Browse Topic: Greenhouse gas emissions

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DoE-Based Numerical Optimization of Intake and Exhaust Port Geometry of a Small Opposed-Piston 2-Stroke (OP2S) Hydrogen Engine2024-32-005404/18/2025
The future potential of an opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide as it offers a high thermal efficiency and power-to-weight ratio with a simple engine configuration. This engine can be used with low-carbon fuels and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the two-stroke operation has always been limited by its low scavenging efficiency and short-circuit of fresh charge. The current work is focused on optimizing scavenging efficiency and short-circuit in a small 200 cc single-cylinder OP2S SI engine using 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The effect of four parameters, namely, area of intake ports, area of exhaust ports, and angular orientations of intake ports (swirl and tilt) on scavenging efficiency and short-circuit, has been assessed and optimized. A Latin-hypercube based Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is used to sample the design space spanning over a range of four parameters. A response
Singh, Saurabh, Boggavarapu, Prasad, Himabindu, M., Ravikrishna, R.V.
bp w revbestPractice204/08/2025
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automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0947202/05/2025
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Rickard, Christopher
automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0946501/31/2025
automation test jms - abstact
Rickard, Christopher
testing author affiliationsSAE-PP-0945801/10/2025
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SintzADMIn, Jeneane, Gatts, Joshua, GattsCurator, Josh, GattsCurator2, Josh, GattsCurator2, Josh
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reshaping Air Freight with Blended Wing Body Design1349401/06/2025
For more than 60 years, the air freight industry has adapted passenger aircraft for cargo fleets resulting in limited capacity and diminished fuel efficiency. However, a long-overdue shift toward a volume-optimized blended wing body (BWB) design is enabling freight aircrafts to carry 40-50% more in cargo capacity per trip while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Leading the way is Natilus, a company that develops hyper-efficient cargo and passenger BWB aircraft that dramatically improve aerodynamic efficiency and provide a powerful increase in internal volume. The result? Less fuel burn, lower emissions, higher payloads, and lower operating costs. To learn more, we sat down with Aleksey Matyushev, CEO and Co-Founder, to discuss how Natilus' next-generation BWB aircraft design can improve economic efficiency and sustainability, as well as the company's foray into the passenger aircraft space. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and
Hineman, Marcie
testing exclusion rulesSAE-PP-0945111/05/2024
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SintzADMIn, Jeneane
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean Diesel Engines, Part II: Air-handling and Exhaust Aftertreatment2024-26-004401/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this second of a two-part article, several component levels advancements are discussed including both engine and the aftertreatment system (ATS). For engine, role of
Kumar, Praveen, Shah, Ashish, Lago, Rafael, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
Ammonia as a green and zero carbon dioxide internal combustion engine fuel2024-26-008001/16/2024
Most of the vehicles running in the world with internal combustion engines use fossil fuels. The commonly used fuels available in the market are gasoline, diesel and CNG. These fuels are becoming costlier every year and generate pollutants through exhaust gases. Hence in the market, electric vehicles are effectively providing pollution-free solutions in the passenger car and lightweight carrier vehicle segments. However, off-road, heavy-duty, and stationary applications with a high load factor, in general are less favorable for battery electric scenarios since frequent charging will be mandatory and time-consuming. Hence, for these ICE applications, the replacement of an internal combustion engine is quite difficult. There are various renewable fuels like Ammonia, Methanol, Biodiesel, etc. under research tests and study. As these are renewable fuels, the cost of these fuels can be lowered during mass production. Here, the idea of ammonia as an alternate fuel comes, which can solve the
Khan, Rizwan, Mulukutla, Kiran
Challenges in NVH refinement of electric vehicle built on ICE platform2024-26-021601/16/2024
