Browse Topic: Recycling

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Bridging the Gap - Applying Performance Driven Aviation Technologies in Cost Driven Ground Platforms2024-01-334911/15/2024
ABSTRACT The complexity of ground vehicle mission systems has evolved significantly over the last few years resulting in over-taxed platforms with federated mission suites. Department of Defense (DoD) is pursuing platform evolution toward integrated mission suites. Opportunities exist to apply aspects of previously developed methodologies from the aviation sector to ground platforms. This paper describes the parallels of the evolution of aviation platforms with the similarities to ground platforms. Solutions from the military aviation community will be discussed that could reduce development risks, schedules and costs and improve mission capabilities for ground applications. Specific discussion will be on opportunities and techniques to transition performance driven, high cost, low volume technologies into mission suitable and affordable high volume solutions. Discussion of the feedback opportunities into the aviation community will be addressed. This paper is not intended to be a tutorial on systems engineering but rather a stimulus for industry and the DoD to discuss commonality and design reuse opportunities between the ground and aviation communities resulting in a “system of systems” bridging aviation and ground solutions.
Hensley, Marion P.
Architectural Enablement for Time Sensitive CommunicationsF-0080-2024-10625/7/2024
Deos includes an industry standard lightweight TCP/IP stack (LwIP) with a DAL-A sockets library so it can provide data transport during in flight or on ground as part of its standard package. While it may have high data integrity (e.g., through CRC or other such mechanisms), TCP/IP over Ethernet is a non-deterministic protocol. As such, it is not suitable for avionics applications that require determinism or high robustness. In contrast, there are several are several redundant and deterministic data network technologies such as ARINC-664/AFDX, time triggered ethernet (TTE), and time sensitive networking (TSN). These interfaces are based on switched Ethernet technologies and can include system redundancy such that they are applicable for aircraft data network applications. Their feature set enables them to be used as a digital backbone for aircraft control and other applications where both integrity and availability are essential. Each of these solutions generally requires specific end point hardware to implement the protocols in firmware in order to meet the required communication timing and throughput. The implementation of the software device drivers for these technologies on Deos can leverage Deos' I/O Infrastructure (IOI) data distribution service for data decoupling. IOI is a DO-178 DAL-A module that can distribute data based on XML configuration files that specify the data paths, access control and optionally data formatting. It implements an inter-partition communications data interface between avionics applications including ARINC-653 partitions using the ARINC-653 APEX API sampling/queueing ports. Together, these features allow developers to readily adapt to changes in communication structures all through XML configuration files, versus recompiling which would impact the verification evidence of the module. This paper will talk about the different networking standards and how the use of Deos' IOI provides a way for the system to easily adapt to different network configurations without causing the driver library or end application(s) to be modified and thereby minimize change impact for reuse/reverification.
Gilliland, Gary
Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment Intended for use with Both R-1234yf and R-134aJ3030_202011 (Current)11/13/2020
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recovery/recycling/recharge equipment intended for use with both R-1234yf and R-134a in a common refrigerant circuit that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This document does not apply to equipment used for R-1234yf and R-134a having a common enclosure with separate circuits for each refrigerant, although some amount of separate circuitry for each refrigerant could be used.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Architecture And Application Of Hypervisor In FACE Environment With Safety AssuranceF-0076-2020-1642710/5/2020
Collins Aerospace recognizes the value the warfighter gets from reducing the Size, Weight and Power (SWAP) of the avionics systems. The war fighter also sees benefit from reuse of existing avionics and mission software modules, which frequently vary in software framework and thus are allocated to separate processors. A solution, as seen in the commercial IT industry would be the use of multi-core processing and hypervisors allowing the mixing of frameworks providing rapid integration with minimal SWAP. In avionics we must additionally provide assurance. This paper will explore our application of the FACE™ Technical Standard (Ref. [1]) to obtain framework variability, used in conjunction with a hypervisor to allow the resulting frameworks to exist in a single multi-core processing environment with safety assurance to the solution. The concept proposed was validated through demonstration of US Army and Collins software running on the same multi-core processor.
Myren, Jason, Groen, Mitch
Green Jet Fuel Additive Made from Acetone Plus LightTBMG-361733/1/2020
A domestically generated additive was made by taking biomass-derived acetone — common nail polish remover — and using light to upgrade it to higher-mass hydrocarbons. It can be blended with conventional jet fuel to fly while providing environmental benefits.
HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycle/Recharging Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsJ2788_202001 (Historical)1/3/2020
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment performance requirements for recovery and recycling of HFC-134a that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. It also is intended to establish requirements for equipment used to recharge HFC-134a to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and SAE J2099. The requirements apply to the following types of service equipment and their specific applications. a Recovery/recycling equipment b Recovery/recycling-refrigerant charging c Refrigerant recharging equipment only
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Environmentally Friendly Process for Battery RecyclingTBMG-357961/1/2020
An environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent was used to extract valuable elements from the metal oxides commonly used as cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. The solvent, made of commodity products choline chloride and ethylene glycol, extracted more than 90 percent of cobalt from powdered compounds and a smaller but still significant amount from used batteries.
