Browse Topic: Low emission vehicles (LEV) and zero emission vehicles (ZEV)

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SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Wireless EV Charging with SAE J29541348410/30/2024
How close is the EV industry to commercializing wireless charging? The answer lies in the SAE J2954 standard which establishes an industry-wide specification that defines the acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. For the latest insight, we sat down with Jesse Schneider, CEO/CTO, ZEV Station, and Chair, SAE Wireless Charging Taskforce for SAE J2954, and Ky Sealy, Engineering Fellow, WiTricity, and Subteam Lead of Wireless Charging Alignment for SAE J2954, to discuss the recent developments and the next generation of wireless power transfer. For more on the evolution of wireless charging adoption from ZEV Station and WiTricity, check out Episode 166 and Episode 114 in our back catalog. And if developing industry standards interests you, consider joining an SAE Committee. For more information, please email Standards Specialist, Dante
Hineman, Marcie
Fuel Cell Electric Train Concept – Zero Emission Rail Transport Solution for India2024-26-017901/16/2024
Indian cities are among the most polluted in the world. The transportation sector is one of the major source of gaseous pollutants. In recent years, also the effects of climate change and global warming have been felt across the globe. India has therefore committed at the CoP26 summit to reduce its CO2 emissions 45% by 2030. The Indian automotive sector is already addressing the problem with implementation of stricter BS VI, CAFÉ & Stage V standards and pursuing rapid electrification with application of zero emission vehicles. India also has the largest rail network of Asia, and a significant proportion of greenhouse gases also comes from this sector. Deployment of zero emission fuel cell trains would be one of the solutions to meet India's emission reduction targets. Indian Railways has already started its journey towards zero emissions and has set a target to launch hydrogen fuel cell trains on some routes by 2023 as part of the "Hydrogen for Heritage" initiative. In this study, the
Emran, Ashraf, Mertes, Simon, Garg, Shivam, Wick, Maximilian, Gautam, Anirudh, Schmidt, Marvin, Wagh, Sachin, Sharma, Vijay, Walters, Marius
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Mutagaana, Festo
Regression 11/1/23SAE-PP-0892211/01/2023
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Mutagaana, Festo
A Holistic Approach For Near Zero Emission Diesel Vehicles Using A Pre-Turbo-Catalyst-System – Ready For EU 72023-01-121106/26/2023
This work shows the newest results of a near-series Pre-Turbo-Catalyst (PTC) system reaching lowest emissions for electrified diesel passenger cars to address future emission legislation. The PTC system is developed using a state-of-the-art tool chain containing 1D & 3D simulation approaches and testing near-series exhaust gas aftertreatment systems under real-driving boundary conditions. The innovative concept of an SCR PTC and a PTC bypass path solve the challenge of a thermal handshake between PTC and underfloor SCR System as well as the challenge of a particular filter regeneration. The development of adaptive PTC bypass path operation strategies based on exhaust gas and catalyst conditions enables lowest NOx and NH3. Using this concept, near-zero emissions can be reached in a wide range of operating scenarios while sustaining full drivability and highest efficiency. Advanced catalyst technologies enable a high emission conversion and lowest secondary emissions. These results have
Conin, Michael, Beidl, Christian, Knaf, Daniel, Fiore, Luis, Kreuz, Joachim
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Autonomous Mining Critical to Global Demand for Minerals1337112/12/2022
With the exponential rise in EV adoption comes a surge in global demand for minerals like graphite, lithium, nickel and cobalt. To keep pace, more mines around the world are needed to get up and running quickly. Enter SafeAI, a company accelerating the world's transition to autonomous mining and construction. By retrofitting heavy duty vehicles and site operations with autonomous technology, SafeAI enables safer, more productive, and more cost-efficient worksites. In terms of supporting the EV supply chain, SafeAI's autonomously operating assets can significantly expedite the development of a mine, which typically takes up to 10 years. Enabled by autonomy, each vehicle can add approximately 1,000 additional hours of productivity per year. We sat down with Bibhrajit Halder, Founder & CEO of SafeAI, to discuss the global state of mining, the move to zero-emission vehicles, and the future of autonomous mining and construction in an era of massive industry adoption.
