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Tube Fittings, Aerospace Fluid Systems, Separable, for 24 Degree Cone, General Specification, Metric (ISO 7169)1MA2005D (Current)5/8/2026
This document specifies performance and quality requirements for the qualification and manufacture of 24 degree cone fittings to ensure reliable performance in aircraft hydraulic systems.This document specifies baseline criteria for the design and manufacture of system fittings that are qualification tested on engines.This document covers fittings of temperature types and pressure classes specified in MA2001.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
software supplement testSAE-SUP-TEST144/1/2026
<img src="https://wcm14-tst.cld.sae.org/site/binaries/content/gallery/mobilus-brx/digital-supplements/as7140-data-model.png/as7140-data-model.png/sae%3Amedium" alt="AS7140 Data Model">
test software title CURATDEV-46712345-software3/25/2026
467
TEST TESTSAE-SUP-TEST103/24/2026
TEST https://wcm14-tst.cld.sae.org/site/binaries/content/gallery/mobilus-brx/digital-supplements/software-diagram.png/software-diagram.png/sae%3Amedium
3526 aerospace standard3526-aerospacestandard (Current)3/5/2026
3526 aerospace standard
Aviation Maintenance Committee
3526 information report arinc standard3526_informationarincstandard (Current)3/5/2026
3526 information report arinc standard
Aviation Maintenance Committee
3526 aerospace information report standard3526_aerospacestandardinfo (Current)3/5/2026
3526 aerospace information report standard
Aviation Maintenance Committee
3526 specification arinc standard3526_specification (Current)3/5/2026
3526 specification arinc standard
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
3526 characteristic3526_characteristicstandard (Historical)3/5/2026
3526 characteristic standard
Aviation Maintenance Committee
Acoustic Assessment in a Small Displacement Diesel Engine2014-32-01291/30/2026
In the last years, the increasing concern for the environmental issues of IC engines has promoted the development of new strategies capable of reducing both pollutant emissions in atmosphere and noise radiation. Engines can produce different types of noise: 1) aerodynamic noise due to intake and exhaust systems and 2) surface radiated noise. Identification and analysis of noise sources are essential to evaluate the individual contribution (injection, combustion, piston slap, turbocharger, oil pump, valves) to the overall noise with the aim of selecting appropriate control strategies. Previous paper focused on the combustion related noise emission. The research activity aimed at diagnosing and controlling the combustion process via acoustic measurements. The optimal placement of the microphone was selected, where the signal was strongly correlated to the in-cylinder pressure development during the combustion process. Analysis and processing of the sound emission allowed the acoustic
Chiatti, Giancarlo, Recco, Erasmo, Chiavola, Ornella, Conforto, Silvia
Securing the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging: Identifying and Mitigating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities2026-26-06141/16/2026
This paper examines the key security vulnerabilities present in modern EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on the potential threats to payment systems, communication protocols, physical security, and data privacy. In particular, it looks at the vulnerabilities associated with unencrypted communication, the risks of unauthorized access to charging stations, and the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As the global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, the importance of a secure and reliable EV charging infrastructure becomes paramount. However, the expansion of charging stations and the growing integration of smart technologies introduce significant cybersecurity risks that must be addressed to ensure the safety, privacy, and reliability of the network. In addition to discussing emerging risks in relation to new technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, and outlining the necessity of industry-wide collaboration and the development of standardized
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee lng, Avik
REPLACING DIESEL ENGINES WITH CNG ENGINES – IMPACT ON EMISSIONS, BASED ON CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER TESTS OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY BUSES2026-26-01271/16/2026
Abstract This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogen oxide emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Emissions measurements include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons including methane. Fuel consumption for liquid fuels is measured using weighing scales, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG. Experimental data from 20 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years is analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses but with the differently fueled
Iyer, Suresh
Multi-Objective Optimization and Reduced-Order Modeling for Aftertreatment System Performance Prediction2026-26-04261/16/2026
As emission regulations grow increasingly stringent, aftertreatment system designs are becoming more complex, requiring robust performance across the full range of engine operating points (EOPs). Traditionally, aftertreatment development has relied on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted at a limited set of representative points, focusing primarily on single performance objectives such as minimizing back pressure, enhancing ammonia uniformity, or reducing diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) deposits. However, these objectives are inherently interdependent, and optimizing for a single parameter often negatively impacts others, leading to suboptimal system performance across the full engine map. To address these challenges, this paper presents a multi-objective optimization framework combined with a reduced-order modeling approach to predict aftertreatment system behavior across the full engine operating range. The methodology captures the interactions among various