In recent years electric vehicles have seen rapid sales growth globally. Also, there is a massive push from global institutions for transition to electric mobility in the interest of reducing greenhouse gases and adhering to climate change agreements. In India, union government has set the target of 30% EV penetration in private cars, 70% in commercial vehicles & 80% in 2 wheelers by 2030. To meet such ambitious targets in a developing country like India, low-cost solutions are needed to democratize the electric mobility. In the case of electric cars, conversion of ICE platform to electric is the most cost feasible solution but at the same time it comes with various challenges. An electric car is being developed carrying over the top hat from the ICE version. Underbody is being redesigned to accommodate battery module under the floor. Except for BEV architecture, most of the parts are carried over from ICE platform to reduce development time and leverage cost advantage. NVH challenges
Channamaneni, Rajesh Babu, MR, Vikram
Development challenges for Hydrogen test cell facility requirements and safety constraints2024-26-018001/16/2024
The globe moving towards setting up targets, greenhouse gas emissions in the long-term for 2050 and especially in the short-term for 2030, efforts in ICE domain has been accelerating to find an alternative way and H2 is among one of them leading! This paper helps understand the basic properties of Hydrogen which are critical for deriving safety aspects to be considered while designing an engine test cell to handle H2 as fuel. This paper summarizes the survey of relevant reference standards to be considered while designing and developing an H2 engine test cell. It elaborates typical test cell facilities and utilities to give an idea about the critical sub-systems required for an engine test cell. The hydrogen storage considerations, its handling from storage till engine test cell are studied and summarized. Also, the critical sub-systems which are required for safe handling of H2 as fuel inside the engine test cell are discussed and elaborated. Various reference standard guidance is
Phadke, Abhijit N, Mokhadkar, Rahul Prakash
Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine with ethanol-blended gasoline Fuels2024-26-015501/16/2024
Ethanol-gasoline blended fuels have been widely implemented in Indian markets followed by the GOIs road map as ethanol reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and improves anti-knock performance. However, its effects on engine out emissions including particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines still need further investigation. In this study, the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuels with various blended rates (0%, 10%, 20%) on emissions and catalyst conversion efficiencies on a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder turbo GDI miller cycle engine is investigated. The addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel enhances the RON of the blended fuels, and oxygen content and changes the distillation temperature. Advancing Ignition timing, lambda biasing, Mode based SOI has been tested. Test bench results indicated that with the E10 blend all pollutant conversion is at 98% in all operating points. With E20 blend the NOx emission conversion efficiency is dropped to ~60%. However, this
R, Navaneetha kannan, S, Easwar Ram, S, Satish Kumar, Karthi, Ramanathan, Ramakrishnan, Muthu
Environmental and cancer risk potential assessment of unregulated emissions from Methanol-Diesel dual fuel engine2024-26-015201/16/2024
The present study experimentally investigates the effect of engine load and fuel premixing ratio (PMR) on unregulated emission from methanol-diesel dual-fuel RCCI (MD-RCCI) engines. The study focuses on assessing the adverse effects of unregulated emissions (saturated HC, unsaturated HC, carbonyl compounds, aromatic hydrocarbon NH3 and SO2) on the environment and human health. In order to quantify the effect on the environment, the greenhouse gas potential (GWPs), Acidification potential (AP), Eutrophication potential (EP), and Ozone forming potential (OFP) are calculated and presented. To see the effect on human health, the cancer risk potential (CR) of the carbonyl compounds (HCHO and CH3CHO) is calculated and presented. The results demonstrate that at lower engine load, with an increase in PMR the OFP and CR for MD-RCCI operation increase significantly, whereas AP, EP and GWPs decrease. Additionally, with an increase in engine load at a fixed PMR, the AP, EP, and OFP decrease
YADAV, Neeraj Kumar, Saxena, Mohit Raj, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean CI Engines, Part I: Combustion System Optimization2024-26-003701/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this first of a two-part article, cost effective means of improving the combustion process in a Diesel engine to reduce engine-out emissions, specifically of NOx and
Shah, Ashish, Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
test download manager cache issue 12/27/2023 at 9 amSAE-PP-0908512/27/2023
test download manager cache issue 12/27/2023 at 9 am
Mutagaana, Festo
Regression 11/1/23SAE-PP-0892211/01/2023
Lorem Ipsum
Mutagaana, Festo
Numerical Investigations on Formation Process of N 2 O in Ammonia/Hydrogen Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Engine2023-01-702310/30/2023
