to central vision (depression angle of 0 deg) and peripheral vision (depression angle of 2 to 5 deg). The resulting data approximately paralleled that of M. S. Banks's chart. In order to allow this to be treated as a value representing the conspicuity of the border line, this study employed a value of centroid frequency that was weighted by the contrast sensitivity obtained in the experiments (by convolutional integration), and verified experimentally that this value closely correlates with the sensed annoyance. These results allow the contribution levels of annoyance factors to be used for the creation of effective measures, rather than having to perform sensory determination of the design through consideration of all of the relevant complicated factors at the time of vehicle development.
Fukui, Toshinao, Nakamoto, Kazuhiko, Satake, Hiroyuki
Climate Control Load Reduction Strategies for Electric Drive Vehicles in Cold Weather2016-01-02624/5/2016
When operated, the cabin climate control system is the largest auxiliary load on a vehicle. This load has significant impact on fuel economy for conventional and hybrid vehicles, and it drastically reduces the driving range of all-electric vehicles (EVs). Heating is even more detrimental to EV range than cooling because no engine waste heat is available. Reducing the thermal loads on the vehicle climate control system will extend driving range and increase the market penetration of EVs. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory have evaluated strategies for vehicle climate control load reduction with special attention toward grid-connected electric vehicles. Outdoor vehicle thermal testing and computational modeling were used to assess potential strategies for improved thermal management and to evaluate the effectiveness of thermal load reduction technologies. A human physiology model was also used to evaluate the impact on occupant thermal comfort. Experimental evaluations of zonal heating strategies demonstrated a 5.5% to 28.5% reduction in cabin heating energy over a 20-minute warm-up. Vehicle simulations over various drive cycles show a 6.9% to 18.7% improvement in EV range over baseline heating using the most promising zonal heating strategy investigated. A national-level analysis was conducted to determine the overall national impact. If all vehicles used the best zonal strategy, the range would be improved by 7.1% over the baseline heating range. This is a 33% reduction in the range penalty for heating.
Jeffers, Matthew A., Chaney, Larry, Rugh, John P.
Simplified CAE Models for Upfront Development of Instrument Panel2016-01-05244/5/2016
The Automotive industry’s use of digital technology such as Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) to perform virtual validation has progressed to effectively replace a large percentage of physical validation. This is primarily due to the increased accuracy and cost/time efficiencies that virtual validation offers compared to conventional physical prototyping and testing. With product development (PD) cycles becoming more compressed, CAE has assumed a more significant role in early, advanced design and structural evaluation. One of the areas where CAE is widely employed is in development of the Instrument Panel (IP) commonly referred to as the dashboard. For the purposes of this study, the term IP represents the plastic/polymer structure only, and not the full IP sub-system. The IP sub-system includes the structural member, the Cross Car Beam (CCB) assembly and all the IP mounted modules. The primary objective of this exercise is to guide upfront IP design using a simplified representation of the IP sub-system. The CCB assembly is represented as a parametric, simplified and scalable beam model. This simplified CCB model can then be used to simulate the IP sub-system as soon as the studio “class A” surface data is available in conjunction with assumptions for the masses of key IP mounted modules. The exercise is expected to yield a reliable process to guide the IP design, for structural stiffness objectives, at early stages of the PD cycle. To prove the effectiveness of this process, it is implemented on several IPs from different vehicle classes, and the global frequencies of the resulting simplified models are compared to the fully contented, traditionally built models.
Pisipati, Venkat, Krishnaraj, Srikanth, Webb, Amy McGuckin, Kandukuri, Pavankumar Reddy
An Automated Head Impact Development for Automobile Instrument Panel Application2016-01-13704/5/2016
During the course of automobile Instrument Panel (IP) design development, the occupant head impact CAE simulation on IP are routinely performed to validate FMVSS201 requirements. Based on FMVSS201 requirements, the potential head impact zones on the IP are first identified. Then, the head impact zones are used to locate the various target points that must be impacted on IP. Once the critical target locations on IP are chosen, there are several computational steps that are required to calculate impact angles and head form (HF) center of rotation in reference to target points. Then, CAE engineer performs a repetitive process that involves positioning each individual HF with proper impact angle, assigning initial velocity to HF, and defining surface contacts within the finite element model (FEM). To simplify these lengthy manual steps, a commercially available software HyperMesh® CAE software tool is used to automate these steps. The automation scripting tool is based on TCL programming. The automated tool will generate head impact FE model for all selected target points and ready for submission to the solver. The new automation process also generates report automatically with significant analyst time saving and increasing productivity. In addition, the automation approach would help to create consistent repeatable method by eliminating or minimizing human errors. In this paper a correlation study between the CAE HF automation process and manual setup as well as actual physical test results will be discussed.
