Browse Topic: Recycling

Items (120)

Solving the Battery Recycling Challenge

TBMG-5214812/01/2024

Where Do EV Batteries Go When They Die?

TBMG-5213812/01/2024

At Cox Automotive’s EV Battery Solutions center in Oklahoma City, the conglomerate most famous for its KBB, Autotrader, and Manheim auction brands, has become a go-to for EV battery research, repair, remanufacturing, and recycling.

Bridging the Gap - Applying Performance Driven Aviation Technologies in Cost Driven Ground Platforms

2024-01-334911/15/2024

ABSTRACT The complexity of ground vehicle mission systems has evolved significantly over the last few years resulting in over-taxed platforms with federated mission suites. Department of Defense (DoD) is pursuing platform evolution toward integrated mission suites. Opportunities exist to apply aspects of previously developed methodologies from the aviation sector to ground platforms. This paper describes the parallels of the evolution of aviation platforms with the similarities to ground platforms. Solutions from the military aviation community will be discussed that could reduce development risks, schedules and costs and improve mission capabilities for ground applications. Specific discussion will be on opportunities and techniques to transition performance driven, high cost, low volume technologies into mission suitable and affordable high volume solutions. Discussion of the feedback opportunities into the aviation community will be addressed. This paper is not intended to be a

Hensley, Marion P.

An Efficient and Cost-Effective Solution for Battery Recycling

TBMG-5084906/01/2024

Used lithium-ion batteries from cell phones, laptops, and a growing number of electric vehicles are piling up, but options for recycling them remain limited mostly to burning or chemically dissolving shredded batteries. The current state of the art methods can pose environmental challenges and be difficult to make economical at the industrial scale.

Acoustic Evaluation of Fiber Based Materials for Engine Bay Applications

2025-01-011505/05/2023

A newly formulated fiber-based material was developed to offer a cleaner, recyclable alternative to foam-based vehicle acoustic products. The fiber-based material was designed to be used in multiple vehicle acoustic applications, with different blends of the material available depending on the application. It performs well as an engine bay sound absorber due to its high heat tolerance and good absorption performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the sound absorption performance of this fiber-based material, specifically the engine bay blends, in comparison to that of current foam-based products. The results from this study show that the sound absorption performance of this new fiber-based material can match that of current foam-based materials while providing a recyclable product unlike the foam.

Pre-Treatment Solution for Water Recovery

TBMG-3959508/01/2021

The Pre-Treatment Solution for Water Recovery was developed by NASA Johnson to increase the amount of potable water recovered from the International Space Station’s urine processor assembly system. Turning wastewater, urine, or seawater into potable water requires three important steps: 1) pre-treatment, 2) distillation or membrane filtration, and 3) transport and storage of potable water and brine. This solution is added during the first step, consequently improving the next steps in the process primarily by reducing the formation of solid precipitates.

System Identifies Battery Materials for Recycling

TBMG-3957608/01/2021

The emergence and dominance of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in markets such as consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage are driving enormous interest in the battery sector. The growing demand is generating a huge number of spent Li-ion batteries, thereby urging the development of cost-effective and environmentally sustainable recycling technologies to manage end-of-life batteries.

Products of Tomorrow: December 2020

TBMG-3818912/01/2020

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment Intended for use with Both R-1234yf and R-134a

J3030_202011 (Current)

11/13/2020

The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recovery/recycling/recharge equipment intended for use with both R-1234yf and R-134a in a common refrigerant circuit that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This document does not apply to equipment used for R-1234yf and R-134a having a common enclosure with separate circuits for each refrigerant, although some amount of separate circuitry for each refrigerant could be used.

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment Intended for use with Both R-1234yf and R-134a

J3030_202011-TEST-REC (Historical)11/13/2020

The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recovery/recycling/recharge equipment intended for use with both R-1234yf and R-134a in a common refrigerant circuit that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This document does not apply to equipment used for R-1234yf and R-134a having a common enclosure with separate circuits for each refrigerant, although some amount of separate circuitry for each refrigerant could be used.

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Method Turns Fruit Peels into New Batteries

TBMG-3797411/01/2020

Scientists have developed a novel method of using fruit peel waste to extract and reuse metals from spent lithium-ion batteries in order to create new batteries. The team demonstrated the concept using orange peel, which efficiently recovered precious metals from battery waste. They then made functional batteries from these recovered metals, creating minimal waste in the process.

Biohybrid Can Turn Carbon Dioxide into New Products

TBMG-3721607/01/2020

To colonize Mars, settlers will need to manufacture on-planet a huge range of organic compounds, from fuels to drugs, that are too expensive to ship from Earth. Researchers have been working on a hybrid system combining bacteria and nanowires that can capture the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into building blocks for organic molecules. Nanowires are thin silicon wires about one-hundredth the width of a human hair, used as electronic components and as sensors and solar cells.

Green Jet Fuel Additive Made from Acetone Plus Light

TBMG-3617303/01/2020

A domestically generated additive was made by taking biomass-derived acetone — common nail polish remover — and using light to upgrade it to higher-mass hydrocarbons. It can be blended with conventional jet fuel to fly while providing environmental benefits.

HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycle/Recharging Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems

J2788_202001 (Current)01/03/2020

The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment performance requirements for recovery and recycling of HFC-134a that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. It also is intended to establish requirements for equipment used to recharge HFC-134a to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and SAE J2099. The requirements apply to the following types of service equipment and their specific applications. a Recovery/recycling equipment b Recovery/recycling-refrigerant charging c Refrigerant recharging equipment only

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Environmentally Friendly Process for Battery Recycling

TBMG-3579601/01/2020

An environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent was used to extract valuable elements from the metal oxides commonly used as cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. The solvent, made of commodity products choline chloride and ethylene glycol, extracted more than 90 percent of cobalt from powdered compounds and a smaller but still significant amount from used batteries.

Process Turns Sand and Plant Materials into a Water Filtration Tool

TBMG-3581901/01/2020

According to the United Nations, 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services and the majority live in developing nations. A process was developed that uses sand and plant materials readily available in many developing nations to create a cheap and effective water filtration medium called “f-sand.” F-sand uses proteins from the Moringa oleifera plant, a tree native to India that grows well in tropical and subtropical climates. The tree is cultivated for food and natural oils, and the seeds are already used for a type of rudimentary water purification; however, this traditional means of purification leaves behind high amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the seeds, allowing bacteria to regrow after just 24 hours. This leaves only a short window in which the water is drinkable.

Technical Information Report on Automotive Battery Recycling

J2974_201902 (Current)02/11/2019

This document will focus on the language used to describe batteries at the end of battery or vehicle life as batteries are transitioned to the recycler, dismantler, or other third party. This document also provides a compilation of current recycling technologies and flow sheets, and their application to different battery chemistries at the end of battery life. At the time of document authorship, the technical information cited is most applicable to Li-ion battery type rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), but the language used is not to be limited by chemistry of the battery systems and is generally applicable to other RESS.

Battery Standards Recycling Committee

2018 Create the Future Design Contest: Sustainable Technologies Category Winner

TBMG-3332111/01/2018

Recycling of the platinum of vehicle catalysts at end of life

2018-36-010609/03/2018

Due to the large number of end of life vehicles in our country, our work is aimed at recycling a very important material present in all cars, which is the platinum found in automotive catalysts. Platinum is a rare metal and high value-added, recovery from secondary sources is crucial to ensure its supply for various applications in the market, especially in regions with scarce resources. For this reason, the recycling of platinum, particularly of automotive catalysts becomes very important for the market. The methodology to be applied along the development of the work approaches from the characterization of the catalyst (by technical analysis of microscopy), recycling of platinum (by hydro-metallurgical processes), finally the tests and analysis of the recycled platinum, through physical tests, chemicals. Through the platinum recycling process, it is expected that an economically feasible form has been determined as well as the process method for platinum recycling, in addition to

da Silva, Lucas Gonçalves, de Almeida, Rodolpho Faria Dias, Silva Faustino, Vinícius Marinho, Júnior, Pedro Américo Almeida Magalhãe

Reusable Medical Devices: BI Selection, Overkill Validation Approaches, and First-Time Validation Pass Rates in Common Healthcare Steam Sterilization Cycles

TBMG-3281709/01/2018

When validating the steam sterilization instructions for a reusable medical device, first-time pass rates are important to manufacturers. Failures in validation testing require resolution, adding to the total validation time, which can result in a delay to a regulatory submission, getting a device to market, or both.