Ammonia is used as the carbon-free fuel in the engine, which is consistent with the requirements of the current national dual-carbon policy. However, the great amount of NOx in the exhaust emissions is produced after combustion of ammonia and is one kind of the most tightly controlled pollutants in the emission regulation. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a very strong greenhouse effect, so that the N2O emissions needs to be paid close attention. In this paper, the CFD simulation of the N2O formation and emission characteristics during combustion is carried in the ammonia/hydrogen fueled pre-chamber jet ignition engine. The simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) around the orifices of the pre-chamber is enhanced due to the local temperature difference between the main-chamber and the pre-chamber, and then the residual ammonia/hydrogen fuel in the crevice or near the cylinder wall is trapped in the high temperature zone of the main chamber, leading
Shang, Quanbo, Ji, Meng, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun
Methods for the Holistic Evaluation of the eFuel Influence on Gasoline Engine Combustion2023-01-121006/26/2023
The proportion of new registrations with battery-electric and hybrid powertrains is rising steadily. This shows the strong trend in the automotive industry away from conventional powertrains with internal combustion engines. The aim is to reduce the transport sector's contribution to CO2 emissions. However, it should be noted that this only applies when renewable energy is used. Studies show the relevance of the sytem boundaries under consideration, which makes the application of Life Cycle Assessment indispensable. According to these studies, the various types of powertrains differ only slightly in their greenhouse gas impact. Rather, the energy supply chain plays a significant role. Moreover, a ban on combustion engines would lead to an additional increase in cumulative CO2 emissions. An important aspect on the way to sustainable mobility solutions is addressing the existing fleet. The approximately 1.25 billion vehicles that are predominantly powered by internal combustion engines
Villforth, Jonas, Vacca, Antonino, Bargende, Michael, Kulzer, Andre
Comparison of conventional vs reactivity-controlled compression ignition diesel-hythane dual-fuel combustion: An investigation on engine performance and emissions at low-load2023-01-120306/26/2023
The exponential rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the environment is one of the major concerns of international organisations and governments. As a result, lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions has become a priority across a wide range of industries, including transportation sector, which is recognised as one of the major sources of these emissions. Therefore, cleaner powertrain technologies, such as the use of alternative fuels and combustion modes in internal combustion engines, are required. Dual-fuel operation with high substitution ratios using low carbon and more sustainable fuels can be an effective short-term solution. Hythane, a blend of 20% hydrogen and 80% methane, could be a potential solution to this problem. In this research, two alternative diesel-hythane dual-fuel modes, namely conventional dual-fuel (CDF) combustion and reactivity-controlled compression ignition dual-fuel (RCCI DF) combustion, were experimentally evaluated and compared to
Longo, Kevin, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Feasibility Analysis of Biogas-Based Charging Station using MATLAB Simulation2022-28-041211/09/2022
Electric vehicles' rapid adoption demands a vast quantity of energy. Alternative energy sources are being highlighted as a result of the finite supply of order of fossil resources to create the long-term power supply industry with eco-friendly products. It has immense prospects for energy sources such as biogas and biomass. A 20 kW biogas-powered electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) with a maximum energy requirement of 100 kWh is shown in this study. This work uses the MATLAB Simulink to design a biogas-based EVCS. On a daily basis, the suggested charging point can recharge 15-20 electric vehicles. The proposed approach is more energy-efficient than grid electricity. Furthermore, when compared to charging stations with power systems, The planned charging station produces 58.75% less CO2. Furthermore, for simple electric bicycles and rickshaws, the suggested EVCS will save $ 16.25 and $ 27.50 each month, respectively. The study includes the effects of solar irradiation, biomass, and
PC, Murugan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, K, Jiiva, Soundara Baranidaran, D
Evaluating Class 6 Delivery Truck Fuel Economy and Emissions Using Vehicle System Simulations for Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains and Co Optima Fuel Blends2022-01-115609/20/2022
The US Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Engine and Fuels Initiative (Co-Optima) investigated how unique properties of bio-blendstocks considered within Co-Optima help address emissions challenges with mixing controlled compression ignition (i.e., conventional diesel combustion) and enable advanced compression ignition modes suitable for implementation in a diesel engine. Additionally, the potential synergies of these Co-Optima technologies in hybrid vehicle applications in the medium- and heavy-duty sector was also investigated. In this work, vehicles system were simulated using the Autonomie software tool for quantifying the benefits of Co-Optima engine technologies for medium-duty trucks. A Class 6 delivery truck with a 6.7 L diesel engine was used for simulations over representative real-world and certification drive cycles with four different powertrains to investigate fuel economy, emissions, and well-to-wheel greenhouse gas performance. Comparisons were made between
