Browse Topic: Environmental regulations and standards

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Combustion dynamics and performance optimisation using higher HCNG blends for decarbonising the Gas Genset sector2026-26-0251To be published on 01/16/2026
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Dhar, Rit Prasad, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, Singh, Sauhard, Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Tule, Shubham, Aghav, Yogesh, Lakshminarasimhan, Krishna
Strategic & Frugal technology approach meet the stringent CPCB-IV+ Emission norms2026-26-0059To be published on 01/16/2026
In CPCB-IV+ Emissions regulations NOx & PM are reduced by 90% from CPCB-II limits in the power band 56 <kW ≤ 560. Obvious technology approach adopted by industry to meet this requirement is, introduction of CRDI fuel injection system & DOC+SCR+ASC aftertreatment technology, leading to substantial modifications at both engine & genset level. It results into huge development expenditure as well as high incremental product cost, timelines and increased in the total cost of ownership. This paper describes the frugal technology approach to keep development cost, product cost, development time to the minimum using electronically governed, high pressure mechanical fuel injection equipment while comfortably achieving target CPCB-IV+ emission levels. 1D-thermodynamic & 3D-combustion simulation approach was adopted to predict the engine out emissions and to optimize combustion hardware. This was followed by Virtual Test Bench (VTB) or closed loop HiL system simulation to integrate the engine
Arde, Vasundhara, Juttu, Simachalam, Kadam, Atit, Kumar, Dinesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Karthick, K, Vandana, Suryanarayana, Thipse, S
Enhancing SCR Nox conversion Efficiency and avoid Sulphur poising failures through virtual mechanism for Diesel engines2026-26-0227To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition to BS VI standards has emphasized the importance of maintaining Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems to effectively reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. One of the primary concerns in achieving optimal SCR performance is the potential for SCR poisoning due to excessive Sulphur content in low-quality diesel fuel. Sulphur deposits can accumulate on the catalyst surface over time, significantly compromising its efficiency and leading to increased emissions. To combat this issue, an advanced software system has been integrated into the SCR framework, employing a comprehensive monitoring strategy that assesses idle states, temperature, and mass flow conditions. When the system identifies conditions that may lead to Sulphur poisoning, it activates a desulfation (DeSOx) process designed to remove accumulated Sulphur deposits. This proactive fault detection mechanism is crucial; by initiating regeneration before hardware failure occurs, the system ensures the SCR
K, Sabareeswaran, Raju, Manikandan, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar
A study on the thermal degradation of chlorinated Polyethylene rubber2026-26-0276To be published on 01/16/2026
Elastomeric materials are essential in advanced automotive engineering for mobility, isolation, damping, fluid transfer (cooling, steering, fuel, and brake), and sealing because of their unique physio mechanical properties. Elastomers are commonly used in both static and dynamic components, such as hoses, mounts, bushes, and tires. Engine emission standards and weight optimization have caused higher temperature exposure conditions for automotive components. The steering system uses special purpose elastomers like Chlorinated Polyethylene that can deteriorate under abnormal conditions during vehicle operation or manufacturing process due to the high temperature exposure. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the causes and consequences of thermal degradation of elastomers. Thermal degradation is a significant phenomenon that changes the physical and chemical properties of elastomers, which results in a product not meeting functional requirements. This study investigates the thermal
THIRUPPATHI, ANANDHI, Mishra, Nitish, Krishnamoorthy, Kunju
Leveraging Advanced AI/ML Algorithms to Derive Actionable Insights from Fleet Vehicle In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) Data2026-26-0637To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, growing concerns over environmental pollution have led to the implementation of increasingly stringent emission regulations worldwide. These regulations require not only the reduction of pollutant emissions but also robust monitoring of critical emission control components under real-world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how frequently onboard diagnostic systems evaluate these components within defined operational boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is organized into several monitoring groups, including catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, and gasoline particulate filter monitoring. The specific groups and monitoring requirements vary based on fuel type (gasoline or diesel), engine technologies (such as variable valve timing or EGR), and exhaust system configurations (single or dual bank). For automakers, analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Multibody Dynamic Analysis of Belt-Type CVT Systems in Two-Wheelers: A Study on Slip, Misalignment, and Transmission Efficiency2026-26-0079To be published on 01/16/2026
