This SAE Recommended Practice defines conditions to which bonded assemblies can be exposed to simulate environmental aging. These recommendations are generally based on existing Original Equipment Manufacturer requirements at this time. (Environmental specifications used for this proposal were from General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler.) The substrate type, dimension, and number are described by the standard for materials being tested and should include control specimens which receive no environmental aging.

Materials, Processes and Parts Council

LEAD-FREE SOLDER VALIDATION TEST PLAN

USCAR40-2 (Current)

11/19/2020

This guideline is applicable to existing lead solder production products that will change to lead-free solder processes to meet the ELV Directive 2000/53/EC Annex II, exemption 8B requirements. This guideline is applicable to similar products used by multiple OEM's that have the same manufacturing processes / equipment. The intent is to streamline the supplier’s environmental testing via common qualification to reduce timing, quantities, and costs.

USCAR

Enclosure-in-Chamber Setup to Achieve Near-Zero Background Concentrations for Brake Emissions Testing

2020-01-163410/05/2020

Measuring brake emission continues to be a challenging non-standardized task. Extensive research is ongoing and as seen in the work in progress presented at SAE Brake Colloquium and PMP meetings. However, open items include how to achieve lower background concentration and how to design the brake enclosure. A low background concentration is essential as brake events are short and some emissions are in the range of reported background levels. Hence these emissions are difficult to distinguish from the background level. Even more critical, a high background concentration can result in a wrong particle number emissions value, either overestimated, background counted as emissions, or underestimated, background level subtracted, and low emission events no longer detected and counted. Reducing the background level to less than 100 #/cm3 appeared to be quite challenging. Applying experience in validating automotive air filters and in industrial HVAC filters, an enclosure-in-chamber setup was

Lehmann, Martin J., Beck, Andreas, Kohn, Kevin, Pfannkuch, Steffen, Kilian, Alexander, Keller, Florian, Wörz, Tobias, Zessinger, Marco, Klein, Gunnar-Marcel

Industrial-Grade Open Source

TBMG-3782910/01/2020

Much of today's consumer-facing applications and behind-the-scenes computing infrastructure are built using open source software. Also, in recent years, a growing “maker” community has created do-it-yourself computing and automation projects based on open source software and commercial microcontrollers like the Raspberry Pi and Arduino. These efforts are widely accepted due to the flexibility, convenience, and low cost of open source.

Emissions from NRMM Vehicles in Real Operating Conditions in Relation to the Number of Vehicles in Use in the Poznan City Agglomeration (SAE Paper 2020-01-2218)

2020-01-221809/15/2020

Non-Road machines constitutes a large group of machines designed for various tasks and mainly using CI engines for propulsion. This category includes vehicles with drive systems of a maximum capacity of several kilowatts as well as with drives with a capacity of up to thousands of kilowatts depending on the purpose of the machine. Within this group, mobile machines referred to as NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) stand out. Numerous studies of scientific institutions in Europe and around the world have proven the differences between the exhaust emissions tested in type approval tests and the actual emissions in this group of vehicles. They result from differences in operating points (crankshaft speed and load) of engines during their operation. A big problem is also their considerable age and degree of wear. Approval standards themselves are less stringent than those of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), although the engines have similar design and performance. Selected NRMM vehicles were

Siedlecki, Maciej, Szymlet, Natalia, Lijewski, Piotr, Merkisz, Jerzy

The Impact of the Driver’s Driving Style on the EXHAUST Emissions of a Passenger Car during a Real Road Cycle

2020-01-221409/15/2020

The research was carried out using the Horiba OBS ONE GS12 portable emission measurement system (PEMS), installed on a Skoda Octavia III 1.4 TSI vehicle. The scope of research included performing a validation test in emission laboratory on a chassis dynamometer in order to check if the operation of the measuring system is correct and performing three real driving emission tests on public roads in Bielsko-Biala and the surrounding area. Each of tests was performed with a different driving dynamics to determine the effect of the driver's driving style on the vehicle's emissions in real road cycle. Each RDE test consisted of three parts (urban, rural and motorway). During the tests the program Horiba DMC was used. However, the obtained results were calculated using the DIAdem program. After the tests, exhaust gas emissions as a function of time and exhaust emissions dependent on driving dynamics were presented and analysed graphically. These diagrams illustrate the impact of driving

Satlawa, Mateusz, Pajdowski, Piotr, Pietras, Dariusz

Exhaust Emissions from a City Bus Fuelled by Oxygenated Diesel Fuel

2020-01-209509/15/2020

The benefits associated with the use of oxygen-containing diesel fuels in passenger cars are quite well described in the literature. This work describes the results of an 18-meter EEV city bus fueled with diesel fuel with the addition of 10% v/v of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether. This compound was chosen because it was effective in reducing exhaust emissions from light duty diesel vehicles. Emission tests (CO, HC, NOx and PM) of the city bus were performed over SORT (Standardized On-Road Tests) cycles using portable exhaust gas analyzers - PEMS. Significant differences in the emission of exhaust components were observed in individual SORT cycles. The level of road emissions reduced as the traffic smoothness increased, i.e. from the SORT 1 to SORT 3 cycle. The largest reduction in bus emissions associated with the use of the oxygenated additive (triethylene glycol dimethyl ether) applies to carbon monoxide and ranges from 50% for the SORT 3 cycle up to 90% for the SORT 1. For the

