Browse Topic: Greenhouse gas emissions

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A Novel Ecological & Energized Modules (EEMs) Infrastructures, Civil Engineering and Transportation System (Part Ⅰ)SAE-PP-004229/16/2021
An ecological & energized modules (EEMs) living underlying and fundamental system, which is with a general interest in almost all the human living & ecological system, civil engineering, and infrastructures and transportation system, etc. It is the basics, underlying and fundamental system of zero energy, zero-water consumption, zero-carbon with a 100% greening rate, 100% clean energy, high-quality air, and powerful carbon capture system with significant positive spillover for global carbon removal and carbon balance, and climate challenges, etc. There are two main categories of materials used in current civil engineering, infrastructures, and roads system, in which one is steel, and the other is concrete. It is like the components of the human body. The steel is the skeleton, the concrete is the flesh, and the ecological & energized modules EEMs concrete structures and systems is the powerful integumentary system with advanced multi-mode functionality. Not only is the EEMs system a protective layer, a landscape layer, a construction method of easy, fast, efficient, noiseless, and zero-dependence on the large complex equipment, but it is also a super-smart road system, a clean energy system, a carbon capture system, and a quality air system, etc. Honeycomb and prestressed structures have been used in the EEMs system, which is with high strength, high reliability, and high durability in almost all transportation systems, civil engineering, and infrastructures. Furthermore, the encoded and sensor-equipped EEMs road system with further optical processing will have multiple functions, such as the smart traffic system, excellent safety efficacy, and good visual effects, etc.
Rxiv, Mo
Correlation between Sensor Performance, Autonomy Performance and Fuel-Efficiency in Semi-Truck Platoons2021-01-00644/6/2021
Semi-trucks, specifically class-8 trucks, have recently become a platform of interest for autonomy systems. Platooning involves multiple trucks following each other in close proximity, with only the lead truck being manually driven and the rest being controlled autonomously. This approach to semi-truck autonomy is easily integrated on existing platforms, reduces delivery times, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions via fuel economy benefits. Level 1 SAE fuel studies were performed on class-8 trucks operating with the Auburn Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system, and fuel savings up to 10-12% were seen. Enabling platooning autonomy required the use of radar, global positioning systems (GPS), and wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Poor measurements and state estimates can lead to incorrect or missing positioning data, which can lead to unnecessary dynamics and finally wasted fuel. This is especially an issue if deceleration is applied in response to a bad measurement. In this study, a faulty radar was shown to cause a greater than 5% increase in fuel consumption. The mechanism of this fuel consumption increase is investigated and applied to other types of sensor failures to indicate their potential effects on fuel economy. This analysis indicates that poor GPS signals over short time can be largely filtered out, with no real gain or loss of fuel economy. V2V communications were intentionally limited by causing interference, which resulted in dropped communication packets over a small physical area, but not an appreciable impact on fuel economy.
Adam, CristianLakshmanan, SridharRichardson, PaulStegner, EvanWard, JacobHoffman, MarkBevly, David M.
A novel aviation infrastructure system by a multilayer ecological & energized module (EEM) system is aiming to create a high safety & security, graceful and comfortable air travel environment, high-quality air, zero energy, zero-water-consumption, and zero-carbon with a 100% greening rate, etc. It contains a modular EEM optical runway, totally-enclosed EEM ecological modules, and EEM ecological modules with thin-film or silicon solar cells on the top layer, etc. With the light processed and enhancing and optimizing crushed shadows & blown highlights and high contrast color layout, the EEM optical runway has a powerful visual flight, runway visual range (RVR), and significant blown highlights in 3D position and posture in various complex weather and occasions for the instrument landing, manually land and taxiing, etc. It’s always clean and bright without lampblack and exhaust traces since it is easy to rinse and replace. The totally-enclosed EEM system is laid flat on the entire airfield, including the ceiling and flooring of aircraft as well. It will generate enough clean energy, provide enough high-quality air with plentiful oxygen, plant anions, floral, phytoncide, active constituents, and fragrant scents with low-concentration CO2 for passengers and staff, and completely isolate birds’ food chains and habitat, etc. With controllable photosynthetic acceleration, the EEM system is a powerful carbon capture system with significant positive spillover. With antiskid and rainwater steerable structures in the EEM, the planes have calculable security assurances in severe weather and catastrophic events. Hot, cold water and steam system without electromagnetic interference in EEM are used for hot waves and snow and ice.
