Browse Topic: Environmental protection

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Development of Higher Clarity Injection Molded Windscreen for Motorcycles2024-32-004004/18/2025
The windscreen is one of the key elements to enhance passenger comfort of touring motorcycle. The clarity through the windscreen should not discomfort the rider. The discomfort we discuss here mainly refers to three factors: the “distortion,” the “blur,” and the “transparency.” Introduced in this paper is the technical measures to achieve sufficient clarity by the injection molding method. Firstly, with respect to the “distortion,” we determined the main cause was local unevenness of plate thickness. As the uneven thickness were related to the accuracy of the die, we clarified the tolerable zone and carried out higher precision machining of the die to satisfy the requirements. Regarding the “blur,” we analyzed the refractive power of the windscreen and found the main cause of blur is the microscopic roughness on the surface. As the microscopic roughness were attributable to the die surface, we clarified the tolerable zone and established the polishing conditions satisfactory for the
Yamada, Atsushi, Endo, Sakae
Technical Paper
An Experimental Approach towards Sustainable Solution for Material Recycling of ELV Plastic Bumpers and EV Batteries2024-26-016401/16/2024
The automotive industry in India generates a significant amount of waste and pollution through end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). This paper addresses the current state and challenges of ELV recycling in India and presents a sustainable solution for recycling waste bumpers and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. With the Indian domestic passenger vehicle sales reaching 3.9 million units in 2022-2023, the need for effective recycling measures is becoming increasingly critical. The study estimates that in FY 2023-24 alone, the Indian automotive passenger vehicle industry will produce approximately 2.9 million tons of scrap, with 0.1 million tons attributed to plastic materials. Considering the 15-year end-of-life period for vehicles and the historical sales figures, this scrap generation is expected to grow exponentially each year. To address this issue, the paper proposes a comprehensive recycling approach that focuses on two key aspects: plastic recycling and the recovery of precious metals
Baviskar, Ajay, Khera, Pankaj, Telgote, Ashish, Dhuria, Himanshu, Sharma, Amit
Technical Paper
Development of Low Viscosity Fuel Economy Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles2024-26-004001/16/2024
Sustainability today has evolved from being just a niche engagement to an absolute necessity. The reduction of carbon emissions from aspects of human activity has become a critical enabler to mitigate the impact of climate change. The Transportation industry is a significant contributor to such emissions while at the same time a critical part of the global economy. As powertrains have undergone significant changes to reduce emissions through hardware changes, now an effective and efficient engine oil is amongst the most convenient and cost-effective ways of reducing a vehicle’s carbon emissions. Development of lubricants towards this must address many challenges of today’s world. Modern Commercial Vehicle engines operate at higher temperatures than before, promoting both oxidation and nitration of the lubricant. At the same time, higher levels of fuel economy require usage of lower viscosity engine oils, which must then be formulated in a manner that protects the engine and maintains
Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Madan, Lalit, Lim, Pei Yi, Pollington, Mark
Technical Paper
Performance Analysis of High gain DC-DC Converter for Solar PV Applications2022-28-049511/18/2022
The conventional energy resources continue to experience a depleting trend particularly with the growing energy demand to support the ongoing automation phase in the industries. Besides the other challenges include environmental issues in the form of global warming and increasing concerns of pollution to the atmosphere. It invites attention to exploring the use of renewable sources and among the many options Solar PV systems draw a greater attention. However, the non-linear nature of the I-V characteristic of the solar cell allows the delivery of the maximum power only at a specific point called Maximum Power Point, which depends on the solar irradiance, cell temperature and load conditions. The immediate requirement relates to improving the efficiency of the Solar PV system and therefore the focus orients to introduce a high gain DC-DC converter interface between the Solar PV and the load, with a purpose to envisage the transfer of power at a high efficiency. The methodology resorts
V, BHUVANESHWARI, Rajendran, R., M, SUBASHINI
Technical Paper
Performance Analysis of Integrated Battery and Traction Motor Cooling Systems for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles Applications2022-28-041311/09/2022
The automotive industry is a huge industry as millions of vehicles are running on the road & it's growing at a rapid rate. The emission from these vehicles are harmful in nature & are bigger concerns for the human being as its increasing day by day at an alarming rate. The emissions are causing various global problems such as global warming, green house effects, air pollutions etc. due to the use of fossil fuels in abundance. This drives to think for alternative solutions, which are eco-friendly & having less or no emissions. The electric vehicles (EVs) are the most reliable solution as it is having high performance & efficiency without emissions. EVs are most suitable option to reduce global warming & greenhouse effects etc. The evolution of EVs has fueled the two-wheeler EVs industry to flourish at a fast pace. Li-ion battery & traction motor is the most important components in two-wheeler EVs. Li-ion batteries are compact, light-weight, fast-chargeable, having low self-discharge
Suman, Saurabh, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh
Technical Paper
The Challenges of Vehicle DecarbonizationEPR2022SE104/27/2022