Process Turns Sand and Plant Materials into a Water Filtration ToolTBMG-358191/1/2020
According to the United Nations, 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services and the majority live in developing nations. A process was developed that uses sand and plant materials readily available in many developing nations to create a cheap and effective water filtration medium called “f-sand.” F-sand uses proteins from the Moringa oleifera plant, a tree native to India that grows well in tropical and subtropical climates. The tree is cultivated for food and natural oils, and the seeds are already used for a type of rudimentary water purification; however, this traditional means of purification leaves behind high amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the seeds, allowing bacteria to regrow after just 24 hours. This leaves only a short window in which the water is drinkable.
Technical Information Report on Automotive Battery RecyclingJ2974_201902 (Current)2/11/2019
This document will focus on the language used to describe batteries at the end of battery or vehicle life as batteries are transitioned to the recycler, dismantler, or other third party. This document also provides a compilation of current recycling technologies and flow sheets, and their application to different battery chemistries at the end of battery life. At the time of document authorship, the technical information cited is most applicable to Li-ion battery type rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), but the language used is not to be limited by chemistry of the battery systems and is generally applicable to other RESS.
Battery Standards Recycling Committee
2018 Create the Future Design Contest: Sustainable Technologies Category WinnerTBMG-3332111/1/2018
Spray Parameters of Fuel Blends of Recycled Lubricating Oil and Diesel2018-01-16939/10/2018
The use of alternative fuels consisting of mineral and synthetic waste substances such as recycled lubricating oil blended with diesel is a measure to mitigate the environmental impact of the fossil fuels. However, to inject these fuel blends into contemporary engines without changes to their components, it must maintain or improve the fuel injection characteristics compared to neat diesel, in order to maintain or improve the engine performance. In the present research, the spray parameters of injected fuel, such as length, angle and atomization particle diameter in terms of the Sauter mean diameter (SMD), are modeled depending on the characterization of different concentration of the recycled lubricating oil blended with diesel. It was found that the same nozzle geometry of the injectors can provide an equivalent fuel spray performance for different concentrations of these alternative fuel blends, and that the increase of the recycled lubricating oil in the fuel blend reduced the wear of the needle and nozzle of the injector. The densities and viscosities between each fuel type are very similar and any correction of injection duration or pressure is not required. Due to simple distillation and blending process, alternative and environmentally friendly fuel blends can be obtained to reduce the combustion of fossil diesel and reuse waste pollutant substances as a sustainable and immediately applicable solution for modern engines and fuel injection systems.
Gutierrez, Marcos, Castillo, Andres, Iniguez, Juan, Reyes, Gorky
Recycling of the platinum of vehicle catalysts at end of life2018-36-01069/3/2018
Due to the large number of end of life vehicles in our country, our work is aimed at recycling a very important material present in all cars, which is the platinum found in automotive catalysts. Platinum is a rare metal and high value-added, recovery from secondary sources is crucial to ensure its supply for various applications in the market, especially in regions with scarce resources. For this reason, the recycling of platinum, particularly of automotive catalysts becomes very important for the market. The methodology to be applied along the development of the work approaches from the characterization of the catalyst (by technical analysis of microscopy), recycling of platinum (by hydro-metallurgical processes), finally the tests and analysis of the recycled platinum, through physical tests, chemicals. Through the platinum recycling process, it is expected that an economically feasible form has been determined as well as the process method for platinum recycling, in addition to achieving a sample of recycled platinum with physical and chemical characteristics that provide for its reuse. However, the process of recycling platinum comes as an ecological alternative for the extraction, and through this research they propose a recycling method to return it to the market, suppressing its scarcity.
da Silva, Lucas Gonçalves, de Almeida, Rodolpho Faria Dias, Silva Faustino, Vinícius Marinho, Júnior, Pedro Américo Almeida Magalhãe
Reusable Medical Devices: BI Selection, Overkill Validation Approaches, and First-Time Validation Pass Rates in Common Healthcare Steam Sterilization CyclesTBMG-328179/1/2018
When validating the steam sterilization instructions for a reusable medical device, first-time pass rates are important to manufacturers. Failures in validation testing require resolution, adding to the total validation time, which can result in a delay to a regulatory submission, getting a device to market, or both.
Driving Design Towards a Sustainable Aviation Industry Product Using Environmental Impact EvaluationF-0074-2018-127255/14/2018
ABSTRACT The goals of sustainable manufacturing, as articulated by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), are to reduce the intensity of material use, energy consumption, emissions and unwanted by-products - while maintaining or improving the value of products to society and to organizations. Benefits that can be achieved through this practice include improved working conditions, public image, staff morale, customer loyalty, brand value, profits, sales turnover, product performance, reduction in waste generation and staying ahead of regulatory concerns. Achieving such goals begins early in the product design phase with consideration toward materials used and processes invoked in manufacturing. Ultimately, a full sustainability assessment must include the product's End-of-life (EOL) impact, factoring environmental impacts of landfill and recycling emissions. This paper focuses on using an End-Of-Life impact assessment for a set of materials and processes commonly used in the aerospace industry. Available data and best practices are used to forecast the final EOL impact of an aerospace product for a given set of materials and processes. The approach is able to quantify costs incurred to advance manufacturing processes and can be used to inform top management on sustainability decisions. The approach could be extended to assess the complete aircraft, including its Beginning of Life.
Das, Emon, K, Raldo
Malleable ‘Electronic Skin’ Self-Healable, RecyclableTBMG-287484/1/2018
CU Boulder researchers have developed a new type of malleable, self-healing and fully recyclable “electronic skin” that has applications ranging from robotics and prosthetic development to better biomedical devices.
2017 Create the Future Design Contest: Grand Prize WinnerTBMG-2780911/1/2017
Topology Control in Aerial Multi-Beam Directional NetworksTBMG-2765810/1/2017
In multi-beam directional networks, nodes are able to simultaneously transmit to all neighbors or receive from all neighbors. This spatial reuse allows for high throughputs, but in dense networks can cause significant interference. Topology control (i.e., selecting a subset of neighbors to communicate with) is vital to reduce the interference. Good topology control balances the number of links utilized to achieve fewer collisions while maintaining robust network connectivity.
Powder Reuse and Its Effects on Laser Based Powder Fusion Additive Manufactured Alloy 7182016-01-20719/20/2016
Laser Based Powder Bed Fusion, a specific application of additive manufacturing, has shown promise to replace traditionally fabricated components, including castings and wrought products (and multiple-piece assemblies thereof). In this process, powder is applied, layer by layer, to a build plate, and each layer is fused by a laser to the layers below. Depending on the component, it appears that only 3-5% of the powder charged into the powder bed fusion machine is fused. Honeywell’s initial part qualification efforts have prohibited the reuse of powder. Any unfused powder that exits the dispenser (i.e., surrounds the build or is captured in the overflow) is considered used. In order for the process to be broadly applicable in an economical manner, a methodology should be developed to render the balance of the powder (up to 97% of the initial charge weight) as re-usable. Though multiple manufacturers may be re-using powder, there is no industry standard methodology or practice for powder re-use. The present study (with 10 uses of the same powder lot) shows no appreciable impact on nickel-base superalloy 718 chemistry, powder size / distribution, or mechanical properties, with exception of gradual increase in oxygen content of the powder.
Hann, Brian A.
An Approach for the Development and the Validation of Generic Simulation Models for Crash-Compatibility Investigations2016-01-13734/5/2016
Global emission targets and high fuel costs encourage manufacturers to produce ultralight vehicles. This and the low range of electric cars have resulted in new vehicle concepts and reuse of the quadricycles classification for microcars in Europe.
Sadeghipour, Emad, Wehrle, Erich Josef, Lienkamp, Markus
Ignition Delay Correlation for Engine Operating with Lean and with Rich Fuel-Air Mixtures2016-01-06994/5/2016
An ignition delay correlation encompassing the effects of temperature, pressure, residual gas, EGR, and lambda (on both the rich and lean sides) has been developed. The procedure uses the individual knocking cycle data from a boosted direct injection SI engine (GM LNF) operating at 1250 to 2000 rpm, 8-14 bar GIMEP, EGR of 0 to 12.5%, and lambda of 0.8 to 1.3 with a certification fuel (Haltermann 437, with RON=96.6 and MON=88.5). An algorithm has been devised to identify the knock point on individual pressure traces so that the large data set (of some thirty three thousand cycles) could be processed automatically. For lean and for rich operations, the role of the excess fuel, air, and recycled gas (which has excess air in the lean case, and hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the rich case) may be treated effectively as diluents in the ignition delay expression.
McKenzie, Jacob, Cheng, Wai K.
