Browse Topic: Emissions

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BALL BEARINGS.06000204/23/2025
HESS, HENRY
Basic Investigation of Thermodynamic Effects on a Hydrogen Two-Stroke Engine2024-32-003904/18/2025
The spark ignited two-stroke engine, as a cost-efficient power unit with low maintenance demand, is used millionfold for the propulsion of hand-held application, motorcycles, scooters, boats and others. The outstanding power to weight ratio is the key advantage for two-stroke engines. However, poor exhaust emissions, caused by high scavenge losses, especially on port controlled two-stroke engines, and a low efficiency are disadvantages of this combustion process. Under the aspect of increasing environment- and health awareness, the two-stroke technology driven with fossil resources, shows no future advantage. The anthropogenic climate change force for sustainable development of combustion engines whereby reduction of fuel consumption or usage of alternative fuels is an important factor. Best way of a decarbonization to fulfil future climate goals is the utilization of non-carbon fuels. In this field of fuels, hydrogen, with its high energy content and close inexhaustible availability
Yasuda, Terutaka, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland
Enhancing Low Temperature Lean Combustion of CH4-H2 Blends through a Prechamber Equipped Engine2024-32-004404/18/2025
The use of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the short term is hampered by the impossibility of large scale use due low availability. In order to promote decarbonization, complementary solution for a smooth transition is to dilute it in a mixture with methane, in a current Port Fuel Injection (PFI) internal combustion engine (ICE). This can be done as a retrofit after limited structural modifications, such as the introduction of a passive prechamber. Such a solution allows a reduction of the carbon footprint of traditional ICEs through more efficient combustion (both the prechamber technology and the hydrogen fuel properties promote an increase in combustion speed) and a reduced carbon content in the fuel. The present research activity has been carried out through numerical investigation based on three-dimensional CFD analyses to simulate the behavior of a natural gas engine fueled with CH4-H2 blends. The combustion mechanism for the fuel blend was validated against measurements of the
Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Di Iorio, Silvana, Sementa, Paolo
Studying the Lean Burn Operation in Two-Wheelers to Increase Fuel Efficiency and Investigate the Use of Lean NOx Trap Catalyst (LNT) for Lean Burn System2024-32-005804/18/2025
This study offers an overview of the impact of lean burn technology in two-wheeler vehicles, specifically concentrating on enhancing the fuel economy and addressing the challenges associated with its adoption. Lean burn systems, characterized by a fuel-air mixture with a higher air content than stoichiometric ratio. The study focuses on technology which meets stringent emission standards while enabling the optimization of fuel efficiency. The lean burn system employs strategies to optimize air-fuel ratio using electronic fuel injection, ignition timing control, and advanced engine control algorithms like - updated torque modulation control algorithm for drivability, lambda control algorithm for rich and lean switch and NOx modelling algorithm for LNT catalyst efficiency tracking. The challenges related to lean burn systems, includes issues related to combustion stability, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and their impact on drivability, is summarized in the study. Mitigation strategies
Somasundaram, Karthikeyan, Sivaji, Purushothaman, John Derin, C, Vishal, Karwa, Manoj Kumar, S, Maynal, Rajesh
DoE-Based Numerical Optimization of Intake and Exhaust Port Geometry of a Small Opposed-Piston 2-Stroke (OP2S) Hydrogen Engine2024-32-005404/18/2025
The future potential of an opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide as it offers a high thermal efficiency and power-to-weight ratio with a simple engine configuration. This engine can be used with low-carbon fuels and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the two-stroke operation has always been limited by its low scavenging efficiency and short-circuit of fresh charge. The current work is focused on optimizing scavenging efficiency and short-circuit in a small 200 cc single-cylinder OP2S SI engine using 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The effect of four parameters, namely, area of intake ports, area of exhaust ports, and angular orientations of intake ports (swirl and tilt) on scavenging efficiency and short-circuit, has been assessed and optimized. A Latin-hypercube based Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is used to sample the design space spanning over a range of four parameters. A response
Singh, Saurabh, Boggavarapu, Prasad, Himabindu, M., Ravikrishna, R.V.
RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment2024-32-007304/18/2025
The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based
Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Study on the Optimal Pre-Chamber Geometry for Active Pre-Chamber Gas Engines2024-32-002304/18/2025
In a pre-chamber engine, fuel in the main-chamber is ignited and combusted by the combustion gas injected from the pre-chamber. Therefore, further fuel dilution is possible and thermal efficiency can be also improved. However, adding a pre-chamber to an engine increases the number of design parameters which have a significant impact on the main combustion and the exhaust gas. Then, in this study, the optimum geometry of the pre-chamber in an active pre-chamber gas engine was investigated. The considered parameters were the volume of pre-chamber, the diameter of a nozzle hole, and the number of nozzle holes. 18 types of pre-chambers with different geometries were prepared. Using these pre-chambers, engine experiments under steady conditions were conducted while changing the conditions such as engine speeds, mean indicated pressure and air excess ratio. Based on the experimental data, neural network models were constructed that predict thermal efficiency, NOx and CO emissions from the
Yasuda, Kotaro, Yamasaki, Yudai, Sako, Takahiro, Takashima, Yoshitane, Suzuki, Kenta
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Investigation on Degradation Process of PdRuIr/CZ “Pseudo-Rh” Catalysts Used for Motorcycles2024-32-001604/18/2025
Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) are used as active substances in exhaust gas purification catalysts for automobiles. Among these, Rh is an essential element because it efficiently promotes a NOx reduction reaction. On the other hand, the price of Rh has been rising in recent years. From the perspective of the supply risk of rare resources, there is an urgent need to develop technologies to replace or reduce the amount of Rh used in catalysts. We focused on the pseudo-rhodium alloy developed by the ACCEL program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and then investigated the application of the pseudo-rhodium alloy on the catalysts of our motorcycles and also the degradation process. A nanosized PdRuIr alloy supported on a ceria-zirconia solid solution (PdRuIr/CZ) was prepared and assembled into a motorcycle for emissions measurement. The PdRuIr/CZ catalyst with an alloy loading of 4.0 g/L had initial properties comparable to the Rh supported on a CZ (Rh/CZ
Motegi, Takuya, Tatara, Shunya, Takamoto, Shunpei, Doi, Kosuke
bp w revbestPractice204/08/2025
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JMS BP initial productjms_bp_104/01/2025
JMS BP initial product
AESQ Steering Group
Calculation of Airflow through the Air Cycle Technology’s Turboexpander and Its Effects on a Diesel Engine—Part I2025-01-502303/31/2025
Amidst escalating climate change, the sustainability of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, particularly in heavy transport, remains a critical challenge. Despite emission reductions from 1990 to 2020, ICEs, particularly diesel engines in Europe, continue to pose environmental challenges, notably in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This study proposes a novel solution to address the problem of NOx emissions by incorporating Air Cycle Technology’s (ACT) turboexpander into diesel engines. Acting as a second-stage compressor, intercooler, and expander, the turboexpander aims to lower intake air temperature, thereby mitigating NOx formation. The study utilizes a 4.4-l JCB-TCA-74 turbocharged diesel engine retrofitted with the ACT turboexpander as the experimental platform. The methodology involves using empirical formulae to calculate the key parameters of engine airflow for a standard turbocharged diesel engine followed by repeating the calculations for the same engine fitted with a
Fayaz, Farheen, Brace, Jordan, Allport, John, Javanbakht, Gina
TitlebestPractice103/31/2025
Scope
Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations Based on Urban Road Network Congestion Tracing2025-01-721603/19/2025
Exhaust emissions from congested road segments constitute a significant source of urban air pollution. Resolving traffic congestion throughout the road network presents considerable challenges. However, alleviating tailpipe emissions on congested roads can be achieved by increasing the proportion of electric vehicles (EVs) in the traffic flow. Therefore, we propose a method for optimizing the layout of EV charging stations based on urban road networks congestion tracing. This method traces congestion sources through similarity between road networks, and evaluates the installation potential value of adjacent candidate installation points using the congestion contribution degree of the road segment as an indicator. The analysis is conducted on 100 routes within the Qinhuai district of Nanjing city, using spatiotemporal similarity metrics. The utilization of point-of-interest and traffic data from online mapping sources overcomes the complexity of road network structure and the sparsity