Xiong, XiangWen
A hydrogen economy is an increasingly popular solution to lower global carbon dioxide emissions. Previous research has been focused on the economic conditions necessary for hydrogen to be cost competitive, which tends to neglect the effectiveness of greenhouse gas mitigation for the very solutions proposed. The holistic carbon footprint assessment of hydrogen production, distribution, and utilization methods, otherwise known as “well-to-wheels” carbon intensity, is critical to ensure the new hydrogen strategies proposed are effective in reducing global carbon emissions. When looking at these total carbon intensities, however, there is no single clear consensus regarding the pathway forward. When comparing the two fundamental technologies of steam methane reforming and electrolysis, there are different scenarios where either technology has a “greener” outcome. Despite misconceptions, steam methane reforming produces fewer total carbon emissions than current on-grid electrolysis due to the carbon emissions released by power plants. Similarly, for storing and deploying hydrogen, the optimal solution set will depend upon use case and geographic location. For example, truck transportation of gaseous hydrogen becomes less carbon efficient than liquification for distances greater than 614 miles. This paper explores the nuances of the factors of production that affect the total carbon footprint of a given technology, and how other emerging complimentary technologies, such as carbon capture storage and utilization, may change this carbon footprint calculation. As new technologies are evaluated, there are technological, political, and economic factors that will shape the landscape of how and where, hydrogen is produced, and the global infrastructure by which it is distributed.
Fitzmorris, Drew
The global aviation industry adopted a set of targets to mitigate CO2 emissions resulting from air transportation in 2009. The engine fuel burn is the main driver of CO2 emission; hence it will be the focus of this study. Rotorcraft are designed for supporting different types of missions or operations that are different from fixed wing aircraft. For this reason, the rotorcraft strategy for addressing the carbon impact should mainly target the new emerging technologies that will assist in reducing the fuel consumption and the deployment of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF). This paper presents a forecast of the contribution level that could be achieved by rotorcraft industry in CO2 emission reduction in the period up to 2050. A projection of growth in civil rotorcraft fleet worldwide is provided as the starting point. Several new emerging technologies for both rotorcraft and engine together with the implementation scheme and their projected positive net impact on CO2 emission level are considered. Further, the contribution from SAF deployment in rotorcraft operation is analyzed. It is generally recognized that as much as 80% reduction in overall CO2 life cycle emission can be achieved from SAF relative to the fossil-based fuels or Conventional Aviation Fuels (CAF). However, some critical parameters used in predicting the SAF benefits remain uncertain. These pertain to fuel resources, economy, investment and policies. Therefore, consistent with previous studies, several fuel substitution scenarios are considered ranging from the most conservative to an optimistic projection.
Tjandra, AlbertusRouthieau, VincentChishty, WajidBasset, Pierre-MariePeluso, RobertBérat, Claude
Today, the contribution of the transportation sector on greenhouse gases is evident. The fast consumption of fossil fuels and its impact on the environment have given a strong impetus to the development of vehicles with better fuel economy. Hybrid electric vehicles fit into this context with different targets, starting from the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption, but also for performance and comfort enhancement. Lamborghini has recently invested in the development of a hybrid super sport car, due to performance and comfort reasons. Aventador series gearbox is an Independent Shift Rod gearbox with a single clutch and during gear shifts, as all the single clutch gearbox do, it generates a torque gap. To avoid the additional weight of a Dual Clutch Transmission, a 48V Electric Motor has been connected to the wheels, in a P3 configuration, to fill the torque gap, and to habilitate regenerative braking and electric boost functions. This paper discusses the usage of a control-oriented vehicle and powertrain model to analyze the performance of the first Lithium Ion Capacitor-based hybrid V12 by Automobili Lamborghini. The internal combustion engine, the gearbox, the LiC and the vehicle longitudinal dynamics models have been initially validated through the comparison with experimental data from chassis dynamometer testing, in addition to experimental results from specific components’ testing. As shown in the paper, the validated model has then been used to develop control strategies aimed at increasing comfort and performance, but also to expand the hybrid system capabilities by widening the LiC working range, and to study the possibility of implementing CO2 reduction-oriented control functions.
