Browse Topic: Passenger compartments

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Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0328To be published on 01/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra
Assessment of emissions behaviour of Volatile compounds from polymeric materials used in automobile interiors2026-26-0222To be published on 01/16/2026
There is an increasing trend of using polymeric materials in the vehicle interior compartment. While the polymers provide benefits in terms of flexibility in profiling, lighter weight and aesthetics but one of the challenges with the polymers is emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during their usage and particularly at a temperature prevailing in the vehicle cabin. VOCs adversely impact the vehicle interior air quality and can pose a risk to occupants’ health. However, there is a lack of information on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from automotive interior materials. There are two types of methods, a whole vehicle chamber method (ISO 12219-1) and a bag method (ISO 12219-2) for evaluation of VOCs emissions from materials used in vehicle interior parts. ISO 12219-2 method describes quantitative testing of VOCs and semi-VOCs. This test method is quick and cost effective for analysis of materials for quick emission checks and can prove to be very effective in
PAtil, Yamini Jitendra, Thipse, Sukrut, Bawase, Moqtik
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Heating City Electric Buses and Ways to Reduce It2026-26-0156To be published on 01/16/2026
For regions with cold climates, the driving range of electric buses becomes a significant obstacle to the broader adoption of this type of transport. The increased energy consumption affects not only the range of autonomous operation but also the lifespan of battery packs, the scheduling of bus departures, and the load on the charging infrastructure. In this context, finding ways to reduce the energy consumption of the climate control system is an actual issue. The aim of the presented research is to experimentally and computationally determine the energy consumption for heating the driver's cabin and passenger compartment of an electric bus during the autumn-winter operation period, as well as to identify and analyze ways to reduce this energy consumption. To determine the air temperature in the passenger compartment, a mathematical model based on heat balance equations was used. This model was validated using data from real-world tests. The research was conducted at a proving ground
Kozlov, Andrey, Terenchenko, Alexey, Stryapunin, Alexander
Cabin Heat-up Thermal Assessment for Human Comfort in Passenger Car2026-26-0408To be published on 01/16/2026
The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning) system is designed to fulfil the thermal comfort requirement inside vehicle cabin. Thermal comfort is significantly subjective which predominantly dependent on occupant’s physiological condition. Vehicle AC performance is evaluated by air flow and local temperature thus, thermal comfort assessment is carried out by mapping of velocity and temperature at various places inside cabin. There is need to have Simulation methodology for heating cabin during cold climate to assess ventilation system effectiveness. Thermal comfort modelling involves human manikin, complex cabin material along with environmental condition in expensive transient simulation. Present study employed with LBM (Lattice-Boltzmann Method) based PowerFLOW solver coupled with finite element based PowerTHERM solver to simulate the cold soaking and heating up of cabin. Thermal comfort is subjective to human physiological modelling thus in-built Berkeley human comfort
Baghel, Devesh Kumar, Kandekar, Ambadas, Kumar, Ravi, Dimble, Nilesh
Vehicle interior material emissions and contributions in passenger vehicle cabin air quality2026-26-0287To be published on 01/16/2026
Polymer compounds used in the manufacturing of automotive interiors are formulated with various kind of additives, pigments, fillers, and resins. These compounded polymers are prone to the emission of chemicals called volatile organic compound (VOC) over a period of usage, temperature exposure etc. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short term adverse health effects like nausea, headache, vomiting, and long-term adverse health effects like cancer, even death if beyond the permissible limits. Studies indicates the concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher in indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors and hence these chemical emissions are required to be controlled within the defined limits. This paper is focused on the identification part and material, evaluation against the recommended test (Odor/Fogging/VOC/Carbonyl compound emissions) and development of materials used inside the car cabin. This study further provides the guidelines for the
Shukla, Sandeep Kumar
Road noise improvement of a passenger vehicle through end-to-end CAE-Simulation using Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) approach2026-26-0431To be published on 01/16/2026
Refined NVH performance of a vehicle is a mark of premium quality. Achieving the desired NVH performance in different vehicle operating conditions is always a Herculean task and early stage “CAE design recommendations” play crucial role in overall vehicle design development. This becomes tougher when the program is very much cost, weight and timeline sensitive. This paper explores simulation approach for addressing a major noise issue for a vehicle running at a constant speed on a rough road. The first and the most critical step is to identify the exact root cause of the issue. Hence, we propose a detailed full vehicle level “contribution analysis (CA) + transfer path analysis (TPA)” methodology (everything done through the simulation) and then go for the design recommendations to improve the performance. We used road excitation power spectral density (PSD) as the input at all the four wheels (spindle locations) calculated through MBD software. The first step i.e. contribution analysis
Mahajani, Mihir, Nascimento, Fabio, ADINARAYANA REDDY, KODIDELA, Matyal, Mahantesh, Tenagi, Irappa, Sardar, Chenna
Smart Multilink Cabin Suspension with Detachable Stabilizer Mechanism for Improved Ride Comfort and Maintenance Efficiency in Vehicle Cabins.2026-26-0088To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design and development of a novel suspension system for vehicle cabins, specifically aimed at improving ride comfort and reducing maintenance time and costs. The system features a detachable stabilizer bar pivotally coupled to a pair of brackets connected to the vehicle chassis. The stabilizer bar is removably connected to a pair of connecting links, which in turn are oupled to a second pair of brackets attached to the cabin. This configuration allows for easy access to the engine bay during maintenance without disassembling the entire suspension system. Additionally, the system includes damper units and pivot arms that enhance ride comfort by isolating vibrations from the chassis. The proposed design is particularly beneficial for commercial vehicles with fixed cabins, as it reduces idle time during engine overhaul and improves overall ride quality for occupants.