Farahani, Vali, Maaita, Salamah, Jayanthi, Aditya
In-Vehicle Visual Hindrance Free Positioning of Instrument Cluster2015-01-28389/29/2015
In-vehicle displays such as an instrument cluster in a vehicle provide vital information to the user. The information in terms of displays and tell-tales needs to be perceived by the user with minimal glance during driving. Drivers must recognize the condition of the vehicle and the state of its surroundings through primarily visual means. Drivers then process this in the brain, draw on their memory to identify problem situations, decide on a plan of action and execute it in order to avoid an accident. There are visual hindrances seen in real world scenario such as obscuration, reflection and glare on the instrument cluster which prevents the vital information flow from vehicle to the driver. In order to ensure safety while driving, the instrument cluster or driver displays should be placed in an optimized location. This paper deals with how to achieve a visual hindrance free cluster position in a vehicle to protect the important information flow from the vehicle to the driver.
Ganesh, Dharmar, Mohammed, Riyaz, Krishnan, Hareesh, Rambabu, Radakrishnan
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft - SAE ARP 41032015-01-25359/15/2015
The past twenty years have seen tremendous changes in the Avionics display and flight deck lighting due to the application of solid-state LED (light emitting diode) light sources and LCDs (liquid crystal displays). These advances significantly benefit the customer and pilot users when integrated correctly. This paper discusses recommended practices and guidance given in SAE ARP 4103 for modern Avionics flight deck lighting systems to satisfy the end user and obtain certification. SAE ARP 4103 Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft has recently been revised to keep up with the Avionics state-of-the-art and add clarification where needed. ARP 4103 contains recommended Avionics flight deck lighting design and performance criteria to ensure prompt and accurate readability and visibility, color identification and discrimination of needed information under all expected ambient lighting and electrical power conditions. For additional details, see the actual ARP 4103.
Ellersick, Steven Donald, Reisenauer, Bill, Jacobson, Mickey, Stephens, Newel
A Lightweight Dash Insulator Development and Engineering Application for the Vehicle NVH Improvement2015-01-23426/15/2015
A lightweight design method of vehicle dash insulators is proposed and investigated in this paper. The lightweight dash insulator, which is composed of double layers of cotton felt with different density and a layer of polyethylene (PE) film and has 55% decrease in weight, is developed and applied in a passenger car, instead of the traditional “heavy layer-soft layer” dash insulator. To evaluate the NVH performance of the lightweight dash insulator, the noise reduction (NR) level index is calculated by using SEA simulation and the sound pressure level and sound qualities in the vehicle are tested under the driving conditions for wide open throttle acceleration in third gear and 60km/h cruising in fourth gear. The simulation and test results show that the vehicle with the lightweight dash insulator has better NVH performance. Compared with the traditional dash insulator, the lightweight dash insulator has higher NRs and is insensitive to the leakage effects due to the extra sound absorption of the high density soft layer, which can be enhanced by existence of the instrument panel (IP). What's more, the NVH test results of the vehicle with the lightweight dash insulator show that the interior sound quality performance is also improved obviously. The lightweight design method of vehicle dash insulators provides guidance for the sound package lightweight development and has potential applications in field of automotive industry.
Zhang, Jun, Pang, Jian, Zhang, Siwen, Zhang, Xiaoxuan, Liu, Congguang
Development of Plastic Fracture Simulation Technology for Passenger Airbag Tear Line2015-01-13414/14/2015
The explicit methods analysis solver LS-DYNA was used to create technology for simulating airbag deployment and plastic airbag lid tear-away in the front passenger seat. The present study clarified the mechanical properties and the transitions in fracture pattern of the material at low temperature plastic this way, an appropriate modeling method was developed and the prediction accuracy of the simulation of airbag lid tear-away on deployment was increased. Tensile testing of the material was carried out where there were differences in thickness of the tear-away section and the fracture characteristics were determined. A material model was created by analyzing changes in fracture characteristics and collapse patterns, taking into consideration the effects of strain and strain rate localization on fracture strain as well as ductile-brittle fracture transition. Next, airbags were subjected to the impactor testing. It was confirmed that the reaction force characteristics with that impactor had a good correlation with the simulation model. Finally, the airbag that matched the reaction force characteristic and the instrument panel model were combined. The simulation result was compared with the experimental results of the tear-away deployment, leading to good correlations with the tear-away process in simulations and experiments. It was also found that the two factors were important with regard to the reproducibility of the progressive tear-away process. They were changes in fracture mode due to the strain rate and strain rate dependence of fracture strainIn addition, it is necessary to pay careful attention to the modeling method due to the varying material thickness. More over prototypes with various significant parameters were created and subjected to accuracy verification. These prototypes also yielded good results for reproducibility. The sufficient accuracy aimed to reduce the number of prototypes in the vehicle development was confirmed.