Franceschi, AlessandroCavina, NicoloParenti, RiccardoReggiani, MaurizioCorti, Enrico
Effect of Oil Viscosity and Driving Mode on Oil Dilution and Transient Emissions Including Particle Number in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle2020-01-03624/14/2020
Plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) has a promising prospect to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and optimize engine operating in high-efficiency region. According to the maximum electric power and all-electric range, PHEVs are divided into two categories, including “all-electric PHEV” and “blended PHEV” and the latter provides a potential for more rational energy distribution because engine participates in vehicle driving during aggressive acceleration not just by motor. However, the frequent use of engine may result in severe emissions especially in low state of charge (SOC) and ahead of catalyst light-off. This study quantitatively investigates the impact of oil viscosity and driving mode (hybrid/conventional) on oil dilution and emissions including particle number (PN). Two cycles, WLTC (World-wide Harmonized Light Duty Driving Test Cycle) and continuous ECE 15 (European Driving Cycle), were adopted and initial SOC was controlled in the range of 10-13%, which can induce more engine start events. Oil dilution is detected through method of ASTM D3525-04 to identify dilution rate under different conditions. Results show that both in WLTC and ECE 15, frequent engine start will causes high PN and unburned hydrocarbon emissions while NOx is substantially reduced due to relatively low engine loads except in first cold start. Intermittent engine start also significantly accelerates dilution rate but this rate for 5W-30 increases more rapidly than 0W-20 does in hybrid driving mode. Moreover, 5W-30 oil increases fuel consumption due to higher friction work compared to 0W-20 does and the emission of PN along with NOx and THC is also increased.
Fan, QinhaoWang, YunfeiXiao, JianhuaWang, ZhiLi, WeiziJia, TianZheng, BinTaylor, Robert
A New Simulation Approach of Estimating the Real-World Vehicle Performance2020-01-03704/14/2020
Due to the variability of real traffic conditions for vehicle testing, real-world vehicle performance estimation using simulation method become vital. Especially for heavy duty vehicles (e.g. 40 t trucks), which are used for international freight transport, real-world tests are difficult, complex and expensive. Vehicle simulations use mathematical methods or commercial software, which take given driving cycles as inputs. However, the road situations in real driving are different from the driving cycles, whose speed profiles are obtained under specific conditions. In this paper, a real-world vehicle performance estimation method using simulation was proposed, also it took traffic and real road situations into consideration, which made it possible to investigate the performance of vehicles operating on any roads and traffic conditions. The proposed approach is applicable to all kind of road vehicles, e.g. trucks, buses, etc. In the method, the real-road network includes road elevation. The traffic conditions and vehicles parameters were the inputs for traffic simulation. Based on the outputs (speed profiles and elevations) of target vehicles in the traffic simulation, then the real-world performance of the vehicle was achieved by vehicle simulation under the given traffic conditions. The fuel consumption of the vehicle calculated using this method was 34.00 L/100 km under free traffic flow conditions over highway route.
Gao, JianbingChen, HaiboChen, JunyanDave, Kaushali
An Experimental Study on the Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2020-01-03104/14/2020
Natural gas (NG)-diesel dual-fuel combustion can be a suitable solution to reduce the overall CO2 emissions of heavy-duty vehicles using diesel engines. One configuration of such a dual-fuel engine can be port injection of NG to form a combustible air-NG mixture in the cylinder. This mixture is then ignited by a direct injection of diesel. Other potential advantages of such an engine include the flexibility of switching back to diesel-only mode, reduced hardware development costs and lower soot emissions. However, the trade-off is lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and higher hydrocarbon emissions, especially methane, at low load and/or high engine speed conditions. Advancing the diesel injection timing tends to improve the BTE but may cause the NOx emissions to increase. In this study, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used in combination with the diesel injection timing control to demonstrate the compromises between lowering NOx, soot, and methane emissions while maintaining diesel-like BTE. Determining such optimal operating conditions can not only reduce the consumption of diesel and NG but may also enhance the life of the exhaust after-treatment system components such as the diesel particulate filter (DPF). Tests are performed on a heavy-duty, four-stroke, NG-diesel dual-fuel single-cylinder research engine with independent and flexible air and fuel delivery systems. Two load levels corresponding to 50% and 75% of full load are investigated at a constant engine speed of 1000 rpm and NG-diesel energy ratio of 3:1. Results show that advancing the diesel injection timing at a low EGR ratio (~10% based on intake and exhaust CO2) can reduce the soot and methane emissions but cause the NOx emissions to increase. Further increase of EGR to up to 18% can reduce the NOx emissions while limiting the soot emissions to the heavy-duty regulatory limits. In general, with the use of EGR, dual-fuel combustion can provide an improved NOx-soot trade-off compared to diesel-only combustion.
Dev, ShouvikGuo, HongshengLafrance, SimonLiko, Brian
History and Prospects for Electric Vehicles and Electric Bikes: Pathway to Sustainable Carbon Free Energy and Transportation2020-01-09744/14/2020
The Electric Transportation Revolution (ETR) began with the General Motors USA EV1 project and Yamaha Japan Pedal Assist System (PAS) electric bike, both in 1993. Worldwide EB annual sales are 40 million with 300 million on the road, mostly in China. Mandates and government incentives influence the EV market, customer demand drives EB growth. The EPA CO2 endangerment finding is forcing the auto industry to invest in EVs to help limit Mankind Made Carbon Dioxide Climate Change, MMCDCC, which is based on theoretical computer models that calculate global temperature. Measured temperature data, revised by modelers, used to validate these models has been challenged and so reported. Historical climatology data shows that Natural Climate Change, NCC, is more likely the CC cause. Known periodic variations of the sun’s orbit changes solar radiance and causes NCC. More CO2 in the atmosphere produces more plant growth, more food, thus CO2 is a beneficial gas. We propose a long term pathway to eliminate CO2 as an issue for energy and transportation. Fossil fuels may be depleted in 200 years. During this period, transition worldwide to nuclear power and hydrogen for electricity and transportation is necessary. Nuclear fuels will be used forever as uranium extraction from seawater is now possible and is replenished by runoff from land. Nuclear electricity will produce hydrogen from electrolysis of water for vehicle use. Power plants and vehicles will thus not produce CO2. With this prospect of sustainable carbon free electricity and vehicle fuel, the humanitarian thing to do today is to continue to use fossil fuels for both domains, in order to provide affordable heat in cold winters and cooling in hot summers which occurs in some regions of the world today until nuclear options are developed. This all is likely NCC as it has been for hundreds of millions of years on planet earth, and not MMCDCC.
Jamerson, Frank E.
A Novel Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based Catalytic Converter Replacement for Enhanced Emission Control and Power Generation in Automotive Exhaust2020-01-03534/14/2020
Increased concerns over climate change, limited fossil fuel resources, emissions, and poor air quality has created a greater need for sustainable energy systems. The need for increased sustainable energy systems has created largely two cooperative movements: 1) technologies that are considered renewable or more environmentally friendly and 2) higher efficiency. The automotive industry has long been a target for increasing efficiency and decreasing emissions. Current emission control systems rely heavily on the usage of precious metal based catalytic converters. Traditional catalytic converters convert incomplete combustion products into carbon dioxide and water vapor. During this conversion, any remaining chemical energy within the exhaust is lost to waste heat production. In order to achieve increased efficiency and reduced pollutant emission, the remaining chemical energy in the exhaust must be transformed into usable energy. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) stack is therefore integrated into the exhaust system of a traditional internal combustion engine in place of the current upstream catalytic converter. A SOFC stack would eliminate the need to maintain stoichiometric exhaust conditions, and would allow the recovery of any remaining chemical energy in the exhaust stream. The SOFC stack creates the potential for electrical power generation from the exhaust, while significantly improving emission reduction in a lean environment when compared to the traditional catalytic converter. Initial testing indicates that a typical internal combustion engine operating at stoichiometric conditions results in an exhaust composition of ~2-3% H2 and CO and ~1% mixed hydrocarbons. These exhaust constituents may be used by the SOFC for electrical power generation. Simultaneously, the SOFC stack has demonstrated an ability to decrease hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide emission by up to 50% when compared to a traditional platinum foil based catalytic converter.
Welles, Thomas S.Ahn, Jeongmin
An Experimental Methodology for Measuring Resistance Forces of Light-Duty Vehicles under Real-World Conditions and the Impact on Fuel Consumption2020-01-03834/14/2020
A vital element of any vehicle-certification test is the use of representative values for the vehicle resistance forces. In most certification procedures, including the WLTP recently adopted by the EU, the latter is achieved mainly through coast down tests. Subsequently, the resistance values measured are used for setting up the chassis-dyno resistances applied during the laboratory measurements. These reference values are obtained under controlled conditions, while a series of corrections are applied to make the test procedure more repeatable and reproducible. In real driving, the actual vehicle road loads are influenced by a series of factors leading to a divergence between the certified fuel consumption values, and the real-world ones. An approach of calculating representative road loads during on-road tests can help to obtain a more unobstructed view of vehicle efficiency and, when needed, confirm the officially declared road loads. This approach is also essential for validating simulations and achieving better estimates of the actual fuel consumption, a requirement introduced by the new policy adopted in the EU. In this study, a series of on-road experiments were conducted, under real-world conditions, on three vehicles, belonging to different vehicle body-categories, a supermini, a B segment cross-over city car, and a light-duty commercial vehicle. A wheel rim torque-measurement system (strain gauge torque sensors) was used to record the torque at the wheels accompanied by a wheel rotational-speed sensor. The present paper presents the results and investigates the capacity of such kind of tests to measure road loads with precision and accuracy. The calculated resistance forces are compared against the ones officially declared at type approval or measured via dedicated coast down tests. Results show satisfactory accuracy and repeatability, ranging within a ±3-7% range for the aerodynamic resistance, and point out margins for improvement. Simulation models are subsequently used to quantify the impact on real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The road loads measured using the method lead to similar fuel consumption simulation results as the official road loads with deviations in total simulated CO2 emissions remaining within ±6% of the measured values in the majority of the cases.
Komnos, DimitriosFontaras, GeorgiosNtziachristos, LeonidasPavlovic, JelicaCiuffo, Biagio
Impact of Multiple Injection Strategies on Performance and Emissions of Methanol PPC under Low Load Operation2020-01-05564/14/2020
There is growing global interest in using renewable alcohols to reduce the greenhouse gases and the reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Recent studies show that methanol combined with partially premixed combustion provide clear performance and emission benefits compared to conventional diesel diffusion combustion. Nonetheless, high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions can be stated as the main PPC drawback in light load condition when using high octane fuel such as Methanol with single injection strategy. Thus, the present experimental study has been carried out to investigate the influence of multiple injection strategies on the performance and emissions with methanol fuel in partially premixed combustion. Specifically, the main objective is to reduce HC, CO and simultaneously increase the gross indicated efficiency compared to single injection strategy. The work was performed with a single cylinder heavy duty engine, operated at 4 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure, and an engine speed of 1200 rpm. Double and triple injections were implemented with varying dwells, injection timings and fuel mass proportions. The experimental results were analyzed with a merit function to select the optimal injection strategy. Concerning emissions, the constraints for the merit function were based on the EURO VI limits, while the highest gross indicated efficiency for single injection was used to define the performance constraint. The results revealed that with proper dwell and mass proportion, multiple injection strategies can improve the gross indicated efficiency and reduce the emissions compare to single injection strategy.
