Browse Topic: Flooring

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Harold F. Pitcairn, American aviation and Autogiro pioneer, died from a single gunshot wound to the head in the late evening hours of April 23, 1960 at the age of 62 after a gala evening at which he presided over a celebration attended by more than 450 guests for his brother's Raymond's 75th birthday. Initially labelled a suicide by the press, Pitcairn's widow Clara declared that "she never wanted to hear another word about the tragedy", while friends and friendly local authorities made the argument, duly reported by Frank Kingston Smith in Legacy of Wings, his devotional Pitcairn biography (subsidized by the Pitcairn family), that the death was accidental because "there was no note, no indication of depression or unhappiness" and "the police investigation disclosed that two shots had been fired; one had penetrated the ceiling directly over the desk in the first floor study, another had struck Pitcairn in the eye" and that "the next morning it was discovered the semi-automatic pistol was defective: when cocked, it had a supersensitive "hair trigger," and it had a faulty disconnector so that it would fire more than one shot at a time, a condition known as "doubling."" The Pitcairn families, prominent and powerful, prevailed upon the local authorities to declare the death accidental and Kingston Smith's 1981account became the de facto authoritative story of the death of Harold F. Pitcairn. With the perspective, however, of six decades, it appears far more likely that Pitcairn's death was a suicide for reasons that were not readily evident, minimized, unappreciated or deliberately ignored at the time to craft a result that met the needs of Clara Pitcairn and her surviving family. These included the fact that while the claim was made that Pitcairn was making his nightly rounds to check on the estate’s ground-level windows (and had been doing so since the Lindbergh kidnapping in 1932), he actually died at his desk; that those in the house only reported a single shot; the 1907 Savage pistol had no reputation for a hair-trigger, and had not evidenced such a flaw in almost three decades of Pitcairn's nightly ritual; that even though Pitcairn had been assured that his almost-decade-long lawsuit against the United States government for Patent infringement of his Autogiro patents was going well, he was concerned about the impact this lawsuit was having on his aged associates who had been called to give depositions and he had voiced the sentiment that "if he had known that he would have to sue the government, he would not have gone into the Autogiro business"; that the lawsuit, itself intended as a vindication of Pitcairn's contribution to aviation was dragging on and would reach its first legal conclusion in 1967, and not finally conclude upon appeal until 1977; and most importantly, those who deny suicide and point to Pitcairn’s state-of-mind, have failed to take into account when the death occurred or ready evidence of his 'state of mind' To fail to see the tragic end of Harold F. Pitcairn is to forget that 29 years and one day earlier, he had been recognized for "the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America, with respect to improving the performance, efficiency, and safety of air or space vehicles, the value of which has been thoroughly demonstrated by actual use during the preceding year." The memory of that day on the White House back lawn with the President was the high point of his life even as Pitcairn prepared to celebrate his older brother's achievements. The evidence, when marshalled and documented, conclusively points to suicide - a death of an American aviation pioneer before his contributions were vindicated in the largest patent infringement judgement against the United States in history. To fail to see the tragic end of Harold F. Pitcairn is to forget that 29 years earlier, he had been recognized for "the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America".
Bruce, Dr.
ABSTRACT This paper examines the performance of passive structural vibration attenuating devices in rotary wing applications and introduces a new attenuating device to rotary wing applications, the NASA-developed Disruptive Tuned Mass (DTM) device. The testbed uses an OH-58D tailboom rigidly mounted to the floor as a cantilever beam with a first lateral mode resonant frequency of approximately 6.25 Hz as a representative rotary wing structure. The study characterizes the modal response of the tailboom without an attenuating device installed, with additional mass installed, a mass-spring attenuating device, a fixed orifice Tuned Mass Damper (TMD), and a device based on NASA DTM technology. TMD and DTM devices were tested with 6 lbs (2.72 kg) and 19 lbs (8.61 kg) mitigation masses. The DTM devices achieved greater modal attenuation than the TMD devices, 88% and 96% respectively, for devices with 6 lbs (2.72 kg) and 19 lbs (8.61 kg) active masses.