Zeng, Wenyi, Jian, Lu, Hu, Xiaojian
Mitigating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Diesel Engines through the Application of Physical Adsorbents2025-01-500802/13/2025
Graphical Abstract Abstract The world is targeting zero-emission standards by promoting flexi-fuel-based vehicles. In the automotive industry, IC engine-powered vehicle has a good market. Either IC or flexi-fuel engines are considered the safest mode of transport, one tedious problem needs to be addressed is their toxic exhaust emissions from those engines. However, there are many aftertreatment systems available to control HC, CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. To control CO2 emissions there is no aftertreatment system available. Physical adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolite are going to be used in this work to reduce emissions from exhaust gases. Zeolite has a greater affinity toward NOx emission, and activated carbon has greater potential to capture HC and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially computational studies were carried out to evaluate back pressure developed in adsorbent chamber. Analysis was carried out by varying conical length of the adsorbent chamber (68 mm, 75 mm
Subramanian, MohanKumar, Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Pachamuthu, Senthilkumar, Naveena, B. E., Divya, G. S., Praveen Kumar, M. V.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Optimizing Energy Data for the Cold Supply Chain1350102/09/2025
The growing complexity of fleet electrification has highlighted the importance of understanding how energy is used and where you can reduce waste. To optimize energy intensity at industrial facilities, one company is leveraging integrated data and AI-powered intelligence to reduce both cost and fleet-related emissions, particularly when it comes to cold storage supply chains. Ndustrial helps companies lower energy intensity, decrease costs, and increase sustainable industrial operations with solutions like the Nsight Energy Intensity Platform, a data analytics and monitoring solution central to the management of electric transport refrigeration unit (eTRU) power systems. To learn more, we sat down with Manuel Aguirre VP of Supply Chain Electrification, to discuss Ndustrial's energy optimization solutions and the importance of efficient refrigeration management throughout the cold storage supply chain. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future
Hineman, Marcie
automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0947202/05/2025
automation test jms - abstact
Rickard, Christopher
automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0946501/31/2025
automation test jms - abstact
Rickard, Christopher
Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel2025-01-500701/27/2025
Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to
Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten
Performance Analysis of Graphene-Coated Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for Automobile Exhaust Cooling and Purification2025-01-500601/23/2025
This research investigates the development of a heat pipe heat exchanger coated with graphene for cooling and purification of automobile exhausts. The heat exchanger directly affects the performance of the engine because proper heat dissipation and transfer can improve engine performance, reduce fuel consumption, and decrease the emission. Moreover, this effect is much more noticeable on coated heat pipes because of the enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the graphene films. A heat null emitted by internal combustion engines was used in the experimental setup to test the thermal performance, cooling efficiency, and purification efficiency of the newly designed in-house exhaust simulation system where the new heat pipes were inserted. The results of the experiment show that the heat pipes have very high thermal performance as the efficiency of the heat pipes was calculated to be around 85%. Furthermore, the temperature decrease over the surfaces of the heat
Karthigairajan, M., Seeniappan, Kaliappan, Balaji, N., Natrayan, L., Sheik, Salman Basha, Ravi, D.