Aziz, AmirGarcia, AntonioPinto Dos Santos, ClarisseTuner, Martin
Trade-Off Analysis and Systematic Optimization of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Hybrid Powertrain2020-01-08474/14/2020
While significant progress has been made in recent years to develop hybrid and battery electric vehicles for passenger car and light-duty applications to meet future fuel economy targets, the application of hybrid powertrains to heavy-duty truck applications has been very limited. The relatively lower energy and power density of batteries in comparison to diesel fuel and the operating profiles of most heavy-duty trucks, combine to make the application of hybrid powertrain for these applications more challenging. The high torque and power requirements of heavy-duty trucks over a long operating range, the majority of which is at constant cruise point, along with a high payback period, complexity, cost, weight and range anxiety, make the hybrid and battery electric solution less attractive than a conventional powertrain. However, certain heavy-duty applications, such as Class 6-7 urban vocational trucks, can benefit from hybridization due to their transient operating profiles and relatively lower vehicle weight. While many studies have quantified the fuel consumption benefits of hybridization in this segment, very few studies have outlined the arduous process of selection and sizing of hybrid powertrain components based on the trade-offs between fuel consumption, payback period, cost, weight, packaging, emissions and aftertreatment temperature. To investigate the potential for electrification in heavy-duty applications, FEV has developed a system level approach for the selection and sizing of heavy-duty diesel hybrid powertrain components using GT-SUITE. The approach has been applied for a Class 6-7 urban vocational truck, which typically experiences low speed driving with frequent start-stops. A dynamic model for the baseline vehicle was developed and calibrated to test data that included, fuel efficiency, engine-out NOx, engine-out PM and aftertreatment system temperature. The model was then updated with hybrid powertrain components and evaluated over cycles developed for chassis dynamometer testing of heavy-duty vehicles, specifically the Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) schedule and EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (HDUDDS). In the evaluation, key trade-offs were identified between fuel consumption, initial cost, payback period, package size, emissions and vehicle weight. The trade-off analysis demonstrated that similar fuel consumption benefits with an identical payback period could be achieved with multiple hybrid powertrain configurations, however package size, initial cost and weight considerations determined the final optimum solution. The final hybrid powertrain configuration for a Class 6-7 urban vocational truck proposed from this study demonstrates a 20.7% fuel consumption reduction when comparing to the baseline vehicle and applying a two year payback period. In addition, the diesel hybrid powertrain configuration provides an 11% reduction in engine-out NOx emissions and an 86% reduction in engine-out PM emissions, while maintaining aftertreatment temperature of the baseline configuration.
Joshi, SatyumDahodwala, MufaddelKoehler, Erik W.Franke, MichaelTomazic, DeanNaber, Jeffrey
A Demonstration of High Efficiency, High Reactivity Gasoline Compression Ignition Fuel in an On & Off Road Diesel Engine Application2020-01-13114/14/2020
The regulatory requirements to reduce both greenhouse gases and exhaust gas pollutants from heavy duty engines are driving new perspectives on the interaction between fuels and engines. Fuels that reliefs the burden on engine manufacturers to reach these goals are of particular interest. A low carbon fuel with a higher volatility and heating value than diesel is one such fuel that reduces engine-out emissions and carbon footprint from the entire hydrocarbon lifecycle (well-to-wheel) and improves fuel efficiency, which is a main enabler for gasoline compression ignition (GCI) technology. The present study investigated the potential of GCI technology by evaluating the performance of a low carbon high efficiency, high reactivity gasoline fuel in Doosan’s 6L medium duty diesel engine. In the experimental test, it was found that the fuel could provide the same performance in power and torque with the same calibration strategy as diesel, while the fuel efficiency was improved by maximum 4.3%. Overall total hydrocarbon (THC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions were decreased, but nitrogen oxides (NOx) was increased by average 6%. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) engine simulations were conducted to find the way to suppress NOx emission while maintaining other benefits of the fuel. At the same injection calibration, the experimental observation was reproduced computationally. Fuel injection strategy was further investigated by changing the start of injection (SOI) and splitting the fuel injection into pilot, main and post injections. The used fuel was able to achieve up to 16% of NOx reduction at the same fuel efficiency while maintaining low PM emission. This work demonstrated that a low carbon high reactivity gasoline fuel can improve the fuel efficiency and lower the emissions with minimum modification on engine hardware and calibration in a medium duty diesel engine.
Sim, JaeheonHan, YoungdeokYoo, DockoonLee, Woong GunChang, Junseok
Reducing carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) is one of the most important drivers to promote biofuels. Fuel from biomass has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can gradually reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. However, fuel properties can differ significantly from standard diesel fuel and this will affect exhaust emissions and environmental pollution. Diesel – ethanol fuel blends development and specification are currently driven by the engine technology, existing fossil fuel specification and availability of feedstock. Thus, the aims of this study to investigate the effects of fuel additives with diesel–ethanol fuel blend under steady-state conditions. In the present study, the additives were palm diesel, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). The ratio of conventional diesel fuel to ethanol fuel to fuel additive are 80:15:5 by volume of fuel blends. The comparative studies on the effects of fuel additives in the engine performance and phase separation in diesel–ethanol blends. The effects of engine performance included exhaust gas emissions with different fuel additives on small diesel engine are also investigated under different engine conditions in order to considering the engine speed and engine load comparison with conventional diesel. The study found that all the additives are enhanced the stabilities in diesel–ethanol fuel blends and phase separation has not be found under the room temperature. The diesel–ethanol fuel blend with DTBP can improved the highest thermal efficiency with lower exhaust gas emission (e.g. carbon-monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and soot) compare with conventional diesel with another fuel additives. However, the break specific fuel consumption is higher (>4%) than conventional diesel which could be acceptable range. The results suggest that significant benefits can derive from the use of di-tert-butyl peroxide as fuel additive for diesel and ethanol fuel blends as the alternative fuel for compression ignition engine in terms of engine performance, exhaust gas emissions, after treatment system performance and environmental pollution in the near future.