Laboratory Test Means Scalable to the Test2015-01-25469/15/2015
To perform a complete aircraft certification plan, civil aviation test centres use specific flight test installations and ground test means. In this scope tests specialists operate ground test means which have a generic name Laboratory Tests Means (LTM) to validate aircraft functions. Today these functions are becoming more and more complex, moreover certification deadlines and tests campaign costs are becoming increasingly challenging and demand LTM use optimization. In this context current LTM development approach is no longer suitable to cover these new constraints. Currently LTMs start to be designed when testing strategy for a new aircraft is defined and design is quite specific. Drawbacks of such an approach are: tunnel effect for LTM development, no simple sharing of testing resources, LTM reuse is not easy, LTM upgrade requires re-engineering and many LTMs have to be maintained even if only partially used. As a result future LTMs shall be scalable to the tests and tests shall not be dedicated to a specific LTM. A modular, distributed and open architecture based on standards will be an enabler to run tests in an efficient way. Agility in the testing process and LTM configuration will allow adjusting test means to the test procedure. LTM will become easily adaptable to A/C changes and testing strategy priorities. Tests can be run in parallel using only the required resources. Interconnection of distributed LTMs will improve testing capabilities and functionalities. Combined with remote and virtual testing capabilities the next generation of LTMs will become less a standalone device and more a network connected device. Shared by the design office, test centre and A/C suppliers, the LTM will also set more synergies between each stakeholder providing appropriate services, to complete the certification in an efficient and timely manner.
Delrieu, Sylvain
Standard for Information Technology Software Life Cycle Processes Software Development Acquirer-Supplier AgreementJSTD016_1995 (Current)7/1/2015
This standard establishes uniform requirements for software development activities and resulting software products. It is also intended to merge commercial and Government software development requirements within the framework of the software life cycle process requirements of the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The term "software development" is used as an inclusive term encompassing new development, modification, reuse, reengineering, maintenance, and all other processes or activities resulting in software products.
Systems Management Council
Space Weather Database of Notifications, Knowledge, Information — DONKITBMG-220255/1/2015
SW DONKI is a comprehensive Web application for space weather forecasters, scientists, and the general space weather community. It serves as an archive for space weather activities including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particles, and geomagnetic storms. An innovative feature of the system is the ability to generate, modify, and store complex linkages between space weather events — creating a comprehensive network of relationships between activities, and identifying potential cause-and-effect paradigms for each space weather event. SW DONKI also provides public access to all human-generated event analysis and notifications produced by the Space Weather Research Center (SWRC) forecasting team at CCMC (Community Coordinated Modeling Center).
The Energy Management for Solar Powered Vehicle Parking Ventilation System2015-01-01494/14/2015
In summer, when vehicle parks in direct sunlight, the closed cabin temperature would rise sharply, which affects the occupants step-in-car comfort Solar powered vehicle parking ventilation system adopts the solar energy to drive the original ventilator. Thus, the cabin temperature could be dramatically decreased and the riding comfort could be also improved. This research analyzed the modified crew cabin thermal transfer model. Then the performance of the solar powered ventilation system is analyzed and optimized combined with the power supply characteristics of the photovoltaic element. The storage and reuse of the solar power is achieved on condition that the cabin temperature could be steadily controlled. The research shows that, the internal temperature is mainly affected by the solar radiation intensity and the environment temperature. Within the environmental conditions area where the environmental temperature is set from 30°C to 45°C and the solar radiation intensity is set from 200 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2, the ventilation system without the energy management can keep the temperature inside the car higher than the highest environmental temperature by 5 to 10 degrees under about 80% of the environmental conditions. Under the condition of reaching same effect on controlling internal temperature as above, the energy management system can distribute electrical energy reasonably, making the ventilation system adapt to more than 90% of the environmental conditions. Under normal weather condition in the summer, the system works from 7 am to 5 pm, while the internal temperature is well controlled, it collects electrical energy of around 0.02KW·h. The system can collect electrical energy of about 0.1KW·h after the car with the system has driven for 2 hours under the condition that the sun radiation intensity is about 900W/m2. The saving electrical energy can effectively guarantee the system to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Wang, Can, Tan, Gangfeng, Guo, Xuexun, Tian, Zhewen, Tian, Zhanwei, Li, Jiafan
A Conceptual Framework for Value Chain Analysis of End of Life Aircraft Treatment in the Context of Sustainable Development2014-01-22329/16/2014
The End of Life phase of Aircraft is a relatively complex phase in life cycle of this product. The retired Aircrafts need to be parked in certain conditions. Some valuable parts are disassembled and the rest of them are dismantled. Materials are separated and upgraded, waste is burned or deserted and toxic materials restrained or incinerated. All of these activities should be performed in an ecologically right manner; however, collectively produced added values for all stakeholders need to be considered. This paper aims to provide a conceptual framework for value chain analysis of Aircraft recycling process in the context of sustainable development. The value chain related to recycling aircraft at the end of life was chosen to generate an in-depth analysis of the value chain, considering environmental and socio-economic concerns. The value chain framework for recycling of fleets is identified. The key processes with environmental and social impacts are determined. The decision making process along the value chain and the policy framework including codes, regulations and standards are addressed. Finally, the proposed approach with providing a basis for evaluation of effectiveness, efficiency and stability across the value chain aids decision makers to design a sustainable framework for End of Life aircrafts treatment.