A narrow focus on electrification and elimination of tailpipe emissions is unlikely to achieve decarbonization objectives. Renewable power generation is unlikely to keep up with increased demand for electricity. A focus on tailpipe emissions ignores the significant particulate pollution that “zero emission” vehicles still cause. It is therefore vital that energy efficiency is improved. Active travel is the key to green economic growth, clean cities, and unlocking the energy saving potential of public transport.{"bold":"The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization","content":"reviews the urgent need to prioritize active travel infrastructure, create compelling mass-market cycling options, and switch to hybrid powertrains and catenary electrification\n for long-haul heavy trucks. The report also warns of the potential increase in miles travelled with the advent of personal automated vehicles as well as the pitfalls of fossil-fuel derived hydrogen power."}{"uri":[{"xlink:href":"https
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
Research Report
Development and Application of J3112: A/C Compressor Oil Separator Effectiveness Test Standard2022-01-021803/29/2022
SAE J-Standard J3112 – “A/C Compressor Oil Separator Effectiveness Test Standard” – was developed to provide an analytical means of determining if an a/c compressor with oil separator functionality meets the U.S. EPA criteria of a minimum 50% effectiveness in order to qualify for menu credits for greenhouse gas reduction, per CFR Title 40, §86.1868-12. From the start of the a/c efficiency credit program, OEMs could qualify for menu credit items without providing data on the effectiveness of the product being implemented, but EPA regulations required supporting data from 2020 MY through the end of the current published regulations in 2025 MY. J3112 was developed by the SAE Interior Climate Control MVAC Supplier Committee in order to provide a standardized procedure for determining oil separator effectiveness in order to comply with the EPA requirements for 2020-2025 model years. This presentation will provide background on how J3112 was developed, and how it is used in order to provide
Taylor, Dwayne
Technical Paper
Visualization of the pre-chamber combustion and main-chamber jets of a narrow throat pre-chamber 2022-01-056603/29/2022
Pre-chamber combustion (PCC) has emerged in the last year as a potential solution to mitigate the global warming problem due to its improvement in engine efficiency with low emissions. Research about the combustion process inside the pre-chamber is still representing a challenge in the field. The high pressure and temperatures, the geometrical restrictions, and the quickness of the combustion are factors that limited the detailed study of this process. Some fundamental studies on constant, at low, and medium working pressures have shown the complexity of the process and the influence of high pressures on the turbulence levels. In this study, the combustion process inside a pre-chamber was optically captured under real engine conditions and linked with the jet emergence inside the main-chamber. A novel optical pre-chamber assembly was designed and tested on an optical engine, having combustion only in the pre-chamber volume, with CH4 as fuel. A separate measurement was carried out using
Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Sharma, Priybrat, Hlaing, Ponnya, Magnotti, Gaetano, Johansson, Bengt, Turner, James
Technical Paper
TMC Controller - Method to improve RDS TMC live traffic experience 2022-01-016303/29/2022
RDS TMC displays traffic information such as traffic congestion, accidents and road works on the map screen by receiving FM multiplex broadcasting from a RDS-TMC station. This system is intended to improve safety and promote environmental conservation by providing traffic information that enables smoother traffic flow. If vehicles are getting drive in country border area or location where multiple service providers available, It would create workload to map provider to collect and render display as per regular update. TMC traffic list are getting populated based on service provider(SID), country code (CC) and Location (LTN/LTNE) etc. Introducing a TMC Controller - method to improve the RDS TMC live traffic experience by reducing the workload of the map provider to minimize station switching ,and avoid clearing the traffic list.
Uddin, Saif, Tiwari, Vishal, Saha, Arko, Ravi, Sabarinathan, Alagesan, Muthukumar
Technical Paper
Impact of the Powertrain Sizing on Cradle-to-Grave Emissions and Fuel Cell Degradation in a FCV with a Range-Extender Architecture2022-01-083003/29/2022
With the rising interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) to reduce the global warming impact of the automotive sector, the industry and car manufacturers are shifting towards producing H2-based or electricity-based vehicles. Plug-in passenger FCVs with a range-extender architecture (FCREx), could be a more versatile with a lower total cost of ownership (TCO) alternative to other FCV configurations, given the current H2 cost. In this investigation, a validated fuel cell (FC) stack model was integrated into a complete FCREx model to study the potential of this architecture in terms of H2 consumption and cradle-to-grave GHG and NOx emissions. First, the FC stack model was calibrated using experimental data. Then, a FC system model including the balance of plant (BoP) was developed and adjusted to the stack specifications. The BoP air management strategy was optimized to ensure maximum performance in steady conditions. From steady-state data, a mean values model of the FC system was
Desantes, Jose, Novella, Ricardo, Pla, Benjamin, Lopez-Juarez, Marcos
Technical Paper
Evaluation of 48V technologies to meet future CO2 and low NOx emission regulations for Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines2022-01-067003/29/2022
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB) have recently announced rulemakings focused on tighter emission limits for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from heavy-duty trucks. As part of the new rulemaking CARB has proposed a Low Load Cycle (LLC) to specifically evaluate NOx emission performance over real-world urban and vocational operation typically characterized by low engine loads, thereby demanding the implementation of continuous active thermal management of the engine and aftertreatment system. This significant drop in NOx levels along with continued reduction in the Green House Gas (GHG) limits poses a more significant challenge for the engine developer as the conventional emission reduction approaches for one specie will likely result in an undesirable increase in the other species. One pathway to simultaneously reduce NOx and CO2 emissions and achieve these future emission regulations is through the application of 48V electrification for engine
