ABSTRACT The complexity of ground vehicle mission systems has evolved significantly over the last few years resulting in over-taxed platforms with federated mission suites. Department of Defense (DoD) is pursuing platform evolution toward integrated mission suites. Opportunities exist to apply aspects of previously developed methodologies from the aviation sector to ground platforms. This paper describes the parallels of the evolution of aviation platforms with the similarities to ground platforms. Solutions from the military aviation community will be discussed that could reduce development risks, schedules and costs and improve mission capabilities for ground applications. Specific discussion will be on opportunities and techniques to transition performance driven, high cost, low volume technologies into mission suitable and affordable high volume solutions. Discussion of the feedback opportunities into the aviation community will be addressed. This paper is not intended to be a

Hensley, Marion P.

An Efficient and Cost-Effective Solution for Battery Recycling

TBMG-508496/1/2024

Used lithium-ion batteries from cell phones, laptops, and a growing number of electric vehicles are piling up, but options for recycling them remain limited mostly to burning or chemically dissolving shredded batteries. The current state of the art methods can pose environmental challenges and be difficult to make economical at the industrial scale.

Architectural Enablement for Time Sensitive Communications

F-0080-2024-1062

5/7/2024

Deos includes an industry standard lightweight TCP/IP stack (LwIP) with a DAL-A sockets library so it can provide data transport during in flight or on ground as part of its standard package. While it may have high data integrity (e.g., through CRC or other such mechanisms), TCP/IP over Ethernet is a non-deterministic protocol. As such, it is not suitable for avionics applications that require determinism or high robustness. In contrast, there are several are several redundant and deterministic data network technologies such as ARINC-664/AFDX, time triggered ethernet (TTE), and time sensitive networking (TSN). These interfaces are based on switched Ethernet technologies and can include system redundancy such that they are applicable for aircraft data network applications. Their feature set enables them to be used as a digital backbone for aircraft control and other applications where both integrity and availability are essential. Each of these solutions generally requires specific end

Gilliland, Gary

Acoustic Evaluation of Fiber Based Materials for Engine Bay Applications

2025-01-01155/5/2023

A newly formulated fiber-based material was developed to offer a cleaner, recyclable alternative to foam-based vehicle acoustic products. The fiber-based material was designed to be used in multiple vehicle acoustic applications, with different blends of the material available depending on the application. It performs well as an engine bay sound absorber due to its high heat tolerance and good absorption performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the sound absorption performance of this fiber-based material, specifically the engine bay blends, in comparison to that of current foam-based products. The results from this study show that the sound absorption performance of this new fiber-based material can match that of current foam-based materials while providing a recyclable product unlike the foam.

Krugh, Jack

System Identifies Battery Materials for Recycling

TBMG-395768/1/2021

The emergence and dominance of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in markets such as consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage are driving enormous interest in the battery sector. The growing demand is generating a huge number of spent Li-ion batteries, thereby urging the development of cost-effective and environmentally sustainable recycling technologies to manage end-of-life batteries.

Pre-Treatment Solution for Water Recovery

TBMG-395958/1/2021

The Pre-Treatment Solution for Water Recovery was developed by NASA Johnson to increase the amount of potable water recovered from the International Space Station’s urine processor assembly system. Turning wastewater, urine, or seawater into potable water requires three important steps: 1) pre-treatment, 2) distillation or membrane filtration, and 3) transport and storage of potable water and brine. This solution is added during the first step, consequently improving the next steps in the process primarily by reducing the formation of solid precipitates.

Space Weather Database

TBMG-384892/1/2021

Currently, there is no central database for space weather researchers and forecasters to ascertain observed space weather events. Instead, data is being recorded by scientists in a blog; however, this information is not easily searchable.

Products of Tomorrow: December 2020

TBMG-3818912/1/2020

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment Intended for use with Both R-1234yf and R-134a

J3030_202011 (Current)

11/13/2020

The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment requirements for recovery/recycling/recharge equipment intended for use with both R-1234yf and R-134a in a common refrigerant circuit that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This document does not apply to equipment used for R-1234yf and R-134a having a common enclosure with separate circuits for each refrigerant, although some amount of separate circuitry for each refrigerant could be used.

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Automotive Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment Intended for use with Both R-1234yf and R-134a

J3030_202011-TEST-REC (Historical)11/13/2020

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Method Turns Fruit Peels into New Batteries

TBMG-3797411/1/2020

Scientists have developed a novel method of using fruit peel waste to extract and reuse metals from spent lithium-ion batteries in order to create new batteries. The team demonstrated the concept using orange peel, which efficiently recovered precious metals from battery waste. They then made functional batteries from these recovered metals, creating minimal waste in the process.