Keivanpour, Samira, Mascle, Christian, Ait Kadi, Daoud
Aeronautical Passive Energy Recovery System based on LHP Technology Extended Test Results2014-01-21919/16/2014
As aviation enters the future, new technologies and philosophies are required to keep up with ever changing demands and increased market competition. Aircraft designers are required to come up with new and innovative ways to optimise systems and improve efficiencies. Onboard thermal management is an area that can take advantage of several new technologies to do just that. This paper is based on the development project “Advanced Thermal Management in Aeronautics” (ATMIA). Project ATMIA focuses on the use of Loop Heat Pipes (LHPs) in the aeronautical industry, specifically their onboard feasibility and the unique requirements found on an aeronautical platform such as those due to vibrations, gravitational forces and the need for disassembly due to maintenance. LHPs are passive two-phase devices that allow free-energy heat transportation between certain subsystems without needing additional power consumption. Their use in aeronautics is interesting as they can passively transport seemingly “waste” heat to areas where it can be reused. The use of LHPs onboard aircraft platforms can potentially reduce the amount of electrical power that must be extracted from the engines. This improved efficiency and when taken together with LHPs flexible design and low weight compared to traditional systems such as bleeding, directly affects fuel consumption. This can lead to a reduction in the amount of fuel used, an increased range, improved payload capacity and a reduction of CO2.
Donovan, Mark, Del valle, Pedro
Automotive Engineering: July 1, 201414AUTP077/1/2014
Global Viewpoints The latest strategies are investigated for vehicle development by automakers and major suppliers. Sports cars embrace array of green technology IMSA Tudor United SportsCar Championship promotes a variety of green technologies to link racing to the road. More gears, more challenges Many strategies, as well as key software and hardware aspects related to controllers, networks, sensors, and actuators, must be considered to keep automatic transmissions shifting smoothly as more gears are added to improve fuel economy. Advancing structural composites Industry experts address the opportunities and challenges involved with moving toward composite-intensive vehicles, including Nissan's effort to produce a high-volume, fully recyclable composite liftgate with low metal content.
Development of High Efficiency and Compact Bumper Recycling Equipment2014-01-19734/1/2014
This paper describes the development of high efficiency and compact bumper recycling equipment for facilitating bumper recycling globally. Various equipment to remove paint coat from bumper has been developed since 90s', using mechanical, physical or chemical method. However, it is difficult to promote bumper recycling without realizing cost effective overall system from paint coat removal to pelletizing. Our company jointly developed method of mechanically removing paint coat and has committed to bumper recycling in the form of outsourcing since 2000. In 2010, a dedicated plant for recycling bumpers was launched on the premises of our Oppama Assembly Plant in Japan. In the future, promoting bumper recycling at other overseas assembly plants is necessary as vehicle production will expand globally. Having more compact and cost effective recycling system compared to the one at the Oppama plant is required since the scale of the system including bumper crushing, paint coat removal, and pelletizing has to match processing capacity at these plants rather than equipping large one like Oppama's. With this reason, the newly developed equipment includes renewed machines for bumper crushing, paint coat removal and pelletizing. The paint coat removal process was developed on the basis of an environmentally friendly mechanical technology that Nissan developed approximately ten years ago. This process makes use of differences in material property changes of the polypropylene base material, paint coat and primer that occur accompanying a temperature rise during the churning of crushed bumper fragments. Optimum temperature control in the churning vessel enabled the equipment to be downsized and to achieve highly efficient paint removal. The geometry of the extruder screw used in the pelletizing process was optimized along with optimizing the conditions for suppressing vent-up resin flow due to a pressure rise in the vessel. These improvements made possible more compact equipment than the existing bumper recycling system. The newly developed equipment combined with more simplified auxiliary units enabled the entire recycling process from bumper crushing through paint removal to pelletizing to be substantially downsized.
Mizutani, Atsushi
Experimental Investigations on a Diesel Engine Using Coconut Shell Pyro Oil (CSPO) - Diesel Blends as Fuel2014-01-13774/1/2014
This paper aims at investigating the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with CSPO (coconut shell pyro oil)-diesel blends as fuel. In the first phase of work CSPO was produced from fast pyrolysis of raw coconut shell at a reaction temperature of 700°C. Attempts were made to obtain homogeneous mixtures of different amounts (such as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume) of CSPO with diesel. Beyond 15% separation of the fuel was observed. Hence it was decided to use the blends of 5%, 10% and 15% of CSPO with diesel as fuels. Experiments were carried out on a single cylinder, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine using different blends of CSPO with diesel as fuel. Performance, emission and combustion parameters were obtained at different power outputs for all the tested fuels and analyzed. Engine test results indicated reduced thermal efficiency, increased smoke density, unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions with the blends of CSPO as compared to conventional diesel fuel at all power outputs. The maximum thermal efficiency was found as 30.5% with diesel where as it was 29%, 27.5% and 26% for the CSPO blends of 5%, 10% and 15% respectively with diesel at the rated power output of 3.7 kW. Smoke emission was found as higher with all the blends of CSPO as compared to neat diesel at all power outputs. However, NO emission was reduced with all the blends. 15% CSPO showed the minimum NO emission at all power outputs. Combustion studies indicated increased ignition delay and combustion duration with all the blends as compared to neat diesel at all power outputs. The maximum ignition delay was found as 13°CA with the blend of 15% CSPO at peak power where as it was 10°CA with neat diesel. Cylinder pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise were observed as lower with all the blend of CSPO as compared to neat diesel operation. Among the blends tested the blend of 5% CSPO with diesel gave increase in smoke emission within 12.5%, unburned hydrocarbon within 5% and CO within 10% of diesel fuel. The reduction in thermal efficiency was within 5% of neat diesel fuel.