testing author affiliationsSAE-PP-0945801/10/2025
test
SintzADMIn, Jeneane, Gatts, Joshua, GattsCurator, Josh, GattsCurator2, Josh, GattsCurator2, Josh
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reshaping Air Freight with Blended Wing Body Design1349401/06/2025
For more than 60 years, the air freight industry has adapted passenger aircraft for cargo fleets resulting in limited capacity and diminished fuel efficiency. However, a long-overdue shift toward a volume-optimized blended wing body (BWB) design is enabling freight aircrafts to carry 40-50% more in cargo capacity per trip while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Leading the way is Natilus, a company that develops hyper-efficient cargo and passenger BWB aircraft that dramatically improve aerodynamic efficiency and provide a powerful increase in internal volume. The result? Less fuel burn, lower emissions, higher payloads, and lower operating costs. To learn more, we sat down with Aleksey Matyushev, CEO and Co-Founder, to discuss how Natilus' next-generation BWB aircraft design can improve economic efficiency and sustainability, as well as the company's foray into the passenger aircraft space. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and
Hineman, Marcie
3D-Printed Reactor Core Makes Solar Fuel Production More EfficientTBMG-5219312/01/2024
In recent years, engineers at ETH Zurich have developed the technology to produce liquid fuels from sunlight and air. In 2019, they demonstrated the entire thermochemical process chain under real conditions for the first time, in the middle of Zurich, on the roof of ETH Machine Laboratory. These synthetic solar fuels are carbon neutral because they release only as much CO2 during their combustion as was drawn from the air for their production. Two ETH spin-offs, Climeworks and Synhelion, are further developing and commercializing the technologies.
testing exclusion rulesSAE-PP-0945111/05/2024
testing
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Wireless EV Charging with SAE J29541348410/30/2024
How close is the EV industry to commercializing wireless charging? The answer lies in the SAE J2954 standard which establishes an industry-wide specification that defines the acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. For the latest insight, we sat down with Jesse Schneider, CEO/CTO, ZEV Station, and Chair, SAE Wireless Charging Taskforce for SAE J2954, and Ky Sealy, Engineering Fellow, WiTricity, and Subteam Lead of Wireless Charging Alignment for SAE J2954, to discuss the recent developments and the next generation of wireless power transfer. For more on the evolution of wireless charging adoption from ZEV Station and WiTricity, check out Episode 166 and Episode 114 in our back catalog. And if developing industry standards interests you, consider joining an SAE Committee. For more information, please email Standards Specialist, Dante
Hineman, Marcie
Experimental Study on Quality Control and Variable Valve Timing Strategy of Hydrogen Engine for High Efficiency and Low Emission at Low Load2024-01-509510/15/2024
In order to reduce the pumping loss of low loads and maximize the lean combustion advantage of hydrogen, the paper proposes a load control strategy based on hydrogen mass, called quality control, for improving thermal efficiency and emissions at low loads. The advantages of quality control and the effect of VVT on the combustion performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines under low loads were discussed. The results show that when the relative air–fuel ratio (λ) increases to more than 2.5, the NOx emissions are reduced to less than 3.5 g/kW · h at the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) below 8 bar, especially when the BMEP is less than 5 bar, the NOx is within 0.2 g/kW · h. Compared to quantity control based on air mass, the quality control strategy based on hydrogen mass achieves over a 2.0% reduction in pumping loss at BMEP levels lower than 4.4 bar. Furthermore, it enhances thermal efficiency by up to 5% at low loads, while maintaining NOx emissions within 0.2 g/kW · h at
Li, Yong, Chen, Hong, Fu, Zhen, Du, Jiakun, Wu, Weilong
Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity2024-01-508408/23/2024
This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their
Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun
QA Test for CSP-70370530202405/15/2024
QA Test
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D23PC-Auto-1715022264466 (Current)05/06/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D23
Automation Title for Group Code D22PC-Auto-1715022197983 (Current)05/06/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D22
Automation Title for Group Code D21: Updated in Authoring: 5/03/24PC-Auto-1714611830430 (Current)05/02/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D21. Updated in Authoring: 5/03/24