Sugaya, Hisaki, Tosa, Yoshiyuki, Imura, Kazuo, Mae, Hiroyuki
Lightweight Knee Bolster Assembly for Belted and Unbelted Occupant Restraint in a Frontal Crash2015-01-14564/14/2015
Automotive knee bolster requirements have changed substantially in recent years due to expanded safety requirements. A three-piece cellular structural knee bolster assembly has been evolved to meet this matrix of requirements while being extremely lightweight (as low as 0.7 Kg), low in cost and easily tunable to work in various car/truck programs. The energy absorber is the primary component of this assembly and allows for a range of occupant sizes and weights to be restrained (from 50 Kg/152 cm 5th percentile female to 100 Kg/188cm 95th percentile male occupants). The evolution of this knee bolster assembly design is described using crush analysis, component testing to validate the crush analysis, instrument panel assembly level analysis with occupant models and sled tests. Steel and aluminum versions of this knee bolster are compared - in terms of weight, cost, design tunability for various crash conditions, structural stiffness etc. It is shown that this lightweight cellular structural knee bolster can help the OEMs meet various safety requirements and achieve 4 or 5 star frontal crash rating.
Ayyakannu, Mani, Subbiah, Latha, Syed, Mohammed
Experimental Measurements of Stored Energy in Vehicle's Cockpit Module at Cold Temperatures2015-01-03654/14/2015
Experimental studies have been conducted to determine the energy stored in vehicle's Cockpit Module (CPM) at cold soaking conditions for a MY2012 production vehicle. Detailed analysis has been done in this paper to show the influence of energy stored in various components (e.g., Instrument panel, HVAC system, heat exchanger, wire harness, etc.) contained within the CPM unit. Experiments conducted show that the instrument panel stores the maximum amount of energy at a given temperature.
Mathur, Gursaran D.
Climate Control Load Reduction Strategies for Electric Drive Vehicles in Warm Weather2015-01-03554/14/2015
Passenger compartment climate control is one of the largest auxiliary loads on a vehicle. Like conventional vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs) require climate control to maintain occupant comfort and safety, but cabin heating and air conditioning have a negative impact on driving range for all-electric vehicles. Range reduction caused by climate control and other factors is a barrier to widespread adoption of EVs. Reducing the thermal loads on the climate control system will extend driving range, thereby reducing consumer range anxiety and increasing the market penetration of EVs. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory have investigated strategies for vehicle climate control load reduction, with special attention toward EVs. Outdoor vehicle thermal testing was conducted on two 2012 Ford Focus Electric vehicles to evaluate thermal management strategies for warm weather, including solar load reduction and cabin pre-ventilation. An advanced thermal test manikin was used to assess a zonal approach to climate control. In addition, vehicle thermal analysis was used to support testing by exploring thermal load reduction strategies, evaluating occupant thermal comfort, and calculating EV range impacts. Through stationary cooling tests and vehicle simulations, a zonal cooling configuration demonstrated range improvement of 6%-15%, depending on the drive cycle. A combined cooling configuration that incorporated thermal load reduction and zonal cooling strategies showed up to 33% improvement in EV range.
Jeffers, Matthew A., Chaney, Larry, Rugh, John P.
Cabin Pressure Monitors Notify Pilots to Save LivesTBMG-2097911/1/2014
Typical cruising altitudes for business and commercial aircraft are up to 50,000 feet or more. Occupants could not survive in this environment without pressure inside the aircraft being controlled to maintain oxygen concentrations consistent with those at lower altitudes. A cabin pressure warning system typically lets pilots and crews know when pressure becomes dangerously low, but these can malfunction or be accidentally switched off. The result can be insidious and deadly, as those on the plane become slowly incapacitated by hypoxia — oxygen deprivation — without being aware of it.