Masimalai, Senthil Kumar, Venkatesan, Kuppusamy
Challenges for Reuse in a Safety-Critical Context: A State-of-Practice Study2014-01-02184/1/2014
The need for cost efficient development and shorter time to market requires reuse of safety-critical embedded systems. One main challenge for reuse approaches in a safety-critical context is to provide evidence that assumptions of the safety artifacts for the reused component are still valid in the new system definition. This paper summarizes the major findings from an explorative study conducted in order to identify the state of practice of reuse in the context of different functional safety standards. The explorative study consists of a set of questions, which have been discussed with interviewees from companies of various domains. The companies act in safety-critical domains with diverse product portfolios. We covered several points of view by interviewing persons with different background. The results of the study reveal industrial challenges, which built the input for the derivation of possible future work based on the identified practical needs. Our main findings show the current predominance of ad-hoc reuse techniques and the need for more systematic approaches for reuse. We propose a systematic approach to cover the industrial challenges: establishing a safety culture in the company, an integrated system and safety development process, the introduction of model-based development for an improved support of reuse concepts, and metrics for impact analysis.
Martin, Helmut, Baumgart, Stephan, Leitner, Andrea, Watzenig, Daniel
Carded Recycled Carbon Fiber Mats for the Production of Thermoset Composites via Infusion/Compression Molding2013-01-22089/17/2013
The use of carbon fiber reinforced thermoset composites has doubled in the last decade raising questions about the waste generated from manufacturing and at end-of-life, especially in the aircraft industry. In this study, 2.5 cm long carbon fibers were recovered from thermoset composite waste using a commercial scale pyrolysis process. Scanning electron microscopy, density measurements, single filament tensile testing as well as micro-droplet testing were performed to characterize the morphology, mechanical properties, and surface adhesion of the fibers. The recycled fibers appeared to be mostly undamaged and clean, exhibiting comparable mechanical properties to virgin carbon fibers. A carding process followed by an ultrasound treatment produced randomly aligned recycled fiber mats. These mats were used to fabricate composite plates, with fiber volume fractions up to 40 %, by infusion / compression molding. The mechanical properties of the plates were evaluated by tensile and flexural testing, and were found to be comparable to an equivalent containing virgin carbon fibers.
Andjelic, Stefan, Roberge, Judith, Legros, Nathalie, Khoun, Lolei, Schougaard, Steen Brian
SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2013-02-0713OFHD02072/7/2013
Powdered tires Researchers quantify several environmental benefits associated with using ultra-fine scrap tire rubber powders in virgin and recycled rubber and plastics compounds.
Sustainable Technologies Category Winner (Winner of an HP Workstation)TBMG-1516111/1/2012
Bill Zebuhr, Scott Newquist, David Dussault, E. Andrew Condon, Steven Sahagian, Nicholas Wong, Michael Easton, William Burie, Charles Blanchard, and Nicole Sandoval, Aquaback Technologies, Tewksbury, MA
Concept for Hydrogen-Impregnated Nanofiber/Photovoltaic Cargo Stowage SystemTBMG-1509211/1/2012
A stowage system was conceived that consists of collapsible, reconfigurable stowage bags, rigid polyethylene or metal inserts, stainless-steel hooks, flexible photovoltaic materials, and webbing curtains that provide power generation, thermal stabilization, impact resistance, work/sleeping surfaces, and radiation protection to spaceflight hardware and crewmembers.
