These guidelines are intended for those engineers and scientists who evaluate the corrosion performance of painted automotive parts in laboratory cyclic tests. The guidelines are intended to help ensure that the results of the tests can be used to reach conclusions concerning the variables under study without being confounded by the test procedure itself. The guidelines also serve as a means to assist users of this type of test in obtaining good inter-laboratory agreement of results.

Materials, Processes and Parts Council

A Conceptual Framework for Value Chain Analysis of End of Life Aircraft Treatment in the Context of Sustainable Development

2014-01-22329/16/2014

The End of Life phase of Aircraft is a relatively complex phase in life cycle of this product. The retired Aircrafts need to be parked in certain conditions. Some valuable parts are disassembled and the rest of them are dismantled. Materials are separated and upgraded, waste is burned or deserted and toxic materials restrained or incinerated. All of these activities should be performed in an ecologically right manner; however, collectively produced added values for all stakeholders need to be considered. This paper aims to provide a conceptual framework for value chain analysis of Aircraft recycling process in the context of sustainable development. The value chain related to recycling aircraft at the end of life was chosen to generate an in-depth analysis of the value chain, considering environmental and socio-economic concerns. The value chain framework for recycling of fleets is identified. The key processes with environmental and social impacts are determined. The decision making

Keivanpour, Samira, Mascle, Christian, Ait Kadi, Daoud

The 3i paradigm: India's story

14MEIP09_029/1/2014

The concept of ideation, incubation, and implementation is enhancing the growth of the Indian automotive industry. The 3i paradigm is a powerful trident of ideation, incubation, and implementation. It is about steering each of these elements separately and then in unison to connect dots in the growth matrix of an organization for high-throttle traction. Bringing in a strategic mindset change and a synchronization with the organizational culture is the key to the 3i paradigm. During the last decade, the 3i paradigm has enhanced the pace of growth of the automotive industry in India through technologies and varieties of features delivered at an affordable price to customers. Ideation is the phase in which ideas are solicited, generated, and consolidated-individually or in a group and through open and closed techniques. The Indian automotive industry has intentionally focused increasing amounts of time and energy into the ideation phase. This phase is not solely about products; it

Jaura, Dr. Arun

Impacts of Non-Traditional Uses of Polyurethane Foam in Automotive Applications at End of Life

2014-01-90995/5/2014

Polyurethane (PU) foam is used for many automotive applications with the benefits of being lightweight, durable, and resistant to heat and noise. Applications of PU foams are increasing to include non-traditional purposes targeting consumer comfort. An example of this is the use of PU foam between the engine and engine cover of a vehicle for the purpose of noise abatement. This addition will provide a quieter ride for the consumer, however will have associated environmental impacts. The additional weight will cause an increase in fuel consumption and related emissions. More significant impacts may be realized at the end-of-life stage. Recycling PU foams presents several challenges; a lack of market for the recyclate, contamination of the foams, and lack of accessibility for removal of the material. PU foam pieces are likely to end up being landfilled after the vehicle is shredded, negating the benefit of choosing this material for its recyclability over another non-recyclable material

Miller, Lindsay J., Sawyer-Beaulieu, Susan, Tam, Edwin

New technologies for 2014

13AEID1203_0112/3/2013

OEM and supplier engineers are all about technical innovation. In this special feature, Automotive Engineering International highlights (in no particular order) some notable ones debuting on 2014 models. Mercedes-Benz, using networked electronic systems (sensor fusion), introduced on its MY2014 S-Class a suspension system that can “see” the road surface ahead and make ultra-high-speed decisions on how to deal with it. Called Magic Body Control (MBC), the anticipatory system comes with “a world first” Road Surface Scan stereo camera and Mercedes' established Active Body Control. The windshield-mounted camera monitors the road to a distance of 15 m (49 ft) in front of the car. Analyzing the resultant images and information about the car's driving status, a control unit then calculates its optimum strategy. This means softening or stiffening damper reaction ahead of the event and increasing or reducing the load to each wheel via an active hydraulic system. MBC reacts in “fractions of a

Glossary of Terms in Use in Green Innovation and Sustainable Practices in the Automotive Industry

J2965_201306 (Current)6/17/2013

Develop terminology and definitions specifically for the automotive industry that defines greener and more sustainable materials and practices. The document will provide information and context for how and where the terms are used in the auto sector. In some cases, there may be more than one definition provided as some terms have different meanings in different countries.