Hineman, Marcie
The Challenges of Vehicle DecarbonizationEPR2022SE104/27/2022
A narrow focus on electrification and elimination of tailpipe emissions is unlikely to achieve decarbonization objectives. Renewable power generation is unlikely to keep up with increased demand for electricity. A focus on tailpipe emissions ignores the significant particulate pollution that “zero emission” vehicles still cause. It is therefore vital that energy efficiency is improved. Active travel is the key to green economic growth, clean cities, and unlocking the energy saving potential of public transport.{"bold":"The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization","content":"reviews the urgent need to prioritize active travel infrastructure, create compelling mass-market cycling options, and switch to hybrid powertrains and catenary electrification\n for long-haul heavy trucks. The report also warns of the potential increase in miles travelled with the advent of personal automated vehicles as well as the pitfalls of fossil-fuel derived hydrogen power."}{"uri":[{"xlink:href":"https
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
Electric Vehicles vs E-fuelled ICE Vehicles: Comparison of potentials for life cycle CO₂ emission reduction2022-01-090303/29/2022
The need to control global warming by regulating automotive emission levels has led to a lot of changes in the policies of different countries globally, specifically the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). More recently, both the governments have been strongly pushing the integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the market to replace the conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles for CO₂ emission reduction, with the enforcement of 50% EV sales by 2030 in the US and complete 100% by 2035 in the EU for passenger cars. However, these policies are misleading by considering EVs as zero emission vehicles, as there is no such technology yet available that has zero emissions during its lifecycle. During the manufacturing phase, any vehicle produced gives out emissions, with EVs emitting even higher than the conventional ICE vehicles with their battery manufacturing. Further, during the use phase, there might be no Tank-to-Wheel emissions from the EVs due to zero
Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Villalta, David, Tripathi, Shashwat
Development of a Light-duty Commercial Vehicle Demonstrator Featuring a Low-cost PCB Fuel Cell 2022-01-084103/29/2022
Today the light-duty commercial market is dominated by internal combustion engine powered vehicles, primarily diesel-powered delivery vans, which contribute to urban air quality issues. Furthermore, global concerns regarding climate change have prompted zero emission vehicles to be mandatory in many markets as soon as 2035. For the light-duty commercial vehicle sector there is significant interest in pure electric vehicles. However, for some markets or usage cases electric vehicles may not be the best solution, due to the limitation of practical battery energy storage capacity or recharging times. For such applications there is growing interest in hydrogen fuel cells as a zero emissions alternative. Bramble Energy’s patented printed circuit board (PCB) fuel cell technology – the PCBFC™ - enables the use of cost-effective production methods and materials from the PCB industry to reduce the cost and complexity of manufacturing hydrogen fuel cell stacks. This paper will describe the
Mason PhD, Tom, Bharath, Vidal, Hall, Jonathan, Borman, Stephen, Bassett, Michael
Development and validation of an EHN mechanism for fundamental and applied chemistry studies2022-01-054603/29/2022
Autoignition enhancing additives have been used for years to enhance the ignition quality of diesel fuel, with 2-ethylexyl nitrate (EHN) being the most common additive. EHN also enhances the autoignition reactivity of gasoline, which has advantages for some low-temperature combustion techniques, such as Sandia’s Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) with Additive-Mixing Fuel Injection (AMFI). LTGC-AMFI is a new high-efficiency and low-emissions engine combustion process based on supplying a small, variable amount of EHN into the fuel for better engine operation and control. However, the mechanism by which EHN interacts with the fuel remains unclear. In this work, a chemical-kinetic mechanism for EHN was developed and implemented in a detailed mechanism for gasoline fuels. The combined mechanism was validated against shock-tube experiments with EHN-doped n-heptane and HCCI engine data for EHN-doped regular E10 gasoline. Simulations showed a very good match with experiments. EHN
Lopez Pintor, Dario, Dec, John
Modelling Transient Control of a Turbogenerator on a Drive Cycle2022-01-049503/29/2022
GTDI engines are becoming more efficient, whether individually or part of a HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) powertrain. For the latter, this efficiency manifests itself as increase in zero emissions vehicle mileage. An ideal device for energy recovery is a turbogenerator (TG), and, when placed downstream the conventional turbine it has minimal impact on catalyst light-off and can be used as a bolt-on aftermarket device. A Ricardo WAVE model of a representative GTDI engine was adapted to include a TG (Turbogenerator) and TBV (Turbine Bypass Valve) with the TG in a mechanical turbocompounding configuration, calibrated using steady state mapping data. This was integrated into a co-simulation environment with a SISO (Single-Input, Single-Output) dynamic controller developed in SIMULINK for the actuator control (with BMEP, manifold air pressure and TG pressure ratio as the controlled variables). Transient verification with WAVE-RT was conducted on WLTP and NEDC drive cycles, estimating
Petrovich, Simon, Ebrahimi, Kambiz, Mason, Byron, Watson, Andrew
Methodology to simulate adsorption and desorption phenomena of gasoline fuel vapour in activated-carbon canister to meet post-EU6 and US EPA global emission norms2021-28-013109/15/2021