Cockpit Module Analysis Using Poroelastic Finite Elements2014-01-20786/30/2014
Strategies for weight reduction have driven the noise treatment advanced developments with a great success considering the already mastered weight decreases observed in the last years in the automotive industry. This is typically the case for all soft trims parts. In the early 2010's a typical european B-segment car soft trims weights indeed 30 to 40% less than in the early 2000's years. The main driver behind such a gap has been to combine insulation and absorption properties on a single part while increasing the number of layers. This product-process evolution was conducted using a significant improvement in the simulation capacities. In that sense, several studies presenting very good correlation results between Transmission Loss measurements and finite elements simulations on dashboard or floor insulators were presented. One may consider that those kinds of parts have already achieved a considerable improvement in performance. But the challenge of weight reduction continues due to up-coming CO2 emissions regulations. To follow this request, one has to move from a single part analysis to an environment dependent approach considering, for example, not only the dash inner insulator but the dash inner coupled with the Instrument Panel. In that sense, recent works increased the studied perimeter considering the Instrument Panel coupled with the dash inner insulator, but without any correlation with coupled reverberant rooms measurements. In this paper, a numerical finite element study dealing with Transmission Loss simulation of a dashboard insulator with consideration of the Instrument Panel, including absorbing systems behind the Instrument Panel, was carried out in order to predict the insulation performances of a complete front vehicle unit. In the meantime, Transmission Loss measurements were performed in coupled reverberant rooms, in order to check the quality of the model and to assess the quality of the pass-throughs, which are still not taken into account in this paper, but which are driving the global level especially in the high frequency range. Several optimization loops have been carried out in order to define the optimized part depending on the overall targeted performance. This extended module model is then included in a complete vehicle model which is still under investigation.
Rondeau, Jean-Francois, Dejaeger, Ludovic, Guellec, Antoine, Caillet, Arnaud, Bischoff, Lars
Evaluation on the Solar Reduction Glass in an Electric Vehicle by Experimental Measurements in a Climate Chamber2014-01-07034/1/2014
Solar energy through glass windows has an influence on the thermal environment in the cabin and thermal comfort of occupants. A medium-size electric vehicle (EV) is conducted for evaluating the performance of solar reduction glass under summer conditions in the climate chamber by experimental measurements. For this purpose, two kinds of glass are attached to the medium-size EV with different performance of solar reduction rate (IR-cut type and normal type). In this paper, two types of experimental measurements, steady state and unsteady state conditions, are conducted. Surface temperature, air temperature and electric consumption of air conditioner are measured under some conditions of air-conditioner. EHT (Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature) by thermal manikin, thermal sensation and thermal comfort by male and female subjects are also measured. Significant difference in the measured surface temperature of the instrument panel where solar radiation reaches through the glass window is found between IR-Cut glass and normal glass. In addition, one or two rank difference in the thermal comfort at the part where solar radiation reaches is found, and “hot” thermal sensation and discomfort in the female subject is much improved. Heat load of the air conditioner can be decreased by 20% from the view point of controlling the air conditioner by thermal comfort of the occupants. The solar reduction glass such as IR-cut glass has a significant influence on the thermal sensation, thermal comfort of car occupants and electric consumption of EV.
Ozeki, Yoshiichi, Harita, Yuko, Hirano, Akira, Nishihama, Jiro
Experimental Measurements of Stored Energy in Vehicle's Cockpit Module at High Ambient and Solar Load Conditions2014-01-07054/1/2014
Experimental studies have been conducted to determine the energy stored in vehicle's Cockpit Module (CPM) at high ambient and at high solar heat loads for a MY2012 production vehicle. Detailed analysis has been done in this paper to show the influence of energy stored in various components (e.g., Instrument panel, HVAC system, heat exchanger, wire harness, etc.) contained within the CPM unit. Experiments were conducted to show the amount of energy stored at high ambient and solar conditions.
Mathur, Gursaran D.
Head Up and Eyes Out Enabling Equivalent Visual Operations with the Head Up Display2013-01-23009/17/2013
Following the introduction of Head-Up Displays (HUD) into commercial airplanes over 30 years ago, many aircraft manufacturers are now installing HUDs as baseline or as a selectable option on their latest designs. Most pilots that have used the HUD in difficult flying conditions prefer it to classic flight deck configurations with head-down displays only. This paper describes the features and benefits of the HUD that allow the pilot to remain head-up and eyes-out throughout the flight, especially in the crowded skies around an airport. This is achievable because the HUD provides all the primary flight information needed to fly the airplane. Some of the information is conformal to the outside world and the whole image is focused at optical infinity, eliminating the need for the pilot to refocus between the HUD symbology and real world features viewed through the HUD. Flight path based flying is intuitive, reducing workload and improving safety by allowing the pilot to maintain better situational awareness of the airplane's energy state. Use of HUD symbology enables increased flight and navigational accuracy to be achieved. Additionally, the HUD provides an advanced monitoring capability for the pilot while the airplane is in automated flight, and allows him/her to independently monitor the control loop, even when not in physical control of the airplane. This paper also discusses the capabilities of the Head-Up Guidance System (HGS™) as related to low visibility operations. Where these operations have been conducted traditionally with automatic guidance systems, the HGS provides the opportunity for pilots to manually conduct the approach, landing and rollout in visibilities as low as 600RVR and takeoffs to 300RVR. Several regulatory “Special Authorizations” have been developed to specifically take advantage of the HUD's low visibility capabilities, to allow increased operational flexibility. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System will provide opportunities for Equivalent Visual Operations, which may allow VFR operational tempos, and potentially VFR procedures, to be maintained under low visibility conditions. Vision System technologies, already available on some airplanes, allow HUD symbology to be underlaid with a conformal view of terrain features ahead of the airplane. These technologies, supported by NASA research, allow for the integration of sensor-based Enhanced Vision, Synthetic Vision, and Combined Vision imagery for use both in the air and on the ground. An RTCA committee is defining performance standards for such Vision System technologies. These range from the use of Synthetic Vision, to achieve lower operational minima and increased situational awareness, to the use of sensor-based Enhanced Vision for approach, landing and taxi in visibilities as low as 300RVR. Both analysis and simulator/flight demonstrations, some sponsored by the FAA and NASA, continue to substantiate and quantify the safety benefits that can be realized in flying head-up with a HUD. The results of these studies continue to justify claims that the use of the HUD improves a pilot's accuracy and consistency in performing flight operations, particularly in the terminal area, leading to increased flight safety.
