Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same

Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.

Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions

03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023

Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.

Engine-in-the-Loop Analysis of the Influence of Manual Gearshift Duration on Vehicle Consumption and Emissions

15-16-01-0003

09/27/2022

Abstract The tightening of emission standards and homologation rules lead car manufacturers to rely on simulation testing in early development phases. Coupling an engine to a testbench controlled by a real-time simulation environment allows flexible, reliable, and reproducible testing for consumption and emission studies. However, interest in this method referred to as engine-in-the-loop (EiL) is relatively recent and few details can be found regarding the simulation environment. Following previous work, this study details a driver model based on the PI structure and augmented with preview and anti-windup. The focus is set on a conventional powertrain with a manual transmission for which the driver must also manage the clutch pedal during gearshift and take-off phases. Extended analysis of vehicle tests allows defining the driver’s behavior during these phases for different profiles. The driver model is then tested in the EiL environment and the impact of the gearshift profile on fuel

Gilormini, Thomas, Chessé, Pascal, Tauzia, Xavier, Colin, Hervé

A Study of Combustion Inefficiencies in SI Engines Powered by Alcohol and Ether Fuels Using Detailed Emission Speciation

2022-01-061703/29/2022

Advanced combustion engines, as power sources, dominate all aspects of the transportation sector. Stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards have promoted the research interest in advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Owing to the comparable energy density to the existing fossil fuels and renewable production, alcohol and ether fuels may be a suitable replacement, or an additive to the gasoline/diesel fuels to meet the future emission standards with minimal modification to current engine geometry. Furthermore, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. However, lean-burn or EGR dilution can introduce combustion inefficiencies in the form of excessive hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen emissions. In this study, the total energy loss to the exhaust in the form of emission species due to incomplete/inefficient combustion of alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and ether

Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon

Next Generation Diesel Particulate Filter for Future Tighter HDV/NRMM Emission Regulations

2022-01-066003/29/2022

HDV Diesel emission regulations are set to be tightened in the future. The introduction of PN PEMS testing for Euro VI-e, and the expected tightening of PM/NOx targets set to be introduced by CARB in the US beyond 2024 are expected to create challenging tailpipe PN conditions for OEMs. Additionally, warranty and the useful life period will be extended from current levels. Improved fuel efficiency (reduction of CO2) also remains an important performance criteria. Furthermore, future non-road diesel emission regulations may follow tighten HDV diesel emission regulations contents, and non-road cycles evaluation needs to be considered as well for future. In response to the above tightened regulation, for Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) technologies will require higher PN filtration performance, lower pressure drop, higher ash capacity and better pressure drop hysteresis for improved soot detectability. Additionally, thermal management of aftertreatment system has become increasingly

Kurimoto, Yudai, Mishina, Ritsuko, Kato, Kyohei, Aoki, Takashi, Honda, Takahiro, Kaneda, Atsushi, Vogt, Claus Dieter

Achieving SULEV30 Regulation Requirement with Three-way Catalyst on High Porosity Substrate while Reducing Platinum Group Metal Loading

2022-01-065603/29/2022

Fleet average SULEV30 emissions over FTP-75 must be met under full implementation of US Tier 3/LEV III emission regulation in 2025. Majority of SULEV30 certified 2021 model year vehicles are equipped with ≤ 2L displacement engine and some models adopt hybrid powertrain system. Pickup trucks are the most popular passenger vehicle segment in US and account for > 20%. It could represent a quick route to the fleet average SULEV30 to make the most popular vehicle segment SULEV30 certified. The newest Pickup truck models are typically ULEV50 or ULEV70 certified. To reach SULEV30 or lower emission category, total tail pipe emissions must be reduced by more than 40%. Improvement of cold-start emission is essential because over 70% of regulated emission is emitted during the first 60 seconds of a drive cycle with current engine and aftertreatment technology. high porosity (HP) ceramic substrates are designed to reduce thermal mass and time required to reach three-way catalyst (TWC) active