Green Technology Steering Committee

Application of Life Cycle Analysis to End of Life Vehicles Recycling Process

2013-01-12854/8/2013

This study aims to determine environmental aspects of an end-of-vehicle recycling process through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Functional unit of the study was an end-of-vehicle with a weight of 1432 kg. System boundaries included transportation of the scrap car to disassembly and shredding facility, disassembly and shredding processes and transportation of the materials to recycling facilities. Data regarding process was gathered from a shredding facility, literature and the libraries of the SimaPro 7.3.2. Gathered data was evaluated through CML 2 baseline 2000 methodology by the means of abiotic depletion, acidification, global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity and photochemical oxidation. According to results, transportation and diesel consumption are the important factors for ELV recycling. It is thought that decreasing of diesel consumption and selection of closest sites to

Erses Yay, Suna, Yay, Kubilay

Uncertainties in the Life Cycle Assessment of Passenger Vehicles

2013-01-12794/8/2013

Reducing the environmental impact of transport on Climate Change is an important policy target and the European Union has been spearheading legislation in this area. However, the EU has chosen, until now, to focus on tailpipe emissions, which only represent the impact of the use phase of the vehicle and leave aside the impacts of material production and car manufacturing as well as the end of life. Anyway, the corresponding regulations have given the direction for car manufacturer to focus on lightweighting, which is an important part of the solution. It is incomplete, however, as a more holistic approach encompassing all the phases of the Life of a vehicle ought to be taken on board, which is exactly what a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is meant to do. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the advantages and the limitations of LCA in the transport sector. Some very different categories of vehicles, in terms of powertrain, power and weight are examined as well as a degree of uncertainty

Carvallo, Adriana, Birat, Jean-Pierre L., Gauriat, Antoine, Thomas, Jean-Sébastien

Opportunities and Control Measures for Sustainable Transport Growth in Emerging Economy Regions-India

2013-01-10374/8/2013

Sustainable development is a very complex concept involving several inter-related issues and concerns. Globalization has given a new dimension to social, economic and environmental development associated with the perceived responsibilities and growth indicators. Both developing and developed countries have the opportunities to exploit comparative advantages in the changing economic, social and environmental scenario while targeting sustainable growth together with expansion of the business prospects. Every region perceives these opportunities with different notion. There is a plethora of indicators for assessing sustainability. However, assessment criteria, prioritization and trade off for a given sustainability parameter against the other could be very complex while evolving transport growth model in emerging economies. The paper intends to deliberate the various yard sticks to evolve sustainable development of transport sector, highlighting issues and concerns in the developing

Banerjee, Prashant Kumar, Chaudhari, Manohar, Salunkhe, Uday, Ravishankar, S

Titanium Alloy Welding Wire 6Al – 4V, Extra Low Interstitial Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS4956F (Historical)4/2/2013

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Implementation of Directive 2000/53/EC Regarding Vehicles that are no Longer in Use.

INT-REG-38610/11/2012

End-of-Life Vehicle Requirements.

Treatment of End of Life Vehicles in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities

2012-36-021710/2/2012

Style changes and technological advances have led to reduced service life of current products as automobiles. These are among the goods that are constantly re-designed to meet our growing needs for improved products. However, these demands for new products and more modern has meant a great cost to our natural resources, such as excessive use of raw materials, water and energy during production, use and end of life cycle of these assets. The increasing scarcity of land available for the proper disposal of waste in landfills, in addition to the high cost of implementing these areas and the increasing distances to urban centers imply the need to reduce solid waste generation, including here the automotive. The growth of the automotive market has created a serious problem due to the disposal of urban waste volumes generated, the great diversity of materials involved and their toxicity. The objective of this study is to analyze the various constituent materials of the vehicle and its impact

Filho, Jose Joaquim

Experimental Investigation of Light Metal Scrap on Out-of-Plane Tea Ring and Shredding Test

2012-01-20629/24/2012

The objective of “Experimental Investigation of Light Metal on Out-of-Plane Tearing and Shredding Test (wall thickness less than or equal to 10mm)” is to find solutions to shredding and recovery processing of end-of-life vehicles and household appliances. By way of tensile test, the mechanical characteristics of the light metal scrap material were obtained. On the basis of strengthening effect, the constitutive relations of materials were reduced to bilinear model. Through the trousers test, Light Metal Scrap produced equal and opposite elastic-plastic bending deformation twice in the tearing process was observed. So in process of trousers tearing test, the total work external force did was mainly composed of specific tearing work and elastic-plastic bending work of trousers legs. The features of light metal scrap materials in tearing and shredding process are investigated, and the specific tearing work per unit area of new crack surface was regarded as a tearing property of light