Barber, Sarah, Schwab, Dean, Zimmerman, Ken
Implementing Simulation Driven Product Development for Thermoforming of an Instrument Panel2013-01-06424/8/2013
In this case study, the thermoforming of an automotive instrument panel is considered. The effect of different oven settings on the final material distribution is studied using structural FEA simulation. The variable thickness distribution of the thermoformed part is mapped onto a structural model using a new simple mapping algorithm, and a structural FEA simulation is carried out to examine the final warpage of the instrument panel. The simulation predicts that the minimum thickness of the formed part can be increased by 10% by optimizing the oven settings. Although the optimized process uses oven settings that are less uniform than the baseline settings, the model indicates that warpage experienced by the optimized part will be less than that of the baseline case.
Metwally, Hossam, Ding, Peiran
Flight Deck EnvironmentARP4101/4A (Current)7/31/2012
This document is intended to specify the environmental conditions for transport aircraft necessary to permit the crew to perform their duties and functions in comfort, with minimum fatigue and no distraction. Environmental conditions should cause no short or long-term effects deleterious to health or physical well-being, nor significantly impair ability to perform normal or abnormal crew functions.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Simulation and Physical Measurement of Seamless Passenger Airbag Door Deployment2012-01-00824/16/2012
Seamless Passenger Airbag Door, which means the seam of the passenger airbag door is not visible to the passenger, is being frequently implemented in the instrument panel because of its good surface appearance. But it is always a challenge to design a robust passenger airbag door with an invisible seam because many kinds of failures are possible during the design, such as cracks of the substrate of instrument panel, hinge failure of airbag door, windshield breakage, etc. Besides the engineering difficulties, the simulation of seamless passenger airbag door deployment is challenging due to three aspects: 1. the simulation method of the early stage airbag deployment (0~20 msec after trigger), 2. the material model of the airbag door pre-weakening line (the invisible seam); and 3. the physical measurement of the reaction load between cushion and door. In this paper, the FPM (Finite Point Method) method in PAM-CRASH™ was used to simulate the early stage airbag deployment and the fabric material model was validated by a material sample tensile test. An airbag deployment test was designed to push a mass upwards and the acceleration of the mass was measured. The measured acceleration shows FPM method with the validated fabric material model is capable to give a good prediction of the early stage airbag deployment. The material model of door seam is also presented and validated with a physical test. To measure the reaction load between airbag cushion and door, Flexi-Force™ sensors, film-like pressure sensors, were used. To deal with the nonlinear signal output of the sensor in different pressure ranges, a calibration device was developed exclusively for this sensor. After the calibration, 32 Flexi-Force™ sensors were put into a seamless passenger airbag door on the IP structure, and then the reaction load between the airbag door and the cushion was measured in its deployment. The action point position of the resultant reaction load, its peak value and duration correlate with the physical tests. Finally, the limitations and future developments are discussed.