More efficient drivetrain technologies are in greater demand in the two-wheeler market as a result of the introduction of BS6.2 emission standards. In order to satisfy these performance and regulatory requirements, Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) systems—which are renowned for their stepless gear shifting and increased fuel efficiency—are being given more and more consideration. However, because CVT is nonlinear and multibody dynamic, accurately predicting its behavior is still a difficult task. With an emphasis on variables like belt slip, pulley misalignment, and transmission efficiency, this study provides a thorough multibody dynamic analysis of a belt-type CVT system used in two-wheelers. High-fidelity analysis of the belt-pulley interaction under various load and speed conditions is now possible thanks to the development of a novel modeling methodology using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The method makes early design validation
Mane, Prashant, Shah, Swapnil, Voncken PhD, Antonius, Pinjari, Abrar, Emran, Ashraf, Mane PhD, Shrikala
Mitigating Urea Deposits in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems through Software Control for Improved Performance in Low Duty Cycle Operations2026-26-0424To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of achieving stringent BS VI emission standards, maintaining the efficiency of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems is paramount, especially in vehicles operating under low duty cycles. A significant concern in such scenarios is the accumulation of urea deposits within the SCR, which can lead to detrimental push-out effects and compromised catalyst performance. This issue is particularly prevalent during low-temperature operations, where the conditions are less favorable for the effective conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOx). To address this challenge, an innovative software control system has been developed to monitor operating conditions and detect potential urea deposit faults. The software continuously evaluates parameters such as temperature and vehicle duty cycle, identifying conditions that may lead to urea crystallization within the SCR system. When unfavorable conditions are detected, the software triggers a fault alert that activates a regeneration
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Raju, Manikandan, K J, Ramkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Data-Driven Modeling for Hydrogen ICE Emission Prediction and ATS Performance Benchmarking2026-26-0386To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents a novel methodology for benchmarking Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2E) emissions against diesel vehicle configurations, emphasizing Real-Drive Emission (RDE) test procedures. By leveraging Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, emission profiles for legal cycles and RDE scenarios are predicted. Integrated data pipelines and physics-based modeling enable virtual evaluations of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system performance, ammonia dosing accuracy, and exhaust temperature dynamics. Key results demonstrate high prediction accuracy across models, including temperature (R² > 0.94, RMS error <25°C), air flow (92% accuracy, RMSE = 28 kg/h), upstream NOx (93% accuracy, RMSE <10 mg/s), and SCR (TP NOx accuracy = 85%, dosing accuracy = 90%). This approach significantly reduces the need for extensive on-road driving tests, as the model performs most of the work, thereby lowering development costs and supporting OEMs in
S, Manoj Kumar, Shah, Jash Vipin, Ratnaparkhi, Aditya, H, Shivaprakash
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-0071To be published on 01/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Reverse Engineering and Digital Twins in Powertrain Design: Enhancing Performance and Sustainability2026-26-0065To be published on 01/16/2026
This study explores the application of reverse engineering (RE) and digital twin (DT) technology in the design and optimization of advanced powertrain systems. Traditional approaches to powertrain development often rely on legacy designs with limited adaptability to modern efficiency and emission standards. In this work, we present a methodology combining 3D scanning, computational modeling, and machine learning to reconstruct, analyze, and enhance internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains. By digitizing physical components through RE, we generate high-fidelity DT models that enable virtual testing, performance prediction, and iterative improvement without costly physical prototyping. Key innovations include a novel mesh refinement technique for scanned geometries and a hybrid simulation framework integrating finite element analysis (FEA) and multi-body dynamics (MBD). Our case study demonstrates a 12% increase in thermal efficiency for a retrofitted ICE
Bernikov, Mark Alexandrovich, Kurmaev, Rinat
Real Drive Emission Measurement on CEV Machinery- Study of testing challenges and different machine duty cycles.2026-26-0228To be published on 01/16/2026
India is witnessing a rise in CEV sales concurrent with the increase in large-scale infrastructure projects. This will lead to greater contribution to ambient air pollution from this category of vehicles. India has made huge strides in harmonizing the emission regulations with the rest of the world and has mandated RDE tests on Tractor and CEV machines under AIS 137 Part 7-A2 CEV/TREM Stage V emission norms starting from April 1, 2026. To conduct RDE test on CEV, the first step is to study the requirements set forth in the regulation for data collection, post-processing of data and emission calculation along with certain requirements for vehicle operation. Conducting tests on CEV machines poses a different set of challenges compared to on-road vehicles, the major one being the placement of PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Equipment) on the machine under test. No singular method or mechanism can be specified to suit all types of machinery, although certain guidelines can be set for
Chauhan, Pratyush, Kulkarni, S D, More, MANOJ, Joshi, Monal Vishwas
Migration from MIDC to WLTP in India: Challenges & Solutions for a Small Commercial Vehicle2026-26-0215To be published on 01/16/2026