Theinnoi, KampanartSawatmongkhon, BoonlueWongchang, ThawatchaiSukjit, EkarongChuepeng, Sathaporn
Regulated Emissions and Detailed Particle Characterisation for Diesel and RME Biodiesel Fuel Combustion with Varying EGR in a Heavy-Duty Engine2019-01-229112/19/2019
This study investigates particulate matter (PM) and regulated emissions from renewable rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) biodiesel in pure and blended forms and contrasts that to conventional diesel fuel. Environmental and health concerns are the major motivation for combustion engines research, especially finding sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and reducing diesel PM emissions. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), including RME, are renewable fuels commonly used from low level blends with diesel to full substitution. They strongly reduce the net carbon dioxide emissions. It is largely unknown how the emissions and characteristics of PM get altered by the combined effect of adding biodiesel to diesel and implementing modern engine concepts that reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Therefore, the exhaust from a single-cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine fuelled with petroleum-based MK1 diesel, RME, and a 20% RME blend (B20), was sampled while the inlet oxygen concentration was stepped from ambient to very low by varying EGR. Regulated gaseous emissions, mass of total black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA), particle size distributions and the soot nanostructure by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were studied. For all EGR levels, RME showed reduced BC emissions (factor 2 for low and 3-4 for higher EGR) and total particulate number count (TPNC) compared with diesel and B20. B20 was closer to diesel than RME in emission levels. RME opens a significant possibility to utilise higher levels of EGR and stay in the region of low NOx, while not producing more soot than with diesel and B20. Adding EGR to 15% inlet O2 did not affect the nanostructure of PM. A difference between the fuels was noticeable: branched agglomerates of diesel and RME were composed of many primary particles, whereas those of B20 were more often “melted” together (necking).
Novakovica, MajaShamun, SamMalmborg, Vilhelm B.Kling, Kirsten I.Kling, JensVogel, Ulla B.Tunestal, PerPagels, JoakimTuner, Martin
An Effect of Utilization B30 from Various Blends of B0:FAME and HVO on Emissions, Fuel Consumption and Power of Euro4 Vehicle Technology2019-01-218912/19/2019
Indonesia has implemented mandatory for utilization of high ratio biodiesel starting from B10 (10% of biodiesel and 90% of diesel fuel by volume) in 2013 then it gradually increased to B20 in 2016 and B30 in 2020. On the other hand, Indonesian Government will also strengthen vehicle emission regulation from Euro 2 to Euro4 in 2021. Therefore, B0 (low sulfur diesel fuel) and B100 (biodiesel) fuel properties as blended fuel for B30 must be improved to comply with Euro4 vehicle emission regulation. In this study various formulation of B30 were investigated, in which the B100 was varied from FAME (fatty Acid Methyl Ester), HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable oil), and blend of FAME and HVO. The test was conducted under Euro4 vehicle technology to investigate their effect on emissions, fuel consumption and power. In this experiment, emission, fuel consumption and power were tested using UN-ECE R83-05 regulation, UN-ECE R101 and acceleration method respectively. The results showed that B30 has lower CO, HC and particulate emission compared with B0. However, NOx emission for some formulation slightly increased. Moreover, B30 could comply with emission limit, as stated under Euro4 regulation. Fuel consumption for B30 with some formulation was 2-3% higher than that of B0, but it was about the same between B0 and B30 with optimization ratio of FAME and HVO.
