Browse Topic: Environmental law

Items (13)
Find
Engine Efficiency Optimization under Consideration of NO X - and Knock-Limits for Medium Speed Dual Fuel Engines in Cylinder Cut-Out Operation2018-01-11514/3/2018
As a consequence of the global warming, more strict maritime emission regulations are globally in force or will become applicable in the near future (e.g. NOX and SOX emission control areas). The tough competition puts economic pressure on the maritime transport industry. Therefore, the demand for efficient and mostly environmental neutral propulsion systems that meet the environmental legislations and minimize the cargo costs are immense. Medium speed dual fuel engines are in accordance with the strict maritime emissions legislation IMO Tier III. They do not require any exhaust gas aftertreatment, are economically competitive, and allow fuel flexibility. These engines deliver the highest efficiency in high load operation. A valuable approach to improve the efficiency and reduce the environmental impact in low and part load is represented by the electronic cylinder cut-out. Thereby, the natural gas admission is deactivated and the valves are kept activated. It is investigated with the help of a developed 1D GT-Power simulation model of a medium speed dual fuel engine. The predictive model is adjusted to a measured engine map (test bench data) by an optimization workflow that is set up in Optimus. The cylinder cut-out is analyzed with special emphasis on efficiency, NO emissions, and methane slip. Different static cut-out scenarios are simulated and assessed for constant relative air/fuel ratios and varying load. An optimization workflow is developed and set up in Optimus. The selected evolutionary algorithm changes the number of cut-out cylinders and the relative air fuel ratio to optimize the engine efficiency under consideration of IMO Tier III NOX emission regulations and the knock onset. The optimization is conducted for discrete engine operation points in a load range from 10% to 50%. The optimization predicts a significant increase of the brake efficiency and reduced methane slip at low and part load operation. This depends on an increased turbocharger efficiency, reduced pumping work, richer combustion, and higher indicated mean effective pressures of the fired cylinders that leads to an improved combustion (shifted from diffusion to premix) and engine efficiency without exceeding the NOX - and knock-limits.
Konrad, Johannes, Lauer, Thomas, Moser, Mathias, Lockner, Enrico, Zhu, Jianguo
Impact of Thermal and Chemical Ageing of Fe-BEA SCR Catalyst on NOx Conversion Performance2016-01-09464/5/2016
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from heavy-duty diesel engines are subject to more stringent environmental legislation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) over metal ion-exchanged zeolites is in this connection an efficient method to reduce NOx. Understanding durability of the SCR catalyst is crucial for correct design of the aftertreatment system. In the present paper, thermal and chemical ageing of Fe-BEA as NH3-SCR catalyst is studied. Experimental results of hydrothermal ageing, and chemical ageing due to phosphorous and potassium exposure are presented. The catalyst is characterized by flow reactor experiments, nitrogen physisorption, DRIFTS, XRD, and XPS. Based on the experimental results, a multisite kinetic model is developed to describe the activity of the fresh Fe-BEA catalyst. Furthermore, the model can predict deactivation of the catalyst well by decreasing the number of active sites, representing loss of active iron sites due to migration or chemical blockage of the sites. By performing a systematic study of different deactivation mechanisms, a deactivation expression for the active sites can be formulated.
Jansson, Jonas, Shwan, Soran, Skoglundh, Magnus
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Base Wake on an SUV2013-01-04644/8/2013
With the increase in fuel prices and the increasingly strict environmental legislations regarding CO₂ emissions, reduction of the total energy consumption of our society becomes more important. Passenger vehicles are partly responsible for this consumption due to their strong presence in the daily life of most people. Therefore reducing the impact of cars on the environment can assist in decreasing the overall energy consumption. Even though several fields have an impact on a passenger car's performance, this paper will focus on the aerodynamic part and more specifically, the wake behind a vehicle. By definition a car is a bluff body on which the air resistance is for the most part driven by pressure drag. This is caused by the wake these bodies create. Therefore analyzing the wake characteristics behind a vehicle is crucial if one would like to reduce drag. With the recent upgrade of wind tunnels with a moving belt system, the opportunity has emerged to investigate the flow field in the wake behind vehicles, matching closer the real on-road driving conditions. This study investigates experimentally and numerically the wake behind a passenger car of an SUV type. Three configurations with a significant change in CD have been chosen for the analysis. Their wake shape together with their respective closure points have been analyzed using three planes, namely one x-plane, one y-plane and one z-plane. Results have shown that the numerical simulations correlate well with the experiments in wake shape and wake behavior. However in the chosen configurations they underestimate the wake length. A distinct interference of the traversing unit presence can be noted in the experimental results.