Vijayagopal, Ram, Curran, Scott, Deter, Dean, Longman, DOUGLAS
testing collections assignmentSAE-PP-0303407/08/2022
blah blah blah collections
Rickard, Christopher
Potential Applications of Fuel Cells in Air Mobility2022-26-121605/26/2022
The climate change impact due to increased greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide (NOx) and ozone etc. has been immense over the years and causing increase in temperatures of the earth’s surface and global warming. Recently, there is a significant effort to reduce the emissions especially after Paris agreement in 2015. There are several research initiatives across the globe to reduce the emissions like NOx, CO2 and other harmful substances. The air mobility also contributed to the increased greenhouse gases due to CO2 and NOx. This paper presents the potential applications of fuel cells for air mobility that includes helicopters, hybrid electric aircrafts and all electric aircrafts to achieve the reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption. The objective of this paper is to take a broad view of how fuel cell technology works, various types of existing technologies and their potential applications and challenges for air mobility vehicles in terms
Kari, Sreedhar, Kumar, Ravi
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-050903/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
Determining the Distribution of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Buses in a Metropolitan Public Transport Network2022-01-082103/29/2022
In recent years the world has come under increased pressure to reduce the harmful emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels. In 2019 in the UK (pre-COVID), the transport sector was estimated to have emitted 27% of all greenhouse gas emissions, making it the highest emitting sector. This has led to government action, banning the sale of petrol and diesel cars by 2030, as well as the introduction of low and zero emission zones in our cities. Public transport modes, especially city buses, must therefore also transition towards zero emission technologies to continue to operate within city centres. Battery electric buses are currently the most common choice, with both single deck and double deck vehicles in regular use. However, long-term operational capabilities are still largely unknown and unreported. Hydrogen fuel cell electric buses are an emerging zero emission technology that have the potential to complement a battery electric bus fleet where the duty cycle is challenging for
Blades, Luke Aubrey William, MacNeill, Rachel, Zhang, Yuanjian, Cunningham, Geoff, Early, Juliana
Development and Application of J3112: A/C Compressor Oil Separator Effectiveness Test Standard2022-01-021803/29/2022
SAE J-Standard J3112 – “A/C Compressor Oil Separator Effectiveness Test Standard” – was developed to provide an analytical means of determining if an a/c compressor with oil separator functionality meets the U.S. EPA criteria of a minimum 50% effectiveness in order to qualify for menu credits for greenhouse gas reduction, per CFR Title 40, §86.1868-12. From the start of the a/c efficiency credit program, OEMs could qualify for menu credit items without providing data on the effectiveness of the product being implemented, but EPA regulations required supporting data from 2020 MY through the end of the current published regulations in 2025 MY. J3112 was developed by the SAE Interior Climate Control MVAC Supplier Committee in order to provide a standardized procedure for determining oil separator effectiveness in order to comply with the EPA requirements for 2020-2025 model years. This presentation will provide background on how J3112 was developed, and how it is used in order to provide
Taylor, Dwayne
An Investigation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Two Bluff Bodies in Close Longitudinal Proximity – Sensitivity to Front-End Geometry2022-01-109203/29/2022
With an increasing focus on the reduction of greenhouse gases by transport industries and the continued development of connected and autonomous vehicle systems, the potential for aerodynamic drag reduction by means of managed systems of vehicles travelling in close-proximity, termed “platooning”, has continued as topic for research. For commercial vehicles the principle variable for drag reduction has been the inter-vehicle spacing since, in effect, the constituents of platoons are of similar geometry. Early-work in passenger car platooning was also conducted with homogeneous platoons, but more recently the use of systematic changes in upper-body geometry has provided a further variable in the assessment of platooning characteristics. The work shown in this paper adds to investigations illustrated in SAE Papers 2019-01-0659 and 2021-01-0952 using the Windsor model with interchangeable backlight angle geometry. For this investigation a new add-on geometry to the nose was introduced to