Dhanraj, FNU, Dahodwala, Mufaddel, Joshi, Satyum, Koehler, Erik, Franke, Michael, Tomazic, Dean
Technical Paper
Investigation of an Engine Concept for CNG-OME Dual Fuel Operation Using External and Internal EGR2022-32-006701/09/2022
Requirements to future internal combustion engines (ICEs) regarding sustainability and efficiency are continuing to rise while on the other hand, pollutant emission regulations are continuously tightened. Dual-fuel combustion (DFC) of diesel and natural gas is an approach to reduce soot emissions while still profiting from the high efficiency of the diesel combustion process. Using natural gas as the main fuel also helps to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to the favorable C/H-ratio of methane (CH4) as its primary constituent. To reduce both pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions further, diesel can be replaced by an e-fuel. The use of C1-oxygenates – such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (POMDME or “OME”) – as pilot fuel promises to reduce both soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. For the present investigation, a 4.5l tractor diesel engine has been converted to a biogas-OME dual-fuel engine. A fully variable valve train has been integrated into the cylinder head. A
Jost, Ann-Kathrin, Günthner, Michael, Müller, Florian, Weigel, Alexander
Technical Paper
Carbon Footprint Calculation of Catalytic Converter Production - an Industrial Case Study2022-32-002601/09/2022
The carbon footprint calculation of a catalytic converter coating process at Heraeus Precious Metals is presented in this publication. The emission hot spots are identified and discussed. Heraeus Precious Metals is a German world-wide leading company in the field of precious metal products and Tier-1 Supplier of emission catalytic converter coatings. In the first step of the carbon footprint calculation, all relevant raw materials and production process steps of the coating process are collected and modelled by use of a flowchart. In this case study the manufacturing of the metal honeycomb carrier is not included in the calculation. Transport emissions from the origin of the raw materials to the manufacturing plant of Heraeus Precious Metals in Germany are also considered in the carbon footprint calculation. Included activities for the production of the washcoat dispersion are the mixing of all components by use of an electric agitator and the grinding of the mixture by use of an
Merschak, Simon, Hehenberger, Peter, Bonifer, Marcus
Technical Paper
Evolution of the Additive Technology for Top Tier Lubricating Oils : the Use of Calixarene Detergents for Fuel Economy Improvement2021-01-121209/21/2021
In view of CO2 reduction, aimed to mitigate global warming, Fuel Economy (FE) is gaining a primary role in new specifications for engine lubricating oils. Not only oil rheological properties and friction reducer additives, but also many other components of the formulation, such as basestocks, viscosity modifier and additive package, are involved in improving FE performances. Tribological tests were carried out to investigate the effect of detergent additives: in particular, both Eni proprietary 400 TBN and 150 TBN Calcium calixarene-based detergents, were evaluated in MTM tribotest where a lower friction coefficient curve in boundary regime was achieved in comparison to traditional detergents. Also in SRV tribo tests the good effect of calixarenes was proven. A preliminary engine test evaluation on Sequence VIE provided a further confirmation of the good behavior of calixarene-based detergents jointly with an amino-type friction reducer: a FE result with a pass margin of 30% against
Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo
Technical Paper
Fast Emissions Analyzers for In-Vehicle and Roadside Measurements2021-24-008409/05/2021
The use of fast response emissions analyzers to correlate spikes of emissions with engine parameters such as lambda and EGR is well known for engine test cell and chassis dynamometer work. However, the adaption of these analyzers for in-vehicle use allows engineers to identify real world situations where significant tailpipe emissions occur over short durations which may not be visible with standard PEMS equipment and to correlate these events with other engine parameters. Sampling raw exhaust gas pre muffler eliminates the extra gas mixing due to these sound deadening devices and allows high fidelity identification of emission breakthroughs during transients. Through such identification, engine calibrators can adjust ECU parameters enabling such transient emissions problems to be cured. Accurate and adequate urea dosing and EGR transients are of particular interest in diesel vehicles. In addition, combining fast measurements with GPS allows spatial determination of emissions giving
Parnell, Jamie
Technical Paper
Catalytic Oxidation of Soot and Volatile Organic Compounds over Cu and Fe Doped Manganese Oxides Prepared via Sol-Gel Synthesis2021-24-008809/05/2021
A set of manganese oxide catalysts was synthesized and doped with Cu and/or Fe by means of the citric acid sol-gel preparation method. The samples were studied by means of several characterization techniques: field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2-physisorption at -196 °C, H2 and soot temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR, soot-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts was investigated in the oxidation of a probe VOC molecule (propylene) and carbon soot singularly and simultaneously. The catalytic performances were studied as well assuring a content of 5 vol.% of water in the gaseous reactive mix. The investigations evidenced that the best soot catalytic oxidation rates occurred over the Mn2O3 sample, while the copper-doped manganese oxide (i.e. the MnCu15) showed the best performance in the decomposition of propylene. The soot conversion rates of the samples were positively
Marin Figueredo, Miguel Jose, Piumetti, Marco, Fino, Debora, Russo, Nunzio, Cocuzza, Clarissa, Bensaid, Samir
Technical Paper
Particulate matter emission from light duty passenger vehicles2020-36-002103/26/2021