In line with global peers (EU, Japan etc.), the Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) Committee in India has decided to adopt "World harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP)" for M and N category vehicles with GVW not exceeding 3500 kg. As a result, "World harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC )" is set to replace currently applicable "Modified Indian Drive Cycle (MIDC)" in the next couple of years. The draft CAFE III & CAFE IV norms for CO2 emission limits, which are set to be implemented in 2027 and 2032 respectively refer to a shift to WLTP from MIDC. This migration to WLTP is in sync with the demand for test procedures to replicate real driving conditions more appropriately. Further, with the Indian automotive sector growing at a robust CAGR of ~9%, the move to WLTP along with stricter emission norms is going to help the government take a major step towards India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. WLTC cycle being much more dynamic with higher
Emran, Ashraf, Sandhu, Rouble, Pawar, Bhushan, Berry, Sushil
A comprehensive strategy for Diesel Particulate Filter calibration to address the diverse applications of Stage V Construction Equipment Vehicles.2026-26-0143To be published on 01/16/2026
The legislation of CEV Stage V emission norms has necessitated advanced Diesel Particulate Filter calibration strategies to ensure optimal performance across diverse construction equipment applications in the Indian market. Considering the various duty cycles of cranes, backhoe loaders, forklifts, compactors, graders, and other equipment, different load conditions and operational environments require a comprehensive strategy to enhance DPF efficiency, minimize regeneration frequency, and maintain compliance with emission standards. The DPF, as an after-treatment system in the exhaust layout, is essential for meeting emission standards, as it effectively traps particulate matter. Regeneration occurs periodically to burn the soot particles trapped inside the DPF through ECU management. Therefore, understanding soot loading and in-brick DPF temperature behavior across various applications is the key. This paper explores the challenges in DPF calibration for CEV Stage V and provides a
Mohanty, Subham, Patil, Lalit, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak Arun, Mahajan, Atish, Madhukar, Prahlad
Evaluation of critical ignition coil parameters for an application On naturally aspirated gasoline engines2026-26-0589To be published on 01/16/2026
Today’s internal combustion engines require highly efficient combustion systems to meet stricter emission and fuel economy regulations. To fulfil to these requirements the ignition system of a gasoline engine plays a critical role. Along with ensuring that it meets the ignition characteristics across all engine operating conditions, it is also possess challenges like to comply with certain On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) norms .To meet these demands modern gasoline engines use inductive type ignition coils which are directly installed at the cylinder head above the spark plug. These ignition coils generate high voltage to produce a certain amount of spark energy and primary coil current which are necessary to meet the targets. However, it has been observed that in a traditional inductive type ignition coil system the ignition coil operating temperature can be a major limiting factor as it cannot exceed a maximum upper limit. The work described in this paper details the various systematic
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Hosur, Viswanatha
Gasoline Particulate Filter for future Indian regulation2026-26-0214To be published on 01/16/2026
Globally, emission regulations for LDVs (Light Duty Vehicles) are becoming increasingly stringent. In Europe, EU7 regulations will tighten the PN requirements by applying PN10 with PN value target 6.0+E11 [#/km] and changing the CF (Conformity Factor) value from 1.5 to 1.34 for RDE (Real Driving Emission). This necessitates the use of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) capable of meeting these PN regulations. Similarly, India is also tightening its PN regulations by referencing European standards. Under the current BS6 Stage 2, in-use compliance test procedures, including RDE measurements using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System), necessitate GPFs for GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engines. Furthermore, around April 2027, the transition from BS6 Stage 2 to BS6 Stage 3 is expected, with a shift of driving cycle from MIDC to WLTC (Phase 3). Additionally, discussions on BS7 regulations, referencing EU7, have begun, and similar stricter PN requirements could be required for MPI
sugimoto, Kentaro
Design & analysis of Dual Mass flywheel during Engine startup condition in 3 Cylinder Gasoline application2026-26-0349To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern automotive powertrains are increasingly adopting engine downsizing and down speeding to meet stringent emission regulations and improving fuel efficiency However, these changes result in higher torsional vibrations and excitation amplitudes makes more challenge in NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) refinement. With growing customer expectations for premium driving experiences conventional clutch are no longer sufficient. To meet the NVH performance targets of the vehicle Dual Mass Flywheels (DMFs) are used In DMF due to lower stiffness and inertia separation there is a great advantage on torsional filtration in normal drive and idle condition. but the resonance frequency of the connected DMF is lower than the idle RPM. Engine startup is a key drawback with DMF equipped vehicles. The proper tuning of starter motor performance & DMF stiffness is required to cross the resonance zone faster otherwise it will lead to DMF to stay in the resonance zone for a longer time leading to
Jayachandran, Suresh kumar, Vijayaragavan, Thirupathi, M, DEVAMANALAN, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, ahire, Manoj, Vellandi, Vikraman