Liu, Jianxiong

Texas - Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles

RS-BNA-JUN_12_036/29/2012

Final rule of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality amends regulations under 30 TAC 114.64 regarding the low-income repair assistance, retrofits, and accelerated vehicle retirement program (LIRAP). The rule revises the length of time a vehicle must be registered in a LIRAP program county. The rule also requires that an eligible replacement vehicle have an odometer reading of no more than 70,000 miles and its total cost not to exceed $35,000, or $45,000 if it is a hybrid, electric, or natural gas vehicle. In addition, the rule expands the replacement assistance of $3,500 to include hybrid, electric, natural gas, and federal Tier 2 Bin 3 vehicles. The rule is effective July 5, 2012. Contact: Michael Regan; TCEQ, Air Quality Planning; (512-239-2988)

Extracting the “Mines on Wheels,” An Important Contribution to Sustainability

2012-01-03504/16/2012

Since the industrial application of the internal combustion engine, the number of vehicles and their technologies has continuously grown world-wide to over 50 million vehicles yearly since 2000 and are forecast to grow to 180 million yearly by 2050. Over time societal and consumer needs with regard to vehicles have changed and environmental considerations have become much more important such as increasing fuel efficiency and reducing vehicle emissions. The precious metals group (PGM) plays an important role in meeting these needs. The continuously increasing use of metals combined with the fact that natural resources are finite make that business as usual is not sustainable. The automotive industry is the single largest user of PGM's and those contained in end of life catalytic converters are richer than any known primary source of PGM. The vehicle is a “mine on wheels” not only for the PGM contained in the converters but also for other metals used in the advanced technology vehicles

Caffarey, Mark, Meskers, Christina, Van Kerckhoven, Thierry

Sensitivity/Uncertainty Analysis of Material Thermal Degradation Models

2012-01-09554/16/2012

Time-temperature analysis methods are usually applied to predict the useful life of automotive components. Components life is affected by exposure to heat during vehicle service life. The extent of reduction in component life, which may be caused by material thermal degradation, depends on the component temperature and the time duration at that temperature. The rate of material thermal degradation of automotive components varies widely depending on material thermal stability, vehicle duty cycle, and the thermal environment that the component is exposed to. Thermodynamic properties such as the activation energy of each material are used to determine the rate of thermal degradation [1,2]. In this approach, material thermal degradation models are used to predict component life during the service life of a vehicle. As the rate of thermal degradation increases with increasing material temperature, the useful life of a component will be reduced as the material temperature increases

El-Sharkawy, Alaa, Kamrad, Joshua

Vehicle Recycling, Reuse, and Recovery: Material Disposition from Current End-of-Life Vehicles

2011-01-11514/12/2011

The goal of this research was to determine and quantify today's actual end-of-life vehicle disposition rates based on their age and material content. The current facts and status of today's automotive recycling industry were sought. Disposition rates and material trends were projected using adjusted ELV age data from Duranceau and Linden's 1999 research and average materials content data from open-sources. End-of-life vehicle age and population data adjustments were used to estimate representative material compositions for the US and Canadian ELV fleet. The disposition rates were broken down by percentages of (1) part weight reused, (2) part weight remanufactured, (3) part weight recycled pre-shredder, (4) weight of recovered fluids, and (5) weight of metals recycled post shredder. The 86.3% percent material recovery established in this study was compared to the 84% reported in Paul's 2001.