Guo, Qing, Liu, Bing
Numerical Simulation of Out-of-Position Front Passenger Injuries in Frontal Crashes Using an Accurate Finite Element Model of the Cockpit Module2012-01-05524/16/2012
While airbags are effective safety devices for reducing occupant injury level, front Out-of-Position (OOP) passengers can be injured by airbag deployment, for example, when a passenger's head is on the instrument panel surface at the time of the collision. Consequently, FMVSS 208 prescribes In-Position and OOP occupant safety performance, and vehicle manufacturers are continuing to develop optimal restraint systems for reducing injuries under both In-Position and OOP conditions. In this study, a numerical simulation method for OOP front passenger injuries in frontal crashes is presented by using accurate finite element (FE) models of the airbag and the cockpit module. The main characteristics of the airbag model are: (i) the Finite Point Method is employed to simulate the flow of gas; (ii) the initial airbag shape is represented by a folding model; (iii) nonlinear anisotropic material properties of the airbag fabric are identified considering the fiber directions and hysteresis. The major features of the cockpit module are: (i) part shapes are represented accurately by a fine mesh; (ii) rupture of the material is described by element elimination. This paper describes the simulation method along with several numerical simulation examples that are sufficiently accurate to provide design directions for occupant restraint systems, including OOP passenger safety. The simulation results show that the reaction force of the instrument panel has a significant influence on dummy injury readings as well as on the airbag pressure. This means that the deformation and rupture mode of the instrument panel surface are important factors affecting dummy injury readings.
Yamagishi, Michihiro, Iyama, Jun, Araki, Toshihiro, Natori, Sou
Instrument and Cockpit Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftAS264E (Historical)11/16/2011
The desired system for aircraft instrument panel and cockpit lighting is one that will furnish light of adequate intensity and distribution under all conditions of external lighting so that the crew may read instrumentation, placards, check lists, manuals, maps, instrument color coding, distinguish controls, etc., without undue interference with their vision outside of the aircraft.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Panoramic Displays: The Next Generation of Fighter Aircraft Cockpits2011-01-252610/18/2011
Since about 10 years the trend in aviation cockpit design is toward an increasing display area and a smaller number of individual displays at the same time. Modern display technology even allows building displays which are able to cover the area of the entire main instrument panel of a fighter cockpit. The application of large area displays offers the advantage to largely improve the situation of the pilot by augmenting his situation awareness, thus enhancing his operational capability. A display that provides a large display area (panoramic display) could not only be used to show a bigger amount of information but also to indicate this information in a more detailed manner at the same time and it also offers the chance to combine information thus supporting the generation of a mental model of the situation. The introduction of a panoramic display in an aircraft cockpit, however, has to be initiated by conceptual work aiming to find the optimum way to both utilise the large display area and interact with the device. We therefore developed a display and control concept for the panoramic display and began to investigate the potential benefits of such a big screen. Our work comprises the evaluation of the pilot's situation awareness and workload in an operative simulation environment, considering his needs and situational impacts. In that context we explored potential ways to interact with such a display in order to identify the most promising control method(s). The present report summarises our conceptual work on panoramic displays, the methodology we applied and the results of the usability study on interaction methods. It describes also our way ahead regarding the measurement of situation awareness. Further studies shall prove that panoramic displays can in fact contribute to improve the performance of the entire system by supporting the pilot's process to build a proper mental model of the situation.
Kellerer, Johannes, Möller, Christoph, Kostka, Alexander, Neujahr, Harald, Sandl, Peter
Boundary Condition Effect on the Correlation of an Acoustic Finite Element Passenger Compartment Model2011-01-05064/12/2011
Three different acoustic finite element models of an automobile passenger compartment are developed and experimentally assessed. The three different models are a traditional model, an improved model, and an optimized model. The traditional model represents the passenger and trunk compartment cavities and the coupling between them through the rear seat cavity. The improved model includes traditional acoustic models of the passenger and trunk compartments, as well as equivalent-acoustic finite element models of the front and rear seats, parcel shelf, door volumes, instrument panel, and trunk wheel well volume. An optimized version of the improved acoustic model is developed by modifying the equivalent-acoustic properties. Modal analysis tests of a vehicle were conducted using loudspeaker excitation to identify the compartment cavity modes and sound pressure response to 500 Hz to assess the accuracy of the acoustic models. The optimized acoustic model is also coupled with a structural finite-element model of the trimmed body to evaluate the effect of body panel flexibility on the interior sound pressure response. The optimized acoustic model is found to exhibit the best correlation in terms of the predicted sound pressure FRF response at the passenger compartment interior locations and at the compartment boundary surfaces.
Lee, Sangyun, Park, Kwangseo, Sung, Shung H., Nefske, Donald J.