Advanced Dual Dosing DeNOx System for Optimized NOx Reduction Under Future Emission Regulations2026-26-0230To be published on 01/16/2026
The evolution of global emission standards has imposed increasingly stringent limits on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, particularly under Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing protocols. These requirements demand effective NOx control across a wide range of operating conditions, posing a challenge for conventional single-injector Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. This paper briefs about Dual Dosing SCR System designed to enhance NOx reduction performance by employing two Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) injectors integrated within an advanced exhaust after-treatment system (EATS) configuration. The system features a close-coupled SCR on DPF (SDPF) followed by an underfloor SCR (UFSCR), enabling staged ammonia dosing. This layout promotes improved ammonia distribution and catalytic performance across both low-load and high-speed driving conditions. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) governs the DEF injection using predefined dosing maps, with reference to real-time data from three
Hareesh, Sangaraju, Shanmugham, Balamurugan, V, Suryanarayanan
Legislative Framework and Emission Testing using PEMS for NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) in India: A Technological Perspective2026-26-0139To be published on 01/16/2026
Emission Regulations for NRMM in India have evolved significantly over past two decades. India has progressively adopted stricter standards to align with global best practices. The latest regulations have introduced stringent caps on particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other pollutants, ensuring compliance with environmental sustainability goals. Future legislative frameworks are expected to impose even more rigorous emission limits, focusing on further reduction of NOx and PM levels while incorporating real-world emission monitoring. This will require manufacturers to integrate advanced after-treatment systems and adopt cleaner combustion technologies to meet compliance standards. To validate compliance with these stringent limits, rigorous testing methodologies are employed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) have become a crucial tool for real-world emission assessment. PEMS technology allows for on-road and field testing of NRMM under actual operating
Rastogi, Aadhar, Garg, Varun, Ragot, Nicolas
Optimizing Diesel Emission Controls through Advanced Software techniques to improve Diesel Oxidation Catalysts efficiency2026-26-0061To be published on 01/16/2026
After the implementation of BS VI emission standards, effective exhaust after-treatment has become critical in minimizing harmful emissions from diesel engines. One significant challenge is the accumulation of hydrocarbons (HC) in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Certain hydrocarbons may adsorb onto the catalyst surface yet remain unreactive, leading to potential operational inefficiencies. This phenomenon necessitates the desorption of unreactive hydrocarbons to allow space for more reactive species, thereby enhancing oxidation efficiency and overall catalyst performance. The process of desorption (DeSorb) is vital to maintaining the balance of reactive hydrocarbons within the DOC. When a vehicle is idling or low temperature duty cycles, unburnt fuel produces hydrocarbons that accumulate in the DOC. Upon acceleration, these hydrocarbons can lead to an uncontrolled rise in temperature, resulting in DOC push-out, catalyst damage, and downstream impacts on the Diesel Particulate
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, k, Janarthanan, A, Ravikumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Data-Driven Prediction of Global Automotive Trends: Forecasting Fuel Economy and CO₂ Emissions Using Machine Learning2026-26-0643To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of cleaner transportation and environmental sustainability, the global automotive industry is undergoing rapid transformation. This study leverages historical multi-decade vehicle data to develop predictive models for fuel economy and CO₂ emissions across a wide range of vehicle technologies. By utilizing advanced machine learning algorithms in Python and integrating insights through Power BI visualizations, the project identifies key correlations between vehicle attributes—such as weight, powertrain, and footprint—and their environmental performance. Results highlight the increasing impact of electric vehicle adoption, hybridization, and light weighting on overall emissions reduction. These insights help forecast the direction of fuel economy standards, emission patterns, and technology shifts across manufacturers and vehicle types. Beyond technical predictions, the study offers a decision-support framework for global policymakers, automotive designers, and
Hazra, Sandip, Tangadpalliwar, Sonali, Hazra, Sanjana
Studying the Lean Burn Operation in Two-Wheelers to Increase Fuel Efficiency and Investigate the Use of Lean NOx Trap Catalyst (LNT) for Lean Burn System2024-32-005804/18/2025
This study offers an overview of the impact of lean burn technology in two-wheeler vehicles, specifically concentrating on enhancing the fuel economy and addressing the challenges associated with its adoption. Lean burn systems, characterized by a fuel-air mixture with a higher air content than stoichiometric ratio. The study focuses on technology which meets stringent emission standards while enabling the optimization of fuel efficiency. The lean burn system employs strategies to optimize air-fuel ratio using electronic fuel injection, ignition timing control, and advanced engine control algorithms like - updated torque modulation control algorithm for drivability, lambda control algorithm for rich and lean switch and NOx modelling algorithm for LNT catalyst efficiency tracking. The challenges related to lean burn systems, includes issues related to combustion stability, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and their impact on drivability, is summarized in the study. Mitigation strategies