Architecture And Application Of Hypervisor In FACE Environment With Safety Assurance

F-0076-2020-16427

10/5/2020

Collins Aerospace recognizes the value the warfighter gets from reducing the Size, Weight and Power (SWAP) of the avionics systems. The war fighter also sees benefit from reuse of existing avionics and mission software modules, which frequently vary in software framework and thus are allocated to separate processors. A solution, as seen in the commercial IT industry would be the use of multi-core processing and hypervisors allowing the mixing of frameworks providing rapid integration with minimal SWAP. In avionics we must additionally provide assurance. This paper will explore our application of the FACE™ Technical Standard (Ref. [1]) to obtain framework variability, used in conjunction with a hypervisor to allow the resulting frameworks to exist in a single multi-core processing environment with safety assurance to the solution. The concept proposed was validated through demonstration of US Army and Collins software running on the same multi-core processor.

Myren, Jason, Groen, Mitch

Biohybrid Can Turn Carbon Dioxide into New Products

TBMG-372167/1/2020

To colonize Mars, settlers will need to manufacture on-planet a huge range of organic compounds, from fuels to drugs, that are too expensive to ship from Earth. Researchers have been working on a hybrid system combining bacteria and nanowires that can capture the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into building blocks for organic molecules. Nanowires are thin silicon wires about one-hundredth the width of a human hair, used as electronic components and as sensors and solar cells.

Green Jet Fuel Additive Made from Acetone Plus Light

TBMG-361733/1/2020

A domestically generated additive was made by taking biomass-derived acetone — common nail polish remover — and using light to upgrade it to higher-mass hydrocarbons. It can be blended with conventional jet fuel to fly while providing environmental benefits.

HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycle/Recharging Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems

J2788_202001 (Current)1/3/2020

The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment performance requirements for recovery and recycling of HFC-134a that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. It also is intended to establish requirements for equipment used to recharge HFC-134a to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and SAE J2099. The requirements apply to the following types of service equipment and their specific applications. a Recovery/recycling equipment b Recovery/recycling-refrigerant charging c Refrigerant recharging equipment only

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Process Turns Sand and Plant Materials into a Water Filtration Tool

TBMG-358191/1/2020

According to the United Nations, 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services and the majority live in developing nations. A process was developed that uses sand and plant materials readily available in many developing nations to create a cheap and effective water filtration medium called “f-sand.” F-sand uses proteins from the Moringa oleifera plant, a tree native to India that grows well in tropical and subtropical climates. The tree is cultivated for food and natural oils, and the seeds are already used for a type of rudimentary water purification; however, this traditional means of purification leaves behind high amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the seeds, allowing bacteria to regrow after just 24 hours. This leaves only a short window in which the water is drinkable.

Environmentally Friendly Process for Battery Recycling

TBMG-357961/1/2020

An environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent was used to extract valuable elements from the metal oxides commonly used as cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. The solvent, made of commodity products choline chloride and ethylene glycol, extracted more than 90 percent of cobalt from powdered compounds and a smaller but still significant amount from used batteries.

Technical Information Report on Automotive Battery Recycling

J2974_201902 (Current)2/11/2019

This document will focus on the language used to describe batteries at the end of battery or vehicle life as batteries are transitioned to the recycler, dismantler, or other third party. This document also provides a compilation of current recycling technologies and flow sheets, and their application to different battery chemistries at the end of battery life. At the time of document authorship, the technical information cited is most applicable to Li-ion battery type rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), but the language used is not to be limited by chemistry of the battery systems and is generally applicable to other RESS.

Battery Standards Recycling Committee

2018 Create the Future Design Contest: Sustainable Technologies Category Winner

TBMG-3332111/1/2018

Spray Parameters of Fuel Blends of Recycled Lubricating Oil and Diesel

2018-01-16939/10/2018

The use of alternative fuels consisting of mineral and synthetic waste substances such as recycled lubricating oil blended with diesel is a measure to mitigate the environmental impact of the fossil fuels. However, to inject these fuel blends into contemporary engines without changes to their components, it must maintain or improve the fuel injection characteristics compared to neat diesel, in order to maintain or improve the engine performance. In the present research, the spray parameters of injected fuel, such as length, angle and atomization particle diameter in terms of the Sauter mean diameter (SMD), are modeled depending on the characterization of different concentration of the recycled lubricating oil blended with diesel. It was found that the same nozzle geometry of the injectors can provide an equivalent fuel spray performance for different concentrations of these alternative fuel blends, and that the increase of the recycled lubricating oil in the fuel blend reduced the wear