K, Akilan, Pardeshi, Mahesh, Mistri, Pratikkumar, Navsariwala, Prashant
INTEGRATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM IN THE CAR DOOR HANDLE2024-26-028501/16/2024
The car door handle is an essential component of any vehicle, as it plays a crucial role in providing access to the cabin and ensuring safety of the passenger. The primary function of the car door handle is to allow entry and exit from the vehicle while preventing unauthorized access. In addition to this, car door handles also play a critical role in ensuring passenger safety by keeping the door closed during accidents or when there is a significant amount of G-force acting on the vehicle. A typical car door handle comprises several components including the structure, cover, Bowden lever, bracket, pins and other child parts. The structure provides the ergonomics and rigidity for grabbing the handle, while the cover gives the handle an aesthetic appearance. The Bowden lever facilitates the unlatching of the door and the intermediate parts ensure that the handle operates smoothly. The position of the Bowden lever is crucial for the unlatching process and for keeping the door closed
Kumar, Vinayak
A UNIVERSAL STEERING GROMMET DESIGN APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE PASSENGER CABIN NVH PERFORMANCE2024-26-020201/16/2024
As a car OEM, we continuously strive to set the bar for competitors with every product. Consumer travel experiences are enhanced by increasing passenger cabin silence. There is only one steering system opening in the firewall panel, which is used for allowing intermediate shaft's fitment on the pinion shaft of the steering gear. The steering grommet is the sole component that covers the firewall cut-out without disrupting steering operations, which has a substantial impact on the NVH performance of the vehicle. It is typically used in cars to eliminate engine noise and dust entering to passenger compartment. The part is assembled inside the vehicle where the steering intermediate shaft passing through BIW firewall panel. We use a bearing, plastic bush, or direct rubber interference design in the steering grommet to accommodate the rotational input the driver provides to turn the automobile. However, occasionally noise may be produced due to uneven bearing or plastic bush loading or a
J, Sadhish, Vijayarangan, Deepak
Resonator design study to reduce pressure pulsation from CNG Injector2024-26-023301/16/2024
With the advent of upcoming stringent automobile emission norms globally, it is inevitable for OEMs to shift towards greener alternatives. Use of CNG is a preferred solution as it is a relatively clean burning fuel and it doesn’t have significant loss in vehicle efficiency and performance. Current customer has become aware and sensitive towards vehicle NVH. Hence, OEMs have to cater to this demand through optimized design and layout. In a passenger vehicle, CNG is stored at high pressure and delivered to injectors after pressure reduction at a regulator. During engine idling opening and closing motion of the CNG injector generates back pulsation and these pulsations cause vibrations which may propagate through other components in the delivery path and perceived as noise inside vehicle cabin. To identify the frequencies involved in pressure pulsation, a 1-D simulation of CNG fuel system is performed using GT-Suite through which excitation frequencies and pressure pulsation peak
Meena, Deepesh, Sharma, Rohan, KHANDELWAL, ABHISHEK, Jadhav, Praveen Singh, Pai, Devananda
Cabin noise modeling for seat location variation using AI and Machine Learning2025-01-012905/05/2023
Analyzing acoustic performance in large and complex assemblies, such as vehicle cabins, can be a time-intensive process, especially when considering the impact of seat location variations on noise levels. This paper explores the use of AI and machine learning to streamline this analysis by predicting the effects of different seat configurations on cabin noise, particularly at the driver’s ear level. The study begins by establishing a baseline simulation of cabin noise and generating training data for various seat location scenarios. This data is then used to train an AI model capable of predicting the noise impact of further seat adjustments. These predictions are validated through detailed simulations. The paper discusses the accuracy of these predictions, the challenges encountered, and provides insights into the effective use of AI and machine learning in acoustic analysis for cabin noise, with a specific emphasis on seat location as a key variable. Keywords: Acoustic analysis, AI
Kottalgi, Santosh, Banerjee, Bhaskar
Active noise control with head tracking system2025-01-001205/05/2023
In active noise control, the control region size(zone of control) decreases as the frequency increases, so that even a small moving of the passenger's head causes the ear position to go out of the control region. In order to increase the size of the control region, many speakers and microphones are generally required, but it is difficult to apply it in a vehicle cabin due to space and cost constraints. In this study, we propose moving zone of quite actvie noise control technique. An 2D images based head tracking system captured by a camera to generate the passenger's head coordinates in real time with deep learning algorithm. In the controller, the control position is moved to the ear position using a multi-point virtual microphone algorithm according to the generated ear position. After that, the multi-point adaptive filter training system applies the optimal control filter to the current position and maintains the control performance. Through this study, it is possible to secure the