Setiapraja, HariYubaidah, SitiEkasari, MutiaHaspriyanti, NitaRustyawan, WawanRochim, Abdul
Fuel Cell Vehicles: An Opportunity for China's Greenhouse Gas Reduction2019-01-226312/19/2019
Fuel cell vehicle and battery electric vehicle are two environmentally benign vehicle technology types possibly meeting the zero-emission regulations in the future. The premise is they can achieve parity with conventional vehicle both environmentally and economically. Besides, it is necessary to distinguish which technology is more suitable in China's current and future context. This paper compares their cost-effectiveness for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, examining the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of conventional gasoline vehicle, battery electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle in China's energy context under three different scenarios. The results indicate that under the 500km drive range, fuel cell vehicles are less competitive than battery electric vehicles currently. Fuel cell vehicles generate much more greenhouse gas emissions than battery vehicles and conventional gasoline vehicles. While with the optimization of energy context, fuel cell vehicles can gain competitiveness with battery electric vehicles in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, and with mass production as well as fuel cell system cost reduction, fuel cell vehicles can realize a better cost-effectiveness. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that the energy context should be optimized before deploying the fuel cell vehicles on a large scale in China. Technology enhancement both in hydrogen production and fuel cell, as well as manufacture optimization for fuel cell systems are equally essential in improving its cost-effectiveness.
Mu, ZhexuanHao, HanLiu, ZongweiZhao, Fuquan
Particle and Gaseous Emissions from a Heavy-Duty SI Gas Engine over WHTC Driving Cycles2019-01-222212/19/2019
The use of gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines is increasing, due to several reasons, first of all their low environmental impact, large availability and low cost. Nevertheless, the need to reduce emissions also from gas engines is an important aspect to be considered in order to comply with future engine emissions regulations. In this scenario, an extensive experimental activity was performed to fully characterize an heavy duty spark ignition engine, under development for Euro VI compliance and designed to run with gaseous fuels. Two separate sets of experiments were carried out, in order to analyze the engine behavior when burning LPG and CNG, respectively. To this aim, the engine was installed on a dynamic test bench, accurately instrumented to characterize the combustion evolution, performance and exhaust pollutant emissions, along the World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC), the new European driving homologation cycle. The main part of the manuscript addresses the analysis of the exhaust particulate emissions, in terms of soot concentration, particle number (PN) and particle size distribution function (PSDF). More in detail, a photo-acoustic sensor and a fast particulate spectrometer were adopted for on-line soot, PN and particle size measurements, during the transient engine tests. The results revealed that although the gaseous emissions were within homologation limits, soot and PN could represent an issue for this class of engines. The experiments allowed to highlight that most part of the particles are emitted during specific phases of the driving cycle and could be ascribed to the engine oil vapors combustion. Moreover, the investigation, indicating which engine operating conditions displayed the highest contribution to particles emissions, may provide helpful insights to deal with such critical conditions.
Napolitano, PierpaoloGuido, ChiaraBeatrice, CarloFraioli, ValentinaAlfuso, Salvatore
During this decade, the constant increase and globalization of passenger car sales has led countries to adopt a common language for the treatment of CO2 and other pollutant emissions. In this regard, the WLTC - World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle - stands as the new global reference cycle for fuel consumption, CO2 and pollutant emissions across the globe. Regulations keep a constant pressure on CO2 emission reduction leading vehicle manufacturers and component suppliers to modify hardware to ensure compliance. Within this balance, lubricants remain worthwhile contributors to lowering CO2 emission and fuel consumption. Yet with WTLC, new additional lubricant designs are likely to be required to ensure optimized friction due to its new cycle operating conditions, associated powertrain hardware and worldwide product use. Through friction torque and vehicle test campaigns, NISSAN and TOTAL have conducted a complete study to assess particularly how the Fuel Economy (FE) lubricants originally designed for JC08 (official Japanese driving cycle) or NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) will perform on the new WTLC. Beyond this initial state of art, the study was designed to quantify the potential of current lubricant industry trends such as the rise of lower viscosity oils, multi-fuel compatible products as well as new industry standards (upcoming ILSAC GF-6 or newly released ACEA C5-16). The final stage of the study was dedicated to explore some of the engine oil formulation levers.
Burette, GautierHammou, Khalid AitDebord, MickaëlMarlière, LoïcSagawa, TakumaruOkuda, Sachiko
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