Asako, Tsuyoshi, Saito, Daiki, Hirao, Tetsuhiro, Popp, Emily, Okada, Mitsuyoshi, Kaneda, Atsushi, Kawakami, Akifumi, Ohara, Etsuji, sugimoto, Kentaro

An Update on Continuing Progress Towards Heavy-Duty Low NOX and CO2 in 2027 and Beyond

2022-01-066903/29/2022

Multiple areas in the U.S. continue to struggle with achieving air quality targets for ozone mandated by the U.S. EPA. These continued issues highlight the need for further reductions in NOX emission standards in multiple industry sectors, with heavy-duty on-highway engines being one of the most important areas to be addressed. Starting in 2014, CARB initiated a series of technical demonstration programs aimed at examining the feasibility of achieving up to a 90% reduction in tailpipe NOX, while at the same time maintaining a path towards GHG reductions that will be required as part of the Heavy-Duty Phase 2 GHG program. These programs culminated in the Stage 3 Low NOX program, which demonstrated Low NOX emissions while maintaining GHG emissions at levels comparable to the baseline engine. Previously, EPA has announced the intention to promulgate a national Heavy Duty Low NOX standard, and has since reaffirmed to need to release an updated Low NOX standard for heavy-duty on-highway

Sharp, Christopher

Detailed Emissions Characterization for Off-Road Applications: A DPF and non-DPF Engine Comparison

2022-01-070403/29/2022

As agencies continue to focus on emissions compliance, low NOX discussions have started to propagate beyond the on-highway market. Off-road applications, which contribute to 29% of the PM emissions and 11% of the NOX emissions in California, are being reviewed to understand the technological challenges and requirements for improved emissions performance. To help facilitate an off-road low NOX technology demonstration, information from current engine and aftertreatment technologies required a detailed assessment. The following work will discuss the emissions characterization results from two non-road engine platforms. The intention of this study is to compare the emissions species from different approaches designed to meet Tier 4 Final emissions regulations. The platforms reflect available technology for DPF and non-DPF aftertreatment architectures. A detailed emissions characterization included gaseous emissions, particulate matter, particulate number, and an extensive list of non

Zavala, Bryan, Premnath, Vinay, Sharp, Christopher

Deceleration Cylinder Cutoff Emission Control Strategy for Ammonia Reduction in Spark Ignition Engines

2022-01-064903/29/2022

The newly-proposed Euro 7 emission standard has added regulation of ammonia emission for gasoline vehicles. This paper proposes a new emissions-control strategy to satisfy the regulated ammonia emissions levels. The control strategy utilizes deceleration cylinder cut-off (DCCO) to reduce/eliminate deceleration fuel cutoff (DFCO), reducing exhaust rich-lean air fuel ratio (A/F) variations and allowing tight management of exhaust three-way catalyst oxygen, which reduces CO/NOx ratio and NH3 formation rate inside catalytic converter. This results in more than 80% of ammonia emission reduction on the WLTP drive cycle without negative impact on all other regulated emissions.

luo, Xi, Yang, Xiaojian, Wilcutts, Mark, Ortiz-Soto, Elliott

Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS)

2022-01-089403/29/2022

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping vehicle (car) manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a new challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are proposed: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in

Giardiello, Giovanni, Gimelli, Alfredo, de Nola, Francesco, Pipicelli, Michele, Parascandolo, Francesco, Santoro, Dario, Sessa, Bernardo, Troiano, Antonio

Effect of EGR Coupled SCR on NOx Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

2022-01-066403/29/2022

EGR and SCR has become an important technology to reduce NOx emission of heavy-duty diesel engine and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper studied on the effect of EGR coupled SCR on NOx emission characteristics of heavy-duty diesel engine based on engine bench test. The results showed that the NO emission reduction performance of EGR coupled SCR increased with the increase of engine load, and the increase slowed down after 75% load. EGR coupled SCR has little effect on NO2 emission reduction, the increase of engine speed can significantly improve the efficiency of NO2 emission reduction at 75% and 100% load. The effect of EGR coupled SCR on reducing NO became more and more significant with the increase of diesel engine load, but the effect was no longer significant when the reduction of NO emission exceeded a certain limit under the same working condition. EGR had better NOx reduction performance at 50% load of diesel engine when the valve opening was 25% and