Malleable ‘Electronic Skin’ Self-Healable, Recyclable

TBMG-2874804/01/2018

CU Boulder researchers have developed a new type of malleable, self-healing and fully recyclable “electronic skin” that has applications ranging from robotics and prosthetic development to better biomedical devices.

2017 Create the Future Design Contest: Grand Prize Winner

TBMG-2780911/01/2017

Timing Analysis for Hypervisor-based I/O Virtualization in Safety-Related Automotive Systems

2017-01-162103/28/2017

The increasing complexity of automotive functions which are necessary for improved driving assistance systems and automated driving require a change of common vehicle architectures. This includes new concepts for E/E architectures such as a domain-oriented vehicle network based on powerful Domain Control Units (DCUs). These highly integrated controllers consolidate several applications on different safety levels on the same ECU. Hence, the functions depend on a strictly separated and isolated implementation to guarantee a correct behavior. This requires middleware layers which guarantee task isolation and Quality of Service (QoS) communication have to provide several new features, depending on the domain the corresponding control unit is used for. In a first step we identify requirements for a middleware in automotive DCUs. Our goal is to reuse legacy AUTOSAR based code in a multicore domain controller. In an example use case scenario, we analyze the end-to-end latency for transmitting

Kohn, Andre, Schmidt, Karsten, Decker, Jochen, Sebastian, Maurice, Züpke, Alexander, Herkersdorf, Andreas

An Approach for the Development and the Validation of Generic Simulation Models for Crash-Compatibility Investigations

2016-01-137304/05/2016

Global emission targets and high fuel costs encourage manufacturers to produce ultralight vehicles. This and the low range of electric cars have resulted in new vehicle concepts and reuse of the quadricycles classification for microcars in Europe.

Sadeghipour, Emad, Wehrle, Erich Josef, Lienkamp, Markus

Automotive Engineering: July 1, 2014

14AUTP0707/01/2014

Global Viewpoints The latest strategies are investigated for vehicle development by automakers and major suppliers. Sports cars embrace array of green technology IMSA Tudor United SportsCar Championship promotes a variety of green technologies to link racing to the road. More gears, more challenges Many strategies, as well as key software and hardware aspects related to controllers, networks, sensors, and actuators, must be considered to keep automatic transmissions shifting smoothly as more gears are added to improve fuel economy. Advancing structural composites Industry experts address the opportunities and challenges involved with moving toward composite-intensive vehicles, including Nissan's effort to produce a high-volume, fully recyclable composite liftgate with low metal content.

Experimental Investigations on a Diesel Engine Using Coconut Shell Pyro Oil (CSPO) - Diesel Blends as Fuel

2014-01-137704/01/2014

This paper aims at investigating the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with CSPO (coconut shell pyro oil)-diesel blends as fuel. In the first phase of work CSPO was produced from fast pyrolysis of raw coconut shell at a reaction temperature of 700°C. Attempts were made to obtain homogeneous mixtures of different amounts (such as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume) of CSPO with diesel. Beyond 15% separation of the fuel was observed. Hence it was decided to use the blends of 5%, 10% and 15% of CSPO with diesel as fuels. Experiments were carried out on a single cylinder, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine using different blends of CSPO with diesel as fuel. Performance, emission and combustion parameters were obtained at different power outputs for all the tested fuels and analyzed. Engine test results indicated reduced thermal efficiency, increased smoke density, unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions with the blends of CSPO

Masimalai, Senthil Kumar, Venkatesan, Kuppusamy

Development of High Efficiency and Compact Bumper Recycling Equipment

2014-01-197304/01/2014

This paper describes the development of high efficiency and compact bumper recycling equipment for facilitating bumper recycling globally. Various equipment to remove paint coat from bumper has been developed since 90s', using mechanical, physical or chemical method. However, it is difficult to promote bumper recycling without realizing cost effective overall system from paint coat removal to pelletizing. Our company jointly developed method of mechanically removing paint coat and has committed to bumper recycling in the form of outsourcing since 2000. In 2010, a dedicated plant for recycling bumpers was launched on the premises of our Oppama Assembly Plant in Japan. In the future, promoting bumper recycling at other overseas assembly plants is necessary as vehicle production will expand globally. Having more compact and cost effective recycling system compared to the one at the Oppama plant is required since the scale of the system including bumper crushing, paint coat removal, and

Mizutani, Atsushi

SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2013-02-07

13OFHD020702/07/2013

Powdered tires Researchers quantify several environmental benefits associated with using ultra-fine scrap tire rubber powders in virgin and recycled rubber and plastics compounds.

Ecuador - New National Policy for the Recycling of Used Electric and Electronic Devices

RS-BNA-FEB_13_0901/29/2013

The Ministry of Environment has announced a new national policy for the recycling of used electric and electronic devices. The policy, Ministerial Agreement 190, states the main principles upon which the policy is based and outlines the policy goals. The policy was adopted Jan. 29, 2013.

Federal - California SIP/South Coast AQMD

RS-BNA-JAN_13_1201/25/2013

Final rule of the EPA amends regulations under 40 CFR 52.220 to approve revisions to the South Coast Air Quality Management District portion of the California SIP. The revisions address lead emissions from large lead-acid battery recycling facilities. The rule is effective Feb. 25, 2013. Contact: Adrianne Borgia; EPA Region IX; (415-972-3576)

Sustainable Technologies Category Winner (Winner of an HP Workstation)

TBMG-1516111/01/2012

Bill Zebuhr, Scott Newquist, David Dussault, E. Andrew Condon, Steven Sahagian, Nicholas Wong, Michael Easton, William Burie, Charles Blanchard, and Nicole Sandoval, Aquaback Technologies, Tewksbury, MA

Concept for Hydrogen-Impregnated Nanofiber/Photovoltaic Cargo Stowage System

TBMG-1509211/01/2012

A stowage system was conceived that consists of collapsible, reconfigurable stowage bags, rigid polyethylene or metal inserts, stainless-steel hooks, flexible photovoltaic materials, and webbing curtains that provide power generation, thermal stabilization, impact resistance, work/sleeping surfaces, and radiation protection to spaceflight hardware and crewmembers.

Federal - California SIP/South Coast AQMD

RS-BNA-SEP_12_0809/19/2012

Proposed rule of the EPA amends regulations under 40 CFR 52 to approve revisions to the South Coast Air Quality Management District portion of the California SIP. The revisions address lead emissions from large lead-acid battery recycling facilities. Comments are due Oct. 19, 2012. Contact: Adrianne Borgia; EPA Region IX; (415-972-3576)

Poland - Draft Amendment on the Placement of Batteries and/or Accumulators

RS-BNA-SEP_12_0907/02/2012

The Environment Minister has issued notice of a draft amendment to the Act on Batteries and Accumulators concerning the placement of batteries and/or accumulators, or products containing batteries or accumulators, on the market. The draft amendment would exempt facilities that place not more than 1 kg of portable batteries or accumulators on the market annually from collecting and recycling requirements. The same exemption would also apply to facilities that place not more than 100 kg of industrial or car batteries or accumulators on the market per year. The draft amendment also would simplify recordkeeping and specify requirements for contracts with used battery collectors and processors. Finally, it would increase and add penalties. The amendment was issued July 2, 2012.

Ultra-Low-Power MEMS Selective Gas Sensors

TBMG-1405007/01/2012

This innovation is a system for gas sensing that includes an ultra-low-power MEMS (microelectromechanical system) gas sensor, combined with unique electronic circuitry and a proprietary algorithm for operating the sensor. The electronics were created from scratch, and represent a novel design capable of low-power operation of the proprietary MEMS gas sensor platform. The algorithm is used to identify a specific target gas in a gas mixture, making the sensor selective to that target gas.

European Union - Waste Battery Recyclers and Accumulators to Calculate Efficiency

RS-BNA-JUN_12_0906/12/2012

The European Commission has issued Regulation EU/493/2012 requiring companies that recycle waste batteries and accumulators to calculate the efficiency of the recycling using a new established calculation method from Jan. 1, 2014. The minimum efficiency targets are set for waste lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and other batteries and accumulators in Directive 2006/66/EC. The recycling operation must report the efficiency to national authorities no later than April 30, 2015, and then annually thereafter. The regulation was issued June 12, 2012.

Saudi Arabia - Best Environmental Practices in Relation to Waste Recovery and Recycling

RS-BNA-JUN_12_1503/24/2012

The Presidency of Meteorology and Environment has issued a guidance document which is intended to be the foundation for the development of best environmental practices in relation to waste recovery and recycling. Recycling and recovery initiatives will be extended to all waste including household and industrial waste. The document was issued March 24, 2012.

Automotive Engineering: The Future is Today

TBMG-1306203/01/2012

The Ford Focus Electric is the industry’s first car to feature 100 percent sustainable clean technologies in interior materials, including seat fabrics with Unifi’s REPREVE®-branded fiber made from recycled plastic bottles. Ford, through the use of REPREVE, plans to divert about 2 million post-consumer plastic bottles for use in the new Focus Electric and other new vehicles for this model year. The Focus Electric contains REPREVE-based fabrics that are made from the equivalent of about 22 recycled PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles in each car.

Automotive Engineering: The Future is Today

TBMG-TB-01306203/01/2012

Recycled Plastic Bottles for Seat Fabric The Ford Focus Electric is the industry’s first car to feature 100 percent sustainable clean technologies in interior materials, including seat fabrics with Unifi’s REPREVE®-branded fiber made from recycled plastic bottles. Ford, through the use of REPREVE, plans to divert about 2 million post-consumer plastic bottles for use in the new Focus Electric and other new vehicles for this model year. The Focus Electric contains REPREVE-based fabrics that are made from the equivalent of about 22 recycled PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles in each car.

Micro-Cavity Arrays

TBMG-1419503/01/2012

It was not too long ago that basic science lectures began with the three forms of matter: gases, liquids and solids—and somewhere along the line plasmas were occasionally added to the list. But to be precise, a plasma is an ionized gas; thus, a subset of the big three. But this subset has coexisted with the other forms since the Big Bang and actually makes up 99 percent of the universe. It is found in our Sun and all the other stars, and in more down to earth applications such as neon signs, plasma TVs, cathode ray tubes, and the ubiquitous fluorescent light.

A Distributed Approach to File Management in IMA2G

2011-01-266010/18/2011

The SCARLETT European Research Project has the goal to define, develop and validate the concepts of the next generation of IMA (IMA2G). Enhanced File Management capability is central to support next generation IMA Platform properties and the increasing usage of memory mass storage. IMA2G Applications require access to data stored on mass memory independent from their physical location across the Platform; Platform-wide File Services are required. We provide, in the framework of the SCARLETT project, a distributed approach to File Management, which meets the IMA2G requirements. The proposed design aims to move from a module-centric File Management, typical in IMA1G, to a Platform-centric File Management based on a distributed file stack. After examining existing IMA standard solutions concerning File Management, an overview of the ‘Platform File Management’ architecture is given. We present and discuss the key design drivers: a distributed approach, localization, the communication

Larghi, Silvia, Villa, Marco, Tumminelli, Michele, Nogarino, Maria, Ottolia, Antonio, Traversone, Massimo

Software Development Standard Processes (SDSP)