MacAskill, James, Le Good, Geoffrey, Cirstea, Remus
Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of electric and combustion vehicles 2022-01-091103/29/2022
Over the last decades, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as an alternative to combustion engine vehicles. EVs have different propulsion and fuel intake system when compared to combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, cradle-to-gate (CTG) and well-to-wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) would be different. In this study, life cycle GHG emissions of vehicle cycle and fuel cycle are compared between EV and internal combustion engine (ICEV) powered by petrol and diesel as fuel. This study used the average curb weight of all three types of vehicles based on the availability and popularity in the Indian market (as a case study) for life cycle assessment. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transport (GREET) model developed by Argonne National Laboratory was adopted to conduct the life cycle assessment. The mileage of 150,000 km over the whole life period was assumed for all types of vehicles. The results revealed that GHG emissions of CTG phase for an EV is
Verma, Shrey, Dwivedi PhD, Gaurav, Zare, Ali, Verma, Puneet, Yauger, James
Potential towards CI engines with lower NOx emissions through calibration optimization and low-carbon fuels2022-01-061403/29/2022
The use of electric vehicles will continue to increase as the technology advances, and governments adopt policies that favor their adoption. However, by some projections, the phase-out of the Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) will occur later than 2050 (the target year to achieve Net Zero emissions), making imperative the continuous improvement of ICEs with strategies that can be -directly or with minor modifications- applied to existing vehicle platforms to improve efficiency and reduce GHG emissions to help achieve Paris climate targets. Low carbon fuels (LCF) as diesel substitutes for light and heavy duty vehicles are currently being considered as a promising alternative to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions by taking advantage of the carbon offset their synthesis pathway can promote, which could capture more CO2 than it releases into the atmosphere. Additionally, some low carbon fuels, like OMEx blends, have non-sooting properties that can significantly improve the NOx-soot
Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Villalta, David, Guzmán Mendoza, María, Durrett, Russell, Vassallo, Alberto, Gaillard, Patrick
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-051503/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
Development of Next Generation Fuel Cell Bus: Investigation of Configuration Impact and Control Strategy Development2022-01-083203/29/2022
The emergence of fuel cell powertrains has opened up new pathways to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across a number of sectors, including public transport. However, while these technologies are gaining momentum, they are mostly still in their infancy with a range of fundamental challenges which still need to be addressed. The typical configuration deployed in bus applications requires integration with other fast-response power sources, e.g., battery and/or ultra-capacitor, to effectively manage power delivery. However, implementation of such hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) complicates the design and control of the vehicle powertrains. In this work, a concept fuel cell bus vehicle powertrain configuration has been constructed first using Matlab / Simulink which can be used to explore the impact of various ESS hybridization strategies, and their effectiveness in power management. Three variants have been studied: [I] fuel cell + battery; [II] fuel cell + ultra-capacitor and [III
Zhang, Yuanjian, Blades, Luke, Early, Juliana, Cunningham, Geoff, Harris, Andrew, Louden, Jonathan
Multiscale method to modeling and simulation of the hybrid joints2022-01-038603/29/2022
Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas. Since 2009, EU legislation sets mandatory emission reduction targets for new cars. For 2025, EU fixed the limit of CO2 emissions of cars in 75g/km. One of the ways to reduce CO2 emissions of the vehicles is weight reduction thru the replacing metals with lighter materials, as natural materials, composite materials and light alloys. A new trend of today is of realizing hybrid structures constituted from metals and composite. In this case, the main question for hybrid material design is how to join dissimilar materials? In this work CRF explain the activities developed in some research project that answer this question with an laser welding technology between a thermoplastic CFRP and a high performance steel. With this technology, the materials are joint by melting the thermoplastic substrate with a laser without added adhesive at interface. In particular, this work explain the
Basso, Matteo
Design and Optimization of an Electric Car Chassis and Body using Structural Analysis and CFD 2022-01-033903/29/2022