Particulate matter, mainly its finer fraction, is among the main atmospheric pollutants present in an urban environment. The relationship between the increase in the concentration of this pollutant and the harm to human health is well established. The main sources of particulate matter in urban areas are mobile sources, which includes the exhaust emission from light duty vehicles. In Brazil since its advent in 2003, there has been great penetration in the market for bi-fuel or "flex" vehicles, which use ethanol, gasoline or their mixtures as fuel. More recently, with the introduction of public policies that led to the adoption of improvements in the energy efficiency of vehicles, the use of direct fuel injection technology (GDI), as a trend in downsizing for improved fuel economy, gained prominence. This technology optimizes the burning process in the combustion chamber of the engines, making their use more efficient. On the other hand, it has the side effect of a higher emission of
Borsari, Vanderlei, Neto, Edson Elpídio, Ferreira, Vanderlei Rodrigues, Berber, Erick Bueno
Technical Paper
Water Body Survey, Inspection and Monitoring using Amphibious Hybrid Unmanned Aerial VehicleSAE-PP-0024802/03/2021
Water quality monitoring is needed for the effective management of water resources. Periodic sampling and regular inspection/analysis allow one to classify water and identify changes or trends in water quality over time. This paper presents a novel concept of an Amphibious Hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (AHUAV) that can operate in air and water for rapid water sampling, real-time water quality analysis, and waterbody management. A methodology using the developed AHUAV system for water body management has also been proposed for an easier and effective way of monitoring water bodies using advanced drone technologies. Using drones for water body management can be a cost-effective and efficient way of carrying out regular inspections and continual monitoring. A case study of the same was carried out on a lake to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method and the capabilities of the AHUAV and its effectiveness and efficiency compared to traditional methods; this involves the survey
Anthony, Lindsay
Pre-Print Article
3D-Printing PowdersTBMG-3825712/01/2020
6K North Andover, MA 978-258-1645
Magazine Article
Oxygen System and Component CleaningARP1176B (Current)10/19/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the cleaning of aircraft oxygen equipment, both metallic and non-metallic articles, such as oxygen lines (tubes, hoses, etc.), components (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders, and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This document also specifies work area details, methods for selecting suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, and test methods for verifying levels of cleanliness. The cleanliness coding scheme specified in this document provides a method for documenting minimum cleanliness level requirements and for identifying compliance.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice
Oxygen System and Component CleaningARP1176B-TEST-REC (Historical)10/19/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the cleaning of aircraft oxygen equipment, both metallic and non-metallic articles, such as oxygen lines (tubes, hoses, etc.), components (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders, and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This document also specifies work area details, methods for selecting suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, and test methods for verifying levels of cleanliness. The cleanliness coding scheme specified in this document provides a method for documenting minimum cleanliness level requirements and for identifying compliance.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice
Use of Mass-Flux Measurement and Vapor-Phase Tomography to Quantify Vadose-Zone Source Strength and Distribution20AERP08_1008/01/2020
Use of advanced technologies could improve evaluation of vadose zone source impacts on groundwater and vapor intrusion, leading to improved remediation decisions. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, Alexandria, Virginia The goal of this project was to demonstrate that the multistage vapor-phase contaminant mass discharge (MS-CMD) test and vapor-phase tomography (VPT) can effectively characterize persistent volatile organic compound (VOC) sources in the vadose zone and measure their associated mass discharge. It is anticipated that these technologies will improve evaluation of vadose zone source impacts on groundwater and vapor intrusion. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has focused significant effort on characterizing and treating chlorinated solvent sources in groundwater. There are two primary concerns associated with sites that contain vadose zone volatile organic compound (VOC) sources. First, discharge of contaminant vapor from the vadose zone source may
Magazine Article
3D Printing Aerodynamic ImprovementsTBMG-3738108/01/2020
Fuel availability is a security imperative for aircraft fleets, and tactical dependence on fuel will critically tie global fleets to investments in new drag-reduction technologies that optimize fuel utilization. Roberto Guerrero, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Air Force for Operational Energy, recently wrote in Defense News that “when we use our assets more efficiently in peacetime, we build a more energy-aware culture that will better prepare our airmen for tomorrow’s fight, if and when it happens.”
Magazine Article
Paving the way to improved truck fuel efficiency20TOFHP08_0708/01/2020
Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving fuel efficiency are much-sought-after goals in the commercial-vehicle industry. Various methods have been proposed to achieve these objectives - often centered around advanced technology on the truck itself - but researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) focused their attention to what's beneath the vehicle: the road surface. The weight of heavy-duty trucks and buses causes a slight deflection in the road surface that leads to efficiency loss. A recent study by MIT postdoc Hessam Azarijafari, research scientist Jeremy Gregory, and principal research scientist in the Materials Research Laboratory Randolph Kirchain, theorizes that changes in road resurfacing practices could alleviate that inefficiency and potentially eliminate a half-percent of the total GHG emissions from the transportation sector in the process.