Somasundaram, Karthikeyan, Sivaji, Purushothaman, John Derin, C, Vishal, Karwa, Manoj Kumar, S, Maynal, Rajesh
Study on the Optimal Pre-Chamber Geometry for Active Pre-Chamber Gas Engines2024-32-002304/18/2025
In a pre-chamber engine, fuel in the main-chamber is ignited and combusted by the combustion gas injected from the pre-chamber. Therefore, further fuel dilution is possible and thermal efficiency can be also improved. However, adding a pre-chamber to an engine increases the number of design parameters which have a significant impact on the main combustion and the exhaust gas. Then, in this study, the optimum geometry of the pre-chamber in an active pre-chamber gas engine was investigated. The considered parameters were the volume of pre-chamber, the diameter of a nozzle hole, and the number of nozzle holes. 18 types of pre-chambers with different geometries were prepared. Using these pre-chambers, engine experiments under steady conditions were conducted while changing the conditions such as engine speeds, mean indicated pressure and air excess ratio. Based on the experimental data, neural network models were constructed that predict thermal efficiency, NOx and CO emissions from the
Yasuda, Kotaro, Yamasaki, Yudai, Sako, Takahiro, Takashima, Yoshitane, Suzuki, Kenta
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Calculation of Airflow through the Air Cycle Technology’s Turboexpander and Its Effects on a Diesel Engine—Part I2025-01-502303/31/2025
Amidst escalating climate change, the sustainability of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, particularly in heavy transport, remains a critical challenge. Despite emission reductions from 1990 to 2020, ICEs, particularly diesel engines in Europe, continue to pose environmental challenges, notably in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This study proposes a novel solution to address the problem of NOx emissions by incorporating Air Cycle Technology’s (ACT) turboexpander into diesel engines. Acting as a second-stage compressor, intercooler, and expander, the turboexpander aims to lower intake air temperature, thereby mitigating NOx formation. The study utilizes a 4.4-l JCB-TCA-74 turbocharged diesel engine retrofitted with the ACT turboexpander as the experimental platform. The methodology involves using empirical formulae to calculate the key parameters of engine airflow for a standard turbocharged diesel engine followed by repeating the calculations for the same engine fitted with a
Fayaz, Farheen, Brace, Jordan, Allport, John, Javanbakht, Gina
TitleAIRS12242024 (Current)12/24/2024
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A-20A Crew Station Lighting
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
TTAIR12092024 (Current)12/09/2024
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity2024-01-508408/23/2024
This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their
Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Various Diesel – Ethanol Blends on in-use Multi-Cylinder Engine Performance and Emission2024-26-007501/16/2024
At present, In India B7 (blend of bio-diesel 7% by volume in diesel) is notified and permitted to used in diesel engines. An alternative fuel for diesel has become essential due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and strict emission standards. Yet, given the characteristics of diesel, there is no direct renewable alternative fuel that can completely replace diesel. Thus, replacing some of the diesel with ethanol could be one of the options. In this study, the impact of various diesel-ethanol blends, including ED5, ED10, ED15, and ED20, was examined on two multi-cylinder engines in operation of varying vintages. The two engines under consideration complied with CPCB-I and CPCB-II, which is an Indian legal requirement for stationary Genset engines. For both engines, a 5-mode steady state test cycle was considered. For each mode, the engine's performance characteristics, including power, torque, and BSFC, were tested and described. Also, the emission pollutants such as CO, HC, NOx
Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Sekhar, Ravi, Warke, Arundhati, Thipse, Sukrut S, Rairikar, Sandeep, Sutar, Prasanna S, Jadhav, Ajnkya
Analytical Comparison of Real Drive Emission from Passenger Vehicle at different altitude operating conditions2024-26-015101/16/2024
As a major checkpoint in Automotive Emission Regulation worldwide, the Real Drive Emission(RDE) has been introduced to regulate the amount of pollutants in real on-road driving conditions, where altitude also find its importance along with driving pattern. Vehicular Exhaust Pollutants such as CO, NOx, CO2, PM & PN are the main targeted items being concentrated at this stage. Among them NOx, CO & CO2 are pollutants which will vary in connection to the atmospheric ambient conditions where the vehicles are being operated. For an instance, in our targeted case of testing at higher altitudes CO & NOx levels are found to be higher than those when tested at normal RDE regulatory altitude limits. As the altitude increases, the amount of oxygen present in the atmosphere decreases, which can cause the combustion process in an ICE to operate at a lesser efficient stoichiometric composition than when done at sea level. This will in-turn produce more pollutant levels as a byproduct of such altered
Pallerla, Sunil, RAJAN, GAUTHAM, Balagangatharan, Balamuralitharan, MUTHRAK, RAJA PRAMOD KUMAR
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean CI Engines, Part I: Combustion System Optimization2024-26-003701/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this first of a two-part article, cost effective means of improving the combustion process in a Diesel engine to reduce engine-out emissions, specifically of NOx and
Shah, Ashish, Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