Oh, ChiSung
Feasibility of In situ vehicle level transmission loss measurement to guide dash pass through grommet selections2025-01-012205/05/2023
Noise transmission through the vehicle dash panel plays a critical role in isolating passengers from noise sources within the motor bay of the vehicle. Grommets containing electrical harness routing as well as HVAC lines are examples of dash panel pass throughs that should be selected with care. Acoustic performance of these components is generally characterized in terms of measured quantities such as noise reduction (NR), sound transmission loss (STL), and Insertion Loss (IL). These measurements need to be carried out as per SAE or ASTM standards in appropriate anechoic or reverberant chambers as this is important for consistency. This work explores an in-situ vehicle measurement setup utilizing a repurposed vehicle cabin designed to serve as an anechoic chamber with its frunk acting as a reverberant chamber. This in-situ setup method is then compared to results following standards to discuss the differences in results. The data is studied to understand if there are any advantages to
Joodi, Benjamin, Jayakumar, Vignesh, Chang, Michael, Geissler, Christian, Pilz, Fernando, Conklin, Chris
Designing Rubber Flaps for Resonance Management: High-Frequency Tuning in Electric Vehicles Using AI/ML Approaches2025-01-012505/05/2023
High-frequency whine noise in electric vehicles (EVs) poses a significant challenge, affecting customer perception and the overall vehicle experience. One primary source of this undesirable noise is the interaction between motor pole resonance and the resonance of the engine mount rubber. This paper presents an innovative method for predicting and tuning the frequency response of engine mounts by precisely adjusting the dimensions of rubber flaps, specifically their length and width. The proposed solution employs a dual approach: fine-tuning rubber flap dimensions and utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques. An ML model, trained on historical data, predicts how varying flap dimensions impact frequency response, providing a data-driven foundation for optimization. This prediction capability is enhanced by a Python program that automates the optimization process using a linear combination formula, efficiently addressing resonance issues. By integrating ML insights with the linear
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip
Underbody contribution simulation for vehicle wind-noise.2025-01-002605/05/2023
Wind noise is one of the largest sources to the interior noise of modern electric and hybrid vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways from medium speed and generate considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low frequencies. The transmission mechanism through the vehicle floor and underbody is a complex phenomenon as the paths to the cavity can be both airborne and structure-borne. This study is focused on the floor contribution to wind noise of different type of vehicles (SUV and Sport car), whose underbody structure are largely different. Aero-Vibro-acoustic simulations are performed to clarify the transmission mechanism of the underbody wind noise and
Mordillat, Philippe, Zerrad, Mehdi, Errico, Fabrizio
Cost Effective Method of Improving the Cabin Air Quality using HVAC Case Coating2022-28-045211/09/2022
Cost effective method of Improving the Cabin Air Quality using HVAC case Coating Among many environments, the motor vehicle cabin micro-environment has been of public concern. Infact Air pollution more harmful to children in cars than outside. Although commuters typically spend only 1-2hrs per day of their time in vehicles, the emissions from various interior components of motor vehicles as well as emissions from exhaust fumes carried by ventilation supply air are significant sources of harmful air pollutants that could lead to unhealthy human exposure due to their high concentrations inside vehicles' cabins. This N9 silver ion technology helps significant reduction of microbial & viruses in inside vehicle cabins air. On contact silver will neutralize harmful bacteria on plastic surfaces giving them long lasting freshness and long-term protection. Silver is a natural antimicrobial. That means that microbes-germs can't survive in the presence of silver ions. Silver ions released from
Anandan, Ram, Anugu, Anil, EEDALA, V V N CHOWDARY, Sampath, Karthikeyan
Improve the Passenger Thermal Comfort Inside Car Cabin at Various Seat Location2022-28-044511/09/2022
In today’s competitive automotive industry with its rapid pace of innovation, HVAC engineers continually think about customer convenience and their comfort requirements. ‘Multi zone HVAC system’ is one of the features that proposes to satisfy the customers’ need for individualized comfort settings for each passenger seated in different parts of a vehicle cabin. In many instances, passengers in a car have different preferences for air temperature setting based on their sitting locations. This situation sometimes arises due to difference in the intensity of solar radiation entering inside vehicle cabin from windscreen and front/side glasses. This happens due to relative position of the sun and the direction which the car is facing. In the current single zone automatic HVAC system, the user can only set one common temperature and air flow rate for the entire vehicle cabin. There is no provision for each passenger seat to have a unique temperature and air flow setting according to the
Deshmukh, Gaensh S.