Shuttleworth, Jennifer
Magazine Article
3D Printing Aerodynamic Improvements20AERP08_0408/01/2020
Fuel availability is a security imperative for aircraft fleets, and tactical dependence on fuel will critically tie global fleets to investments in new drag-reduction technologies that optimize fuel utilization. Roberto Guerrero, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Air Force for Operational Energy, recently wrote in Defense News that “when we use our assets more efficiently in peacetime, we build a more energy-aware culture that will better prepare our airmen for tomorrow's fight, if and when it happens.” Adopting sustainability measures today directly affects operational and national security, and it benefits us all to find ways to use less. In its 2019 Sustainability Report and Implementation Plan, the Department of Defense states that its sustainability efforts “focus on mission assurance, operational readiness, and cost-effective business practices.” The report goes on to add that, “The Department strives to maximize the efficient use of mission-critical energy, water, and
Magazine Article
Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particle Emissions from Aircraft Turbine EnginesAIR6241A (Current)07/28/2020
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a historical technical record describing procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. This Aerospace Information Report is a historical technical record of the initial document detailing the measurement of non-volatile particle emissions at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This methodology was adopted by ICAO into Annex 16 Vol II and updated into Aerospace Recommended Practice ARP6320. Future updates of this document may include explanations of the reasoning and assumptions used to develop this measurement methodology.
E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Information Report
Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particle Emissions from Aircraft Turbine EnginesAIR6241A-TEST-REC (Historical)07/28/2020
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a historical technical record describing procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. This Aerospace Information Report is a historical technical record of the initial document detailing the measurement of non-volatile particle emissions at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This methodology was adopted by ICAO into Annex 16 Vol II and updated into Aerospace Recommended Practice ARP6320. Future updates of this document may include explanations of the reasoning and assumptions used to develop this measurement methodology.
E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Information Report
Measurement of Copper and Other Elements in Brake Friction MaterialsJ2975_202007 (Current)07/23/2020
This procedure describes a method for generating, preparing and analyzing samples of new and unused brake friction materials for their chemical constituents.
Brake Linings Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Unsettled Technology Domains for Pathways to Automotive DecarbonizationEPR202001407/22/2020
Replacing fossil-fueled vehicles with battery-electric ones is a risky strategy. It is likely to be limited by the supply of metals critical to battery and solar cell production, and the investment required in decarbonized electricity. Using hydrogen to store renewable energy would greatly reduce efficiency, further increasing the investment required to decarbonize the electricity supply. The lowest technical risk and most economical pathway to decarbonization is reducing private car use. Shorter journeys would be made by walking and cycling – also known as “active travel” – with public transport used for most longer journeys.Realizing this cultural change in transport behavior will first require comprehensive networks for safe and enjoyable active travel, which separate walking and cycling. All locations should connect to either a fully segregated cycleway or traffic calmed roadways with a maximum speed of 30 kph. Active travel investment can save money due to improved public health
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
Research Report
Design and Sustainability Assessment of Lightweight Concept for an Automotive Car Module2020-37-003306/23/2020
Recently sustainability has become a priority for industry production. This issue is even more valid for the automotive sector, where Original Equipment Manufacturers have to address the environmental protection additionally to traditional design issues. Against this background, many research and industry advancements are concentrated in the development of lightweight car components through the application of new materials and manufacturing technologies. The paper deals with an innovative lightweight design solution for the bumper system module of a B-segment car. The study has been developed within the Affordable LIght-weight Automobiles AlliaNCE (ALLIANCE) project, funded by the Horizon 2020 framework programme of the European Commission. A bumper demonstrator, that is currently in series production and mainly consists of conventional aluminum materials, is re-engineered making use of 7000 series aluminum alloys. The design alternatives are described and assessed regarding the
Del Pero, Francesco, Del Pero, Francesco, Delogu, Massimo, Pierini, Marco, Pierini, Marco, Kerschbaum, Martin, Toelle, Joern
Technical Paper
Fuel Dispensing Filter Test MethodsJ2793_202005 (Current)05/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Fuel Dispensing Filter Test MethodsJ2793_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Single vs Double Stage Partial Flow Dilution System: Automobile PM Emission Measurement2020-01-036604/14/2020