Test Bench Phase Shift - ICE to EV2024-26-036801/16/2024
Since last decade automotive Industry is witnessing transition from ICE to EV due to stringent environmental laws by government bodies and technological breakthrough. EV technology is emerging day by day. Biggest challenge in front of OEM is the phase shift from ICE to EV. OEM need to decide on glide path for test rig development for this change to support ICE & EV powertrain validation to deliver reliable product to their customers. In EV development, major focus is on investment for battery development. Hence, for the Motor and Gearbox validation balanced approach is to upgrade existing ICE test bench for the EV with minimum effort and cost. This paper provides details on need and approach required to make the ICE test bench capable for EV powertrain validation. Proposed methodology helps to support both type of powertrain and have maximum utilization of the test bench. This paper provides guideline for selection of the additional parts required for EV validation on ICE test bench
koka, Harikishan, Patel, Hiral, bhavikatti, Gururaj, Sutar, Suresh
A mechanism to maintain negative crankcase pressure in a turbocharged gas engine to meet Euro-VI emission regulation and to reduce oil consumption.2024-26-014501/16/2024
Emissions regulation continually drives the automotive industry to innovate and develop. This pushes to introduce mechanism to maintain negative crankcase pressure in gas engine to meet this changing regulation. The way a turbocharger is used, to meet engine performance, can impact the pressure balance over the compressor and turbine end seals. This pressure difference can allow oil to leak through turbocharger seals. In normal engine operating condition, the pressure in the turbocharger end housings is higher than the bearing housing and oil/gas flows into the bearing housing, through the oil drain to the crankcase. Under certain operating conditions, such as low idle and thermal management, this pressure difference can be reversed with a higher bearing housing pressure than the pressure behind the turbine compressor wheel. Under this condition oil/gas will flow out of the bearing housing to the recess behind the compressor wheel. The bearing housing pressure will always track the
R, MAHESH BHARATHI
Comparative Study of Real Driving Emissions with different Gasoline & Diesel fuel blends using Portable Emission Measurement Equipment on IndianOil specific RDE Compliant Route2024-26-035601/16/2024
India has recently shifted from BSVI 1.0 emissions norms to BSVI 2.0 RDE (Real Drive Emission) norms ready with implementation of conformity factors for the measurement of on-road emissions. The discrepancies between emission values measured in the laboratory (under controlled ambient conditions) and actual emission values on the road (under real driving conditions) will be reduced with the implementation of BSVI 2.0. Fuel impacts the vehicular tail pipe emission in a greater way and various regulated emission pollutants are reduced significantly. Government initiated fuel formulations like oxygenated fuels (E10 & E20) and OMCs (IOCL) initiated differentiated diesel fuels plays significant role in achieving the targets for real driving emissions. Current study was performed on BSVI gasoline port fuel injection vehicle, gasoline direct injection vehicle and diesel vehicle on RDE compliant route (Faridabad specific - route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different set of test
Kant, Chander, Kumar, Prashant, Saroj, Shyamsher, Arora, Ajay, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Sithananthan, M, Harinarain, Ajay, Maheshwari, Mukul, Kalita, Mrinmoy
Design And Development of EGR Valve Controller for Bench Test2024-26-034801/16/2024
Various emission and fuel economy norms have been introduced worldwide by governments. In India, meeting each revision of Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) norms is challenging and requires new technologies to be incorporated in IC engines. One such technology used in gasoline engines is EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation). It works by recirculating exhaust gases back into the engine in turn increasing fuel economy and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. An electronic control unit (ECU) precisely controls EGR valve via stepper motor, regulating the flow of exhaust gases into the engine. Lead screw type unipolar stepper motor is commonly used for the same. Vehicle ECU calculates optimum EGR percentage and decides valve opening, further sequentially engaging stepper motor coils to advance or retract the EGR valve. With advancements in EGR technology there still exists few developmental challenges like operating the EGR valve on a test bench setup
Bhatt, Pancham, kumar, krishan, Kumar, Sahil
On- Board Diagnosis of Improper Reductant Detection in BS6 SCR System Using Virtual Sensor Modelling2024-26-025601/16/2024
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)is an optimized technology developed to encounter current BS6 Emission Regulations. AdBlue is the reductant used in the SCR Dosing system to eliminate NOx in the Exhaust gas. In order to ensure engine emissions compliance, insufficient or improper reductant in tank required to be detected. The right AdBlue concentration of 32.5% is highly necessary to attain the higher NOX conversion efficiency. Low concentration of the reductant will drastically reduce the NOx conversion in the system. Hence monitoring the AdBlue concentration in the tank itself is more important as per the OBD legislation. This implies on a physical quality sensor in the tank for detecting the reductant concentration. The functionalities of the quality sensor can also be instituted via a virtual software modelling called Improper Reductant Detection (IRD). IRD logic is highly robust and work competently to meet the BS6 stage 2 legislation’s NOx target. The reductant is suspected
YS, Ananthkumar, K, Sabareeswaran, M, Jayashree