Automation Title for Group Code D23PC-Auto-1713447365379 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D23
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D21PC-Auto-1713447321320 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D21
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D21PC-CUR-1232 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D21
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D22PC-Auto-1713447343633 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D22
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
An eleventh one for CUR-1174PC11-CUR-1174 (Current)04/02/2024
Italic
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
A sixth one for CUR-1174PC6-CUR-1174 (Current)03/26/2024
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SDPF Application DOE For BS6 RDE/OBD2 using MATLAB/SGB/ETB/CDT2024-26-016101/16/2024
To meet future emission levels, the industry is trying to reduce tailpipe emissions by both, engine measures and the development of novel catalytic emission control concepts. The present study will focus on the close coupled SCR on Filter commonly known as SDPF which is a main pathway to reduce NOx along with Particulate mass and number for light duty passenger cars and sport utility vehicles for BS 6 RDE/OBD 2 and future legislation like BS-7. SDPF is a challenging technology as it is critical component in exhaust after treatment system involving in NOx and PM/PN reductions hence careful optimization of this technology is necessary in terms of Space velocity requirements, Temperature profile wrt to NOx conversion, Raw NOx concentration, Particulate mass and Ash holding capacities, NH3 storage requirements, back pressure and so on. With BS6 RDE having extremely challenging CF for NOx equals to 1,43, the SDPF design & optimization is high on importance and to demonstrate the success of
Singh, Shephali, Patil, Sandip, Maynal, Rajesh A., Maske, Vidyasagar, Seyler, Michael, Subramanian, Senthilnathan, Deshpande, P V, Luquman, Shahid
Fuel Cell Electric Train Concept – Zero Emission Rail Transport Solution for India2024-26-017901/16/2024
Indian cities are among the most polluted in the world. The transportation sector is one of the major source of gaseous pollutants. In recent years, also the effects of climate change and global warming have been felt across the globe. India has therefore committed at the CoP26 summit to reduce its CO2 emissions 45% by 2030. The Indian automotive sector is already addressing the problem with implementation of stricter BS VI, CAFÉ & Stage V standards and pursuing rapid electrification with application of zero emission vehicles. India also has the largest rail network of Asia, and a significant proportion of greenhouse gases also comes from this sector. Deployment of zero emission fuel cell trains would be one of the solutions to meet India's emission reduction targets. Indian Railways has already started its journey towards zero emissions and has set a target to launch hydrogen fuel cell trains on some routes by 2023 as part of the "Hydrogen for Heritage" initiative. In this study, the
Emran, Ashraf, Mertes, Simon, Garg, Shivam, Wick, Maximilian, Gautam, Anirudh, Schmidt, Marvin, Wagh, Sachin, Sharma, Vijay, Walters, Marius
Soot sensor elimination with DPF substrate failure monitoring.2024-26-015301/16/2024
The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is the inclusion of PM (Soot) sensor in diesel passenger cars. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substrate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust gas temperature and soot mass content. The modeling was done in both empty (no soot) and filled (threshold soot content) substrate conditions. There were two methodologies, namely integration method and
Jain, Praveer Kirtimohan, Yadav, Omkar, Chendil, Chellapandi
Desensorization: A Novel Method for Urea Concentration Deterioration Detection in BSVI Engines2024-26-015401/16/2024
Urea concentration deterioration detection in BSVI engines is vital for maintaining compliance with emission regulations. This paper introduces a groundbreaking desensorization method, which offers numerous benefits in detecting urea concentration deterioration by estimating the drop in catalyst conversion efficiency. Traditionally, urea quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of urea in the aqueous solution (Diesel Exhaust Fluid – DEF). This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF. However, desensorization eliminates the need for dedicated sensors, reducing complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related errors. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and urea concentration. By monitoring catalyst inlet and outlet NOx values using NOx sensors, the efficiency of the catalyst can be estimated. This estimation allows for the detection of urea concentration deterioration, ensuring that NOx