Sterken, Lennert, Sebben, Simone, Walker, Tim, Lofdahl, Lennart
Diesel Cold Start into Congested Real World Traffic: Comparison of Diesel and B100 for Ozone Forming Potential2013-01-11454/8/2013
EU environmental law requires 30 ozone precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be measured for urban air quality control. In this study, 28 ozone precursor VOCs were measured at a rate of 0.5 Hz by an in-vehicle FTIR emission measurement system along with other VOCs. The vehicle used was a Euro 3 emission compliant diesel van. The test vehicle was started from a cold ambient temperature soak and driven under real world urban driving conditions. Diesel and B100 (100% Biodiesel) were compared using the same repeat journeys. The VOC emissions and OFP (ozone formation potential) were investigated as a function of engine warm up and ambient temperatures during cold start. The exhaust temperatures were measured along with the exhaust emissions. The temperature and duration of light off of the catalyst for VOC were monitored and showed a cold start period to catalyst light off that was considerably longer than would occur on the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). The results showed that compounds that formed ozone were significantly higher in diesel exhausts and were higher than equivalent compounds in SI vehicles under cold start in real world urban driving. For B100 aldehyde emissions were higher than for diesel and this is a strong ozone forming gas. However, other VOCs that form ozone were lower than diesel. The higher VOCs with diesel compared to SI engines was mainly due to the oxidation catalyst not being active for much of the journey, whereas in SI engines VOC emissions were only significant during the cold start period. The results will also be shown to be dominated by transient events at junctions and by the cold start period
Hadavi, Seyed, Andrews, Gordon E., Li, Hu, Przybyla, Grzegorz, Vazirian, Mohammadmohsen
Optical Analysis and Measurement of Crankcase Lubricant Oil Atomisation2012-01-08824/16/2012
Crankcase emissions are a complex mixture of combustion products and, specifically Particulate Matter (PM) from lubricant oil. Crankcase emissions contribute substantially to the particle mass and particle number (PN) emitted from an internal combustion engine. Environmental legislation demands that the combustion and crankcase emissions are either combined to give a total measurement or the crankcase gases are re-circulated back into the engine, both strategies require particle filtration. There is a lack of understanding regarding the physical processes that generate crankcase emissions of lubricant oil, specifically how the bulk lubricant oil is atomised into droplets. In this paper the crankcase of a motored compression ignition engine, has been optically accessed to visualise the lubricant oil distribution. The oil distribution was analysed in detail using high speed laser diagnostics, at engine speeds up to 2000 rpm and oil temperatures of 90°C. High resolution calibrated images show the passive behavior of lubricant oil once it has been supplied to critical engine components. The major mechanisms of oil atomisation have been identified and quantified from high speed images, the generation of oil droplets dp = 10 μm - 3 mm has been captured. The most significant generation mechanism was atomisation of oil films present on the surface of rotating components. The isolated contribution of the crank and camshafts to the atomised oil droplets present in the top of the engine has been recorded. Further breakup, evaporation and condensation from the surface of the atomised oil droplets will generate coarse and fine PM. Results from imaging data show good correlation with sub-micron PN sampling measurements captured in a previous study [1]; namely an increase in particle number concentration with increasing engine speed.
Johnson, Benjamin T., Hargrave, Graham K., Reid, Benjamin A., Page, Vivian J., wagstaff, Stuart
Brightness to the Very Limit - Headlighting Sources With High Luminance - Mercury Free Xenon HID2005-01-10114/11/2005
In recent years environmental-friendly Mercury free Xenon HID lamp - D3 and D4 respectively with and without integrated igniter - were introduced in the automotive headlighting market. This market introduction was primarily driven by an increased concern for the environment by all stakeholders in car industry including the end-users. Furthermore, ordered by public authorities world wide, via new environmental legislation rules, Mercury free Xenon HID lamps will take over an important part of the Xenon HID market in due time. Within this perspective this paper will give an overview about technical backgrounds of Mercury free Xenon HID lamp performance. Next to light technical aspects the electrical interfaces between lamp and electronic driver are included. Furthermore, new developments in terms of satisfying carmakers requests on environmental aspects, electromagnetic compatibility and application flexibility will be discussed. The paper can be seen as a follow up of the previous publications in HID technology for headlighting. It will end up with an outlook of further progress in Mercury free Xenon HID lighting.
Tiesler-Wittig, Helmut, Postma, Pieter, Spinger, Benno
In search of greener pasturesOFHAPR00_034/1/2000
Agricultural OEMs are looking at the total life cycle to develop more environmentally conscious products and processes. As environmental regulations become more stringent, agricultural OEMs have created environmental safeguards for their manufacturing plants and products as part of their overall marketing. They have incorporated environmental standards for controlling emissions from vehicles as well as manufacturing plants, recycling products at the end of their lives, and controlling hazardous wastes. They produce better designs for their combines and tractors to satisfy environmental regulations for fuels and emissions. They also make their vehicles more operator-friendly by reducing noise and in-cab pollution. “Customers for the most part want products that are environmentally friendly and place expectations on manufacturers to provide them,” said Mike Campbell, Product Development Manager for Caterpillar Ag Products, a subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. “They do not share the same willingness to pay more for a product just because it's environmentally friendly. It's always a challenge to make such improvements cost-effective-recognizing that the value customers place on them will vary, both on an industry basis as well as a geographic basis. Traditionally, the U.S. and Europe have led the environmental effort. Tax credits are available to consumers who purchase products with lower emissions or sound levels. But as international standards are developed, this aspect will become less prevalent as the world continues to become a smaller place.”