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean Diesel Engines, Part II: Air-handling and Exhaust Aftertreatment2024-26-004401/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this second of a two-part article, several component levels advancements are discussed including both engine and the aftertreatment system (ATS). For engine, role of
Kumar, Praveen, Shah, Ashish, Lago, Rafael, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
Desensorization: A Novel Method for Urea Concentration Deterioration Detection in BSVI Engines2024-26-015401/16/2024
Urea concentration deterioration detection in BSVI engines is vital for maintaining compliance with emission regulations. This paper introduces a groundbreaking desensorization method, which offers numerous benefits in detecting urea concentration deterioration by estimating the drop in catalyst conversion efficiency. Traditionally, urea quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of urea in the aqueous solution (Diesel Exhaust Fluid – DEF). This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF. However, desensorization eliminates the need for dedicated sensors, reducing complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related errors. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and urea concentration. By monitoring catalyst inlet and outlet NOx values using NOx sensors, the efficiency of the catalyst can be estimated. This estimation allows for the detection of urea concentration deterioration, ensuring that NOx
Venkat, Harish, Kumar, Gokul Elumalai, Kumar, Kosalaraman, G, Vijayakumar
After-treatment Improvement in Mahindra BS6.1 to BS6.22024-26-014801/16/2024
Effective 1st April 2023, India's automotive emissions regulation has moved from BS6.1 to BS6.2 standard the after-treatment systems need to demonstrate robust performance not just on the cycle, but also to demonstrate emissions for on-road driving (RDEs) conditions. A stringent OBD strategy to monitor the real-time emission levels along with compliance On Road Driving Emissions (RDEs) are focus areas for BS6.2 emission legislation. The max speed on MIDC is 90km/h in BS6.1, DOC+SCRF® was meeting legislation at the lab and now with iRDE cycle max speed of the vehicles under M1 category will have the max permitted legal limit shall surpass 100 km/h for not greater than 3% of the time duration in the Phase-3 driving cycle for which max speed is up to 120 km/h. The monitoring window intended for BS6.2 with higher operating temperatures and higher space velocity plays a major role and adds a challenge to tackling the emission on the road. In this article, Mahindra and Johnson Matthey will
Vediappan, Sudhagar, Mandla, Manoj, Ragunathan, Santhosh Kumar, Kumar, Uday, O'Connell, Tim, Harris, Matthew, Green, Alexander, Sharma, Prashant, V, Suryanarayanan, MALATHKAR, Prakash Rao, Sharma, Vinay
Heavy Duty Vehicle Aftertreatment Technologies for the Future: what may be required at BSVII?2024-26-014901/16/2024
The Euro-VII proposal for new emission standards has been initiated by the European Commission for on-road vehicles which will apply to heavy-duty vehicles. This transition from Euro VI to Euro VII is going to be effective from 1st July 2027 for heavy-duty vehicles. If BS-VII legislation follows the example of Euro-VII, there will be an introduction of limits on hot and cold emissions to reduce emissions in the cold cycle. Such a change will drive improvement in emissions performance in the cold cycle. A further change in BSVII could be an introduction of a limit on nitrous oxide (N2O), following the Euro VII example, in addition to the harmful emissions like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HCs), particles (PM & PN) and ammonia (NH3) has been already regulated under BS-VI legislation. Should BS-VII legislation follow the example of Euro-VII, more advanced system performance from the engine and catalyst is needed. This paper will describe the after-treatment
Singhania, Amit, Chatterjee, Sougato, Wallin, Mikaela, Edvardsson, Jonas, Vediappan, Sudhagar, Komori, Mitsuru
After Treatment Sensors Positioning for BS6.2 Diesel Engine2024-26-003901/16/2024
BS6 emission standards were implemented in India in 2020 followed by BS6.2 which added more controls on emission limits. For BS6.2 OBD (On Board Diagnostics) and RDE (Real Driving Emission) were added on to the existing BS6 emissions. For the current 1.5L, 3 cylinder diesel engine an pSCR (Passive Selective Catalytic Reduction) brick was added for control of NOx for meeting RDE. For meeting OBD requirements PM (Particulate Matter) and NOx sensors were added in the cold end pipe along with calibration changes to meet the BS6.2 norms. In this paper we will discuss on the design aspects of sensors and pSCR only. The sensor and pSCR positioning plays vital role in meeting the legislative requirements and to ensure the ease of assembly and durability of the parts. In this paper we discuss on the various options explored for positioning, the constraints of sensor application and the importance of positioning on the emission compliance. Post the sensor positioning, parts were made and
vinaya murthy, Vijayendra, Rengaraj, Chandrasekaran, Dharan R, Bharani, Sasikumar, M
Experimental Study of Piston temperature profile with respect to varying engine parameters – Using Telemetry Method2024-26-034101/16/2024
As emissions standards become more stringent, OEMs are pushing engines to run on leaner fuel mixtures, which puts increased thermal stress on components, particularly pistons, causing them to operate at higher temperatures. This requires more robust design and rigorous testing of components. Telemetry methods offer accurate and real-time feedback, allowing designers to test components at various operating conditions, providing more flexibility than other traditional methods. Piston temperature measurement is a critical aspect of engine development because it directly affects engine performance and durability. Among the various techniques available for this purpose, telemetry methods have gained considerable attention in recent years. This method involves integrating temperature sensors and transmitter on the piston, which transmit temperature data wirelessly to a receiver outside the engine. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of coolant temperatures, valve timing, ignition timing