Venkat, Harish, Kumar, Gokul Elumalai, Kumar, Kosalaraman, G, Vijayakumar
Design And Development of EGR Valve Controller for Bench Test2024-26-034801/16/2024
Various emission and fuel economy norms have been introduced worldwide by governments. In India, meeting each revision of Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) norms is challenging and requires new technologies to be incorporated in IC engines. One such technology used in gasoline engines is EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation). It works by recirculating exhaust gases back into the engine in turn increasing fuel economy and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. An electronic control unit (ECU) precisely controls EGR valve via stepper motor, regulating the flow of exhaust gases into the engine. Lead screw type unipolar stepper motor is commonly used for the same. Vehicle ECU calculates optimum EGR percentage and decides valve opening, further sequentially engaging stepper motor coils to advance or retract the EGR valve. With advancements in EGR technology there still exists few developmental challenges like operating the EGR valve on a test bench setup
Bhatt, Pancham, kumar, krishan, Kumar, Sahil
Study of changes in Exhaust after treatment system components in M & N category vehicles from RDE Monitoring stage to RDE Compliance stage2024-26-015001/16/2024
Bharat Stage VI emission norms were implemented in India in two stages: Stage I from 1st April 2020 and Stage II from 1st April 2023. For M & N category vehicles, RDE test along with other applicable certification tests is mandatory for obtaining a BSVI compliance certificate during stages I and II. The RDE test is conducted on the roads in real driving conditions, unlike the Type-I test using a pre-defined cycle on the chassis dynamometer, during which the ambient temperature and other environmental conditions are controlled in a narrow range. During BSVI Stage I for the RDE test, there was no limit for any pollutant. So, it is considered an RDE monitoring stage, and from BS VI Stage II, limits are enforced on a few pollutants (NOX and PN) as notified in notification GSR 226(E) dated March 27, 2023. So, it is considered the RDE compliance stage. During the RDE monitoring phase, emissions from M & N category vehicles are comparatively higher because of several reasons like cost
SINGH, Abhay Pratap, Bathina, Revanth Kumar, Thakare, Kiran Prabhakar
GPF : An effective technology to minimize 2Wh particulate emission2024-26-014001/16/2024
India is the world's largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India's commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs. However, only 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines have a particulate limit (PM & PN). Also, most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. Therefore, it became imperative to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs. We conducted a study selecting a motorcycle each from two different vehicle categories - Class 1
Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Singh, Sunil Kumar, Kataria, Rohit, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean Diesel Engines, Part II: Air-handling and Exhaust Aftertreatment2024-26-004401/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this second of a two-part article, several component levels advancements are discussed including both engine and the aftertreatment system (ATS). For engine, role of
Kumar, Praveen, Shah, Ashish, Lago, Rafael, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
OIL AEROSOL EMISSION OPTIMISAITON IN HIGH POWER DIESEL ENGINE USING DEFLECTORS IN TURBO CHARGER OIL DRAIN CIRCUIT2024-26-004701/16/2024
Closed crankcase ventilation prevent harmful gases from entering atmosphere thereby reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Ventilation system carries blowby gases leaking through combustion process along with oil mist to Engine intake system. Major sources of blowby often occurs from leak in combustion chamber through piston rings, leaks from turbo shafts & valve guides. Oil mist carried away by blowby gases gets separated using filtration media. Fleece type separation media has high separation efficiency for particles above 10 microns. Efficiency drops if mist particle is below 10-micron size. Low size aerosol mist generally forms due to flash boiling on piston under crown area and on shafts of turbo charger due to high speeds combined with elevated oil temperatures. High power density diesel engine is taken for our study. It produces low particle size oil mist which contributes to aerosol emission of 3 gm/hr when operated at rated speed. Particle size measurement done using light refraction
M, Velshankar, Dharan R, Bharani, DHADSE, ASHISH, Permude, Ashok, Loganathan, Sekar