Duranceau, Claudia M., Sawyer-Beaulieu, Susan

Reverse Logistic Planning and Product Take Back Analysis for Sustainable Product & Process Design

2011-01-08524/12/2011

Diverse factors of sustainability drive the life cycle analysis of the product which already exists and need to go through Eco-redesign strategy. Sustainability in all sphere of the design approach requires compliance with regulations and standards. The concept of the reverse logistics and take back is getting very important in the wake of product recalls for exclusive compliance of safety requirements to satisfy the regulations. That is why it is very important that the reverse logistic supply chain net work for the product return lead time and life cycle impact of product planning should begins long before disposal and at the new product design time. This is why it is now believed to be best the way to measure the impact through a Life cycle analysis and reverse logistic planning which necessarily to be decided at the conceptual stage as to how the steps and stage of reverse logistic will be followed. The EU End of life vehicle directive and its effect are very important in this

Ali Qureshi, Zulfiqar

Intake System Design Approach for Turbocharged MPFI SI Engine

2011-26-00011/19/2011

The automotive industry is currently facing the challenge of significantly stringent requirements regarding CO₂ emission and fuel economy coming from both legislations and customer demand. Advanced engine technologies play a vital role for downsizing of gasoline engine. The development of key design technologies for high efficiency gasoline engines is required for the improvement of competitive power in the global automobile industry. This paper focused on effect of geometry of intake manifold of gas exchange process and consequently the performance of the engine. Specially, the optimal design technologies for the intake manifold and intake port shape must be established for high performance, increasingly stringent fuel economy and emission regulations. Space in vehicle or packaging constraints and cost are also important factors while consideration of the design. Two models of intake manifolds discussed in this paper, such as short runner intake manifold and long runner intake

Jagtap, Harishchandra, Vinayak, Chavan, Koli, Ravindra

The Recycling Potential of Brazilian Vehicles

2010-36-043410/6/2010

Brazil has a fleet with more than 30 million vehicles of combustion engine, lights and rides, riding for all territory, with a rate of 2 million sold per year. With this increased of fleet, specially from the end of 1990s, promoted principally by automobile factories that had come to Brazil and by circumstantial changes on the internal economy, some problems happened. The main problems are mobility difficulties on large cities (as traffic jams) and the environmental impacts (resources depletion, climate changes, issues of greenhouse effect gases, air pollution, acidification, waste generation, among others). Beyond that, in function of an inexistent national program and an undefined and unclear policy, there are uncountable (and potential) number of vehicles that could be sent to recycling processes, contributing to closed looping as raw material of new vehicles. In according to this perception, this paper aims to provide information related to the main vehicles parts and components in

Lazzari, Marcio

The compromise between alternative materials usage and the reduction in weight and fuel consumption in passenger vehicles, a life cycle approach

2010-36-022910/6/2010

All over the world, the combat actions to reduce the vehicles' environmental impacts are focused on reducing emissions during the vehicle use; guiding many companies to work on lighter technologies development without considering its whole life cycle's impacts. It was demonstrated that the knowledge of the whole life cycle of the product under study is fundamental to fully evaluate its benefits and burdens. In this context, life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important tool for the systems improvement; his entire life cycle approach allows the identification and assessment of critical aspects and may be useful for helping decision makers to develop his products so as to cause the least environmental impact. During this study, applying the LCA methodology, it became evident that the use of lighter materials is environmentally advantageous to certain impacts, such as reducing the greenhouse gases emission, but may be disadvantageous to others, while the use of composite materials with

de Souza, Julio Cesar, Timponi, Nilson Sardinha

Secondary Cooling Circuit for Turbocharged Engines: Estimation of the Fuel Consumption Reduction in Real use According to the LCCP Method

2009-01-306610/1/2009

This paper deals with the application of a secondary cooling circuit to a turbocharged engine for a segment C car. The secondary coolant loop, working at low temperature, has been used to cool down the charge air by means of a coolant-to-air exchanger and as hot source of the HVAC circuit by means of a coolant-to-refrigerant condenser. The system is able to ensure both a constant air temperature at engine inlet, with smaller variations for different vehicle working conditions if compared to the normal production equipment, and a lower pressure at the condenser of the HVAC system, thus leading to a reduction in the fuel consumption of the vehicle. Starting from experimental measurements on MVEG cycle, an estimation of the fuel consumption reduction of the system in real use has been done using an LCCP tool FGA did develop and it is here presented. A further estimation of the impact of the this innovative cooling system on the fuel consumption of segment A car equipped with a

Vestrelli, Francesco, Monforte, Roberto, Fausto, Di Sciullo

Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC Operation

J2766_200902 (Historical)

2/16/2009

This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-Equivalent emissions using the GREEN-MAC-LCCP© (Global Refrigerants Energy and ENvironmental – Mobile Air Conditioning – Life Cycle Climate Performance) model (also referred to as “the model” in this standard).

Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee