Browse Topic: End-of-life vehicles

Items (109)

An Experimental Approach towards Sustainable Solution for Material Recycling of ELV Plastic Bumpers and EV Batteries

2024-26-016401/16/2024

The automotive industry in India generates a significant amount of waste and pollution through end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). This paper addresses the current state and challenges of ELV recycling in India and presents a sustainable solution for recycling waste bumpers and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. With the Indian domestic passenger vehicle sales reaching 3.9 million units in 2022-2023, the need for effective recycling measures is becoming increasingly critical. The study estimates that in FY 2023-24 alone, the Indian automotive passenger vehicle industry will produce approximately 2.9 million tons of scrap, with 0.1 million tons attributed to plastic materials. Considering the 15-year end-of-life period for vehicles and the historical sales figures, this scrap generation is expected to grow exponentially each year. To address this issue, the paper proposes a comprehensive recycling approach that focuses on two key aspects: plastic recycling and the recovery of precious metals

Baviskar, Ajay, Khera, Pankaj, Telgote, Ashish, Dhuria, Himanshu, Sharma, Amit

angular upgrade test

SAE-PP-0782804/11/2023

testing upgrade

Rickard, Christopher

test e3e 11/16auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0779411/16/2022

Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane

Bacon jmsauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0765709/15/2022

Rickard, Christopher

jms demo testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0718609/08/2022

Rickard, Christopher, SintzADMIn, Jeneane

testing collections assignment

SAE-PP-0303407/08/2022

blah blah blah collections

Rickard, Christopher

End-of-Life Vehicles in India-Regulatory Perspectives

2019-28-258011/21/2019

This paper discusses the areas affected during and beyond the recycling of the End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV). While the scrap of the vehicle shall be crushed and re-utilised from scrap metal (ferrous and non-ferrous), this paper also discusses potential usage of the components for remanufacturing by the respective OEMs. It further discusses how non-metallic parts such as plastics may be recycled. A complete framework committed to such a comprehensive approach shall not only reduce the impact on the environment but will also provide a more affordable and responsible alternative to the industry. While doing that, the economic and environmental impact on the industry and the un-organised sector has to be considered whilst also ensuring that a model with shared responsibility is established to dispose/ recycle any such ELV responsibly. The paper in its true spirit aims at effectively implementing the 3 Rs - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle - Reduction of waste and virgin natural elements, Reuse of

Ahuja, Vijayanta, N Khanna, Shakti

Life Cycle Assessment of a Passenger Vehicle to Analyze the Environmental Impacts Using Cradle to Grave Approach

2019-28-258111/21/2019

Climate change is primary driver in the current discussions on CO2 reduction in the automotive industry. Current Type approval emissions tests (BS III, BS IV) covers only tailpipe emissions, however the emissions produced in upstream and downstream processes (e.g. raw material sourcing, manufacturing, transportation, vehicle usage, recycle phases) are not considered in the evaluation. The objective of this project is to assess the environmental impact of the product considering all stages of the life cycle, understand the real opportunities to reduce environmental impact across the product life cycle. As a part of environmental sustainability journey in business value chain, lifecycle assessment (LCA) technique helps to understand the environmental impact categories. To measure overall impact, a cradle to grave approach helps to assess entire life cycle impact throughout various stages. LCA is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's

Lalwani, Rahul, N, Saravanan, Veeraputhiran, Arunmozhi, D, IlavarasIi

Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC Operation

J2766_201908 (Current)

08/06/2019

This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-equivalent emissions using life cycle analysis.

Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee

Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC Operation

J2766_201908-TEST-REC (Historical)08/06/2019

This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-equivalent emissions using life cycle analysis.

Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee

Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines

R-47111/28/2018

For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and

Boger, Thorsten, Cutler, Willard

NASA at 60: From Space to Earth

TBMG-3311010/01/2018

The benefits of NASA's space exploration efforts are not limited to the cosmos. NASA technologies provide innovative solutions for people around the world. NASA missions have generated thousands of spinoffs — commercialized products we use every day. On the following pages, we highight just some of the many innovations that had their origins in NASA programs.

Recycling of the platinum of vehicle catalysts at end of life

2018-36-010609/03/2018

Due to the large number of end of life vehicles in our country, our work is aimed at recycling a very important material present in all cars, which is the platinum found in automotive catalysts. Platinum is a rare metal and high value-added, recovery from secondary sources is crucial to ensure its supply for various applications in the market, especially in regions with scarce resources. For this reason, the recycling of platinum, particularly of automotive catalysts becomes very important for the market. The methodology to be applied along the development of the work approaches from the characterization of the catalyst (by technical analysis of microscopy), recycling of platinum (by hydro-metallurgical processes), finally the tests and analysis of the recycled platinum, through physical tests, chemicals. Through the platinum recycling process, it is expected that an economically feasible form has been determined as well as the process method for platinum recycling, in addition to

da Silva, Lucas Gonçalves, de Almeida, Rodolpho Faria Dias, Silva Faustino, Vinícius Marinho, Júnior, Pedro Américo Almeida Magalhãe

Life Cycle Analysis Comparison of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Based Mobility

2018-28-003707/09/2018

Policy makers, especially in the European Union, are pushing towards an early transition to electric mobility, with the internal combustion engine supposed to be phased out by 2030. With a world population projected to exceed 10 billion peoples by 2050, the electric car mobility still lacks the significant development needed to become a real alternative to the internal combustion engine based mobility. Resources availability, and environmental, energetic and economic downfalls, are currently largely underrated or simply unassessed. It is unclear how many will be able to afford to purchase and recharge an electric vehicle in this new world.

Boretti, Alberto

Development of Chemical Process for Recovering High-quality Rare-earth Oxides from HV Motor Magnets

2017-01-127803/28/2017

In the automobile industry, interest in the prevention of global warming has always been high. The development of eco cars (HV, EV etc.), aimed at reducing CO2 emissions during operation, has been progressing. In the announcement of its "Toyota Environmental Challenge 2050", Toyota declared its commitment to creating a future in which people, cars, and nature coexist in harmony. In this declaration, Toyota committed to reducing CO2 emissions not only during operation but also over the entire life cycle of vehicles, and to using resources effectively based on a 4 R’s approach (refuse, reduce, reuse, and recycle). Although eco cars decrease CO2 emissions during operation, most of them increase CO2 emissions during manufacturing. For example, the rare-earths (Nd, Dy etc.) used in the magnets of driving motors are extracted through processes that produce a significant amount of CO2 emissions. The common process for recycling the rare-earths used in magnets can recover high-purity rare

Isomura, Keisuke

An Institutional Framework to Address End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Problem in India

2017-26-017901/10/2017

The Indian Economy is becoming significant in the late years. There will be more middle class individuals in the coming years having higher purchasing power, bringing about sharp increment in the ownership of vehicles. The quantity of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in 2015 is evaluated at 8.7 million and by 2025, this figure is assessed to ascend to 21.8 million. Car breaking yards' ELV recycling practices result in inadequate resource recovery and various forms of pollution. 75-80% of the ELV constitutes of metal and recycled due to its economic benefits. The rest of the 25-30% comprises of plastics, rubber, glass and operating fluids which are mostly disposed off in land or water. Existing international literature has analyzed ELV recycling and remanufacturing practices in India as separate topics. By adopting Circular Economy practices such as 3R (spare parts reuse, component remanufacturing and materials recycling), the institutional framework proposed in this paper considers both ELV

Venkatesan, Murugesan, Annamalai, VE

The Impact of RoHS on Electric Vehicles in the Chinese Automotive Market

2016-01-812409/27/2016

China has become the world’s largest vehicle market in terms of sales volume. Automobiles sales keep growing in recent years despite the declining economic growth rate. Due to the increasing attention given to the environmental impact, more stringent emission regulations are being drafted to control traditional internal combustion engine emissions. In order to reduce vehicle emissions, environmentally-friendly new-energy vehicles, such as electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles, are being promoted by government policies. The Chinese government plans to boost sales of new-energy cars to account for about five percent of China’s total vehicle sales. It is well known that more electric and electronic components will be integrated into a vehicle platform during vehicle electrification. The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) was first adopted by the European Union (EU), and it restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of electronic

Ge, Xinyu, Gu, Hua, Wang, Ying

A Conceptual Framework for Value Chain Analysis of End of Life Aircraft Treatment in the Context of Sustainable Development

2014-01-223209/16/2014

The End of Life phase of Aircraft is a relatively complex phase in life cycle of this product. The retired Aircrafts need to be parked in certain conditions. Some valuable parts are disassembled and the rest of them are dismantled. Materials are separated and upgraded, waste is burned or deserted and toxic materials restrained or incinerated. All of these activities should be performed in an ecologically right manner; however, collectively produced added values for all stakeholders need to be considered. This paper aims to provide a conceptual framework for value chain analysis of Aircraft recycling process in the context of sustainable development. The value chain related to recycling aircraft at the end of life was chosen to generate an in-depth analysis of the value chain, considering environmental and socio-economic concerns. The value chain framework for recycling of fleets is identified. The key processes with environmental and social impacts are determined. The decision making

Keivanpour, Samira, Mascle, Christian, Ait Kadi, Daoud

The 3i paradigm: India's story

14MEIP09_0209/01/2014

The concept of ideation, incubation, and implementation is enhancing the growth of the Indian automotive industry. The 3i paradigm is a powerful trident of ideation, incubation, and implementation. It is about steering each of these elements separately and then in unison to connect dots in the growth matrix of an organization for high-throttle traction. Bringing in a strategic mindset change and a synchronization with the organizational culture is the key to the 3i paradigm. During the last decade, the 3i paradigm has enhanced the pace of growth of the automotive industry in India through technologies and varieties of features delivered at an affordable price to customers. Ideation is the phase in which ideas are solicited, generated, and consolidated-individually or in a group and through open and closed techniques. The Indian automotive industry has intentionally focused increasing amounts of time and energy into the ideation phase. This phase is not solely about products; it

Jaura, Dr. Arun

Impacts of Non-Traditional Uses of Polyurethane Foam in Automotive Applications at End of Life

2014-01-909905/05/2014

Polyurethane (PU) foam is used for many automotive applications with the benefits of being lightweight, durable, and resistant to heat and noise. Applications of PU foams are increasing to include non-traditional purposes targeting consumer comfort. An example of this is the use of PU foam between the engine and engine cover of a vehicle for the purpose of noise abatement. This addition will provide a quieter ride for the consumer, however will have associated environmental impacts. The additional weight will cause an increase in fuel consumption and related emissions. More significant impacts may be realized at the end-of-life stage. Recycling PU foams presents several challenges; a lack of market for the recyclate, contamination of the foams, and lack of accessibility for removal of the material. PU foam pieces are likely to end up being landfilled after the vehicle is shredded, negating the benefit of choosing this material for its recyclability over another non-recyclable material

Miller, Lindsay J., Sawyer-Beaulieu, Susan, Tam, Edwin

New technologies for 2014

13AEID1203_0112/03/2013

OEM and supplier engineers are all about technical innovation. In this special feature, Automotive Engineering International highlights (in no particular order) some notable ones debuting on 2014 models. Mercedes-Benz, using networked electronic systems (sensor fusion), introduced on its MY2014 S-Class a suspension system that can “see” the road surface ahead and make ultra-high-speed decisions on how to deal with it. Called Magic Body Control (MBC), the anticipatory system comes with “a world first” Road Surface Scan stereo camera and Mercedes' established Active Body Control. The windshield-mounted camera monitors the road to a distance of 15 m (49 ft) in front of the car. Analyzing the resultant images and information about the car's driving status, a control unit then calculates its optimum strategy. This means softening or stiffening damper reaction ahead of the event and increasing or reducing the load to each wheel via an active hydraulic system. MBC reacts in “fractions of a

Glossary of Terms in Use in Green Innovation and Sustainable Practices in the Automotive Industry

J2965_201306 (Current)06/17/2013

Develop terminology and definitions specifically for the automotive industry that defines greener and more sustainable materials and practices. The document will provide information and context for how and where the terms are used in the auto sector. In some cases, there may be more than one definition provided as some terms have different meanings in different countries.

Green Technology Steering Committee

Application of Life Cycle Analysis to End of Life Vehicles Recycling Process

2013-01-128504/08/2013

This study aims to determine environmental aspects of an end-of-vehicle recycling process through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Functional unit of the study was an end-of-vehicle with a weight of 1432 kg. System boundaries included transportation of the scrap car to disassembly and shredding facility, disassembly and shredding processes and transportation of the materials to recycling facilities. Data regarding process was gathered from a shredding facility, literature and the libraries of the SimaPro 7.3.2. Gathered data was evaluated through CML 2 baseline 2000 methodology by the means of abiotic depletion, acidification, global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity and photochemical oxidation. According to results, transportation and diesel consumption are the important factors for ELV recycling. It is thought that decreasing of diesel consumption and selection of closest sites to

Erses Yay, Suna, Yay, Kubilay

Opportunities and Control Measures for Sustainable Transport Growth in Emerging Economy Regions-India

2013-01-103704/08/2013

Sustainable development is a very complex concept involving several inter-related issues and concerns. Globalization has given a new dimension to social, economic and environmental development associated with the perceived responsibilities and growth indicators. Both developing and developed countries have the opportunities to exploit comparative advantages in the changing economic, social and environmental scenario while targeting sustainable growth together with expansion of the business prospects. Every region perceives these opportunities with different notion. There is a plethora of indicators for assessing sustainability. However, assessment criteria, prioritization and trade off for a given sustainability parameter against the other could be very complex while evolving transport growth model in emerging economies. The paper intends to deliberate the various yard sticks to evolve sustainable development of transport sector, highlighting issues and concerns in the developing

Banerjee, Prashant Kumar, Chaudhari, Manohar, Salunkhe, Uday, Ravishankar, S

Uncertainties in the Life Cycle Assessment of Passenger Vehicles

2013-01-127904/08/2013

Reducing the environmental impact of transport on Climate Change is an important policy target and the European Union has been spearheading legislation in this area. However, the EU has chosen, until now, to focus on tailpipe emissions, which only represent the impact of the use phase of the vehicle and leave aside the impacts of material production and car manufacturing as well as the end of life. Anyway, the corresponding regulations have given the direction for car manufacturer to focus on lightweighting, which is an important part of the solution. It is incomplete, however, as a more holistic approach encompassing all the phases of the Life of a vehicle ought to be taken on board, which is exactly what a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is meant to do. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the advantages and the limitations of LCA in the transport sector. Some very different categories of vehicles, in terms of powertrain, power and weight are examined as well as a degree of uncertainty

Carvallo, Adriana, Birat, Jean-Pierre L., Gauriat, Antoine, Thomas, Jean-Sébastien

Titanium Alloy Welding Wire 6Al – 4V, Extra Low Interstitial Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS4956F (Historical)04/02/2013

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Implementation of Directive 2000/53/EC Regarding Vehicles that are no Longer in Use.

INT-REG-38610/11/2012

End-of-Life Vehicle Requirements.

Treatment of End of Life Vehicles in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities

2012-36-021710/02/2012

Style changes and technological advances have led to reduced service life of current products as automobiles. These are among the goods that are constantly re-designed to meet our growing needs for improved products. However, these demands for new products and more modern has meant a great cost to our natural resources, such as excessive use of raw materials, water and energy during production, use and end of life cycle of these assets. The increasing scarcity of land available for the proper disposal of waste in landfills, in addition to the high cost of implementing these areas and the increasing distances to urban centers imply the need to reduce solid waste generation, including here the automotive. The growth of the automotive market has created a serious problem due to the disposal of urban waste volumes generated, the great diversity of materials involved and their toxicity. The objective of this study is to analyze the various constituent materials of the vehicle and its impact

Filho, Jose Joaquim

Experimental Investigation of Light Metal Scrap on Out-of-Plane Tea Ring and Shredding Test

2012-01-206209/24/2012

The objective of “Experimental Investigation of Light Metal on Out-of-Plane Tearing and Shredding Test (wall thickness less than or equal to 10mm)” is to find solutions to shredding and recovery processing of end-of-life vehicles and household appliances. By way of tensile test, the mechanical characteristics of the light metal scrap material were obtained. On the basis of strengthening effect, the constitutive relations of materials were reduced to bilinear model. Through the trousers test, Light Metal Scrap produced equal and opposite elastic-plastic bending deformation twice in the tearing process was observed. So in process of trousers tearing test, the total work external force did was mainly composed of specific tearing work and elastic-plastic bending work of trousers legs. The features of light metal scrap materials in tearing and shredding process are investigated, and the specific tearing work per unit area of new crack surface was regarded as a tearing property of light

Texas - Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles

RS-BNA-JUN_12_0306/29/2012

Final rule of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality amends regulations under 30 TAC 114.64 regarding the low-income repair assistance, retrofits, and accelerated vehicle retirement program (LIRAP). The rule revises the length of time a vehicle must be registered in a LIRAP program county. The rule also requires that an eligible replacement vehicle have an odometer reading of no more than 70,000 miles and its total cost not to exceed $35,000, or $45,000 if it is a hybrid, electric, or natural gas vehicle. In addition, the rule expands the replacement assistance of $3,500 to include hybrid, electric, natural gas, and federal Tier 2 Bin 3 vehicles. The rule is effective July 5, 2012. Contact: Michael Regan; TCEQ, Air Quality Planning; (512-239-2988)

Vehicle Recycling, Reuse, and Recovery: Material Disposition from Current End-of-Life Vehicles

2011-01-115104/12/2011

The goal of this research was to determine and quantify today's actual end-of-life vehicle disposition rates based on their age and material content. The current facts and status of today's automotive recycling industry were sought. Disposition rates and material trends were projected using adjusted ELV age data from Duranceau and Linden's 1999 research and average materials content data from open-sources. End-of-life vehicle age and population data adjustments were used to estimate representative material compositions for the US and Canadian ELV fleet. The disposition rates were broken down by percentages of (1) part weight reused, (2) part weight remanufactured, (3) part weight recycled pre-shredder, (4) weight of recovered fluids, and (5) weight of metals recycled post shredder. The 86.3% percent material recovery established in this study was compared to the 84% reported in Paul's 2001.

Duranceau, Claudia M., Sawyer-Beaulieu, Susan

Reverse Logistic Planning and Product Take Back Analysis for Sustainable Product & Process Design

2011-01-085204/12/2011

Diverse factors of sustainability drive the life cycle analysis of the product which already exists and need to go through Eco-redesign strategy. Sustainability in all sphere of the design approach requires compliance with regulations and standards. The concept of the reverse logistics and take back is getting very important in the wake of product recalls for exclusive compliance of safety requirements to satisfy the regulations. That is why it is very important that the reverse logistic supply chain net work for the product return lead time and life cycle impact of product planning should begins long before disposal and at the new product design time. This is why it is now believed to be best the way to measure the impact through a Life cycle analysis and reverse logistic planning which necessarily to be decided at the conceptual stage as to how the steps and stage of reverse logistic will be followed. The EU End of life vehicle directive and its effect are very important in this

Ali Qureshi, Zulfiqar

Intake System Design Approach for Turbocharged MPFI SI Engine

2011-26-000101/19/2011

The automotive industry is currently facing the challenge of significantly stringent requirements regarding CO₂ emission and fuel economy coming from both legislations and customer demand. Advanced engine technologies play a vital role for downsizing of gasoline engine. The development of key design technologies for high efficiency gasoline engines is required for the improvement of competitive power in the global automobile industry. This paper focused on effect of geometry of intake manifold of gas exchange process and consequently the performance of the engine. Specially, the optimal design technologies for the intake manifold and intake port shape must be established for high performance, increasingly stringent fuel economy and emission regulations. Space in vehicle or packaging constraints and cost are also important factors while consideration of the design. Two models of intake manifolds discussed in this paper, such as short runner intake manifold and long runner intake

Jagtap, Harishchandra, Vinayak, Chavan, Koli, Ravindra

The Recycling Potential of Brazilian Vehicles

2010-36-043410/06/2010

Brazil has a fleet with more than 30 million vehicles of combustion engine, lights and rides, riding for all territory, with a rate of 2 million sold per year. With this increased of fleet, specially from the end of 1990s, promoted principally by automobile factories that had come to Brazil and by circumstantial changes on the internal economy, some problems happened. The main problems are mobility difficulties on large cities (as traffic jams) and the environmental impacts (resources depletion, climate changes, issues of greenhouse effect gases, air pollution, acidification, waste generation, among others). Beyond that, in function of an inexistent national program and an undefined and unclear policy, there are uncountable (and potential) number of vehicles that could be sent to recycling processes, contributing to closed looping as raw material of new vehicles. In according to this perception, this paper aims to provide information related to the main vehicles parts and components in

Lazzari, Marcio

The compromise between alternative materials usage and the reduction in weight and fuel consumption in passenger vehicles, a life cycle approach

2010-36-022910/06/2010

All over the world, the combat actions to reduce the vehicles' environmental impacts are focused on reducing emissions during the vehicle use; guiding many companies to work on lighter technologies development without considering its whole life cycle's impacts. It was demonstrated that the knowledge of the whole life cycle of the product under study is fundamental to fully evaluate its benefits and burdens. In this context, life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important tool for the systems improvement; his entire life cycle approach allows the identification and assessment of critical aspects and may be useful for helping decision makers to develop his products so as to cause the least environmental impact. During this study, applying the LCA methodology, it became evident that the use of lighter materials is environmentally advantageous to certain impacts, such as reducing the greenhouse gases emission, but may be disadvantageous to others, while the use of composite materials with

de Souza, Julio Cesar, Timponi, Nilson Sardinha

Secondary Cooling Circuit for Turbocharged Engines: Estimation of the Fuel Consumption Reduction in Real use According to the LCCP Method

2009-01-306610/01/2009

This paper deals with the application of a secondary cooling circuit to a turbocharged engine for a segment C car. The secondary coolant loop, working at low temperature, has been used to cool down the charge air by means of a coolant-to-air exchanger and as hot source of the HVAC circuit by means of a coolant-to-refrigerant condenser. The system is able to ensure both a constant air temperature at engine inlet, with smaller variations for different vehicle working conditions if compared to the normal production equipment, and a lower pressure at the condenser of the HVAC system, thus leading to a reduction in the fuel consumption of the vehicle. Starting from experimental measurements on MVEG cycle, an estimation of the fuel consumption reduction of the system in real use has been done using an LCCP tool FGA did develop and it is here presented. A further estimation of the impact of the this innovative cooling system on the fuel consumption of segment A car equipped with a

Vestrelli, Francesco, Monforte, Roberto, Fausto, Di Sciullo

Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC Operation

J2766_200902 (Historical)

02/16/2009

This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-Equivalent emissions using the GREEN-MAC-LCCP© (Global Refrigerants Energy and ENvironmental – Mobile Air Conditioning – Life Cycle Climate Performance) model (also referred to as “the model” in this standard).

Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee

Titanium Alloy Welding Wire 6Al - 4V, Extra Low Interstitial Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS4956E (Historical)02/15/2008

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

ECoustics -- Vehicle Sound Package Inspired by Environmental Design

2007-01-240505/15/2007

The environmental issues are mounting for a global automotive industry associated with ever-increasing output. Major issues include fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, consumption of non-renewable materials, and recycling of waste materials. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in new acoustic materials based on recycled and sustainable sources for “environmental” vehicle sound packages that address NVH and trim acoustics requirements. Thanks to new eco-design standards, both the OEM and suppliers can increase and improve eco-friendly aspects such as recycling end of life vehicles. The use of end of life materials in a new car includes: automotive shredded residue (ASR) such as tire fibers included in damping materials, chips foam from seats for acoustical shields, and automotive shredded residue for acoustical dash insulators.

Boyer, Aureli, Casulli, Jean, Horak, Jan, Khan, Hameed, Berdine, Michael D.

Alternative Treatment for Plastic Fuel Tanks from End-of-Life Vehicles

2007-01-052304/16/2007

Automotive plastic fuel tanks (PFT) are the single largest plastic component on the vehicle. Although they are contaminated with hydrocarbons from gasoline, they may represent the greatest potential of all plastic parts for diversion from landfill. In this study, a large number of PFT from all makes, models and model year cars, were collected and transported to either a municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator with energy recovery or to a cement kiln with a waste tire delivery system for use as an alternative fuel in cement production. In both cases, tanks were removed and collected at automotive dismantlers, transported to either a MSW treatment center or a cement production facility and delivered to the incinerator or the kiln. Flow rates and air emissions were monitored and recorded, production systems and operating parameters observed, and outputs and waste collected were tested for compliance. Economic data were collected on processing, transport and treatment cost.

Paul, Richard T., Raney, David, Harrell, Michael

Implementation of Directive 2000/53/EC Regarding Vehicles that are no Longer in Use.

INT-REG-11105/30/2006

End-of-Life Vehicle Requirements.

Design Considerations in Automotive Manufacturing to Assist in End-Of-Life Treatment and Disposal

2006-01-142404/03/2006

This paper will present, from the automotive recycler's point of view, the need for end-of-life consideration during the vehicle design phase. This paper describes the work of automotive recyclers and the importance of end-of-life issues so that the automobile can be efficiently and effectively recycled. It includes: Examples of practical vehicle design considerations. Availability of information for the recycler regarding the disassembly of vehicles. The importance of part interchange over a variety of models and years. Problems created in dismantling due to the use of environmentally hazardous materials. The importance of part/material value at the end of vehicle life. How design considerations will help ensure the industries viability, profitability and ability to effectively handle end-of-life vehicles. The need for automobile manufacturers and recyclers to work together to address end-of-life issues. Automotive recyclers propose that if manufacturers emphasize end-of-life design

Ossenkop, Charles

Lightweight low cost solution for Footrest for two-wheelers application

2005-32-006310/12/2005

This Paper describes new design concept of composite Footrest, which is a structural load carrying part in two-wheelers. Glass fibre Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) is used for special grade Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) for design & development. The paper demonstrates the benefits of use of composites for primary structural two-wheeler parts for improved performance through optimized designs & weight reduction. The example of Footrest development is considered to substantiate the claim of weight saving and cost reduction. Design approach for material & process selection, tool development is explained. Detail FEA has been carried out to evaluate the design options. Key issues of customer's concern for painting & recyclability are discussed briefly.

Sharma, N.C., Srikanth, K.M.

Design for Acoustics & Thermal Excellence: Balanced With Sustainable Economic Development

2005-01-237605/16/2005

Acoustical and Thermal treatments for automotive applications are constructed using a number of different materials and composites. These range from the simple needled felt absorber, to the sophisticated multi layer composites to provide noise and thermal Improvements. Since, in most cases a finish fabric or treatment typically covers these materials, the actual color of these substrates has not really been a key design criteria. This has allowed the Acoustics Integrators, when the function of the part is not compromised, to utilize recycled, and byproduct materials. These materials often provide superior performance, lighter weight, and reduced cost from the use of virgin materials. This model of Source Reduction for Acoustical and Thermal Product Design supports the environmentally sustainable Eco system. The End of Life directive may open up more recycled material streams by providing the necessary infrastructure to recover and process the automotive materials. The industry needs to

Khan, Hameed, Tessendorf, Steve, Fisher, James

Design for Acoustic Excellence in Conjunction With Environmental Roadmap

2005-01-237705/16/2005

Acoustic packages are designed to excel in their primary function: sound reduction. Thereby, they already improve one environmental aspect, which is the reduction of the external noise emission. This paper explores the possibilities of increasing environmental value intrinsic to the product as well as the related potentials such as waste saving and the use of recycled materials. The discussion will also address the disposition of the acoustical parts when the vehicle is at the end of its useful life (ELV.) The critical issues within the recycling loops of acoustic packages as well as the potential of the recovered streams are highlighted.

Casulli, Jean, Eckert, Vincent, Khan, Hameed, Fisher, James

Life Cycle Economics and Replacement Optimization for a Generic U.S. Family Sedan

2005-01-155304/11/2005

In 1998 the United States Automotive Materials Partnership published the life cycle inventory of a generic US family sedan. Several years later, researchers at the University of Michigan expanded this analysis to consider the dynamic replacement decisions over the vehicle lifetime that would optimize energy and emissions performance of generic family sedan ownership. The present study provides further analysis of this vehicle by examining the life cycle cost profile for generic sedan ownership and determining the optimal replacement intervals for this vehicle based on economics. Life cycle cost for a generic vehicle was estimated as $0.37/mile for a ten year life cycle and $0.31/mile for a twenty year life cycle. This study found that while less than 10% of the generic vehicle life cycle energy (20 year) is consumed during material production and manufacturing, 43% of the total life cycle cost is associated with vehicle purchase and depreciation. Nevertheless, both energy and cost

Spitzley, David V., Kim, Hyung Chul, Keoleian, Gregory A., Grande, Darby E.

Management of End-of-Life Vehicles and Characterization of Automobile Shredder Residue in Korea

2005-01-084504/11/2005

About 3.2 million vehicles were locally produced and 1.8 million vehicles were exported from Korea in 2003. Currently 14 million cars are registered, and 0.55 million end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are generated every year in Korea. 184,000 ELVs are exported as second-hand cars, and the remainder are collected at junkyard facilities. The present ELV recycle rate and management status during the dismantling stage were investigated in order to aid the establishment of policies for the management of ELVs by surveying the information and using the results gained from the questionnaires given to dismantlers. The average recycle rate in the dismantling stage showed a value of 44% and the rest of an ELV was then compressed and transported to shredding companies to recover mainly the iron content, which averaged 38.7% of the mass of a new vehicle. The non-ferrous metals such as copper, antimony, zinc and aluminum accounted for only 1.5%. The automobile shredder residues (ASRs) were composed of

Seo, Yong-Chil, Joung, Hyun-Tae, Hong, John-Hee, Yoo, Tae-Wook, Kim, Ki-Heon, Lim, Bong-Soo, Park, Jin-Ho

Life Cycle Analysis Framework; A Comparison of HFC-134a, HFC-134a Enhanced, HFC-152a, R744, R744 Enhanced, and R290 Automotive Refrigerant Systems

2005-01-151104/11/2005

The goal of this study is to assess the total Life Cycle Global Warming Impact of the current HFC-134a (R134a) refrigeration system and compare it with the effect of proposed alternatives, HFC-134a Enhanced, HFC-152 (R152a), R744, R744 Enhanced and R290, based on life cycle analysis (LCA). The enhanced systems include control strategies to elevate the compressor suction pressure as the evaporator load is reduced. The hydrofluorocarbons HFC-134a and HFC-152a are greenhouse gases (GHGs) and are subject to the Kyoto Protocol timetables, which when the treaty takes effect will require participating developed countries to reduce their overall CO2 equivalent emissions of six GHGs by at least 5% by 2012 from 1990 levels. The results provided in this study are the outcome of an LCA model we developed considering a midsize vehicle and considering the total energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emissions emitted throughout the lifetime of the vehicle, which includes the manufacturing phase

Hill, William, Papasavva, Stella

Modular Life Cycle Model of Vehicle End of Life Phase - Basis for Analysis of Environmental Performance

2005-01-084704/11/2005

In previous projects, the Vehicle Recycling Partnership (VRP) and Salyp N.V. have demonstrated the ability to separate plastics, foams, ferrous metals, and non-ferrous metals from shredder residue using the Salyp recovery process. Salyp's recovery process consists of a number of different stages, which are discussed in a previous SAE paper by the VRP and Salyp1. These include a sized-based material separation, a foam cleaning system, additional material separation based on material type, etc. However, during the previous project, the potential impact of the process on the environment via air emissions, waste emissions, or in terms of energy consumption were not determined. Understanding the overall environmental impact of this recycling process is important. Therefore, the VRP concluded that a life cycle approach was necessary to investigate the energy and specific environmental impacts of this technology. PE Consulting Group was contracted to create a parameterized LCI (Life Cycle

Binder, Marc, Wheeler, Candace S., Simon, Nakia L., Winslow, Gerald R., Duranceau, Claudia M.

Control Software Interface for Managing System Requirements

2004-01-036303/08/2004

Not all software tools are created equal and not all software tools are created to perform the same tasks. Therefore, different software tools are used to perform different tasks. However, being able to share the information between the different software tools, without having to manually re-enter (duplicate) any of the information, can save a lot of time and improve the quality of the product. The control software interface presented in this paper, allows system engineers to exchange data between software tools in an efficient manner which maximizes each tools capabilities and ultimately reduces development time and improves the quality of the product.

Rushton, Gary, Wesley, Amy, Zakarian, Armen, Grigoryan, Tigran

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