A Novel Approach for Assessing Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) in Future Mobility Solutions2022-28-045511/09/2022
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven consumers to be extremely vigilant towards personal as well as shared hygiene necessitating use of facemask, maintaining social distancing, frequent hand wash and vehicle sanitization. Humans are exposed to pollutants such as Particulate Matter (PM), SOx, NOx, CO, O3, Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) and Pathogens (FBV- fungi, bacteria, viruses) either through air or by direct contact with contaminated surfaces. In a vehicle cabin, occupants are exposed to both, recirculating air through air-conditioning system and contact with touch points such as seats, steering wheel and armrest which may be contaminated. In order to safeguard the occupants, VIAQ enhancers like high efficiency cabin air filters (N95/ HEPA) with activated carbon/ anti-allergen/ anti-microbial layers, ionizers and anti-bacterial trims are being deployed by OEMs. In many cases, validation of these VIAQ enhancers is done on a bench setup. Once VIAQ enhancer is integrated into the
Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Kulkarni, Shridhar, Kapoor, Sangeet
Airflow and Thermal Management of Off-Road Vehicle Cabin2022-28-045111/09/2022
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems play a crucial role in our day-to-day activities. With rise in global warming, leading to climate change, HVAC unit is the need of the hour. With average temperatures on the rise, it is quite imperative that the unit provides better thermal comfort to the passengers. Off-road vehicles like tractor, is also no exclusion. Tractor drivers have to experience adverse weather conditions out in the open field. Thus it is quite fundamental that sufficient airflow reaches every point inside the driver cabin, ensuring proper cool-down. To ensure proper distribution of airflow inside the cabin, optimization of HVAC unit needs to be properly carried out. The present study shows how an HVAC of an off-road vehicle is properly optimized with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics. STAR-CCM+ v2021.2.1 is used as solver for the simulation. Airflow and cool-down simulation of inside cabin is also carried out in both initial and optimized design. The
Singh, Shobit Kumar
Physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics for Prediction of Vehicle Cabin Occupant Thermal Comfort2022-01-018003/29/2022
Thermal cabin comfort is the largest consumer of battery energy second only to propulsion in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s). Accurate prediction of thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin with fast turnaround times will allow engineers to study the impact of various thermal comfort technologies and develop energy efficient Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this study a novel data-driven model based on physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy) method was developed to predict Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature (EHT), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and cabin air temperature under transient conditions and drive cycles. EHT is a recognized measure of the total heat loss from the human body that can be used to characterize highly non-uniform thermal environments such as a vehicle cabin. The SINDy model was trained on drive cycle data from Climatic Wind Tunnel (CWT) for a representative Battery Electric Vehicle. The performance of the
Warey, Alok, Kaushik, Shailendra, Han, Taeyoung
Study On Passenger Cabin Under Passive Radiative Cooling Film2022-01-021603/29/2022
Radiative cooling uses the space cold source to cool the object, and the radiative cooling film prepared based on its principle can reduce the fuel consumption of automobile air conditioning refrigeration. In this paper, according to the passive radiative cooling principle, taking SiO2 as the radiation cooling film of infrared radiation material, the theoretical cooling value of the passenger compartment of the automobile is calculated and analyzed based on the heat balance equation.The influence of radiative cooling film on the temperature field of passenger cabin was studied by finite element analysis.The results show that the cooling film made of SiO2 as passive radiation material has obvious cooling effect on passenger cabin.In the ambient temperature of 308.15K, the theoretical cooling temperature is 6.7K.When radiative cooling film is applied to automobiles, the cooling value of passenger cabin body, seat, instrument panel and other parts reaches 2.2K-5.1K, among which the
Peng, Chao Yi
Evaluation of equivalent temperature in vehicle cabin by a mesh-free simulation -Part 3: Evaluation of equivalent temperature under transient heating condition -2022-01-022203/29/2022
This paper describes the equivalent temperature based on the mesh-free simulation proposed by the previous papers (Part1 and Part2) under the transient heating condition in a 3D-CAD vehicle cabin including the thermal manikin which takes into account the clothing shape. For this purpose, firstly, the experiments of vehicle cabin measurering for the thermal environment including the teq are carried out under the transient heating condition. Then, the calculated results of the thermal environment in the vehicle cabin are compared with time series experimental data under the transient condition. They correspond to the experiments including transient changes on the whole. The transient calculated equivalent temperature of thermal manikin are also compared with experiments. As a result, since it is difficult to control the thermal manikin ideally in the experiment, it is difficult to compare the transient behavior. In particular, it is difficult to measure the amount of heat loss from the
Ozeki, Yoshiichi, Oi, Hajime, Matsumoto, Akira, Kondo, Ryota, Suzuki, Seiko
Experimental investigation on human thermal comfort in passenger compartment under actual air conditioning usage habits2022-01-021703/29/2022
With the popularization of automobiles, people’s driving time increases gradually. However, the accompanying problem is that the interior space of the vehicle passenger compartment is narrow and relatively closed. If drivers and passengers are permanently in the uncomfortable passenger compartment, they will feel tired, agitated, inattention, etc., which is prone to traffic accidents. This makes people gradually improve the requirements of driving comfort. And thermal comfort is an important aspect of vehicle comfort, which is closely related to the energy consumption of air conditioning. The thermal environment in the vehicle passenger compartment is a special non-uniform thermal environment. However, due to the complexity of the thermal environment inside the automobile, the basic research on human thermal comfort in the non-uniform thermal environment is carried out in the building environment. The non-uniform thermal environment in the building is mainly caused by the non-uniform
Xu, Xin, zhao, lanping
DEFINITION OF STANDARD INTERFACES FOR GALLEY INSERT (GAIN) EQUIPMENT PHYSICAL INTERFACESARINC810-6 (Current)11/10/2021
ARINC 810 defines galley equipment physical attachments, envelopes, connections, and qualification guidelines for interchangeable galley equipment. Supplement 6 defines the new Extended Size 2, intended for oven installation and other equipment suited to this type of installation.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Method of improvement of air flow uniformity to reduce the evaporator frosting of a passenger car2021-28-014809/15/2021
For an efficient automotive HVAC system it is very essential to ensure uninterrupted and consistent airflow and temperature at the vent exit to help achieve the comfortable cabin space. This certainly requires temperature sensor to position at lowest possible temperature on heat exchanger and uniform flow distribution over it. However the uneven distribution of airflow on evaporator entry face leads to lowest temperature and sometimes goes undetected. This causes the condensate to get freezed and then frosting occurs at the core surface. Eventually a substantial portion of evaporator face gets choked and gradually airflow reduces and evaporator exit air temperature shoots up. Hence it is very important to prevent the frosting on evaporator core so to have uninterrupted airflow and adequate cooling in the passenger compartment. The present paper investigates the reasons for frosting occurring in one of the hatchback vehicle in bench test. The investigation consists of conducting anti
SEN, ANIT, SEN, SOMNATH, Parayil, Paulson, Goel, Arunkumar
Simulating Thermal comfort for a vehicle2021-28-013209/15/2021
The vehicle HVAC system is designed to meet both the safety and thermal comfort requirements of the passengers inside the cabin. The thermal comfort requirement, however, is highly subjective and is usually met objectively by carrying out time dependent mapping of parameters like the velocity and temperature at various in-cabin locations. These target parameters are simulated for the vehicle interior for a case of hot soaking and its subsequent cool-down to test the efficacy of the AC system. Typically, AC performance is judged by air temperature at passenger locations, thermal comfort estimation alongwith time to reach comfortable condition for human. Simulating vehicle cabin for thermal comfort evaluation is computationally expensive and requires complex cabin material modelling. Coupled simulation between LBM based Powerflow and Finite element based Powertherm solver is employed and discussed here to simulate thermal comfort. Additionally, the human thermal physiology is modelled
Shelar, Sujit, Kandekar, Ambadas, Deshmukh, Ganesh, Nomani, Mustafa, Sivakumar, Vignesh, Nagarajan, Vijaisri
Interior Floor Engineering: Acoustic vs. Compression Performance2021-01-112908/31/2021
The interior floor of a vehicle cabin occupies a significant amount of surface area in proportion to the cabin as a whole, and as such provides a prime opportunity for acoustic treatment. Generally speaking, floor materials must be relatively limp to achieve high acoustic performance. However, the tactile quality of a vehicle floor is very important. The end customer has an expectation for how it should feel to step onto the floor of a vehicle: a carpet should “give” slightly, but not compress fully, under pressure. A carpet that is too stiff or not stiff enough may be perceived as indicative of low quality. Thus, acoustic targets and stiffness targets tend to be at odds. A vehicle interior floor is a trim component which consists of different layers and which can have different pile-up configurations. Such a pile-up typically consists of a soft layer, called a decoupler, and a top layer. Previous work has shown how CAE tools can predict part-level compression behavior during design
Frey, Andrea, Koeske, Ben, Li, Wanlu, Wichmann, Brandon
Process for Optimizing Acoustic Vehicle Alert System (AVAS) for FMVSS-141 and Interior Sound Quality2021-01-112108/31/2021
The automotive industry is shifting towards the development of hybrid electric and electric vehicles. These vehicles primarily use electric motors for propulsion and can be significantly quieter to pedestrians than traditional ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles. The NFB (National Federation of the Blind) and others highlighted a concern with these quiet vehicles related to pedestrian safety and the inability to use historical sound signatures to detect a moving vehicle. To address this concern, NHTSA created FMVSS 141, which identifies minimum external sound requirements for hybrid and electric vehicles during stationary conditions and in motion up to 30kph. [1] OEMs are now required to implement Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) that use external speakers to generate additional noise to meet the regulation. These noises are intended to raise the exterior sound level of the vehicles, while still attempting to maintain a quiet, pleasant experience for the passengers in the
Doxen, Dominic, Zorn, Tim
Simulation Driven Design of HVAC Systems under Competing HVAC Noise and Defrost Performance Requirements2021-01-102008/31/2021
It is particularly easy to get tunnel vision as a domain expert, and focus only on the improvements one could provide in their area of expertise. To make matters worse, many Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are silo-ed by domain of expertise, unconsciously promoting this single mindedness in design. Unfortunately, the successful and profitable development of a vehicle is dependent on the delicate balance of performance across many domains, involving multiple physics and departments. Taking for instance the design of a Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, the device’s primary function is to control the climate system in vehicle cabins, and more importantly to make sure that critical areas on the windshield can be defrosted in cold weather conditions within regulation time. With the advent of electric and autonomous vehicles, further importance is now also placed on the energy efficiency of the HVAC, and its noise. During the development of the defrost mode of an
Nagarajan, Vijaisri, Biermann, Jan, Goldberg, Jens, Motiwala, Hamza, Martins, Diogo, Luzzato, Charles, Mukutmoni, Devadatta
Location of Crew and Passenger Oxygen Masks, Portable Oxygen System, and Protective Breathing EquipmentARP6390 (Current)08/10/2021
Various emergency situations may require the dispensing of oxygen to all occupants of aircraft during flight. During an emergency event, depending on the aircraft operational flight capability, all cabin occupants must be serviced by a mask presentation system connected to an operational oxygen source. Several regulations specify the functional characteristics and requirements of the oxygen systems for aircraft in support of different missions. These should be referred to for the exact functional performance requirements. It is not the intent of this document to ensure conformance with these regulations, but only to recommend general concepts for the location of the oxygen masks and oxygen system outlets for proper accessibility by the aircraft occupants, whether cabin occupants or crew members. Different requirements may apply when the mission of the pressurized aircraft or the operational altitude of the aircraft is not in excess of FL250. When the aircraft is operating above FL100
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Supplemental Information for Design of Measuring Devices for Measurement of Aircraft Cabin Air QualityAIR6945 (Current)07/15/2021
This document provides information applicable to the design and development of portable and aircraft mounted cabin air contaminant sensors. This AIR complements any future portable or aircraft-mounted cabin air sensor standards.