Vyn, Kathy
Globalization of Waterborne Coatings in the Automotive Industry9823779/29/1998
10 years ago Opel and VW Germany were the first to use waterborne basecoats in regular car production because of environmental reasons. Today waterborne metallic basecoats have a market share of 90% in German car manufacturing, 50% in Europe, and are used in 85 OEM plants worldwide. New developments show improvements of appearance and process window, making waterborne coatings usable at temperatures from 20 - 30 °C, relative humidities of 70 ± 10 %, and altitudes from sea level to 2000 m. A novel low cost conversion concept was developed for the introduction of waterborne basecoats into existing (solventborne) paint shops.
Dössel, Karl-F.
Filtration of Bio-Degradable Oils in the Earthmoving Industry - 10 Years of Specialist Experience in the Demanding German Market9814984/8/1998
Legislation is forcing the introduction of biodegradable lubricants onto the earthmoving industry. It is the responsibility of both manufacturers and users to protect the environment whilst maintaining the highest engineering standards. The use of biodegradable oils is important, but is only part of the solution. A comprehensive approach is required which goes beyond the simple, but normally adopted method, of replacing a mineral oil with a biodegradable alternative. An Environmentally Friendly Lubricants Policy is required which increases the benefits for both the user and the environment. A combination of biodegradable oil, specialist off-line filtration and a monitoring program is the key to this policy. Cardev International in association with Panolin AG has successfully implemented this policy in the demanding German market for over 10 years, and it has enabled hydraulic machinery to run over 56,000 hrs without oil change, and over 12,000hrs so far in an earthmoving machine.
Cartwright, Stephen, Devonshire, Colin
Dry Media Paint Stripping-Nine Years Later9412423/1/1994
Many topics are covered in this discussion of the ninth year since production dry stripping began in May 1985. Chemical strippers continue to be heavily regulated or banned. All other alternate coating removal processes are still in developmental stages, have not shown viability for production use and have not been accepted by maintenance operations or received manufacturer approvals. Dry media stripping continues to expand and to produce a very successful record--particularly wheat starch media. In a no technical objection letter dated April 30, 1993, America West Airlines, Phoenix, Arizona, received authorization for five time stripping of Boeing airframes utilizing wheat starch media. Additional approvals for graphite-epoxy and fiberglass composite dry paint stripping were recently published by Boeing. Hill Air Force Base, Utah, generates zero hazardous waste from its dry stripping operation. Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, corrosion control facility, the largest dry stripping facility in the world, was completed in July 1992, and is successfully stripping C-5 airframes on a production basis. US Navy Aviation Depot, Pensacola, Florida, continues its successful dry stripping program, stripping over one hundred aircraft the past year with Type V media. Sealant and residue from rotor blades were successfully removed utilizing wheat starch media.
Pauli, Robert
Interior Automotive Parts Recycling by Selective Solution9300363/1/1993
This paper discusses a unique process for the post consumer recycling of complex automotive parts, such as Foam Sheet Laminate (FSL) headliners and Instrument Panel (IP) supports, produced with a Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA) copolymer core. This new recycling method has been developed by a German engineering company, RCM GmbH. The SMA polymers described in the paper are marketed by ARCO Chemical under the tradename DYLARK Engineering Resins. This recycling principle is based on selective solution of different polymers. The recycled polymer, which in this case is the SMA, is dissolved in a suitable solvent and the polymer is thereafter precipitated and recovered. Both solvent and precipitation agent are recovered and reused in the process. Factors contributing to the success of this process are the ability to recover the major polymer in a complex part, as for example, in an instrument panel laminate which consists of a decorative skin, a polyurethane layer and a base of glass fibre reinforced SMA. Moreover, the solvent is relatively cheap and is not regarded as an environmental hazard. The general principle of the process is described in a case study, that is, by describing the route of the material from parts to recycled material in a 60 metric TPA pilot plant situated in Germany. The efficiency of the process is demonstrated by giving examples of parts that have successfully been moulded from a blend of the virgin/recycled material (ratio 70130 % w/w) under fully automatic production conditions and have passed without problem through post processing including assembly by vibration welding. Physical testing indicates that the physical properties of the virgin/recycle mixture lie within 10 % of the values obtained from virgin material.
Schneider, Manfred, Ducommun, Catharina, Schürr, Ulrich, Pohl, Eduard
Status Report of Italy - 19858560051/1/1985
This report outlines Italian safety concerns. Domestic statistics have shown a slight decrease in casualties due to road accidents and a stable situation with regard to injuries. Italy has adopted approximately 55 ECE regulations and 46 Community Directives. Active and passive safety measures are outlined. Emission limits and noise pollution legislation are under consideration.
Rossi, Franco
The Need for Rule 66 in Los Angeles County6708082/1/1967
Aside from emissions from motor vehicles, organic solvents were the last remaining major hydrocarbon contribution to photochemical smog in Los Angeles County. Rule 66 was formulated to control these organic solvent emissions.
Fuller, Louis J.
Items per page:
1 – 13 of 13