Pandey, Ram Krishan, KUMAR, ATUL, Jangra, Sumit
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-000107/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Engine-in-the-Loop Analysis of the Influence of Manual Gearshift Duration on Vehicle Consumption and Emissions15-16-01-000309/27/2022
Abstract The tightening of emission standards and homologation rules lead car manufacturers to rely on simulation testing in early development phases. Coupling an engine to a testbench controlled by a real-time simulation environment allows flexible, reliable, and reproducible testing for consumption and emission studies. However, interest in this method referred to as engine-in-the-loop (EiL) is relatively recent and few details can be found regarding the simulation environment. Following previous work, this study details a driver model based on the PI structure and augmented with preview and anti-windup. The focus is set on a conventional powertrain with a manual transmission for which the driver must also manage the clutch pedal during gearshift and take-off phases. Extended analysis of vehicle tests allows defining the driver’s behavior during these phases for different profiles. The driver model is then tested in the EiL environment and the impact of the gearshift profile on fuel
Gilormini, Thomas, Chessé, Pascal, Tauzia, Xavier, Colin, Hervé
A Study of Combustion Inefficiencies in SI Engines Powered by Alcohol and Ether Fuels Using Detailed Emission Speciation2022-01-061703/29/2022
Advanced combustion engines, as power sources, dominate all aspects of the transportation sector. Stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards have promoted the research interest in advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Owing to the comparable energy density to the existing fossil fuels and renewable production, alcohol and ether fuels may be a suitable replacement, or an additive to the gasoline/diesel fuels to meet the future emission standards with minimal modification to current engine geometry. Furthermore, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. However, lean-burn or EGR dilution can introduce combustion inefficiencies in the form of excessive hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen emissions. In this study, the total energy loss to the exhaust in the form of emission species due to incomplete/inefficient combustion of alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and ether
Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon
An Update on Continuing Progress Towards Heavy-Duty Low NOX and CO2 in 2027 and Beyond2022-01-066903/29/2022
Multiple areas in the U.S. continue to struggle with achieving air quality targets for ozone mandated by the U.S. EPA. These continued issues highlight the need for further reductions in NOX emission standards in multiple industry sectors, with heavy-duty on-highway engines being one of the most important areas to be addressed. Starting in 2014, CARB initiated a series of technical demonstration programs aimed at examining the feasibility of achieving up to a 90% reduction in tailpipe NOX, while at the same time maintaining a path towards GHG reductions that will be required as part of the Heavy-Duty Phase 2 GHG program. These programs culminated in the Stage 3 Low NOX program, which demonstrated Low NOX emissions while maintaining GHG emissions at levels comparable to the baseline engine. Previously, EPA has announced the intention to promulgate a national Heavy Duty Low NOX standard, and has since reaffirmed to need to release an updated Low NOX standard for heavy-duty on-highway
Sharp, Christopher
Detailed Emissions Characterization for Off-Road Applications: A DPF and non-DPF Engine Comparison2022-01-070403/29/2022
As agencies continue to focus on emissions compliance, low NOX discussions have started to propagate beyond the on-highway market. Off-road applications, which contribute to 29% of the PM emissions and 11% of the NOX emissions in California, are being reviewed to understand the technological challenges and requirements for improved emissions performance. To help facilitate an off-road low NOX technology demonstration, information from current engine and aftertreatment technologies required a detailed assessment. The following work will discuss the emissions characterization results from two non-road engine platforms. The intention of this study is to compare the emissions species from different approaches designed to meet Tier 4 Final emissions regulations. The platforms reflect available technology for DPF and non-DPF aftertreatment architectures. A detailed emissions characterization included gaseous emissions, particulate matter, particulate number, and an extensive list of non
Zavala, Bryan, Premnath, Vinay, Sharp, Christopher
Deceleration Cylinder Cutoff Emission Control Strategy for Ammonia Reduction in Spark Ignition Engines2022-01-064903/29/2022
The newly-proposed Euro 7 emission standard has added regulation of ammonia emission for gasoline vehicles. This paper proposes a new emissions-control strategy to satisfy the regulated ammonia emissions levels. The control strategy utilizes deceleration cylinder cut-off (DCCO) to reduce/eliminate deceleration fuel cutoff (DFCO), reducing exhaust rich-lean air fuel ratio (A/F) variations and allowing tight management of exhaust three-way catalyst oxygen, which reduces CO/NOx ratio and NH3 formation rate inside catalytic converter. This results in more than 80% of ammonia emission reduction on the WLTP drive cycle without negative impact on all other regulated emissions.
luo, Xi, Yang, Xiaojian, Wilcutts, Mark, Ortiz-Soto, Elliott
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