Gutierrez, Marcos, Castillo, Andres, Iniguez, Juan, Reyes, Gorky

Recycling of the platinum of vehicle catalysts at end of life

2018-36-01069/3/2018

Due to the large number of end of life vehicles in our country, our work is aimed at recycling a very important material present in all cars, which is the platinum found in automotive catalysts. Platinum is a rare metal and high value-added, recovery from secondary sources is crucial to ensure its supply for various applications in the market, especially in regions with scarce resources. For this reason, the recycling of platinum, particularly of automotive catalysts becomes very important for the market. The methodology to be applied along the development of the work approaches from the characterization of the catalyst (by technical analysis of microscopy), recycling of platinum (by hydro-metallurgical processes), finally the tests and analysis of the recycled platinum, through physical tests, chemicals. Through the platinum recycling process, it is expected that an economically feasible form has been determined as well as the process method for platinum recycling, in addition to

da Silva, Lucas Gonçalves, de Almeida, Rodolpho Faria Dias, Silva Faustino, Vinícius Marinho, Júnior, Pedro Américo Almeida Magalhãe

Reusable Medical Devices: BI Selection, Overkill Validation Approaches, and First-Time Validation Pass Rates in Common Healthcare Steam Sterilization Cycles

TBMG-328179/1/2018

When validating the steam sterilization instructions for a reusable medical device, first-time pass rates are important to manufacturers. Failures in validation testing require resolution, adding to the total validation time, which can result in a delay to a regulatory submission, getting a device to market, or both.

Driving Design Towards a Sustainable Aviation Industry Product Using Environmental Impact Evaluation

F-0074-2018-12725

5/14/2018

ABSTRACT The goals of sustainable manufacturing, as articulated by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), are to reduce the intensity of material use, energy consumption, emissions and unwanted by-products - while maintaining or improving the value of products to society and to organizations. Benefits that can be achieved through this practice include improved working conditions, public image, staff morale, customer loyalty, brand value, profits, sales turnover, product performance, reduction in waste generation and staying ahead of regulatory concerns. Achieving such goals begins early in the product design phase with consideration toward materials used and processes invoked in manufacturing. Ultimately, a full sustainability assessment must include the product's End-of-life (EOL) impact, factoring environmental impacts of landfill and recycling emissions. This paper focuses on using an End-Of-Life impact assessment for a set of materials and processes commonly

Das, Emon, K, Raldo

Malleable ‘Electronic Skin’ Self-Healable, Recyclable

TBMG-287484/1/2018

CU Boulder researchers have developed a new type of malleable, self-healing and fully recyclable “electronic skin” that has applications ranging from robotics and prosthetic development to better biomedical devices.

2017 Create the Future Design Contest: Grand Prize Winner

TBMG-2780911/1/2017

Topology Control in Aerial Multi-Beam Directional Networks

TBMG-2765810/1/2017

In multi-beam directional networks, nodes are able to simultaneously transmit to all neighbors or receive from all neighbors. This spatial reuse allows for high throughputs, but in dense networks can cause significant interference. Topology control (i.e., selecting a subset of neighbors to communicate with) is vital to reduce the interference. Good topology control balances the number of links utilized to achieve fewer collisions while maintaining robust network connectivity.

Automotive A/C Servicing – Refrigerant Flushing of a Failed A/C System

2017-01-01673/28/2017

The failure of an A/C system often results in the introduction of contaminants to the A/C system. The sources of the contaminants include debris from damaged components and debris from the surrounding environment. Returning the A/C system to service requires the removal of these contaminants from any reused components. The recommended approach to cleaning contaminated components and systems is to flush with a solvent flushing machine. Previous internal studies have concluded that solvent flushing will remove all contaminants, restoring component and system performance. Many commercial refrigerant recovery and recharge machines include a refrigerant “flush” feature which can flush oil from the system and components with the systems refrigerant. The effectiveness of using the “flush” feature of a refrigerant recovery and recharge machine with an added in-line filter to remove contaminants is investigated. One gram of Arizona Test Dust is introduced to the suction line of an automotive A

Lambert, Steven, Jamo, William, Kurtz, Mike

Powder Reuse and Its Effects on Laser Based Powder Fusion Additive Manufactured Alloy 718

2016-01-20719/20/2016

Laser Based Powder Bed Fusion, a specific application of additive manufacturing, has shown promise to replace traditionally fabricated components, including castings and wrought products (and multiple-piece assemblies thereof). In this process, powder is applied, layer by layer, to a build plate, and each layer is fused by a laser to the layers below. Depending on the component, it appears that only 3-5% of the powder charged into the powder bed fusion machine is fused. Honeywell’s initial part qualification efforts have prohibited the reuse of powder. Any unfused powder that exits the dispenser (i.e., surrounds the build or is captured in the overflow) is considered used. In order for the process to be broadly applicable in an economical manner, a methodology should be developed to render the balance of the powder (up to 97% of the initial charge weight) as re-usable. Though multiple manufacturers may be re-using powder, there is no industry standard methodology or practice for powder

Hann, Brian A.