Composing Tradeoff Studies under Uncertainty based on Parameterized Efficient Sets and Stochastic Dominance Principles2012-01-09134/16/2012
Tradeoff studies are a common part of engineering practice. Designers conduct tradeoff studies in order to improve their understanding of how various design considerations relate to one another and to make decisions. Generally a tradeoff study involves a systematic multi-criteria evaluation of various alternatives for a particular system or subsystem. After evaluating these alternatives, designers eliminate those that perform poorly under the given criteria and explore more carefully those that remain. One limitation of current practice is that designers cannot combine the results of preexisting tradeoff studies under uncertainty. For deterministic problems, designers can use the Pareto dominance criterion to eliminate inferior designs. Prior work also exists on composing tradeoff studies performed under certainty using an extension of this criterion, called parameterized Pareto dominance. The capability to compose preexisting tradeoff studies is advantageous to the designers of complex systems, such as aircraft, military equipment, and automobiles. For example, automotive systems engineers could combine tradeoff studies from the engine and transmission subsystems quickly to produce a comprehensive tradeoff study for the power train. This level of knowledge reuse is in keeping with good systems engineering practices. However, existing procedures for generating tradeoff studies involve assumptions that preclude the valid composition of tradeoff studies under uncertainty. In this paper we describe a new approach that permits engineers to compose preexisting subsystem-level tradeoff studies under uncertainty into mathematically valid system-level tradeoff studies. The approach is based on two key ideas: the use of stochastic dominance methods to enable the tradeoff evaluation when the values of the design criteria are not known with certainty (i.e., tradeoff studies under uncertainty) and the use of parameterized efficient sets to enable reuse and composition of subsystem-level tradeoff studies. The key ideas and their mathematical validity are described. The overall approach is demonstrated in the context of a tradeoff study for a motor vehicle.
Bily, Christopher, Malak, Richard
Battery Recycling Interaction with Washington2012-01-03524/16/2012
As the market for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles continues to grow, so too will the demand for advanced batteries using lithium-ion and other chemistries. The need to recycle advanced batteries will grow as well lest the batteries become a solid waste disposal problem. Currently, lithium recycling is an industry in its infancy, but one that will need to develop to meet expected growing demand. This considers policy issues that policymakers will need to address as the demand for advanced battery recycling emerges.
Howes, John
LED Light Source and LED Headlamp Architechture2012-01-02634/16/2012
LED headlamps enable unique styling solutions and a range of beam functionalities. After the first highly sophisticated designs and solutions, the range is extended to the mid and lower class with more essential designs and basic functionality. The headlamp architecture has to reflect the various levels of complexity. Engineers in the industry are currently trying to identify the building blocks that allow supporting the various levels in an economical way by reusing components and construction principles. The LED light source is an important element that interacts strongly with the system. As a light source manufacturer we are faced with the requests to come forward with sources providing superior styling flexibility, ease of use and system cost reduction. In this paper, we will show options, how this can be supported.
Schug, Josef, Lesch, Norbert
The Shock Absorber of Energy Recovery Using Electrorheological Fluid2012-01-09814/16/2012
When vehicle traveling on the bumpy road or vehicle acceleration and deceleration, which will cause the body vibration of vehicle, at the same time, a large part of energy would be absorbed by the shock absorber transforms the mechanical energy into heat energy dissipated. In order to recycle the energy of vibration and keep the stability of running car, this paper provides the shock absorber of energy recovery that recycling the energy dissipated from the traditional absorber. The shock absorber includes rod and rodless chamber cavity, the two parts contain oil outlet and oil inlet, which connected to a bridge type loop of hydraulic to make pulsating oil pressure towards one direction, when the shock absorber vibration causes pulsating oil pressure, it drives hydraulic pump operation. Because the output shaft of the hydraulic pump fixedly attached to the input shaft of generator, so the generator produces electricity for recycling energy[1]. According to the simulation and test bench indicates that this system can make use of the energy of automotive vibration. On the one hand, it overcomes fit clearance caused by the mechanical energy regenerative shock absorber in the period of high-frequency response. On the other hand, it achieves the active control of vehicle suspension system which proves the feasibility of this system[2] [3].
Wang, Jun, Guo, Xuexun, su, yanxia
Identification of Transportation Battery Systems for Recycling2012-01-03514/16/2012
Electrification of the transportation industry is increasing rapidly with batteries currently the technology of choice. At the end of life, the battery chemistry used to electrify the vehicle may not be easily identifiable. A simple, common identifier is required to allow consumers, service and waste management personnel to direct unknown battery types to appropriate recyclers or secondary use markets. Recyclers also benefit from this identifier as it allows them to sort, screen for potential contamination to existing process streams, and identify the manufacturer so they may contact them to find detailed information about the battery to ensure proper and safe recycling. The SAE Battery Recycling Committee has recommended that batteries be identified by battery system, miscellaneous hazards and date of manufacture be identified as part of chemistry identification code. For the lithium-ion chemistry it is further recommended that cathode and anode be specified. To avoid confusion and duplication with other standards, the SAE identifier has selected identification letters and a color background consistent with the Battery Association of Japan's (BAJ) “Guidelines for Recycle Mark on Batteries” (1).
Mackintosh, Todd F.
Micro-Cavity ArraysTBMG-141953/1/2012
It was not too long ago that basic science lectures began with the three forms of matter: gases, liquids and solids—and somewhere along the line plasmas were occasionally added to the list. But to be precise, a plasma is an ionized gas; thus, a subset of the big three. But this subset has coexisted with the other forms since the Big Bang and actually makes up 99 percent of the universe. It is found in our Sun and all the other stars, and in more down to earth applications such as neon signs, plasma TVs, cathode ray tubes, and the ubiquitous fluorescent light.