Ammonia as a green and zero carbon dioxide internal combustion engine fuel2024-26-008001/16/2024
Most of the vehicles running in the world with internal combustion engines use fossil fuels. The commonly used fuels available in the market are gasoline, diesel and CNG. These fuels are becoming costlier every year and generate pollutants through exhaust gases. Hence in the market, electric vehicles are effectively providing pollution-free solutions in the passenger car and lightweight carrier vehicle segments. However, off-road, heavy-duty, and stationary applications with a high load factor, in general are less favorable for battery electric scenarios since frequent charging will be mandatory and time-consuming. Hence, for these ICE applications, the replacement of an internal combustion engine is quite difficult. There are various renewable fuels like Ammonia, Methanol, Biodiesel, etc. under research tests and study. As these are renewable fuels, the cost of these fuels can be lowered during mass production. Here, the idea of ammonia as an alternate fuel comes, which can solve the
Khan, Rizwan, Mulukutla, Kiran
Comparison of Different Energy Carrier’s WTW Emission Factors and Their Role For Meeting Net Zero Climate Targets Aligned With Science Based Target Initiatives – An Extension For India Market2024-26-007701/16/2024
Global climate change is a threat and limiting global temperatures to 1.5 ⁰C is a challenge which is known to everyone. However, it is possible to avoid the worst consequences by taking scientifically defined paths. Science Based Target (SBT) is one such joint initiatives which provide companies with clearly defined path to reduce emissions in line with Paris agreement. In Europe collaboration of European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), OEMs and Refineries have come forward to understand the impact of different energy carriers on energy usage and CO2 emissions on WTW (Well-to-Wheel) basis. Outcome of such a study would result in emission factors (gCO2eq/unit fuel or energy consumed) for various energy carriers. This activity outcome when coupled with strong understanding on specific country’s future potential and roadmap in alternate fuels or energy carriers and together with presence of strong data analytics capabilities of OEM to track their sold products usage in
Dev, Subhanker, Johansson, Monica
Optimised Air Management System for Heavy Duty Hydrogen Engines2024-26-017101/16/2024
Many Indian cities are amongst the most polluted cities in the world. Transport sector is identified as one of the major contributors to air pollution. Following the global trend Government of India is also promoting Near Zero Emission fuels with zero CO2 emissions as a way forward to solve the emission problem. With it's policies like Green Hydrogen Mission GOI plans to accelerate the adoption of Hydrogen as fuel in the country. These initiatives have created a breakthrough in development of Hydrogen ICE's by the Indian OEM's. Hydrogen ICE have NOx emissions as the most prominent engine out emissions. NOx emission in Hydrogen engines are very sensitive to operating lambda where after a certain threshold lambda the emissions rise significantly. Therefore the air management system pays a very important role in the hydrogen engine performance & NOx emissions. The study evaluates the various options in turbo charging system for heavy duty Hydrogen engine. As first step 1 stage Variable
Emran, Ashraf, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Sreedharan, Sajil N, Paranjape, Sumeet, Garg, Shivam, Wagh, Sachin, Sharma, Vijay
Achieving New Pass-By Noise Regulatory Norms R51.3 (Method B) - An Analysis of Acceleration and Noise Source Contribution2024-26-019901/16/2024
Worldwide automotive sector regulatory norms have changed and become more stringent and complex to control environmental noise and air pollution. To continue this trend, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport is going to impose new vehicle exterior pass-by noise regulatory norms R51.3 (Method B) in the upcoming year to control urban area noise pollution. This paper studies the synthesis of M1 category vehicle driving acceleration, dominant noise source, and frequency contribution in exterior PBN level. A vehicle acceleration analysis study was carried out to achieve an optimized PBN level based on the vehicle’s PMR ratio, reference, and measured test acceleration data. Based on the analysis, the test gear strategy and acceleration were changed to achieve a lower PBN level. Improved engine calibration resulted in a 20% increment of ith gear acceleration. This increased acceleration surpassed the upper limit of the reference acceleration range; hence, the vehicle was tested in a
kalsule cEng., Shrikant Balasaheb, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Jadhav, Kamalakar, Naidu, Sudhakara
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