Nanduru, Enoch, Willey, Donald, Udhane, Tushar Sudam, Pal, Yash
Emerging Trends in Emission Optimization2026-26-02291/16/2026
The exhaust emission control is a vital aspect of automotive development, aimed at ensuring effective control of pollutants such as NOx, CO, and HC. The traditional method of calibrating emission control strategies, that requires extensive vehicle testing with both the fresh and aged catalysts under a variety of operating conditions, is a time-consuming process. The frequent changes in emission legislation creates new challenges for achieving a faster time to market and effective utilization of resources. So, the use of automation and machine learning (ML) in the domain of emission control is the need of the hour to proactively tackle these challenges. This paper attempts to explore emerging trends in emission optimization, such as the automated measurement process and ML/AI based data analysis, that can improve the overall process efficiency in the calibration of emission control strategies. The automated measurement process is achieved using the automation software. The data
Dhayanidhi, Hukumdeen, Balasubramanian, Karthick, A, Akash
Flex-Fuel Technology for India: Challenges, Opportunities, and Compliance with Emerging Emission Norms2026-26-01091/16/2026
The adoption of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) in India presents a significant opportunity to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and ensure compliance with the country’s evolving emission norms. This paper explores the key aspects of flex-fuel technology in the context of Indian four-wheeler regulations, particularly Bharat Stage VI and potential future norms. The study begins with an overview of flex-fuel technology, detailing its advantages and associated challenges. A critical focus is placed on blend identification techniques, which play a vital role in optimizing combustion efficiency and ensuring seamless transitions between different ethanol-gasoline blends. Furthermore, the impact of ethanol blending on various fuel properties is examined, including changes in energy content, latent heat of vaporization, octane number rating, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. These factors significantly influence engine performance and emission characteristics
Balasubramanian, Karthick, KR, Prabhakar, KALLAHALLI SOMU, SANTHOSH KUMAR
Development of Flex fuel Vehicle for Indian Market2026-26-01171/16/2026
This paper presents the methodology and outcomes of modifying a 1.2L naturally aspirated (NA) engine to enable flex-fuel compatibility, targeting optimal performance with ethanol blends ranging from E20 to E93. The road map for Ethanol Blending released by Govt of India call for progressively increase in ethanol blending in gasoline, with a target of 20% by April 2025. Ethanol is promoted as a renewable fuel due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provides an additional source of income for farmers. This work is in alignment with the broader push for development of flex-fuel vehicles, which necessitates engine adaptations capable of operating on varying ethanol blends. The primary objective was to retain the performance with E20 while mitigating the fuel consumption penalties when the vehicle is operating on higher ethanol concentrations upto E93. The engine upgrade incorporated key modifications, including optimizing the compression ratio, implementing Variable
Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Pise, Chetan, Kavekar, Pratap, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-00711/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Drive Cycle Type Identification Using Data Driven Methodologies2026-26-06491/16/2026
Identifying the type of drive cycle is crucial for analyzing customer usage and optimizing vehicle performance and emission control. Methods that rely on geographical location are limited by varying driving conditions at the same location (e.g., heavy traffic during peak hours vs. free-flowing traffic at night). This paper proposes a methodology to identify the type of drive cycle (city, interurban, highway or others) using drive characteristics derived from vehicle data rather than geographical location. Real-world vehicle data from testing trucks is taken, whose drive profiles are already known. Initially, multiple characteristic features of the drive cycle are identified from literature surveys and domain experiences. These features, which can be extracted from basic signal data, include gear shifts, time spent in different driving modes (acceleration, cruise, standstill), velocity distributions, and an 'aggressiveness factor' representing overall driving style. Using ML based
REDDY, MALLANGI PRASHANTH, Gorain, Raju, Ganguly, Gourav
A study of Electric motor configuration for Multi Axle Electric Heavy Duty Commercial Truck Application to attain maximum potential of Torque vectoring2026-26-00841/16/2026
As the air pollution level rises around the globe, the need for alternative sources of energy increases, and this need is applicable to automotive industry also. Commercial vehicles are one of the major sources of air pollution around the world as they have impactful applicability in our day to day life. With growing advancement in mobility solutions, commercial vehicles are undergoing transformation to improve efficiency, safety and performance. One of the emerging technologies is of torque vectoring which is a concept used to provide better traction and stability to the vehicle in different driving conditions and used in the vehicle having multi motor configuration. Advance torque vectoring concept coupled with electric motor can react to dynamic driving conditions by providing instant torque. The concept of torque vectoring can be useful for heavy commercial vehicles used in off-road applications such as mining because torque vectoring helps in better weight management, cornering