The US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40 Part 1065 and 1066 require gravimetric determination of automobile Particulate Matter (PM) collected onto filter media from the diluted exhaust. PM is traditionally collected under simulated driving conditions in a laboratory from a full flow Constant Volume Sampler (CVS) system, where the total engine exhaust is diluted by HEPA filtered air. This conventional sampling and measurement practice is facing challenges in accurately quantifying PM at the upcoming 2025-2028 CARB LEVIII 1 mg/mi PM emissions standards. On the other hand, sampling a large amount of PM emitted from large size high power engines introduces additional challenges. Applying flow weighting, adjusting the Dilution Ratio (DR) and Filter Face Velocity (FFV) are proposed options to overcome these challenges. The Partial Flow Dilution System (PFDS) technique has been recognized as a viable alternative to the CVS method, to meet the wide range DR and FFV requirements for PM
Rahman, Montajir, Rooney, Rick, Nevius, Tim, Otsuki, Yoshinori, Yoshida, Taisuke, Khan, Yusuf, Liew, Chet Mun, Basrur, Chirag
Technical Paper
Effect of Driving Cycles on Emissions from On-Road Motorcycles2020-01-037704/14/2020
The effects of driving cycles and fuel composition on emissions from on-road motorcycles were studied with the objectives of understanding the effects of established drive cycles, quantifying the emissions from a more rigorous drive cycle, and determining the emission differences between various certification test fuels. Chassis dynamometer emissions testing was conducted on three motorcycles with engine displacements of 300 cc, 750 cc and 1200 cc. All of the motorcycles were Class II North American certified motorcycles with fuel injection and three-way catalysts. The motorcycles were tested using the North American certification cycle, also known as the Federal Test Procedure (FTP); the World Motorcycle Transit Cycle (WMTC); and a trial cycle based on real-world motorcycle driving, informally named the ‘Real World Driving Cycle’ (RWDC). Per cycle exhaust emissions characterization included the following: carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, total
Rosenblatt, Debbie, Stokes, Jonathan, Caffrey, Cheryl, Brown, Kevin F.
Technical Paper
An Experimental Study on the Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2020-01-031004/14/2020
Natural gas (NG)-diesel dual-fuel combustion can be a suitable solution to reduce the overall CO2 emissions of heavy-duty vehicles using diesel engines. One configuration of such a dual-fuel engine can be port injection of NG to form a combustible air-NG mixture in the cylinder. This mixture is then ignited by a direct injection of diesel. Other potential advantages of such an engine include the flexibility of switching back to diesel-only mode, reduced hardware development costs and lower soot emissions. However, the trade-off is lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and higher hydrocarbon emissions, especially methane, at low load and/or high engine speed conditions. Advancing the diesel injection timing tends to improve the BTE but may cause the NOx emissions to increase. In this study, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used in combination with the diesel injection timing control to demonstrate the compromises between lowering NOx, soot, and methane emissions while maintaining
Dev, Shouvik, Guo, Hongsheng, Lafrance, Simon, Liko, Brian
Technical Paper
Relevance of Exhaust Aftertreatment System Degradation for EU7 Gasoline Engine Applications2020-01-038204/14/2020
Exhaust aftertreatment systems must function sufficiently over the full useful life of a vehicle. In Europe this is currently defined as 160.000 km. With the introduction of Euro 7 it is expected that the required mileage will be extended to 240.000 km. This will then be consistent with the US legislation. In order to quantify the emission impact of exhaust system degradation, an Euro 7 exhaust aftertreatment system is aged by different accelerated approaches: application of the Standard Bench Cycle, the ZDAKW cycle, a novel ash loading method and borderline aging. The results depict the impact of oil ash on the oxygen storage capacity. For tailpipe emissions, the maximum peak temperatures are the dominant aging factor. The cold start performance is effected by both, thermal degradation and ash accumulation. An evaluation of this emission increase requires appropriate benchmarks. For this purpose, an analysis of the emission impacts of ambient temperatures, driving modes and
Sterlepper, Stefan, Claßen, Johannes, Pischinger, Stefan, Görgen, Michael, Cox, Jim, Nijs, Martin, Scharf, Johannes
Technical Paper
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses: Modelling and Analysing Suitability from an Operational and Environmental Perspective2020-01-117204/14/2020
In response to the need to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the current trend in the transport sector is a greater focus on alternative powertrains. More recent air quality concerns have seen controlled zero emission zones within urban areas. As a result, there is growing interest in hydrogen fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) as a zero local emission vehicle with superior range, operational flexibility and refuelling time than other clean alternatives e.g. battery electric buses (BEBs). This paper details the performance and suitability analysis of a proposed Wrightbus FCEB, using a quasistatic backwards-facing Simulink powertrain model. The model is validated against existing prototype vehicle data (Mk1), allowing it to be further leveraged for predictions of an advanced future production vehicle (Mk2) with next generation motors and fuel cell stack. The modelled outputs are used for a comparison of the FCEB performance to an equivalent BEB on industry standard drive cycles, as well
Doyle, Darryl, Harris, Andrew, Chege, Steve, Douglas, Lucinda, Early, Juliana, Best, Robert
Technical Paper
Smartphone System Tests for Lead in WaterTBMG-3599002/01/2020
Even small amounts of lead can cause serious health problems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards require lead levels in drinking water to be below 15 parts per billion. Currently available consumer test kits are not sensitive enough to accurately detect lead at that level. A new system has been developed using a smartphone and a lens made with an inkjet printer that can detect lead in tap water at levels commonly accepted as dangerous.