Duling, ChristopherLindner, Jeffrey
ABSTRACT The ability to construct a composite, semimonocoque, damage-resistant, cargo floor for a rotary wing application using an IM7 graphite/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite with in-situ tape-placement fabrication technology has been demonstrated. Through an evolutionary process, a damage-tolerant thermoplastic composite cargo floor was designed according to realistic requirements, and subelement representative structures were developed to verify the design viability and approach. The fabricated and tested structural composite floor subelements demonstrated the feasibility of the technology, illustrated the ability to customize the design to meet unique cargo floor properties (e.g., cargo-loading features), and validated the maturity of the approach and fabrication technology for rotary-wing applications.
Luzetsky, HarryMichasiow, John
Improving STL Performance of Automotive Carpets with Multi-layering and Effective Decoupling2015-26-01361/14/2015
Automotive floor carpet serves the purpose of insulating airborne noises like road-tire noise, transmission noise, fuel pump noise etc. Most commonly used automotive floor carpet structure is- molded sound barrier (PE, vinyl etc.) decoupled from the floor pan with an absorber such as felt. With increasing customer expectations and fuel efficiency requirements, the NVH requirements are increasing as well. The only possible way of increasing acoustic performance (Specifically, Sound Transmission Loss, STL) in the mentioned carpet structure is to increase the barrier material. This solution, however, comes at a great weight penalty. Theoretically, increasing the number of decoupled barrier layers greatly enhances the STL performance of an acoustic packaging for same weight. In practice, however, this solution presents problems like- ineffectiveness at lower frequencies, sudden dip in performance at modal frequencies. Also, practical constraints in achieving ideal decoupling limit the advantages of the technique. This paper aims at exploring the effects of multi-layering of barrier material on STL performance of automotive carpets. Another focus area of this paper is the optimization of several multi-layered structures to make it effective for automotive floor carpet application in frequency band of 500Hz to 8000 Hz. Also, methods of improving decoupling in automotive carpet to improve STL performance have been studied. An approximate mathematical model has been developed in the paper to explain the STL behavior of automotive carpets. The model has been validated by comparing results with actual test results at ARAI. Based on the model, effect of changes in parameters of backing material, absorber/decoupler, type of bonding between backing and absorber has been discussed. In addition, guidelines for a part designer have been developed to decide the kind of carpet structure to be used for given NVH requirements.
Mahajan, DeepakSandilya, ArnabKhandelwal, LokeshSrivastava, Sameer
Textile-Based Luggage Containers for Onboard Blast Protection2011-01-251710/18/2011
The rise in worldwide terrorism has required measures be taken to harden aircraft against catastrophic in-flight failure due to concealed explosives. The risk that a small quantity of an explosive could get undetected cannot be neglected, and the introduction of countermeasures to reduce the effects of on-board explosions should be considered. This is the idea behind of the European research project FLY-BAG where a blastworthy textile luggage container for the protection of aircrafts from on-board explosions from explosives hidden in luggage in the cargo holds has been developed. The FLY-BAG concept is based on the development of an advanced flexible anti-blasting cover and composite floor system able to resist a small to medium explosion by controlled expansion and full containment of the pressure generated by the explosion whilst, at the same time, preventing hard luggage fragment projectiles (shrapnel) from striking the main structure of the aircraft at high speed. A multi-layered flexible structure has been invented to resist the large overpressure generated by the gas expansion which is integrated with a lightweight sandwich floor and wall elements designed to absorb the shock holing loads of the explosion. The flexible textile layer is made from an innovative combination of different reinforcing textile structures which deforms in a controlled way during the explosion. The realization of these components, their processing, full-scale blast testing, and demonstration of applicability into airplanes (Meridiana Airbus A319 and A320) has been a 2-year investigation involving research centres, testing laboratories, industrial partners, universities, and specialised high-tech SMEs. It has comprised material optimisation, manufacturing, material testing, laboratory testing, numerical modelling and verification, and finally full scale blast testing and installation trials inside Airbus airplanes. The final prototype successfully survived a series of blast tests of growing intensity up to the maximum targeted charge value, without significant damage. The prototype was also fully demonstrated during one installation trial inside one of the Airbus A319 of the partner Meridiana.