Kozak, Miloslaw, Lijewski, Piotr, Fuc, Pawel

Study of Effects of Deposit Formation on GDi Injector and Engine Performance

2020-01-209909/15/2020

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) vehicles now make up the majority of European new car sales and a significant share of the existing car parc. Despite delivering measurable engine efficiency benefits, GDI fuel systems are not without issues. Fuel injectors are susceptible to the formation of deposits in and around the injector nozzles holes. It is widely reported that these deposits can affect engine performance and that different fuels can alleviate the buildup of those deposits. This project aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of how deposit formation ultimately leads to a reduction in vehicle performance. Ten GDI fuel injectors, with differing levels of coking were taken from engine testing and consumer vehicles and compared using a range of imaging and engine tests. At the time of writing, a new GDI engine test is being developed by the Co-ordinating European Council (CEC) to be used by the fuel and fuel additive industry. One such test was used to precondition six of the

Pilbeam, Jonathan James, Thomson, Alex Robert, Sahu, Amrit B., Liu, Haoye, Xu, Hongming

An Analysis of Emissions at Low Ambient Temperature from Diesel Passenger Cars Using the WLTP Test Procedure

2020-01-218609/15/2020

The aim of this paper is to analyse the results of regulated and unregulated emissions and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of passenger cars equipped with compression-ignition engines that meet the emission Euro 6d standards. Both test vehicles featured selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems for control of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and one vehicle also featured a passive NOx absorber (PNA). Research was performed using the current European Union exhaust emission test methods for passenger cars (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP)). Emission testing was performed on a chassis dynamometer, within a climatic chamber, at two different ambient temperatures: 23°C (i.e. Type I test) and -7°C (known as a Type VI test - currently not required for this engine type according to EU legislative requirements). Gaseous and particulate emissions limited in the Euro 6 standard were measured using the applicable legislative procedures and the additional components CO2, NH3

Adamiak, Borys, Puchalka, Bartosz, Woodburn, Joseph, Szczotka, Andrzej, Bielaczyc, Piotr

The Impact of Driving Resistances on the Emission of Exhaust Pollutants from Vehicles with the Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Petrol and LPG

2020-01-220609/15/2020

One of the important factors affecting exhaust emissions of car engines is driving resistance. A certain problem during the tests bench according to the driving cycle is the road load curve function, which is determined based on various methods. In the paper, the results of studies of the impact of the driving resistances on the exhaust gas emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), NOx (nitrogen oxides) emitted by passenger cars with a SI engine, fuelled with petrol and LPG were presented. Tests were carried out in chassis dynamometer for road load coefficient determined by the road method and for type approval alternative method. The research was realized for NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) cold start tests for EURO 3 and EURO 6 standards vehicles. Results show that CO2, CO and THC emissions for tests realized by dyno settings based on road load are higher than for tests with dyno settings by the alternative method of the load. Therefore, it

Jaworski, Artur, Mądziel, Maksymilian, Kuszewski, Hubert, Lejda, Kazimierz, Jaremcio, Mirosław, Balawender, Krzysztof, Jakubowski, Mirosław, Wos, Pawel, Lew, Krzysztof

Accelerated Ageing Method of Three Way Catalyst Run on Test Bed with Emission Performance and Oxygen Storage Capacity Evaluation

2020-01-218909/15/2020

The aim of this paper was to describe a method of accelerated three way catalytic converter (TWC) ageing performed on the engine test bed for European On Board Diagnostics (EOBD) monitoring purposes and screening of different catalysts solutions. To accelerate the catalyst ageing process, the exhaust gas temperature was elevated to a range 1000 - 1200°C, which is typical for an ageing cycle performed using ovens. Catalyst emissions performance was checked at new condition (after degreening) and subsequently at predefined ageing intervals, based on the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) evaluation. The emission tests were performed in the laboratory on the chassis dynamometer using legislative cycles. The accelerated ageing method was found to be of use for verifying the EOBD functionality under vehicle operation with a degraded catalyst substrate. Secondly, the described method allows execution of a time-efficient ageing cycle on a test bed in order to validate catalyst chemistry and

Sala, Rafal, Bielaczyc, Piotr

Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particle Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines

AIR6241A (Current)

07/28/2020

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a historical technical record describing procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. This Aerospace Information Report is a historical technical record of the initial document detailing the measurement of non-volatile particle emissions at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This methodology was adopted by ICAO into Annex 16 Vol II and updated into Aerospace Recommended Practice ARP6320. Future updates of this document may include explanations of the reasoning and assumptions used to develop this measurement methodology.

E-31P Particulate Matter Committee