Magazine Article
Effects of operation temperature on exhaust emissions in a spark ignition system using pre-chamber stratified system2019-36-013001/13/2020
Atmospheric pollution is the major public health issue in many cities around the world. Internal combustion engines (ICE) and industries are common sources of pollutants that aggravate this situation. Aiming to overcome this problem, increasingly restrictive legislation on combustion pollutant emissions has been formulated and new technologies are being developed to ensure compliance with such restrictions. In this scenario, the lean mixtures appear as a possible alternative, but also bring some inconveniences such as combustion instabilities. Pre-chamber ignition systems (PCIS) enable a more stable combustion process due to high kinetic, thermal and chemical energy of the gases from the pre-chamber (PC), which pass through nozzles and begin the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture contained in the main combustion chamber (MC). However, some challenges still have to be overcome in the development of these systems, one of the main ones being hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Therefore
Maia Pires, Marcelo Augusto, Roso, Vinícius Rückert, Castilla Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo, Duarte, Vinícius Faria, Alvarenga Santos, Nathália Duarte Souza, Valle, Ramón Molina
Technical Paper
Fuel Flexibility Study of a Compression Ignition Engine at High Loads2019-01-219312/19/2019
Engine experiments were performed on a single-cylinder heavy-duty engine at relatively high loads to investigate the regions where the combustion characteristics are unchanged regardless of the fuel octane number. Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs) and three different commercial fuels with RON values ranging from 0 to 100 were tested in this study. A sweep of net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPNet) of 5 to 20 bar, absolute intake pressure of 1.5 to 2.8 bar, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of 0 to 40%, and fuel injection pressure of 700 to 1400 bar were performed to investigate the combustion characteristics, ignition delay time, combustion duration, efficiency, and emissions. At the highest load point (IMEPNet = 20 bar), all the fuels burn as in conventional diesel combustion. Despite the wide range of octane numbers, all fuels had similar ignition delay time, combustion duration, indicated efficiency, and emissions at 10 to 20 bar IMEPNet. It follows that CI mode is the only
AlRamadan, Abdullah S., Houidi, Moez Ben, Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Johansson, Bengt
Technical Paper
Regulated Emissions and Detailed Particle Characterisation for Diesel and RME Biodiesel Fuel Combustion with Varying EGR in a Heavy-Duty Engine2019-01-229112/19/2019
This study investigates particulate matter (PM) and regulated emissions from renewable rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) biodiesel in pure and blended forms and contrasts that to conventional diesel fuel. Environmental and health concerns are the major motivation for combustion engines research, especially finding sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and reducing diesel PM emissions. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), including RME, are renewable fuels commonly used from low level blends with diesel to full substitution. They strongly reduce the net carbon dioxide emissions. It is largely unknown how the emissions and characteristics of PM get altered by the combined effect of adding biodiesel to diesel and implementing modern engine concepts that reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Therefore, the exhaust from a single-cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine fuelled with petroleum-based MK1 diesel, RME, and a 20% RME blend (B20), was
Novakovica, Maja, Shamun, Sam, Malmborg, Vilhelm B., Kling, Kirsten I., Kling, Jens, Vogel, Ulla B., Tunestal, Per, Pagels, Joakim, Tuner, Martin
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigations on CO 2 Recovery from Engine Exhaust Using Adsorption Technology2019-28-257711/21/2019
Energy policy reviews state that automobiles contribute 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The current trend in emission control techniques of automobile exhaust is to reduce CO2 emission. We know that CO2 is a greenhouse gas and it leads to global warming. Conversion of CO2 into carbon and oxygen is an energy-consuming process compared to the catalytic converters. The best way to reduce CO2 is to capture it from the source, store it and use it for industrial applications. To physically capture the CO2 from the engine exhaust, adsorbents like molecular sieves are utilized. In comparison to other CO2 separation methods, adsorption technique consumes less work and energy. Moreover, the sieves can be regenerated, reused and recycled once it is completely saturated. In this research work, zeolite X13 was chosen as a molecular sieve to adsorb CO2 from the exhaust. A chamber was designed to store the zeolite and it is attached to the exhaust manifold. The selected engine was a
S, Saravanan, Ramesh Kumar, Chidambaram
Technical Paper
The Future of 3D Printing: From Prototyping to ProductionTBMG-3537010/01/2019
Additive manufacturing, better known as 3D printing, has been evolving for the last 30 years. Now it’s set to enter the mainstream, and evolving technology including new printers and 3D printed metals have the potential to transform manufacturing and logistics across multiple sectors.