AC-9M Cabin Air Measurement Committee
Supplemental Information for Design of Measuring Devices for Measurement of Aircraft Cabin Air QualityAIR6945-TEST-REC (Historical)07/15/2021
This document provides information applicable to the design and development of portable and aircraft mounted cabin air contaminant sensors. This AIR complements any future portable or aircraft-mounted cabin air sensor standards.
AC-9M Cabin Air Measurement Committee
Sanitary Solutions for AVs20AVEP11_0311/01/2020
Gentex engineers are bridging mobility and medical technologies to tackle the vital public-health issue of vehicle cabin cleanliness. If not for the word “mucosalivary,” the following analysis could have come from a combustion-engine technical paper: “Recent work has demonstrated that exhalations, sneezes, and coughs not only consist of mucosalivary droplets following short-range semi-ballistic emission trajectories but, importantly, are primarily made of a multiphase turbulent gas - (a puff) cloud that entrains ambient air and traps and carries within it clusters of droplets with a continuum of droplet sizes.”
Brooke, Lindsay
The Effect of Change in Assembly Sequence on Permanent Strain of Cab Suspension Console02-13-02-001108/20/2020
Heavy commercial vehicles play an important role in creating the trade and economic balance of countries. Also, the durability and safety of heavy commercial vehicles come to the fore. Heavy commercial vehicles consist of two parts. These are the chassis area with the equipment that allows the vehicle to move and the cabin section where the driver is located. The cabin area is the most important area that ensures the highest level of driver safety. Considering that the production of trucks is increasing day by day, it is inevitable for companies to increase their R&D activities in the field of cabin and cabin suspension systems for much safer, durable, and comfortable trucks. This study aims to determine the safe torque value of the fasteners and their assembly sequence of the Cab Suspension Console, which is one of the most important connection parts in a truck and which can cause a fatal accident by breaking. In this study, the safe torque value of the fasteners of the cabin
Yildirim, Bariscan, Öztürk, Dogan
Study of the Noise Contributors on the Interior Acoustic of a Car and Their Countermeasures2020-01-158506/03/2020
This paper shows that the collaboration between a glass manufacturer and a passive acoustic treatment manufacturer can bring different benefits and considerably improve the interior acoustics of a vehicle. In terms of passenger safety and well-being, glazing have always played a key role by offering solutions to interior comfort, particularly when it comes to heat and acoustics. Today, cars are becoming a living space which from an acoustic point of view brings a challenge for the interior comfort. Indeed, glazing has no absorption and classically it has an acoustic insulation weakness around its coincident frequency. In most of the cases, these different aspects make glazing one of the main contributors to the sound pressure level in the passenger compartment, and the trend is not one of change. However, there are possible countermeasures. One of which is the use of laminated glazing with acoustic PVB. This solution allows to reduce the loss of insulation performance at the
Lafont, Thibault, Dalzin, Fabien, Bouillet, Fabien, Bertolini, Claudio
Direction Specific Analysis of Psychoacoustics Parameters Inside Car Cockpits: a Novel Tool for NVH and Sound Quality2020-01-154706/03/2020
Psychoacoustics parameters are widely employed in automotive field for objective evaluation of Sound Quality of vehicle cabins and their components. The standard approach relies on binaural recordings from which numerical values and curves are calculated and head-locked binaural listening playback can be performed. Recently, the Virtual Reality technology started to diffuse also in automotive field, bringing new possibilities for enhanced and immersive listening sessions. In this paper, we combine both solutions: the VR approach is adopted to calculate the principal psychoacoustics parameters. The acquisition system consists in a massive spherical microphone array featuring a camera for recording panoramic visual background. The acoustical information is encoded into High Order Ambisonics spatial format, that can be rendered on stereoscopic visors and Spatial PCM Sampling format that can be used to produce 360° colour maps. In this way, we are able to plot the psychoacoustics
Pinardi, Daniel, Ebri, Lorenzo, Belicchi, Costante, Farina, Angelo, Binelli, Marco
Air Conditioning of Aircraft CargoAIR806B (Current)05/12/2020
The report presents air conditioning data for aircraft cargo which is affected by temperature, humidity, ventilation rate and atmospheric pressure. The major emphasis is on conditioning of perishable products and warm-blooded animals. The report also covers topics peculiar to cargo aircraft or which are related to the handling of cargo.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
A detailed study of prominent factors affecting evaporator frosting in a mobile air conditioning (MAC) system2020-28-001404/30/2020
In an automotive air conditioning system, evaporator is well designed for effective heat transfer between refrigerant and air flowing over the evaporator. Hence, the better cooling and dehumidifying the incoming air. Sometimes, at the low ambient temperature and higher relative humidity conditions a frost is observed. It is accumulated over the evaporator and often become thicker enough to block the flow of air completely passing through the evaporator resulting in a rise in vehicle cabin temperature. Current work presents the probable causes of frost formation and their effects on the performance of evaporator and hence, the performance of the automotive air conditioning system. There are four major factors, thermistor poor response, undercharged and overcharged system, clogged air-filter, and also the type of compressor causing frost formation over the evaporator are considered for analysis. Current work presents the experimental analysis of the evaporator performance in the low