TBMG-1013706/01/2011

A JPL-created set of standard processes is to be used throughout the lifecycle of software development. These SDSPs cover a range of activities, from management and engineering activities, to assurance and support activities. These processes must be applied to software tasks per a pre- scribed set of procedures. JPL’s Software Quality Improvement Project is currently working at the behest of the JPL Software Process Owner to ensure that all applica- ble software tasks follow these procedures.The SDSPs are captured as a set of 22 standards in JPL’s software process domain. They were developed in-house at JPL by a number of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) residing primarily with- in the Engineering and Science Directorate, but also from the Business Operations Directorate and Safety and Mission Success Directorate. These prac- tices include not only currently per- formed best practices, but also JPL- desired future practices in key thrust areas like software architecting and soft- ware

Software Development Standard Processes (SDSP)

TBMG-TB-01013706/01/2011

A JPL-created set of standard processes is to be used throughout the lifecycle of software development. These SDSPs cover a range of activities, from management and engineering activities, to assurance and support activities. These processes must be applied to software tasks per a pre- scribed set of procedures. JPL’s Software Quality Improvement Project is currently working at the behest of the JPL Software Process Owner to ensure that all applica- ble software tasks follow these procedures.

Automotive Engineering International 2011-05-03

11AEID050305/03/2011

Weathering's day in the sun Before lighter-weight or recycled materials and components can make their way into vehicles, it is essential to understand how they react under the influence of weather.

Rapid ISS Power Availability Simulator

TBMG-987705/01/2011

The ISS (International Space Station) Power Resource Officers (PROs) needed a tool to automate the calculation of thousands of ISS power availability simulations used to generate power constraint matrices. Each matrix contains 864 cells, and each cell represents a single power simulation that must be run. The tools available to the flight controllers were very operator intensive and not conducive to rapidly running the thousands of simulations necessary to generate the power constraint data.

MAR 2011 AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN

AUTODES031103/31/2011

Spotlight on Matt Roney Tony Lewin talks with TRW's Matt Roney about the megatrends now shaping future vehicle technology-and the emphasis is on delivering maximum value. The new black Imagine a future where cars weigh half what they do today, emit less carbon dioxide and are much easier to recycle. That vision may well be on its way, as Ian Adcock, Paul Horrell and Lou Reade report. Safety first Volvo's electric-powered C30 presented its engineers with a unique set of safety challenges, not least integrating a 300Kgs battery pack.

Making a mass-market EV A REALITY

11EVSD0223_0302/23/2011

Nissan's Director of Product Planning and Advanced Technology Strategy details the Leaf's journey from concept to production. The road to the first delivery of a Nissan Leaf electric vehicle (EV) on Dec. 11, 2010, in Petaluma, CA, was a long one. As can be expected when attempting to buck a century's worth of petroleum-based transportation infrastructure, there were many hurdles to clear before an all-electric vehicle could be deemed feasible in today's mass market. In addition to being able to economically produce a safe, reliable, and fun-to-drive EV from a technology standpoint, Nissan also had to form partnerships with local, regional, and state governments along with utilities in each of the Leaf's primary launch markets to foster the development of EV-friendly policies and an EV-charging infrastructure.

Monaghan, Matthew

HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycling Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems

J2210_201011 (Current)11/05/2010

The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recycling HFC-134a (R-134a) that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems.

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Update on PISCES

TBMG-806306/01/2010

An updated version of the Platform Independent Software Components for the Exploration of Space (PISCES) software library is available. A previous version was reported in “Library for Developing Spacecraft-Mission-Planning Software” (MSC-22983), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 25, No. 7 (July 2001), page 52. To recapitulate: This software provides for Web-based, collaborative development of computer programs for planning trajectories and trajectory-related aspects of spacecraft-mission design. The library was built using state-of-the-art object-oriented concepts and software-development methodologies. The components of PISCES include Java-language application programs arranged in a hierarchy of classes that facilitates the reuse of the components.

Electrolyte Concentrates Treat Dehydration

TBMG-786805/01/2010

For astronauts returning to Earth, adjusting to full gravity can be just as demanding as any of the challenges they faced in space. While readjusting to Earth’s gravitational pull, astronauts can experience difficulties moving and balancing, headaches, nausea, and even fainting spells.

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