Lou, Diming, Kang, Lulu, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan, Zhang, yunhua, Fang, Liang

Evaluation of 48V technologies to meet future CO2 and low NOx emission regulations for Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

2022-01-067003/29/2022

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB) have recently announced rulemakings focused on tighter emission limits for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from heavy-duty trucks. As part of the new rulemaking CARB has proposed a Low Load Cycle (LLC) to specifically evaluate NOx emission performance over real-world urban and vocational operation typically characterized by low engine loads, thereby demanding the implementation of continuous active thermal management of the engine and aftertreatment system. This significant drop in NOx levels along with continued reduction in the Green House Gas (GHG) limits poses a more significant challenge for the engine developer as the conventional emission reduction approaches for one specie will likely result in an undesirable increase in the other species. One pathway to simultaneously reduce NOx and CO2 emissions and achieve these future emission regulations is through the application of 48V electrification for engine

Dhanraj, FNU, Dahodwala, Mufaddel, Joshi, Satyum, Koehler, Erik, Franke, Michael, Tomazic, Dean

Laser-Based In-Exhaust Gas Sensor for On-Road Vehicles

2022-01-064603/29/2022

Indrio Technologies has developed a novel on-board sensor, named Ignis, for detecting oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) in diesel exhaust streams with sensitivities and molecular specificity unmet by existing technologies. This is a key technological need for diesel engine manufacturers, who face difficulty in precisely controlling their exhaust aftertreatment systems due to the lack of widely deployable sensors capable of differentiating between NOx, NH3 and other species in the exhaust stream. The successful incorporation of the proposed sensor can result in greater fuel efficiency improvements while matching new stringent 2027 California and 2030 EPA NOx emissions standards. Once the product has reached deep market penetration, the fleet-wide fuel economy improvements and NOx emissions reductions enabled by this product will lead to reduced carbon emissions and healthier air with lower amounts of NOx-induced smog, ground-level ozone, and acid rain. This sensor is based on a

Sur, Ritobrata, Peng, Wen Yu, Kempema, Nathan

Fuel Injector selection in diesel engine for BS6 emission upgradation

2022-01-053003/29/2022

For meeting the stringent BS VI emissions in a 3 cylinder diesel engine the Exhaust after treatment system was upgraded from a single brick DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst) to 2 brick DOC+sDPF configuration. To meet the demands of emission regulation and sDPF requirements, changes were also required in the Fuel injection system. Major changes were done in the fuel injector and fuel pump. This paper primarily discuses on the Fuel injector change from 1.1 to 2.2 family with changes in nozzle geometry, Nozzle tip protrusion and injector cone angle and the effects on the emission and performance parameters. The various design values of NTP, cone angle and Sac values are tested in actual engine to meet the require power , torque and verified to meet NOx, HC , PM values as required by new BS VI regulation. Other boundary conditions are also checked – BSFC, temperature etc. The design change that was needed for the injector upgradation – Cylinder head interface, injector clamp , fuel pump and

vinaya murthy, vijayendra

High-Porosity Honeycomb Substrate with Thin-Wall and High Cell Density using for SCR Coating to Meet Worldwide Tighter Emission Regulations

2022-01-066703/29/2022

Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) made of cordierite honeycomb substrate is generally used as a DeNOx catalyst for diesel engines exhaust in both on-road and commercial off-highway vehicles to meet today’s worldwide emission regulations. Worldwide NOx emission regulations will become more strict, as represented by CARB2027 and EuroⅦ. Technologies which can achieve further lower NOx emissions are required. Recently, several technologies, like increased SCR catalyst loading amount on honeycomb substrates, and additional SCR catalyst volume in positions closer to the engine are being considered to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions. However, undesirable pressure drop increase and enlarging after treatment systems will be caused by adopting these technologies. Therefore, optimization of the material and honeycomb cell structure for SCR is inevitable to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions while minimizing any system drawbacks. Since the SCR catalyst generally being used in the market today is

Ido, Yuya, Kinoshita, Koji, Saito, Chika, Hirose, Shogo, Toyoshima, Hideyuki, Ohara, Etsuji, Honda, Takahiro, Kaneda, Atsushi, Wells, Alexander, Vogt, Claus Dieter

US EPA NVFEL Repeatable-Vehicle Program – Emission Lab Testing System Performance Quality Monitoring

2022-01-068903/29/2022

According to US FCR the vehicle emission testing system must be monitored and checked periodically, and NVFEL TATD has developed a quality control monitoring program named “Repeatable-Vehicle Program”, the current vehicle selected is a proper sized and featured sedan, so called RepCar. The vehicle emission lab cell test used a chassis dyno to simulate some road driving conditions, a CVS system to collect exhaust sample and analyzed by a group of chemical benches. The testing condition is satisfied the FCR requirement and controlled during the testing procedure. A specific driving cycle including two phases was designed to evaluate vehicle power system at different speed load performance and measurement instruments accuracy under different concentration range. The phase1 is modified FTP505, phase2 is the most aggressive part of US06, and at the end of phase2 driving trace had a 30-second constant 75 mph cruising followed by a coast down. The RepCar equipped a data logger recording few

Tang, Xiaoguo

History Effect on Particulate Emissions in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

03-15-03-099911/12/2021

Soot formation in internal combustion engines is a combination of complex phenomena. Understanding the formation mechanism that influences particulate emissions can help to make gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines comply with increasingly stringent emission standards. It is generally accepted that the deposition of liquid fuel wall films in the combustion chamber is a significant source of particulate formation in GDI engines. The injection timing, which can help avoid interaction between the pistons and fuel spray, has been identified as the parameter with the greatest influence. Traditionally, the start of injection (SOI) sweeps one can find in the literature are carried out by changing the timing one value at a time. To quantify the influence of SOI, variations in our study were carried out in a novel way using cycle-to-cycle parameter control. Instead of motoring or turning off the engine between different SOI variations, the motor was run continuously with combustion and SOI

Etikyala, Sreelekha, Koopmans, Lucien, Dahlander, Petter

Study to Compare CO2 Emissions from M1 Bharat Stage VI Passenger Vehicles at Chassis Dynamometer and Indian Real Traffic Conditions.

2021-26-019809/22/2021

Bharat Stage VI (BS VI) emission norms are already introduced in India from 1st April 2020. The implementation of BS VI emission standards essentially brings Indian motor vehicle regulations on par with most stringent International standards. The BS VI regulation also mandated Real Driving Emission (RDE) measurement with objective to limit regulated pollutants esp. NOX & PN during real use of vehicle. For M1 passenger vehicles Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions measured in Lab is also regulated under CAFÉ (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) however, CO2 emission during Real on Road Driving is not regulated. So, this study was carried out to compare CO2 on real road traffic conditions with standard lab conditions. This study was done on a set of BS VI compliant vehicles with diverse characteristic such as engine capacity, fuel type. These vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer in a vehicle-emissions laboratory under well-defined & controlled ambient conditions for temperature and

THAKARE, KIRAN, SINGH, ABHAY, Shah, OBAID ASHRAF, bathina, REVANTH KUMAR, KULKARNI, ASHISH

Comparison of Olefin Copolymers and Comb Polymers in Engine Oil Formulations Tested for Fuel Efficiency Retention and CO2 Emissions Under Advanced Emission Standards

2021-01-121109/21/2021

This study presents the impact of two engine oil additives on fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions. Formulations containing either Olefin Copolymer (OCP) or Comb polymer (Comb) were compared in tests for fuel efficiency retention, fine particle emissions, and ash accumulation in the gasoline particulate filter. The Comb formulations showed higher fuel efficiency throughout the testing, retaining this efficiency after three distinct engine aging test cycles. No significant differences between formulations were observed in oil consumption, ash accumulation, and filtration efficiency.

Bartels, Thorsten, Flamberg, Alan, Manukyan, Selin, Russ, Gerald

Conversion Performance Prediction of Thermal-Deteriorated Three-Way Catalysts: Surface Reaction Model Development Considering Platinum Group Metals and Co-Catalyst

2021-24-007709/05/2021

Three-way catalyst (TWC) converters can purify harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, from the exhaust gases of gasoline engines. However, large amounts of these substances may be emitted before the TWC reaches its light-off temperature during cold starts, and its performance may be impaired by thermal deterioration during high-load driving. In this work, a simulation model was developed using axisuite commercial software by Exothermia S.A to predict the light-off conversion performance of Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 catalysts with different degrees of thermal deterioration. The model considered detailed surface reactions and the main factor of the deterioration mechanism. In the detailed reaction mechanism, adsorption, desorption, and surface reactions of each gas species at active sites of the platinum group metal (PGM) particles were considered based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Model gas experiments were performed to identify each reaction

Yamakawa, Yukihiro, Inoue, Ryoya, Kubo, Yunosuke, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Kusaka, Jin

Diesel in distress

SAE-MA-0465606/10/2021

The global chip shortage undercuts surging demand for Cummins’ diesel engines in markets that have rebounded rapidly from 2020’s low point.

Gehm, Ryan

Questions about Real Driving Emissions in Brazil

SAE-PP-0022702/02/2021

The motor vehicles are the main source of atmospheric pollution, especially carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (NOx). To reduce these emissions for environmentally acceptable levels, Europe and the United States have developed control programs, where are set emissions limits for new vehicles, which are gradually reduced over time and the compliance must be done through standardized tests in laboratories. However, Europe is facing a problem: NOx level in the cities is not being reduced in the same proportion of the homologation limits, due to two factors: the poor representativeness of the test procedures in comparison of the “real world” and the use of engine management software that produces low pollutants just in laboratory tests. Several studies about real world emissions have pointed to vehicles, approved in the laboratory, emitting in the streets about 7 up to 40 times more NOx than the homologation limit. To fix this problem, since September/2017 Europe will add to

Anthony, Lindsay

Facility Focus: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

TBMG-3779210/01/2020

In early 1970, as a result of heightened public concerns about deteriorating city air, natural areas littered with debris, and urban water supplies contaminated with dangerous impurities, President Richard Nixon created a council to consider how to organize federal government programs designed to reduce pollution. The President sent to Congress a plan to consolidate many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Headquartered in Washington, DC, the EPA this year marks 50 years of preparing for, responding to, preventing, and mitigating natural and manmade disasters.

Designing Next Generation Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems Using Machine Learning

02-13-03-0016

09/25/2020

With ever tightening emission standards, the automotive industry is continuously seeking novel ways to improve the aftertreatment system (ATS). Exhaust treatment systems using diesel emission fluid (DEF), in conjunction with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and diesel oxidation converters (DOC), have been gaining popularity in the heavy equipment industry. Spraying DEF (mixture of urea and water) into the exhaust flow can convert harmful NOx gases into N2 and H2O. Design of ATSs focuses on high evaporation rate and uniform mixing of ammonia at the entrance to the SCR catalyst. This study applied support vector regressor (SVR), a machine learning (ML) method to a database of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to develop a highly efficient mixer with high heat exchange characteristics. Over 500 mixer designs were evaluated using CFD and were then used to train the SVR model. The trained ML model was then used as a surrogate to the CFD and coupled with the genetic algorithm

Singh, Samrendra K., Braginsky, Daniel, Tamamidis, Panos, Gennaro, Monacelli