Browse Topic: Environmental law

Items (17)

Engine Efficiency Optimization under Consideration of NO _X - and Knock-Limits for Medium Speed Dual Fuel Engines in Cylinder Cut-Out Operation

2018-01-115104/03/2018

As a consequence of the global warming, more strict maritime emission regulations are globally in force or will become applicable in the near future (e.g. NOX and SOX emission control areas). The tough competition puts economic pressure on the maritime transport industry. Therefore, the demand for efficient and mostly environmental neutral propulsion systems that meet the environmental legislations and minimize the cargo costs are immense. Medium speed dual fuel engines are in accordance with the strict maritime emissions legislation IMO Tier III. They do not require any exhaust gas aftertreatment, are economically competitive, and allow fuel flexibility. These engines deliver the highest efficiency in high load operation. A valuable approach to improve the efficiency and reduce the environmental impact in low and part load is represented by the electronic cylinder cut-out. Thereby, the natural gas admission is deactivated and the valves are kept activated. It is investigated with the

Konrad, Johannes, Lauer, Thomas, Moser, Mathias, Lockner, Enrico, Zhu, Jianguo

Impact of Thermal and Chemical Ageing of Fe-BEA SCR Catalyst on NOx Conversion Performance

2016-01-094604/05/2016

Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from heavy-duty diesel engines are subject to more stringent environmental legislation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) over metal ion-exchanged zeolites is in this connection an efficient method to reduce NOx. Understanding durability of the SCR catalyst is crucial for correct design of the aftertreatment system. In the present paper, thermal and chemical ageing of Fe-BEA as NH3-SCR catalyst is studied. Experimental results of hydrothermal ageing, and chemical ageing due to phosphorous and potassium exposure are presented. The catalyst is characterized by flow reactor experiments, nitrogen physisorption, DRIFTS, XRD, and XPS. Based on the experimental results, a multisite kinetic model is developed to describe the activity of the fresh Fe-BEA catalyst. Furthermore, the model can predict deactivation of the catalyst well by decreasing the number of active sites, representing loss of active iron sites due to migration or chemical blockage of the

Jansson, Jonas, Shwan, Soran, Skoglundh, Magnus

Black Box Dynamic Modeling of a Gasoline Engine for Constrained Model-Based Fuel Economy Optimization

2015-01-161804/14/2015

New environmental legislation on emission and fuel efficiency targets increasingly requires good transient engine performance and this in turn means that the previously acceptable static engine calibration and control methodologies based on steady-state testing must be re-placed by dynamical optimization using dynamical models. Although many advances have been made in predictive models for internal combustion engines, the phenomena involved are so many, complex and nonlinear that dynamical black-box models typically employing neural network structures must be determined from system identification through experimental testing. Such identified dynamical models are required to provide high accuracy multiple step-ahead predictions of emissions but must accordingly also be compactly implementable for speed and memory to allow for the required large scale optimization involving possibly many thousands of iterations. This paper presents a novel methodology of using black box modeling

Fang, Ke, Li, Zongyan, Shenton, Andrew, Fuente, David, Gao, Bo

Diesel Cold Start into Congested Real World Traffic: Comparison of Diesel and B100 for Ozone Forming Potential

2013-01-114504/08/2013

EU environmental law requires 30 ozone precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be measured for urban air quality control. In this study, 28 ozone precursor VOCs were measured at a rate of 0.5 Hz by an in-vehicle FTIR emission measurement system along with other VOCs. The vehicle used was a Euro 3 emission compliant diesel van. The test vehicle was started from a cold ambient temperature soak and driven under real world urban driving conditions. Diesel and B100 (100% Biodiesel) were compared using the same repeat journeys. The VOC emissions and OFP (ozone formation potential) were investigated as a function of engine warm up and ambient temperatures during cold start. The exhaust temperatures were measured along with the exhaust emissions. The temperature and duration of light off of the catalyst for VOC were monitored and showed a cold start period to catalyst light off that was considerably longer than would occur on the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). The results showed

Hadavi, Seyed, Andrews, Gordon E., Li, Hu, Przybyla, Grzegorz, Vazirian, Mohammadmohsen

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Base Wake on an SUV

2013-01-046404/08/2013

With the increase in fuel prices and the increasingly strict environmental legislations regarding CO₂ emissions, reduction of the total energy consumption of our society becomes more important. Passenger vehicles are partly responsible for this consumption due to their strong presence in the daily life of most people. Therefore reducing the impact of cars on the environment can assist in decreasing the overall energy consumption. Even though several fields have an impact on a passenger car's performance, this paper will focus on the aerodynamic part and more specifically, the wake behind a vehicle. By definition a car is a bluff body on which the air resistance is for the most part driven by pressure drag. This is caused by the wake these bodies create. Therefore analyzing the wake characteristics behind a vehicle is crucial if one would like to reduce drag. With the recent upgrade of wind tunnels with a moving belt system, the opportunity has emerged to investigate the flow field in

Sterken, Lennert, Sebben, Simone, Walker, Tim, Lofdahl, Lennart

Optical Analysis and Measurement of Crankcase Lubricant Oil Atomisation

2012-01-088204/16/2012

Crankcase emissions are a complex mixture of combustion products and, specifically Particulate Matter (PM) from lubricant oil. Crankcase emissions contribute substantially to the particle mass and particle number (PN) emitted from an internal combustion engine. Environmental legislation demands that the combustion and crankcase emissions are either combined to give a total measurement or the crankcase gases are re-circulated back into the engine, both strategies require particle filtration. There is a lack of understanding regarding the physical processes that generate crankcase emissions of lubricant oil, specifically how the bulk lubricant oil is atomised into droplets. In this paper the crankcase of a motored compression ignition engine, has been optically accessed to visualise the lubricant oil distribution. The oil distribution was analysed in detail using high speed laser diagnostics, at engine speeds up to 2000 rpm and oil temperatures of 90°C. High resolution calibrated images

Johnson, Benjamin T., Hargrave, Graham K., Reid, Benjamin A., Page, Vivian J., wagstaff, Stuart

Eco-efficient Materials for Aircraft Application

2011-01-274210/18/2011

Due to the importance of fulfilling the actual and upcoming environmental legislation, it is an Airbus main target to develop eco-efficient materials. Under consideration of the economical effects, these processes will be implemented into the production line. This paper gives an overview of Airbus and its partners research work, the results obtained within the frame of the European funded, integrated technology demonstrator (ITD) ECO Design for Airframe. This ITD is part of the joint technology initiative Clean Sky. Developments with different grade of maturity from “upstream” as the investigation of materials from renewable recourses up to materials now in use in production as low volatile organic compounds cleaner are under investigation. As a basis for future eco-efficient developments an approach for a quantitative life cycle assessment will be demonstrated.

Lohner, Hubertus, Delay-Saunders, Isabelle, Hesse, Karsten, Martinet, Alexis, Beneke, Martin, Kalyan, Pawandeep, Langer, Benedikt

Brightness to the Very Limit - Headlighting Sources With High Luminance - Mercury Free Xenon HID

2005-01-101104/11/2005

In recent years environmental-friendly Mercury free Xenon HID lamp - D3 and D4 respectively with and without integrated igniter - were introduced in the automotive headlighting market. This market introduction was primarily driven by an increased concern for the environment by all stakeholders in car industry including the end-users. Furthermore, ordered by public authorities world wide, via new environmental legislation rules, Mercury free Xenon HID lamps will take over an important part of the Xenon HID market in due time. Within this perspective this paper will give an overview about technical backgrounds of Mercury free Xenon HID lamp performance. Next to light technical aspects the electrical interfaces between lamp and electronic driver are included. Furthermore, new developments in terms of satisfying carmakers requests on environmental aspects, electromagnetic compatibility and application flexibility will be discussed. The paper can be seen as a follow up of the previous

Tiesler-Wittig, Helmut, Postma, Pieter, Spinger, Benno

Shaping Sustainability on the Company Level

2001-01-372011/12/2001

This paper deals with the development of environmental protection in enterprises from End-of-Pipe - Technologies through Cleaner Production and Eco-Efficiency to Sustainability. The developments required relate to the resources, the technologies, the products and services, the transport as and services, the transport as well as the integration of the commercial activity into the natural and socio-economic environments. The “Sustainable Enterprise” does not have a specific appearance or a defined “state”, but it follows some clearly defined rules. There are six dimensions where activities can be allocated. Sustainable Development is an opportunity for that companies who decide to be among the first. This is true within any sector of industry or service, being of more importance for those who depend on large amounts of material and energy amounts of material and energy resources or that who give great impact to the natural or social environment.

Schnitzer, Hans

In search of greener pastures

OFHAPR00_0304/01/2000

Agricultural OEMs are looking at the total life cycle to develop more environmentally conscious products and processes. As environmental regulations become more stringent, agricultural OEMs have created environmental safeguards for their manufacturing plants and products as part of their overall marketing. They have incorporated environmental standards for controlling emissions from vehicles as well as manufacturing plants, recycling products at the end of their lives, and controlling hazardous wastes. They produce better designs for their combines and tractors to satisfy environmental regulations for fuels and emissions. They also make their vehicles more operator-friendly by reducing noise and in-cab pollution. “Customers for the most part want products that are environmentally friendly and place expectations on manufacturers to provide them,” said Mike Campbell, Product Development Manager for Caterpillar Ag Products, a subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. “They do not share the same

Vyn, Kathy

Globalization of Waterborne Coatings in the Automotive Industry

98237709/29/1998

10 years ago Opel and VW Germany were the first to use waterborne basecoats in regular car production because of environmental reasons. Today waterborne metallic basecoats have a market share of 90% in German car manufacturing, 50% in Europe, and are used in 85 OEM plants worldwide. New developments show improvements of appearance and process window, making waterborne coatings usable at temperatures from 20 - 30 °C, relative humidities of 70 ± 10 %, and altitudes from sea level to 2000 m. A novel low cost conversion concept was developed for the introduction of waterborne basecoats into existing (solventborne) paint shops.

Dössel, Karl-F.

Filtration of Bio-Degradable Oils in the Earthmoving Industry - 10 Years of Specialist Experience in the Demanding German Market

98149804/08/1998

Legislation is forcing the introduction of biodegradable lubricants onto the earthmoving industry. It is the responsibility of both manufacturers and users to protect the environment whilst maintaining the highest engineering standards. The use of biodegradable oils is important, but is only part of the solution. A comprehensive approach is required which goes beyond the simple, but normally adopted method, of replacing a mineral oil with a biodegradable alternative. An Environmentally Friendly Lubricants Policy is required which increases the benefits for both the user and the environment. A combination of biodegradable oil, specialist off-line filtration and a monitoring program is the key to this policy. Cardev International in association with Panolin AG has successfully implemented this policy in the demanding German market for over 10 years, and it has enabled hydraulic machinery to run over 56,000 hrs without oil change, and over 12,000hrs so far in an earthmoving machine.

Cartwright, Stephen, Devonshire, Colin

Dry Media Paint Stripping-Nine Years Later

94124203/01/1994

Many topics are covered in this discussion of the ninth year since production dry stripping began in May 1985. Chemical strippers continue to be heavily regulated or banned. All other alternate coating removal processes are still in developmental stages, have not shown viability for production use and have not been accepted by maintenance operations or received manufacturer approvals. Dry media stripping continues to expand and to produce a very successful record--particularly wheat starch media. In a no technical objection letter dated April 30, 1993, America West Airlines, Phoenix, Arizona, received authorization for five time stripping of Boeing airframes utilizing wheat starch media. Additional approvals for graphite-epoxy and fiberglass composite dry paint stripping were recently published by Boeing. Hill Air Force Base, Utah, generates zero hazardous waste from its dry stripping operation. Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, corrosion control facility, the largest dry stripping facility

Pauli, Robert

Interior Automotive Parts Recycling by Selective Solution

93003603/01/1993

This paper discusses a unique process for the post consumer recycling of complex automotive parts, such as Foam Sheet Laminate (FSL) headliners and Instrument Panel (IP) supports, produced with a Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA) copolymer core. This new recycling method has been developed by a German engineering company, RCM GmbH. The SMA polymers described in the paper are marketed by ARCO Chemical under the tradename DYLARK Engineering Resins. This recycling principle is based on selective solution of different polymers. The recycled polymer, which in this case is the SMA, is dissolved in a suitable solvent and the polymer is thereafter precipitated and recovered. Both solvent and precipitation agent are recovered and reused in the process. Factors contributing to the success of this process are the ability to recover the major polymer in a complex part, as for example, in an instrument panel laminate which consists of a decorative skin, a polyurethane layer and a base of glass fibre

Schneider, Manfred, Ducommun, Catharina, Schürr, Ulrich, Pohl, Eduard

Status Report of Italy - 1985

85600501/01/1985

This report outlines Italian safety concerns. Domestic statistics have shown a slight decrease in casualties due to road accidents and a stable situation with regard to injuries. Italy has adopted approximately 55 ECE regulations and 46 Community Directives. Active and passive safety measures are outlined. Emission limits and noise pollution legislation are under consideration.

Rossi, Franco

Automotive Emissions - What Can Universities Do?

72061902/01/1972

Universities, in the process of pursuing their classical roles, the generation and dissemination of knowledge, can contribute significantly to the resolution of automotive air pollution problems if they recognize problem-oriented, as well as discipline-oriented approaches to education. In addition to the classical roles, both faculty and students can contribute as unbiased, but informed, third parties who can validate technical arguments in controversial areas for the public.

Ragone, David V.

The Need for Rule 66 in Los Angeles County

67080802/01/1967

Aside from emissions from motor vehicles, organic solvents were the last remaining major hydrocarbon contribution to photochemical smog in Los Angeles County. Rule 66 was formulated to control these organic solvent emissions.

Fuller, Louis J.

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