Nagarhalli, Prasanna V, Maurya, Anurag, Awate, Shrikant M, Syed, Mubeen, Nagarhalli, Prasanna V, Maurya, Anurag, Awate, Shrikant M, Syed, Mubeen
Challenges to incorporate cabin air quality enhancer in mobility solutions2020-28-001604/30/2020
In the past five years, Indian cities have been consistently appearing in the list of top 15 world’s most polluted cities. A common man in India, daily spend more than 2 hours on the road during commute to work, thus exposed to inhale highly polluted air. In case of passenger car users, he/she is exposed to ~ 6 times more polluted air compared to ambient air – as vehicle cabin is a closed space where the air recirculates through air conditioning (AC). Prolonged exposure to such polluted air shows increasing trend in respiratory illnesses, breathing discomfort and fatigue. This paper discusses about the key challenges involved in incorporating cabin air quality enhancer (cabin air filters) in mobility solution. Engineering challenges are packaging of cabin air filters in current vehicle cabin and its validation through objective assessment and subjective assessment by trained evaluator. The objective assessment comprises of bench tests and subjective assessment requires trained expert
Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Gavhane, Balkrishna, Kapoor, Sangeet, Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Gavhane, Balkrishna, Kapoor, Sangeet
Thermal Behavior of an Electronics Compartment with Respect to Real Driving Conditions2020-01-129904/14/2020
Reliability of electronic components is of increasing importance for further progress towards automated driving. Thermal ageing processes such as electromigration is one factor that can negatively affect reliability of electronics. Resulting failures are mainly depending on components’ thermal load within vehicle lifetime - called temperature collective, which is described by the temperature frequency distribution of the components. At present, the only possibility to examine the temperature collective is performed by vehicle endurance testing. Knowledge about the temperature frequency distribution in early development stages is one of the key factors to ensure electronics’ reliability in future vehicles. Vehicle Thermal Management (VTM) tools, which provide numerical simulation, allows lifetime thermal prediction in early development stages, but also challenges current VTM processes. Due to changing focus from underhood to numerous electronic compartments in vehicles, the number of
Bernhard, Adrian, Reister, Heinrich, Binner, Thomas, Wiedemann, Jochen, Widdecke, Nils, Wagner, Andreas
Investigate Partial Cabin Air Recirculation Strategy to Improve HVAC System’s Heating Performance Using 1D Simulation2020-01-015904/14/2020
In cold weather conditions, cabin heating performance is critical for retaining the thermal comfort. Heat is absorbed from the engine by circulating coolant through the engine water jacket and same will be rejected by the heater core. A variable speed blower is used to transfer heat from the heater core to the passenger compartment through floor ducts. The time taken to achieve comfortable cabin temperature determines the performance and capacity of heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system. In current automotive field, the engine options are provided to customers to meet their needs on the same vehicle platforms. Hence few engine variants cannot warm the cabin up to customer satisfaction. To improve the existing warm up performance of system, Positive thermal coefficient heater (PTC), electric coolant PTC heater, auxiliary pump etc. can be used which increases the overall cost of the vehicle. During warmup, HVAC system operates in 100% fresh mode. In this study, Partial
Belsare, Saurabh, Danapalan, Prakashbabuji, Sambandan, Saravanan, Govindarajalu, Murali
An Analysis of the Effects of Ventilation on Burn Patterns Resulting from Passenger Compartment Interior Fires2020-01-092304/14/2020
Vehicle fire investigators often use the existence of burn patterns and the amount and location of fire damage to determine the fire origin and its cause. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of ventilation location on the burn patterns and burn damage of passenger compartment fires. Four similar 20XX Ford Fusion vehicles were burned. The fire origin and first material ignited were the same for all four vehicles. In each test, a different door window was down for the duration of the burn test. Each vehicle was allowed to burn until the windshield, back glass, or another window, other than the window used for ventilation, failed, thus changing the ventilation pattern. At that point, the fire was extinguished. Temperatures were measured in the passenger compartment and video and still photography were recorded. Post-burn, the vehicle burn patterns were analyzed and conclusions drawn on: ability to determine a window was open during the fire, which window was open, the effect
Engle, James J., Buckman, Jennifer L., Williams, Jeff, Kemnitz, Erich, Kalis, Eric
Tier 1s tout newest mobility tech at CES 202020AUTP02_0901/01/2020
The mammoth annual techfest formerly known as the Consumer Electronics Show has become a must-attend for the mobility industry, with dozens of displays by OEMs and suppliers of all dimensions. At this year's CES, Automotive Engineering was impressed by new developments in ADAS and AV sensing and processing, V2X connectivity, vehicle cabin sensing and related technologies, electrification advances and a number of vehicle introductions. Highlights of our reporting include:
Brooke, Lindsay
CABIN PASSENGER SEAT PRODUCTION TESTINGARINC648 (Current)12/18/2019
This report defines the requirements and recommended practices for production testing of aircraft passenger seats and seat groups. Production testing is performed at the seat manufacturers' facilities prior to the shipment of the seats to the airframe manufacturers, Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO), or airlines/operators for installation in the aircraft. Using this guidance, rework is minimized and schedules remain minimally affected.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
CABIN ARCHITECTURE FOR WIRELESS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMARINC820 (Current)08/13/2019
This document defines a secure Wi-Fi distribution network installed in the aircraft passenger cabin for passenger and crew use. Carry-on Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) such as smart phones, tablets, and laptops may use this network to access public internet services provided on the aircraft.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Development of Impact Force 1D Model for Powertrain Component2019-01-154906/05/2019
Electromagnetic valves excellent in sealing properties and resistant to sliding are often used in powertrain equipment installed in gasoline- or diesel-engine vehicles. An electromagnetic valve has the function of moving internal valve members by means of electromagnetic force generated by the application of a voltage and thereby changing the flow path. When an electromagnetic valve operates, however, the valve members impact with one another, emitting impact noise caused by it. With the requirement for low noise in electromagnetic valves having become stricter recently from the viewpoint of comfort in the passenger compartment, predicting the noise is needed at the design stage. With this background, this paper describes the development of a 1D model of impact force that will enable the noise and the product performance to be examined simultaneously for a GDI (gasoline direct injection) high pressure pump. In contrast to the conventional model in which a movable member is taken as a
Yoshimaru, Yuma, Kondo, Makoto, Omuro, Yukie, Inaba, Masashi
Determination of Vehicle Interior Noise due to Electric Motor2019-01-145706/05/2019
This paper introduces an approach that uses a statistical energy analysis (SEA) method for prediction of noise in the vehicle cabin from an electric motor sound source placed in the engine compartment. The study integrates three different physics, namely, electromagnetics, harmonics, and acoustics. A 2004 Prius permanent magnet synchronous motor with an interior permanent magnet was used for performing the integrated CAE analysis, as the motor’s design details were readily available. The Maxwell forces on the stator teeth were first calculated by an electromagnetic software package. These forces were then mapped into a finite element model of the motor stator to predict the velocity profiles on the stator frame. Velocity profiles were considered as boundary conditions to calculate sound pressure levels and the equivalent radiated sound power level in the acoustic environment. The calculated sound power was used as an input sound source to perform SEA simulation to determine sound
Joshi, Sanket, Cherng, John G., Salvekar, Pinak, Raveendra, Ravi
Towards a Quiet Vehicle Cabin Through Digitalization of HVAC Systems and Subsystems Aeroacoustics Testing and Design2019-01-147606/05/2019
With the rise of electric autonomous vehicles, it has become clear that the cabin of tomorrow will drastically evolve to both improve ride experience and reduce energy consumption. In addition, autonomy will change the transportation paradigm, leading to a reinvention of the cabin seating layout which will offer the opportunity to climate systems team to design quiet and even more energy efficient systems. Consequently, Heat and Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems designers have to deliver products which perform acoustically better than before, but often with less development time. To success under such constraints, designers need access to methods providing both assessment of the system (or subsystems) acoustic performance, and identification of where the designs need to be improved to reduce noise levels. Such methods are often needed before a physical prototype is requested, and thus can only be achieved in a timely manner through digital testing. Previous studies have
Vidal, Vincent, Mann, Adrien, Verriere, Jonas, Kim, Minsuk, Ailloud, Fabrice, Henner, Manuel, Cheriaux, Olivier
Passenger Cabin’s Parking Cooling System Based on TEC and Air Conditioning Condensate Water2019-01-106604/02/2019
In the passenger cabin of the parking under the summer sun, the air’s average temperature will reach about 60°C. Such temperature can cause discomfort to the person who has just entered the passenger cabin, also can damage components of the passenger cabin. The reason for this phenomenon is because it is not convective with the outside air. Some vehicles use the electric power to drive the blower in order to ventilate, but the air’s temperature of cabin is so high that the blower’s effect of ventilation is limited. The system proposes to use solar energy to drive the automobile blower and the thermoelectric cooler(TEC) in order to cool the cabin’s air, and use the air-conditioning condensate water collected during the driving process to cool the TEC’s hot end to improve the cooling efficiency. Establish a model of TEC, a mathematical model of the relationship between the condensate water cooling at the TEC’s hot end and the temperature of the hot end, and a mathematical model of the
Ma, Xiaofei, Tan, Gangfeng, Wang, Shuai, Zhou, Daolin, Ding, Yiran, Ma, Zebiao, Li, Ming
CAE Based Head Form Impact Simulations for Development of Vehicle Interiors2019-26-023701/09/2019
The interior components of a passenger vehicle are designed to provide comfort and safety to its occupants. In the event of accident, vehicle interiors are primary source of injuries when occupants interact with them. Vehicle interiors consists of Instrument panel (IP), center console, seats and controls in front of seating position etc. Severity of the injuries depends on the energy dissipating characteristics, profiles, projections of different interior components. These are assessed by ECE R21 and IS12553 head form impact tests. To evaluate the Head form impact performance on Interior components, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations are extensively used during the vehicle development. In order to predict failure of plastic components and snap joints which might lead to expose sharp edges, it is critical to model plastic material and snap joint. Vehicle interiors are certified for head form impact requirements based on physical testing where dashboard samples from productions
Suryawanshi, Yuvraj, Joshi, Kedar, Lambate, Sachin, Jadhav, Vilas
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