Zangani, DonatoAmbrosetti, SamueleBozzolo, AlessandroDotoli, RosarioBardaro, DaniloFay, Stephen
Innovative Design Concepts for Lightweight Floors in Heavy Trailers2010-01-203310/5/2010
Currently, the chassis assembly contributes about 73 percent of the overall weight of a 14.63 m long haul trailer. This paper presents alternative design concepts for the structural floor of a van trailer utilizing sandwich panels with various material and geometric characteristics of the core layer in order to reduce its weight significantly below that of the current design configuration. The main objective of the new designs is to achieve optimal tradeoffs between the overall structural weight and the flexural stiffness of the floor. Various preliminary design concepts of the core designs were compared on the basis of a single section of the core structure. Six different designs were analyzed by weight, maximum displacement and maximum stress under bending and torsion loads. Each concept was kept uniform by length, thickness, loading and boundary conditions. Each design concept was examined through testing of scaled model for floor assemblies. Finite element analysis was used to compare the performance of various design configurations. Scaled models were also developed and prototyped, instrumented, and tested in the laboratory environment, in order to validate the predictions of the theoretical models. These models were developed as a means to predict and understand the actual performance of the various floor design configurations, either in the form of cross member panels or sandwich composite panels.
William, Gergis W.
Development of a High-Performance Polyester Fiber Carpet Pad9802782/23/1998
Interior quietness has been improved over the years until it has now become an important fundamental performance requirement of vehicles. Simple approaches to assuring quietness include the addition of sound isolation materials or the provision of sound-deadening space. These approaches, however, have the undesirable effects of increasing the vehicle weight or sacrificing interior space. Previously, we investigated the effect of the fiber composition on sound isolation performance, focusing on polyester fiber material (nonwoven fabric), and researched sound-isolating materials that would not involve a weight increase. That work led to the development of a polyester fiber material with an optimized fiber composition. The material has been applied to a dash silencer that simultaneously achieves improved sound isolation performance and a lighter weight compared with previous materials. That technology provided the basis for developing a polyester fiber carpet pad. Besides sound isolation, a carpet pad must also provide reactive force and durability against loading as well as good formability and form adaptability because of its complicated shape. These requirements pose a higher technical hurdle than in the case of the dash silencer. The new carpet pad features an optimized fiber composition consisting of side-by-side conjugate polyester matrix fiber and crystal-line polyester binder fiber. The composition satisfies the requirements mentioned above with only half the density of previous materials. Compared with the previous carpet pad made of foamed urethane, the newly developed carpet pad improves the sound isolation performance of the floor and also achieves a weight saving of 15-40%. Furthermore, the new carpet pad can be returned to polyester staple fiber by a fiber opener (that is a recycle machine from nonwoven to staple fiber). This recycled polyester staple fiber can be used again for a carpet pad or other pad use.
Ito, MasashiNagayama, HirokiNemoto, KouichiSugawara, Hiroshi
Biodynamic Response of the Musculoskeletal System to Impact Acceleration8013129/1/1980
The effect of muscular response on occupant dynamics was studied in human volunteers exposed to low level impact acceleration. The study includes identification of muscular response, correlation of electromyographic activity with reaction force, and investigation of the effects of muscular restraint during impact. Human volunteers were subjected to −Gx impact acceleration in a simulated automobile environment while EMG activity of various lower extremity muscles was monitored. The seat and floor pan were supported on load cells which measured all restraining forces. Nine–accelerometer modules and high-speed photography were used to measure kinematics. Identical runs were made with an embalmed cadaver and dummy for comparison. Static EMG and force traces as well as dynamic results for various acceleration levels are presented. Differences between tensed and relaxed states are compared and discussed as to EMG response, force levels, and head kinematics. It was found that reflex responses of the relaxed volunteer are too slow to have a significant effect on loads and accelerations sustained. However, the voluntary pre-impact contracted musculature in a volunteer can reduce certain acceleration levels and change the restraint load distribution so that significantly more load goes through the legs to the floor board with a concomitant lowering of seat and belt loads. Although a similar load distribution was seen in dummy and cadaver tests, the response of the relaxed or tensed volunteer was substantially different from either surrogate.
Viano, David C.Begeman, P. C.King, A. I.Levine, R. S.
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