Development of New Model CR-Z Honda Small Hybrid Sports CarB-HON-002_CH312/1/2010
The 2009 model year INSIGHT platform and hybrid system have been used to develop a fun car with a new generation hybrid configuration. A sporty feeling was given by a 1.5-L Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) engine in combination with a six-speed transmission. The “Low, short, and wide” design emphasized its nature as a sport package, and its advanced sporty form was further realized by Honda’s very first light-emitting diode, daytime running light (LED DRL) headlights and other such advanced items. A sporty quality was produced in the interior by means of advanced three-dimensional gauges and smart sport seats, and a “soft feel” instrument panel and metallic film were used to enhance the quality. The handling was made agile for driving performance, and the adoption of a 3-Mode Drive System adapted to different driving situations realized a completely new feeling of acceleration and exhilarating driving performance. The development achieved a high-level balance between driving performance and fuel efficiency. With a design that produces a sense of sportiness, an unprecedented small sporty hybrid car was created that possesses the new value of the IMA.
Ishikawa, Masahiro, Hosoda, Masaharu, Takahashi, Jun, Onodera, Kazuo, Miyahara, Keisuke, Matsui, Toru
Design Guidelines for Fiberboard MaterialsJ1774_201006 (Historical)6/21/2010
This document provides information on the various fiberboard products, which are available for automotive application. It is intended to give engineers and designers a better understanding of product usage, characteristics, properties and industry terminology. The following sections cover these topics: 2 General Product Information 3 Design Characteristics 4 Physical/Mechanical Properties 5 Fiberboard Definitions In sections 2, 3 and 4 the fiberboard products are categorized. These sections give an overview of product types, with general information about characteristics and properties. In cases where product categories encompass more than one material or material grade, ranges were established to cover all of the products in that category. The individual companies that supply fiberboard products should be consulted for specific information about a particular product or application.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Choosing the Right Touchscreen Display Technology for Your Control/Automation ProcessTBMG-76643/1/2010
From industrial panel PCs, to open-platform graphic operator interface terminals (OITs), to microOITs, to human-machine interfaces (HMIs), there are many choices of interactive display technologies for manufacturing and process control. It can be a challenge to decipher the right product for the right application — even for the more technically minded individual, let alone the business owner who simply wants his process automated. The best way to get a handle on these products is to categorize them and then describe each group.
Insider trading down?AUTOAUG09_078/1/2009
More space, less weight, more recycled products, and a back-to-basics policy are some of the aims of interior designers as electric cars start to challenge current thinking. While designers are never short of ideas for new approaches to everything from carpet material to surface treatment and seat aesthetics, there is an air of caution in some of the studios of Europe-and it is all about the customer. The caution concerns the possible change that the global economic downturn may have on end-user priorities. The effects of the slump in car sales, the almost unbelievable crises into which huge OEMs have plunged, the reshaping of those companies, and the question marks that have been placed over the market survival of long-established brands are only beginning to be considered, let alone felt, in those studios.
Birch, Stuart
Evaluation of Forward Collision Warning System Visual Alert Candidates and SAE J24002009-01-05474/20/2009
Forward Collision Warning (FCW) systems are intended to alert drivers when they may be at risk of a rear-end crash with a vehicle directly ahead unless they take immediate action. A forward collision visual alert (FCVA) is recommended as part of a multi-modality FCW system crash alert approach also including auditory and/or haptic crash alert components. SAE J2400 recommends that a conventional dashboard location shall not be used for the FCVA, since such an alert may distract the driver from the crash threat ahead (instead of helping the driver visually orient toward the crash threat). This research examined the merit of this recommendation by examining the effectiveness of instrument panel, head-up display, and (vehicle-centerline) top-of-dashboard FCVA candidates. In this static on-road study, 49 subjects (20–70 years old) made rapid judgments on the presence and nature of scene changes over two successive forward scene exposures controlled by a visual occlusion window. Scenes consisted of full-scale “pop up” vehicle and pedestrian targets. During the occluded period between scene exposures, drivers performed an “eyes-off-road” visual distraction task (located at either a center console or left side mirror location) until the window opened or they received a FCVA (which signaled them to abort the distraction task and prepare for an imminent window opening). Additional trials were conducted involving only alert detection. Results for the change detection and alert detection trials indicated that the overall time savings benefit for the larger HUD and top-of-dashboard alert types examined relative to the instrument panel alert type was 120 and 160 ms, respectively. A follow-on eye movement time-course analysis suggests that the benefits of these alert types have different underlying mechanisms. Overall, these results support the SAE J2400 recommendation advising against the use of instrument panel FCVAs and should be used to further refine FCVA-related SAE J2400 recommendations.
Perez, Miguel A., Kiefer, Raymond J., Haskins, Alice, Hankey, Jonathan M.
Wireless Devices for Temperature MonitoringTBMG-50464/1/2009
The growth of wireless instrumentation technology has provided new ways to apply temperature measurement sensors, combined with personal computers, to collect, tabulate, and analyze data. For complex, multi-sensor applications, wireless devices provide a means to eliminate the nuisance of running multiple leads over long distances through harnesses or conduit to a control room, instrument panel, or equipment rack, while keeping track of leads. For simpler one- or two-sensor applications, it means installing the wireless sensor and setting up the receiver.
Development and Validation of Utility Matrix for Automotive Interiors in Real World Usage2009-26-00721/21/2009
As the real world usage profile of customers is becoming increasingly dynamic the need for more utility features in interior parts of vehicle has increased. The main purpose of the study is to analyze how the changing customer style actually influences the volume requirement of the utility spaces i.e. at the glove box, console door pocket etc. In the present study, an exhaustive list of utilities, and a utility matrix based on the user characteristics for automotive interiors is developed. Based on customer reviews on the web and expert opinions, seven user profiles were defined. The selection matrix is arrived at by using the usability index, accessibility index and the disbursement index. The matrix is evaluated using statistical methods and validated for real world usage. The selection matrix is used to identify relatively important utility features and preferred locations in automotive interior parts.
Rajamohan, B. K., Partha, Siddharth, Sathish Baba, S.
Lighting, Aircraft Interior, Installation ofAS18276A (Historical)7/15/2008
This specification covers the installation of aircraft interior lighting for military aircraft.
A-20C Interior Lighting - Test
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP4103 (Historical)6/4/2008
This document recommends criteria for the lighting systems and visual interface required of flight deck areas, controls and displays.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Say no to re-engineeringAUTOMAY08_095/1/2008
Engineers at IAC are inspired to complete product development tasks without a do-over in mind, says Maurice Sessel, Vice President of Product Engineering at IAC North America. The company's engineering mantra consumes only six words, but the wisdom bestowed in that short message is having long-lasting effects. “I'm always saying to the team, ‘do it right the first time,’” said Maurice Sessel, Vice President of Product Engineering at International Automotive Components (IAC) North America, a global supplier of instrument and door panels, headliners, flooring, acoustic systems, cockpits, and fascias headquartered in Dearborn, MI.
Buchholz, Kami
Predicting Effects of Veiling Glare Caused by Instrument Panel Reflections in the Windshields2008-01-06664/14/2008
This paper presents quantitative effects of windshield veiling glare on the visibility of targets based on a two part research project. The first part involved measurement and modeling of luminance of veiling glare caused by the reflection of different instrument panel materials under range of conditions defined by combination of windshield angle, instrument panel angle, and sun angle. In the second part, the veiling glare model was incorporated in a visibility prediction model based on visual contrast threshold data. A critical visibility condition of a driver approaching a tunnel with the sunlight falling on his windshield and attempting to detect a target inside the tunnel was studied by conducting sensitivity analyses. The sensitivity analysis showed that a 2 ft diameter 10% reflectance target illuminated by 5000 lux of lighting inside a tunnel visibility distances can be seen from 0 to 3,000 feet depending upon driver's age, vehicle design parameters and sun illumination levels.
Bhise, Vivek D., Sethumadhavan, Susheel
Optimal Design of Instrument Panel for Euro NCAP2007-01-37218/5/2007
In order to obtain EURO NCAP 5★, it is essential to avoid the knee modifier (Variable Contact Modifier and Concentrated Loading Modifier). This paper, euro-type Instrument panel structure which can avoid the knee modifier was proposed, and CAE was performed for structural optimization. Proposed euro-type Instrument panel can cause the problems (the head impact failure, static load failure, idle resonance). In order to solve these problems and to account for these phenomena at the early design stages, CAE simulating tool was proposed and developed.
Jae, Kwon Hyuk, Sik, Bae Jong, Wan, Woo Chang
Flight Deck Alerting System (FAS)ARP4102/4 (Current)7/10/2007
This document recommends design criteria for the Flight Deck Alerting System. The FAS shall enhance safety of flight by providing early crew recognition of aircraft system or component status or malfunction as well as of crew operational error. The FAS, therefore, relates to aircraft configuration and flight phase as well as the aircraft systems. To fulfill this objective, the FAS must attract the attention of the crew, must state with clarity the nature and location of the problem, and must be highly reliable and thoroughly responsive to the operational requirements and environment. Wherever possible, it should provide guidance as to the corrective action.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Flight Deck Head-Up DisplaysARP4102/8A (Current)7/10/2007
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends criteria for the design and installation of Head-Up Display (HUD) systems. The recommendations are applicable to HUD systems for transport category aircraft, which display flight information (focused at infinity) in the forward field of view. The HUD total system requirement recommendations shall primarily lead to certifiable fail-passive CAT III characteristics and performance. This document forms a part of these recommendations. This document does not address devices for peripheral vision of displays worn by the pilot, nor the presentation of Enhanced Vision System (EVS) information.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
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