Magazine Article
Assessing Exhaust Toxicity with Biological Detector: Configuration of Portable Air-Liquid Interface Human Lung Cell Model Exposure System, Sampling Train and Test Conditions2019-24-005009/09/2019
Air pollution remains to be one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide, with significant share attributed to particulate matter and reactive nitrogen compounds from mobile sources. Due to discrepancies between legislative metrics and health effects, and between laboratory tests and real driving, health-relevant metric applicable to real driving conditions are sought to evaluate the effects of emerging legislation, technologies and fuels. Models of human lung air-liquid interface have been recently explored to simulate effects of exposure to the whole exhaust. In this study, a compact exposure system, utilizing commercially available inserts with 3D in-vitro model of human lung cells, has been designed and fabricated in-house with the vision of mobile use, minimizing size and power consumption. Preliminary tests were done on a Euro 6 direct injection spark ignition engine operating at speeds and throttle positions corresponding to the WLTC cycle. A sample of diluted exhaust
Vojtisek-Lom, Michal, Pechout, Martin, Macoun, David, Rameswaran, Rajesh, Praharaj, Kalpita Kumar, Cervena, Tereza, Topinka, Jan, Rossner, Pavel
Technical Paper
Water Injection Contribution to Enabling Stoichiometric Air-to-Fuel Ratio Operation at Rated Power Conditions of a High-Performance DISI Single Cylinder Engine2019-24-017309/09/2019
The next generation of gasoline turbo-charged engines will have to deal with the continuous tightening of emissions regulations. In fact, to better represent real-world emission figures, WLTP and RDE cycles focus on stricter criteria; spanning higher speeds and loads potentially covering the whole engine operating map. It is common practice at present to use overfueling to avoid catastrophic failure of turbine and aftertreatment systems at very high engine speeds and loads due to excessive temperatures. A past technology, which is presently enjoying a resurgence of interest, is water injection. In particular, for high-specific-power applications, this could be used as replacement strategy for overfueling, potentially enabling full operating range stoichiometric operation with no compromise in terms of maximum performance with respect to today. In order to validate this scenario, an experimental campaign on a single cylinder engine has been carried out to highlight port water injection
Paltrinieri, Stefano, Mortellaro, Fabio, Silvestri, Nicola, Rolando, Luciano, Medda, Massimo, Corrigan, Daire
Technical Paper
Dual-Fuel Ethanol-Diesel Technology Applied in Mild and Full Hybrid Powertrains2019-24-011509/09/2019
The increasingly stringent emissions regulations together with the demand of highly efficient vehicles from the customers, lead to rapid developments of distinct powertrain solutions, especially when the electrification is present in a certain degree. The combination of electric machines with conventional powertrains diversifies the powertrain architectures and brings the opportunity to save energy in greater extents. On the other hand, alternative combustion modes as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) have shown to provide simultaneous ultra-low NOx and soot emissions with similar or better thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion (CDC). In addition, it is necessary to introduce more renewable fuels as ethanol to reduce the total CO2 emitted to the atmosphere, also called well-to-wheel (WTW) emission, in the transport sector. Therefore, the combination of these two growing technologies with the use of ethanol (E85) could be a potential way to achieve clean
Benajes, Jesus, Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Martinez, Santiago
Technical Paper
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel-LPG Blends2019-24-003809/09/2019
Recently, it has been worth pointing out the relevance of alternative fuels in the improvement of air quality conditions and in the mitigation of global warming. In order to deal with these demands, in recent studies, it has been considered a great variety of alternative fuels. It goes without saying that the alternative fuels industry needs the best of the efficiency with a moderate layout. From this perspective, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) could represent a valid option, although it is not a renewable fuel. In terms of polluting emissions, the LPG can reduce nitrous oxides and smoke concentrations in the air, a capability that has a relevant importance for the modern pollution legislation. LPG is well known as an alternative fuel for Spark Ignition (SI) engines and, more recently, LPG systems have also been introduced in the Compression Ignition (CI) engines in dual-fuel configuration. In this research, LPG-Diesel liquid-blend has been used to power a CI engine in mixed fuel
Marialto, Renato, Sequino, Luigi, Di Blasio, Gabriele, Cardone, Massimo, Beatrice, Carlo, Ianniello, Roberto, Fontana, Gustavo
Technical Paper
Analysis of the Emission Conversion Performance of Gasoline Particulate Filters Over Lifetime2019-24-015609/09/2019
Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) recently entered the market, and are already regarded a state-of-the-art solution for gasoline exhaust aftertreatment systems to enable EU6d-TEMP fulfilment and beyond. Especially for coated GPF applications, the prognosis of the emission conversion performance over lifetime poses an ambitious challenge, which significantly influences future catalyst diagnosis calibrations. The paper presents key-findings for the different GPF application variants. In the first part, experimental GPF ash loading results are presented. Ash accumulates as thin wall layers and short plugs, but does not penetrate into the wall. However, it suppresses deep bed filtration of soot, initially decreasing the soot-loaded backpressure. For the emission calibration, the non-linear backpressure development complicates the soot load monitoring, eventually leading to compromises between high safety against soot overloading and a low number of active regenerations. In the second part
Sterlepper, Stefan, Claßen, Johannes, Pischinger, Stefan, Schernus, Christof, Görgen, Michael, Cox, Jim, Nijs, Martin, Scharf, Johannes, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten
Technical Paper
Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC OperationJ2766_201908 (Current)08/06/2019
This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-equivalent emissions using life cycle analysis.
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Technical Standard
Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC OperationJ2766_201908-TEST-REC (Historical)08/06/2019
This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-equivalent emissions using life cycle analysis.
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Technical Standard
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