Ignition Delay Correlation for Engine Operating with Lean and with Rich Fuel-Air Mixtures

2016-01-06994/5/2016

An ignition delay correlation encompassing the effects of temperature, pressure, residual gas, EGR, and lambda (on both the rich and lean sides) has been developed. The procedure uses the individual knocking cycle data from a boosted direct injection SI engine (GM LNF) operating at 1250 to 2000 rpm, 8-14 bar GIMEP, EGR of 0 to 12.5%, and lambda of 0.8 to 1.3 with a certification fuel (Haltermann 437, with RON=96.6 and MON=88.5). An algorithm has been devised to identify the knock point on individual pressure traces so that the large data set (of some thirty three thousand cycles) could be processed automatically. For lean and for rich operations, the role of the excess fuel, air, and recycled gas (which has excess air in the lean case, and hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the rich case) may be treated effectively as diluents in the ignition delay expression.

McKenzie, Jacob, Cheng, Wai K.

An Approach for the Development and the Validation of Generic Simulation Models for Crash-Compatibility Investigations

2016-01-13734/5/2016

Global emission targets and high fuel costs encourage manufacturers to produce ultralight vehicles. This and the low range of electric cars have resulted in new vehicle concepts and reuse of the quadricycles classification for microcars in Europe.

Sadeghipour, Emad, Wehrle, Erich Josef, Lienkamp, Markus

Laboratory Test Means Scalable to the Test

2015-01-25469/15/2015

To perform a complete aircraft certification plan, civil aviation test centres use specific flight test installations and ground test means. In this scope tests specialists operate ground test means which have a generic name Laboratory Tests Means (LTM) to validate aircraft functions. Today these functions are becoming more and more complex, moreover certification deadlines and tests campaign costs are becoming increasingly challenging and demand LTM use optimization. In this context current LTM development approach is no longer suitable to cover these new constraints. Currently LTMs start to be designed when testing strategy for a new aircraft is defined and design is quite specific. Drawbacks of such an approach are: tunnel effect for LTM development, no simple sharing of testing resources, LTM reuse is not easy, LTM upgrade requires re-engineering and many LTMs have to be maintained even if only partially used. As a result future LTMs shall be scalable to the tests and tests shall

Delrieu, Sylvain

Standard for Information Technology Software Life Cycle Processes Software Development Acquirer-Supplier Agreement

JSTD016_1995 (Current)7/1/2015

This standard establishes uniform requirements for software development activities and resulting software products. It is also intended to merge commercial and Government software development requirements within the framework of the software life cycle process requirements of the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The term "software development" is used as an inclusive term encompassing new development, modification, reuse, reengineering, maintenance, and all other processes or activities resulting in software products.

Systems Management Council

Innovative Integration Approaches

F-0071-2015-10126

5/5/2015

ABSTRACT The current avionics integration approach is becoming unaffordable partly due to the schedule and cost associated with integrating an avionics system into each configuration of each platform using its native interface. The United States (U.S.) Army's Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) Director for Aviation Development tasked the Modular Integrated Survivability (MIS) team to work with the U.S. Army Aviation Engineering Directorate (AED), the Army's airworthiness authority, to explore innovative integration approaches to streamline the integration process while still satisfying airworthiness certification requirements. AED has been engaged since the inception of the MIS Science and Technology (S&T) program. The MIS team, along with AED, has focused on developing the concept of using capability interfaces to communicate with similar avionics systems. The capability interfaces are built by abstracting the native interfaces allowing for a

Boyett, David, York, Jason, Edwards, Anthony, Dennis, Scott, Carter, H.

Space Weather Database of Notifications, Knowledge, Information — DONKI

TBMG-22025

5/1/2015

SW DONKI is a comprehensive Web application for space weather forecasters, scientists, and the general space weather community. It serves as an archive for space weather activities including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particles, and geomagnetic storms. An innovative feature of the system is the ability to generate, modify, and store complex linkages between space weather events — creating a comprehensive network of relationships between activities, and identifying potential cause-and-effect paradigms for each space weather event. SW DONKI also provides public access to all human-generated event analysis and notifications produced by the Space Weather Research Center (SWRC) forecasting team at CCMC (Community Coordinated Modeling Center).