Automotive Engineering: The Future is TodayTBMG-130623/1/2012
The Ford Focus Electric is the industry’s first car to feature 100 percent sustainable clean technologies in interior materials, including seat fabrics with Unifi’s REPREVE®-branded fiber made from recycled plastic bottles. Ford, through the use of REPREVE, plans to divert about 2 million post-consumer plastic bottles for use in the new Focus Electric and other new vehicles for this model year. The Focus Electric contains REPREVE-based fabrics that are made from the equivalent of about 22 recycled PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles in each car.
Automotive Engineering International 2011-05-0311AEID05035/3/2011
Weathering's day in the sun Before lighter-weight or recycled materials and components can make their way into vehicles, it is essential to understand how they react under the influence of weather.
Rapid ISS Power Availability SimulatorTBMG-98775/1/2011
The ISS (International Space Station) Power Resource Officers (PROs) needed a tool to automate the calculation of thousands of ISS power availability simulations used to generate power constraint matrices. Each matrix contains 864 cells, and each cell represents a single power simulation that must be run. The tools available to the flight controllers were very operator intensive and not conducive to rapidly running the thousands of simulations necessary to generate the power constraint data.
Making a mass-market EV A REALITY11EVSD0223_032/23/2011
Nissan's Director of Product Planning and Advanced Technology Strategy details the Leaf's journey from concept to production. The road to the first delivery of a Nissan Leaf electric vehicle (EV) on Dec. 11, 2010, in Petaluma, CA, was a long one. As can be expected when attempting to buck a century's worth of petroleum-based transportation infrastructure, there were many hurdles to clear before an all-electric vehicle could be deemed feasible in today's mass market. In addition to being able to economically produce a safe, reliable, and fun-to-drive EV from a technology standpoint, Nissan also had to form partnerships with local, regional, and state governments along with utilities in each of the Leaf's primary launch markets to foster the development of EV-friendly policies and an EV-charging infrastructure.
Monaghan, Matthew
HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycling Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsJ2210_201011 (Current)11/5/2010
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recycling HFC-134a (R-134a) that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Electrolyte Concentrates Treat DehydrationTBMG-78685/1/2010
For astronauts returning to Earth, adjusting to full gravity can be just as demanding as any of the challenges they faced in space. While readjusting to Earth’s gravitational pull, astronauts can experience difficulties moving and balancing, headaches, nausea, and even fainting spells.
Filtering Water by Use of Ultrasonically Vibrated NanotubesTBMG-56099/1/2009
Devices that could be characterized as acoustically driven molecular sieves have been proposed for filtering water to remove all biological contaminants and all molecules larger than water molecules. Originally intended for purifying wastewater for reuse aboard spacecraft, these devices could also be attractive for use on Earth in numerous settings in which there are requirements to obtain potable, medical-grade, or otherwise pure water from contaminated water supplies. These devices could also serve as efficient means of removing some or all water from chemical products — for example, they might be useful as adjuncts or substitutes for stills in the removal of water from alcohols and alcoholic beverages. These devices may be constructed using various materials, such as ceramics, metallics, or polymers, depending on end-use requirements.
Using Drained Spacecraft Propellant Tanks for HabitationTBMG-54457/1/2009
A document proposes that future spacecraft for planetary and space exploration be designed to enable reuse of drained propellant tanks for occupancy by humans. This proposal would enable utilization of volume and mass that would otherwise be unavailable and, in some cases, discarded. Such utilization could enable reductions in cost, initial launch mass, and number of launches needed to build up a habitable outpost in orbit about, or on the surface of, a planet or moon. According to the proposal, the large propellant tanks of a spacecraft would be configured to enable crews to gain access to their interiors.
Anaerobic Digestion in a Flooded Densified LeachbedTBMG-50614/1/2009
A document discusses the adaptation of a patented biomass-digesting process, denoted sequential batch anaerobic composting (SEBAC), to recycling of wastes aboard a spacecraft. In SEBAC, high-solids-content biomass wastes are converted into methane, carbon dioxide, and compost.
Hydrocyclone/Filter for Concentrating Biomarkers From SoilTBMG-27234/1/2008
The hydrocyclone- filtration extractor (HFE), now undergoing development, is a simple, robust apparatus for processing large amounts of soil to extract trace amounts of microorganisms, soluble organic compounds, and other biomarkers from soil and to concentrate the extracts in amounts sufficient to enable such traditional assays as cell culturing, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis, and isotope analysis. Originally intended for incorporation into a suite of instruments for detecting signs of life on Mars, the HFE could also be used on Earth for similar purposes, including detecting trace amounts of biomarkers or chemical wastes in soils.
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