Agarwal, Pranjal, Chaudhari, Gitesh, Gangad, Vikas, Penta, Amar
Reverse Engineering and Digital Twins in Powertrain Design: Enhancing Performance and Sustainability2026-26-00651/16/2026
This study explores the application of reverse engineering (RE) and digital twin (DT) technology in the design and optimization of advanced powertrain systems. Traditional approaches to powertrain development often rely on legacy designs with limited adaptability to modern efficiency and emission standards. In this work, we present a methodology combining 3D scanning, computational modeling, and machine learning to reconstruct, analyze, and enhance internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains. By digitizing physical components through RE, we generate high-fidelity DT models that enable virtual testing, performance prediction, and iterative improvement without costly physical prototyping. Key innovations include a novel mesh refinement technique for scanned geometries and a hybrid simulation framework integrating finite element analysis (FEA) and multi-body dynamics (MBD). Our case study demonstrates a 12% increase in thermal efficiency for a retrofitted ICE
Bernikov, Mark Alexandrovich, Kurmaev, Rinat
Real-Time Lane Change Risk Estimation Using Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI) and Fault Tree Analysis2026-26-00401/16/2026
Accidents during lane changes are increasingly becoming a problem due to various human based and environment-based factors. Reckless driving, fatigue, bad weather are just some of these factors. This research introduces an innovative algorithm for estimating crash risk during lane changes, including the Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI). Unlike existing studies and algorithms that mainly address rear-end collisions, this algorithm incorporates exposure time risk and anticipated crash severity risk using fault tree analysis (FTA). The risks are merged to find the ELCRI and used in real time applications for lane change assist to predict if lane change is safe or not. The algorithm defines zones of interest within the current and target lanes, monitored by sensors attached to the vehicle. These sensors dynamically detect relevant objects based on their trajectories, continuously and dynamically calculating the ELCRI to assess collision risk during lane changes. Additionally
Dharmadhikari, Mithil, S, Mrudula, Nair, Nikhil, Malagi, Gangadhar, Paun, Cristin, Brown, Lowell, Korsness, Thomas
Advancing Sustainable Mobility: Transitioning to Zero-Emission Electric Vehicles with BEVs and FCVs2026-26-01641/16/2026
The transportation and mobility sector is undergoing a profound transformation, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and minimizing the environmental impact of transportation. Among the most significant trends is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in the form of Battery and Fuel cell, which produce zero emissions without any harmful gases release in nature. This review highlights several infrastructure-related issues and critical factors that could drive India's transportation sector toward adopting electric vehicles. It also delves into the fundamental understanding of e-mobility, shedding light on the daily challenges and barriers it faces. Furthermore, the study explores research aspects, including the strategies, methods, and tools used for electric vehicles to complete the research on Battery electric vehicles (BEV) and also comparative analysis with Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The shift BEVs has been driven by decreasing battery costs and advancements in charging
Kumar, Dr. Vijay Bhooshan
Niobium Alloyed Brake Disc for reduced NVH and emission control2026-26-02851/16/2026
Recent regulations limiting brake dust emissions have presented many challenges to the brake engineering community. The objective of this paper is to provide a low cost, mass production solution utilizing well known existing technology to meet brake emissions requirements. The proposed process is to alloy the Gray Cast Iron with Niobium. The Niobium addition will reduce wear debris and improve NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness). The test methodology included: Manufacture of disc samples alloyed with Niobium, and Evaluation of airborne wear debris utilizing a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with emission collection capability. The airborne emission and wear surfaces were further analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive techniques (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Microscopy. The cast iron test matrix included four groups; Unalloyed eutectic 4.3% Carbon Equivalent (CE), Unalloyed hypereutectic >4.3% CE, Niobium alloyed Eutectic and Niobium alloyed hypereutectic
Barile, Bernardo, Holly, Mike
Intelligent Transportation Systems in India: Current Trends, Infrastructure Development, and Future Prospects2026-26-02721/16/2026
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) play a transformative role in enhancing the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of India’s transportation networks. As urbanization and vehicle ownership continue to grow, Indian cities face increasing demands on their infrastructure, resulting in challenges such as traffic congestion, pollution, and travel delays. ITS leverages advanced technologies-including real-time data analytics, communication networks, and automation-to optimize traffic management, improve public transport services, and provide timely information to commuters. In the Indian context, ITS applications such as electronic toll collection, adaptive traffic signals, smart parking solutions, and incident management systems have begun to demonstrate positive impacts on mobility and road safety. Government initiatives and policy frameworks are actively promoting the integration of ITS with ongoing infrastructure development projects, fostering innovation and encouraging
Bhat, Goutam, Bai N, Niha, Kumar, Vikas, Patil, Vishnureddy
Performance Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle for Intercity and Intracity Applications2026-26-02661/16/2026
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are emerging as a sustainable solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, in line with the Paris Agreement and global net-zero emission goals. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of the FCEV powertrain under intercity and intracity driving conditions. The study focuses on key parameters such as fuel cell system efficiency, energy consumption, hydrogen usage, and overall drivetrain response. Using simulation models validated with real-world driving data, the performance of the powertrain is evaluated across varying speed profiles, vehicle loads, and driving cycles. The analysis also considers the impact of auxiliary load including HVAC systems and consumption of other electric components on the powertrain efficiency and energy balance. Results highlight that the FCEV powertrain performs efficiently during intercity driving due to stable speed conditions and low stop-start frequency, while
Patil, Nikhil Nivrutti, Gawhade, Ravikant, Gadve, Dhananjay, Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Ahmed, Yasir, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Smart Stability: Dual-Mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake Strategy in Electric Tractors Using Motor Torque and Electro-Hydraulic Actuation2026-26-02051/16/2026
Operating tractors on Sloped Terrains presents safety challenges, especially during shuttle operations, loader use, or start-stop maneuvers at slopes. Unlike Diesel Counterparts, feedback from the prime mover (Motor) is minimal and silence often masks terrain feedback. Driver response tends to vary, leading to rollback & challenges to safety demanding skill & expertise for safe operation. Based on field observations across Mahindra tractor platforms, we identified start-stop maneuver task to be offloaded from the operator to improve control and consistency and take skill element out of picture. This paper outlines the approach derived based on dual-mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake system, developed using traction motor torque control and SAHR-based hydraulic braking via proportional valves. The VCU works at the heart of this system to dynamically choose between electric and hydraulic modes based on vehicle state, ignition, and motor conditions. Parking brake automation logic has been
M, Rojer, P, Velusamy, Natarajan, Saravanan, devakumar, Kiran, T, Ganesan, sundaram, Pavithra, Muniappan, Balakrishnan
Testing Methodology to Calculate the Fuel Economy in Km/Kg of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) based on Current (Ampere) Method and Flow Method2026-26-02481/16/2026
The globe is looking headlong to set up new benchmarks for the reduction of GHG (Green House Gases) considering short-term and long-term strategies. Efforts in the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) domain have been accelerating to find an alternative way to reduce harmful emissions. Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel to leapfrog this transition. Hydrogen fuel can be categorized into vast mobility areas viz. ICE and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Hydrogen fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers due to the crude oil crisis and its rise in prices in recent years. This will serve the nation's goal towards carbon neutrality. Hydrogen has a few advantages such as less fueling time, higher heating value and more efficiency making it an eye-touching fuel for the automotive industry. In the contemporary FCEV segment, many fuel cell technologies have evolved, wherein the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has taken a new height for
JOSHI, ASHISH RAJENDRA, Kandalgaonkar, Siddhesh, Pawar, Yogesh
Advancing Circular Economy in India's Automotive Sector: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions2026-26-02381/16/2026
This research examines the fundamental principles of the Circular Economy in relation to the automotive industry in India, a sector that plays a vital role in the country's economy. However, it also presents significant challenges concerning energy consumption and environmental impact. The circular economy framework offers a transformative approach throughout a vehicle’s lifecycle, guiding the automotive industry toward a more sustainable transportation system. One of the key strategies defined by the global automotive commission for decarbonizing this sector involves increasing the recycled plastic content in vehicles to 20-25% by 2030. This target necessitates the recovery of plastics from end-of-life vehicles, though these materials are rarely integrated into compounds today. The automotive industry's reliance on plastics has grown substantially due to their lightweight properties, which enhance fuel efficiency, reduce CO₂ emissions, and improve versatility and mechanical
Kumar, Vijay Bhooshan
Real Drive Emission Measurement on CEV Machinery- Study of testing challenges and different machine duty cycles.2026-26-02281/16/2026
India is witnessing a rise in CEV sales concurrent with the increase in large-scale infrastructure projects. This will lead to greater contribution to ambient air pollution from this category of vehicles. India has made huge strides in harmonizing the emission regulations with the rest of the world and has mandated RDE tests on Tractor and CEV machines under AIS 137 Part 7-A2 CEV/TREM Stage V emission norms starting from April 1, 2026. To conduct RDE test on CEV, the first step is to study the requirements set forth in the regulation for data collection, post-processing of data and emission calculation along with certain requirements for vehicle operation. Conducting tests on CEV machines poses a different set of challenges compared to on-road vehicles, the major one being the placement of PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Equipment) on the machine under test. No singular method or mechanism can be specified to suit all types of machinery, although certain guidelines can be set for
Chauhan, Pratyush, Kulkarni, S D, More, MANOJ, Joshi, Monal Vishwas
Total cost of ownership analysis of fuel cell and hydrogen-powered commercial vehicles for cost competitiveness with ICE and BEV2026-26-02541/16/2026
Worldwide, the automotive industry is pivoting towards electrification and zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) to address greenhouse gas emissions and to meet net-zero emission goals. Although pure electric vehicles with rechargeable high-voltage batteries seem to be the most popular choice to achieve climate goals, hydrogen-powered vehicles are also seen by many as a viable technology to clean up the transportation sector. Hydrogen fuel cells and fuel cell-powered vehicles have been in development for a long time, and hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICE) have seen rapid development in the past few years. While the technological feasibility of hydrogen fuel cells and H2 ICE is being proven, mass adoption of these technologies depends, along with other factors such as hydrogen infrastructure, upon financial feasibility as well. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of hydrogen-powered vehicles, especially fuel cell electric vehicles. Different
Jacob, Joe, Chougule, Abhijeet
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural tractor Engine2026-26-02171/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
1D Simulation Approach for Common Rail Injection Systems for a Marine 2 Stroke Diesel Engine2026-26-03951/16/2026
This study presents a comprehensive 1D simulation approach of an automotive solenoid-based diesel fuel injector and a common rail injection system for a marine engine using Simcenter AMESim. The injector model was developed to analyse the injection rate and total injected fuel at various solenoid actuation durations (1.2 ms and 2.0 ms) and common rail pressures. The experimental results from a well-established research study are used for validating the simulation results of the solenoid-based injector. The model demonstrates strong agreement at higher rail pressures (above 1000 bar) and solenoid actuation times. Building on this validated injector model, a detailed marine common rail system was developed incorporating key hydraulic components: a check valve to maintain pressure inside the rail, flow limiting valves to prevent overpressure in the fuel injector, and a combination pressure relief valve. The simulation was used to study rail pressure dynamics at full engine load for
Bhoware, Yash, Pise, Uday, Saha, Dipta, Gaikwad, Nilesh
Circularity and LCA: Enhancing Sustainability in the Indian Electric Vehicle Sector2026-26-02391/16/2026
The global shift to electric vehicles (EVs) is vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but their sustainability hinges on effective battery lifecycle management. This review examines the interplay between Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and circular economy (CE) principles in EVs, with a focus on both international trends and India-specific challenges. We analyze CE strategies such as extending battery lifespan, second-life applications, and recycling integrated with LCA to evaluate environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. Key areas include battery chemistry, LCA methodologies, policy frameworks, and industrial practices, informed by a synthesis of over 50 peer-reviewed articles, technical papers, and sustainability reports. Challenges include inconsistent LCA baselines, low material recovery in informal recycling, and regulatory gaps, particularly in India. Despite these, innovations like solid-state batteries and advanced recycling techniques offer promise
Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji, Kumar, Om, Sankar M, Gopi, Kumar, Rajiv
Migration from MIDC to WLTP in India: Challenges & Solutions for a Small Commercial Vehicle2026-26-02151/16/2026
In line with global peers (EU, Japan etc.), the Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) Committee in India has decided to adopt "World harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP)" for M and N category vehicles with GVW not exceeding 3500 kg. As a result, "World harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC )" is set to replace currently applicable "Modified Indian Drive Cycle (MIDC)" in the next couple of years. The draft CAFE III & CAFE IV norms for CO2 emission limits, which are set to be implemented in 2027 and 2032 respectively refer to a shift to WLTP from MIDC. This migration to WLTP is in sync with the demand for test procedures to replicate real driving conditions more appropriately. Further, with the Indian automotive sector growing at a robust CAGR of ~9%, the move to WLTP along with stricter emission norms is going to help the government take a major step towards India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. WLTC cycle being much more dynamic with higher
Emran, Ashraf, Sandhu, Rouble, Pawar, Bhushan, Berry, Sushil
Optimising Hydrogen Engine Performance: A Comparative Study of Lean and Stoichiometric Calibration Approach2026-26-02611/16/2026
Hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines offers numerous advantages, such as zero CO2 emissions and high flame speed, which make it a promising alternative fuel for green vehicle solutions. In order to maximize the engine performance with hydrogen, however, meticulous calibration of the air-fuel mixture must be performed, particularly when lean and stoichiometric combustion conditions are considered. Lean burning, i.e., excess air, offers better thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions but can cause lower engine power and combustion instability. Stoichiometric combustion, however, ensures a complete fuel-air mixture but at the cost of higher combustion temperature and high NOx emissions. Calibration strategies for hydrogen engines are presented in this paper by comparing the lean and stoichiometric strategies and their implications on engine power output, efficiency, and emissions. Test data from several hydrogen engine configurations demonstrate that lean burn with EGR
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Comparative Assessment of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Strategies: Unveiling Challenges, Optimizing Benefits, and Exploring Future Potential.2026-26-02011/16/2026
This research paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of lithium-ion battery recycling methods, tracing the entire journey from global demand to the practical challenges and solutions for sustainable battery recycling. It starts with the analysis of worldwide LIB demand growth alongside the exponential growth in volumes of spent batteries and recycling rates. The study focuses on the imbalance in production and recovery of critical battery components and its environmental and economic effects. The paper then systematically examines six major recycling methodologies: mechanical, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, biotechnological, direct, and ion-exchange recycling. It goes into detail about their advantages, limitations, and roles in maximizing the recovery of valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Traditional techniques like hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods, and emerging approaches including bioleaching and ion-exchange, are evaluated for their
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Development of high BMEP natural gas engine with knock mitigation2026-26-01211/16/2026
The stringent emission norms over the past few years have driven the need to use low carbon fuels and after treatment technology. Natural gas is a suitable alternative to diesel for heavy duty engines with applications in power generation and transportation sectors. Stoichiometric combustion mode offer the advantages of complete combustion and low carbon dioxide emissions. The combination of turbocharging and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology enhances the power density along with reduced exhaust emissions simultaneously. However, there are several constraints in the operation of natural gas spark ignition engine such as exhaust gas temperature (EGT) limit of 750 °C, sufficient before turbine (BT) pressure for EGR drivability, boost pressure (2.5 bar), peak cylinder pressure limit and knocking. These limits may restrict the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. In the present study, tests were conducted on a V12, 24 litre, dedicated heavy duty natural gas
Khaladkar, Omkar, Marwaha PhD, Akshey
Totem-Pole PFC and LLC resonant converter based 6.6kW On-Board Charger for LEV Applications2026-26-01601/16/2026
As light electric vehicles (LEVs) gain popularity, the development of efficient and compact on-board chargers (OBCs) has become a critical area of focus in power electronics. Conventional AC-DC topologies often face challenges, including high inrush currents during startup, which can stress components and affect system reliability. Furthermore, DC-DC converters often have a limited soft-switching range under light load conditions, leading to increased switching losses and reduced efficiency. This paper proposes a novel 6.6 kW on-board charger architecture comprising a bridgeless totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) stage and an isolated LLC resonant DC-DC converter. The main contribution lies in the specific focus on enhancing startup behavior and switching performance. In PFC converters, limiting inrush current during startup is crucial, especially with fast-switching wide-bandgap devices like SiC or GaN. Conventional soft-start techniques fall short in of ensuring smooth voltage
Patil, Amruta, Bagade, Aniket
Experimental Evaluation of Tyre Vertical Dynamic Stiffness and Damping for Ride Model Applications Using Flat Trac2026-26-06071/16/2026
The damping and vertical dynamic stiffness of a tyre are critical to ride comfort and overall dynamics, particularly for low-frequency excitations in urban and highway driving. Accurate ride models depend on precise tyre parameterization, as tyres are the primary interface between the vehicle and the road, absorbing surface irregularities before the suspension engages. This study investigates an experimental methodology characterizing the vertical dynamic behaviour of pneumatic tyres using a Flat Trac test machine. Contrary to the conventional approaches that depend on intricate shaker rigs or frequency dependence function models, the proposed technique uses a realistic force displacement loop-based technology which is appropriate for ride model applications. Dynamic stiffness is calculated as the peak force divided by peak displacement during vertical sinusoidal excitation. Damping is derived from hysteresis energy loss per cycle. The tests were conducted under various conditions by
Duryodhana, Dasari, Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
A comprehensive strategy for Diesel Particulate Filter calibration to address the diverse applications of Stage V Construction Equipment Vehicles.2026-26-01431/16/2026
The legislation of CEV Stage V emission norms has necessitated advanced Diesel Particulate Filter calibration strategies to ensure optimal performance across diverse construction equipment applications in the Indian market. Considering the various duty cycles of cranes, backhoe loaders, forklifts, compactors, graders, and other equipment, different load conditions and operational environments require a comprehensive strategy to enhance DPF efficiency, minimize regeneration frequency, and maintain compliance with emission standards. The DPF, as an after-treatment system in the exhaust layout, is essential for meeting emission standards, as it effectively traps particulate matter. Regeneration occurs periodically to burn the soot particles trapped inside the DPF through ECU management. Therefore, understanding soot loading and in-brick DPF temperature behavior across various applications is the key. This paper explores the challenges in DPF calibration for CEV Stage V and provides a
Mohanty, Subham, Patil, Lalit, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak Arun, Mahajan, Atish, Madhukar, Prahlad
Evaluation of critical ignition coil parameters for an application On naturally aspirated gasoline engines2026-26-05891/16/2026
Today’s internal combustion engines require highly efficient combustion systems to meet stricter emission and fuel economy regulations. To fulfil to these requirements the ignition system of a gasoline engine plays a critical role. Along with ensuring that it meets the ignition characteristics across all engine operating conditions, it is also possess challenges like to comply with certain On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) norms .To meet these demands modern gasoline engines use inductive type ignition coils which are directly installed at the cylinder head above the spark plug. These ignition coils generate high voltage to produce a certain amount of spark energy and primary coil current which are necessary to meet the targets. However, it has been observed that in a traditional inductive type ignition coil system the ignition coil operating temperature can be a major limiting factor as it cannot exceed a maximum upper limit. The work described in this paper details the various systematic
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Hosur, Viswanatha
Achieving ride comfort in bus suspension by varying air spring performance2026-26-00811/16/2026
Air springs are widely used in commercial buses to obtain better quality of ride and comfort. Selecting the right air spring is a critical aspect of suspension design. However, this selection process is often constrained by the limited availability of off-the-shelf components as the development of a custom air spring involves long lead time and high tooling cost. This can be justifiable only at high production volumes. Air springs are tunable as compared to conventional mechanical metal springs. Their performance can be adjusted by varying the internal air pressure and volume, enabling them to accommodate a wide range of vehicle load conditions. In actual design practice, component packaging constraints and fixed mounting dimensions often restrict the choice of air spring. Additionally, Front and rear suspension requires air springs with different characteristics. To overcome these limitations, an auxiliary air tank is also called a ping tank that can be used along with an existing
Patre, Kamlesh, Salunkhe, Swapnil, Paranjape, Shekhar
Study of real time impact on automotive cabin Air Quality due to the ambient air pollution in the severely polluted city2026-26-05311/16/2026
This study investigates the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 inside an automobile under real-world driving conditions in Delhi, one of the most polluted cities globally. India faces severe air pollution challenges in many cities, including Delhi, which are consistently ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. Major contributors to this pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and biomass burning. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, and premature mortality. PM2.5 particles, being smaller, can penetrate deeper into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing more severe health issues. In big cities like Delhi, long driving times exacerbate exposure to these pollutants, as commuters spend extended periods in traffic. Measurements were taken both inside and outside the vehicle to assess the real
Gupta, Rajat, Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek, Rajaur, Deepak, Kumar, Shubham, Joshi, Rishi, Kumar, Mukesh
Unveiling the Dynamics of Methanol-Diesel Dual Direct Injection Compression Ignition Combustion: A Synergistic Experimental and Numerical Study2026-26-01101/16/2026
The pressing global need for de-fossilization of the transport sector, especially within the heavy-duty segment, has intensified the exploration of alternative clean fuels. While light-duty applications are rapidly transitioning towards electrification, the heavy-duty sector remains a challenging frontier due to its high-power demand and extended runtimes. In this context, methanol gained traction due to their renewable production pathways, carbon-neutrality, and are being highly promoted by the Indian government to reduce CO2 emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the dual direct injection compression ignition (DDICI) strategy using methanol as primary fuel and diesel as a pilot for ignition assistance. In contrast to spark-ignited premixed methanol engines, this strategy involves a diffusion combustion of the methanol flame, thereby eliminating the knocking issue and running with high compression ratios. The work benchmarks the
Emran, Ashraf, Dhongde, Avnish, Singh, Inderpal, Raut PhD, Ankit, Güdden, Arne, Berry, Sushil
Determination of Acrylonitrile Content in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates by Py-GCMS Techniques2026-26-05461/16/2026
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR), a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile is known for its superior resistance to hydrocarbon oil, low gas permeability and excellent thermal stability. It is extensively used in seals, O-rings, conveyor belts and pneumatic tires. It is worth mentioning that these performance attributes are predominantly influenced by acrylonitrile content. While solid-state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is an established technique for structural characterization of rubber vulcanizates, its high cost and accessibility limits its application in routine industrial analysis. This study aims to develop Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) as a robust, precise, cost-effective alternative to determine acrylonitrile content in NBR vulcanizates. This research demonstrates and establish a method to determine the acrylonitrile (ACN) content in finished rubber vulcanizates through pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS). This method
Samanta, Rajyasree, Ghosh, Debojit, Anjana, Kanhaiya, Sen, Amit, Guria, Biswanath, Chanda, Jagannath, Samui, Barun, Ghosh PhD, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Engine and After-treatment optimization using Simulation tools2026-26-00571/16/2026
To achieve world-class engineering quality and reduce the effort and cost associated with conventional techniques, it is essential to incorporate digital validation during the development and validation phases. This research paper explores the methodologies and applications of advanced simulation tools for creating models of engines and their sub-components using MATLAB/Simulink, parameterizing these systems with AVL CruiseM, and operating them using ETAS Labcar-Operator. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of optimizing engine and after-treatment parameters, demonstrating their impact on performance and environmental compliance. It presents a series of simulation case studies that illustrate the effects of different parameter settings on the efficiency and emission levels of diesel passenger and commercial vehicle engines. These case studies highlight the overall workflow of model-based system development, emphasize various development milestones, and correlate these with actual
Shukla, Saurabh, Shilledar, Aneesh
Ethanol Blended Diesel Fuel: Solution towards Carbon emission reduction and Sustainable Heavy Duty Transportation2026-26-01261/16/2026
Government of India has set up an ambitious net zero carbon emission target by 2070 in COP 26. To meet this target and to ensure energy security and energy sustainability, emphasis is being made to phase out petroleum derived fuels i.e. petrol, diesel etc. through sustainable alternatives. With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicles, it is a challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application due to their inherent attributes of high torque, efficiency and high range. Therefore, most pragmatic solution lies in reduction of carbon emission through fuel intervention and retain the characteristics of diesel fuelled vehicles. Efforts are under progress to explore the possibility of utilization of ethanol as blend in diesel fuels. This research work is focus on development and evaluation of ethanol blended diesel fuel in heavy duty engines. The ethanol and diesel are not miscible naturally so suitable agent was developed to make homogeneous
Mishra, Sumit Kumar
Life Cycle Assessment of Automotive Cables and GHG Emission Reduction Scenario in Indian Context2026-26-02401/16/2026
Globally, the emissions share of transport is 15%, out of which more than 2/3rd emissions are contributed by road transport as per 2014 report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The need of mitigation measures in transport sector has been realised however the study of life cycle emission needs to be done with the tailpipe emissions so that some holistic solution can be worked upon. Strikingly, in the life cycle studies of a passenger car, it was found that the share of raw materials related to copper is around 50% of the total amount of raw material used and the share of copper in the curb weight of vehicle is just 1%. Also, for an Internal Combustion Engine vehicle (ICE), mostly the copper is used in the wiring harness. In this paper, the life cycle assessment of wiring harness is done to understand the environmental impacts throughout the life cycle stages. The comparative study of aluminium alloy and copper has also been done to know the change in environmental
Kumar, Naman, Bawase, Moqtik, Thipse, Sukrut
Nexifi11D: A Comprehensive Multidimensional Framework for Futuristic Manufacturing Ecosystems2026-26-02821/16/2026
The manufacturing sector is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by hyper-connectivity, sustainability imperatives, and accelerated digital transformation. Conventional systems, however, remain constrained by their focus on isolated optimizations—such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled sensing, or workforce scheduling—without providing an integrated operational perspective. To address this fragmentation, Nexifi11D is introduced as a comprehensive, multidimensional framework that consolidates 11 critical dimensions of manufacturing into a unified ecosystem. Nexifi11D advances beyond traditional Industry 4.0 architectures by seamlessly integrating intelligent algorithms, immersive simulation technologies, IoT infrastructure, and predictive systems within a scalable, interoperable mesh. The framework breaks down silos across key manufacturing domains—such as sustainability, cost, operations, and workforce—enabling holistic, data-driven, and proactive decision-making. Each integrated
Kumar, Rahul, Singh, Randhir
Gasoline Particulate Filter for future Indian regulation2026-26-02141/16/2026
Globally, emission regulations for LDVs (Light Duty Vehicles) are becoming increasingly stringent. In Europe, EU7 regulations will tighten the PN requirements by applying PN10 with PN value target 6.0+E11 [#/km] and changing the CF (Conformity Factor) value from 1.5 to 1.34 for RDE (Real Driving Emission). This necessitates the use of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) capable of meeting these PN regulations. Similarly, India is also tightening its PN regulations by referencing European standards. Under the current BS6 Stage 2, in-use compliance test procedures, including RDE measurements using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System), necessitate GPFs for GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engines. Furthermore, around April 2027, the transition from BS6 Stage 2 to BS6 Stage 3 is expected, with a shift of driving cycle from MIDC to WLTC (Phase 3). Additionally, discussions on BS7 regulations, referencing EU7, have begun, and similar stricter PN requirements could be required for MPI
sugimoto, Kentaro
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