The transition from traditional gasoline-powered automobiles to electric vehicles (EVs) has taken time, two major challenges of engine- powered vehicles are greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy. Electric cars require less maintenance. A lot of money can be saved while also helping the environment. In today's world, working with lightweight materials have emerged as a key area for improvement in the automotive industry. The most efficient method for increasing power output is to reduce the weight of vehicle components. Composite materials have benefited greatly from research and development because they are stronger, more recyclable, and easier to integrate into vehicles. The primary goal of this research is to design the body and chassis frame of a two-seater electric car. A CFD analysis was performed to determine the drag coefficient of the body along with structural analysis to obtain the frontal impact and torsional rigidity of the chassis to develop an effective electric car
Aiyan, Mohammed, Raghav S, Sanjay, Sagar, S Sumanth
Evaluation of 48V technologies to meet future CO2 and low NOx emission regulations for Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines2022-01-067003/29/2022
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB) have recently announced rulemakings focused on tighter emission limits for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from heavy-duty trucks. As part of the new rulemaking CARB has proposed a Low Load Cycle (LLC) to specifically evaluate NOx emission performance over real-world urban and vocational operation typically characterized by low engine loads, thereby demanding the implementation of continuous active thermal management of the engine and aftertreatment system. This significant drop in NOx levels along with continued reduction in the Green House Gas (GHG) limits poses a more significant challenge for the engine developer as the conventional emission reduction approaches for one specie will likely result in an undesirable increase in the other species. One pathway to simultaneously reduce NOx and CO2 emissions and achieve these future emission regulations is through the application of 48V electrification for engine
Dhanraj, FNU, Dahodwala, Mufaddel, Joshi, Satyum, Koehler, Erik, Franke, Michael, Tomazic, Dean
E-Fuel applications in Non Road Mobile Machinery2022-32-007401/09/2022
Professional users in particular will continue to rely on internal combustion engine drives in the future due to high power requirements and high daily energy consumption. Especially if they have to work in rural areas without the possibility of recharging batteries, such as in forestry or maintenance of road verges or railway lines. For these applications, it must be possible to run sustainable fuels for defossilization and drastically reduced CO2 emissions. This paper provides insights into a possible future fuel market and describes its evolution towards a more sustainable future from the perspective of a handheld equipment manufacturer. As developments in the fuel market are currently difficult to predict, manufacturers of hand-held power tools with combustion engines need to be prepared for changes in the composition of fuels that might become available on the market. This paper presents the engine performance results of both a 2-stroke engine and a 4-stroke engine, each with
von Gaertringen, Christoph Hiller, Schwerin, René, Schweiger, Stefan, Kölmel, Armin, Lochmann, Holger, Schmidt, Stephan, Zinner, Christian, Kirchberger, Roland, Gschanes, Dominik
Investigation of an Engine Concept for CNG-OME Dual Fuel Operation Using External and Internal EGR2022-32-006701/09/2022
Requirements to future internal combustion engines (ICEs) regarding sustainability and efficiency are continuing to rise while on the other hand, pollutant emission regulations are continuously tightened. Dual-fuel combustion (DFC) of diesel and natural gas is an approach to reduce soot emissions while still profiting from the high efficiency of the diesel combustion process. Using natural gas as the main fuel also helps to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to the favorable C/H-ratio of methane (CH4) as its primary constituent. To reduce both pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions further, diesel can be replaced by an e-fuel. The use of C1-oxygenates – such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (POMDME or “OME”) – as pilot fuel promises to reduce both soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. For the present investigation, a 4.5l tractor diesel engine has been converted to a biogas-OME dual-fuel engine. A fully variable valve train has been integrated into the cylinder head. A
Jost, Ann-Kathrin, Günthner, Michael, Müller, Florian, Weigel, Alexander
testing a new preprint from start to finishSAE-PP-0048610/20/2021
and uploading a new version of the PDF
SintzADMIN, JenEANE, rao, sumana, SintzUSER, Jeneane, rao, sumana, rao, sumana, rao, sumana
2.0.105 - Piston Sealing System Structure Design for Automobile's Lightweight Auto-TransmissionSAE-PP-0048210/19/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.
Mutagaana, Festo
e2e workflow 10/19SAE-PP-0048010/19/2021
asdf
SintzADMIN, JenEANE
citation check in edgeSAE-PP-0046309/29/2021
check check
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane
testing tasksSAE-PP-0046109/28/2021
So Many Tasks
SintzADMIN, Jeneane
test new 3 to1SAE-PP-0043309/23/2021
fingers crossed
SintzUSER, Jeneane
asdfSAE-PP-0043209/23/2021
asdf
SintzUSER, Jeneane
workflow e2e - take 2 (jms test)SAE-PP-0043109/23/2021
take 2
SintzUSER, Jeneane
workflow e2e ingestion 1.3SAE-PP-0043009/23/2021
workflow e2e ingestion 1.3
SintzUSER, Jeneane
Reinforcement learning technique for parameterization in powertrain controls2021-26-004509/22/2021
As climate change looms large, the automotive industry gears up for an Electric Vehicle (EV) transition, together with the clean energy transition, to pull down our net global greenhouse emissions to zero. It becomes the need of the hour to optimize the use of our resources and meet the requirements of time, effort, cost, accuracy and transient performance brought in by the stringent emission norms and the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test. In this paper, the authors present Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to address real-world challenges for accelerated product development in powertrain control. Genetic algorithm (GA) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) based techniques were effectively utilized to parameterize a time varying electromechanical system. The purpose of a controller is to have the actual value equal to the setpoint across various operating points. The control engineer normally achieves it conventionally with an additive offset and multiple multiplicative factors based
Sidharthan, Gautham, Venkobarao, Vivek
Total Life Cycle Analysis of CNG and Hydrogen Enriched CNG Powered Vehicles : A Comparative Evaluation2021-26-010509/22/2021
Vehicles consume energy and release harmful emissions throughout their life period from the manufacturing stage of raw materials to the vehicle scrapyard. Current Green-House Gas (GHG) emissions with gasoline and diesel vehicles are reported to be 164 gCO2/km and 156 gCO2/km respectively. Thus, enormous researches are carried out for low-carbon alternatives replacing conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles to reduce GHG emissions. The continuous research on hydrogen as a transportation fuel has demonstrated the potential of reduced vehicular emissions compared to conventional fuels. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive technique used to estimate the overall environmental impact of vehicles. In this present work, a comparative LCA is conducted between Compressed Natural gas (CNG) powered vehicles and H-CNG powered vehicles. Also sustainable indicators such as Net Energy Ratio, Fossil Energy Ratio are evaluated for the test cases. The impact of the two alternative vehicles is
N, Vinithkrishna, R, Deepak Narayanan, G N, Ashwin Ram
Influence of Tyre Rolling Resistance and Operational Parameters on Vehicle Fuel Efficiency2021-26-050309/22/2021
There has been a persistent demand for Vehicle fuel efficiency improvement, mainly due to ever-increasing fuel price and imposition of stricter regulatory norms to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Factors like driving style, vehicle weight, engine, tyre, aerodynamics, weather conditions, etc. affect fuel efficiency. This study focuses on the impact of certain sub-parameters like tyre construction, tyre wear, inflation pressure and driver behavior to establish a correlation between the Rolling Resistance Coefficient (RRC) of a tyre and the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Tyres with contrasting RRC are considered with multiple drivers and driving conditions while measuring Fuel efficiency using test cycles defined as Constant Speed Test (CST), Mixed Cycle Test (MCT) and Public Road Test (PRT). Fuel consumption sensitivity to driving behavior or driving aggressiveness varies even within expert drivers [1][2]. Reduction in Non-Skid Depth due to tyre wear adversely affects its properties
TOMER, AVINASH, Chepyala, Shiva Kumar Reddy, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra, Ghosh, Prasenjit
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