This paper covers the mathematical modeling of governing equations for the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena during adsorption and desorption. Also the main focus is given on the methodology for numerical simulation for solving these partial differential equations for carbon canister. A comprehensive literature review is presented to summarize the target requirements of allowed evaporative emission level of gasoline vapour in grams per day based on global standards like, EU6, EPA stage II enhanced, CARB LEVII, PZEV and SULEV. In order to meet these stringent emission norms, presence of carbon canister is mandatory. The simulation results are compared for the gasoline vehicle application at various climatic temperature conditions in India, in which the canister sizing vs allowable emission targets are summarized. EU6 – European Emission norm6 EPA – US Environmental Protection Agency CARB - California Air Resources Board PZEV - Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle SULEV - Super Ultra
Muthu, Selvaraji, N, Sekarapandian
Aptiv: More EVs mean more profit with SVA21AUTP08_0808/01/2021
It's well known that the auto industry is shifting to electric propulsion. But even keen-eyed electric-vehicle (EV) watchers might be a bit surprised to learn just how rapidly EV adoption is about to take off, according to mobility-tech supplier Aptiv. The company is betting big on this rapid growth and dramatic changes that could provide it with a winning hand. Bill Presley, president of Signal & Power Solutions (S&PS) at Aptiv, said during a recent media briefing that Aptiv is planning for an EV segment that will grow faster than recent analyst predictions suggest. He pointed to IHS Markit's predictions for 2025 that have been revised upwards of ten times over the past six years. He also said EV sales estimates for 2030 have tripled in the last three years. The continuing decline in the cost of batteries, ever-stricter emissions regulations and rapid growth in charging infrastructure all are playing into the revisions. IHS is among many forecasting organizations that have had to
Blanco, Sebastian
EDITORIAL: The legacy of the pioneering, controversial EV-121AUTP03_0403/01/2021
Recently I was reminded of an anniversary: 30 years ago, GM chairman Roger Smith announced his company's commitment to build the pioneering and controversial EV-1 electric vehicle (EV). Two media colleagues preparing articles about the landmark called me for comments on EV-1's place in history. It seemed like 1996 (the year EV-1 entered production) all over again. The anniversary of the first mass-produced, purpose-designed EV of the modern era roughly coincided with GM's commitment to an all-EV light-vehicle portfolio by 2035. But that much-heralded news was not without critics. Some of the coverage carried brickbat quotes from Dan Becker, longtime auto-industry heckler from the Sierra Club, now with a group called Center for Biological Diversity.
Brooke, Lindsay
ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)J2540/2_202012 (Current)12/06/2020
This standard provides a table of textual messages meeting the requirements for expressing International Traveler Information Systems (ITIS) phrases commonly used in the ITS industry. The tables provided herein follow the rules of SAE J2540 and therefore allow a local representation in various different languages, media expressions, etc., to allow true international use of these phrases. The phrases are predominantly intended for use in the description of traffic-related events of interest to travelers and other traffic practitioners. Other phrases exist for other specific specialty areas of ITS, and all such phrases follow a set of encoding and decoding rules outlined in SAE J2540 to ensure that the use of these phrases in messages remain interoperable between disparate types of user equipment. Implementers are cautioned to obtain the most recent set of tables by means of the ITS data registry, a process which involves SAE and other standards-setting organizations, and which is
V2X Core Technical Committee
Battery of issues surrounds LARGE-VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION20TOFHP12_0112/01/2020
Converting heavy-duty vehicles to battery power will require advances in weight reduction and thermal management. Electrification has made major inroads in light trucks and compact off-highway machines, but its adoption in long-distance trucking and many large off-highway vehicles remains more promise than market-ready. Still, there is plenty of interest in replacing diesel and gasoline power units with battery power. A flurry of activity in recent months highlights the high level of interest in heavy-duty electric trucks, though these actions also spotlight the lingering engineering challenges in electrifying larger vehicles. General Motors and startup truck maker Nikola teamed up in a deal worth $2 billion (www.sae.org/news/2020/09/hydrogen-fuel-cells-worldwide), but SEC investigations of Nikola executives emerged shortly after the announcement, raising questions about ongoing efforts to work together. Microsoft mogul Bill Gates started a debate when he questioned the viability of
Costlow, Terry
Hydrogen fuel cells - FINALLY?20TOFHP10_0310/01/2020
As the debate continues about HFCEV commercial potential, a snapshot of some global markets reveals continuing hope for fulfilment of long-awaited promise, particularly in trucks and buses. More than 20 years have passed since hydrogen-fuel-cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) looked to be the future zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) solution. About that time, this editor spoke with Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Piëch, then boss of the Volkswagen Group, about the commercial potential of fuel-cell cars in general and a possible future timeline. Piëch thought it unrealistic to see fleets established in the near term (around 2003) and suggested it might be 2011 before they would be sold or leased in any significant volume. It sounded cautious at the time but has proven to be extremely optimistic. Today, signs of an HFCEV commercial victory remain low across the world. Despite its convincing technology, hobbled by cost and lack of infrastructure, the fuel cell's battle with the battery does not look winnable
Birch, Stuart, Gehm, Ryan
Selected Issues of Motor Transport Hydrogenization World-Wide and in Poland2020-01-215609/15/2020
Hydrogen is a central pillar of energy transformation required to limit global warming to two degrees. Decarbonization is an element of that transformation, which focuses primarily on the decarbonization of motor transport, particularly individual transport (passenger cars). In this case, the use of electric vehicles equipped with hydrogen fuel cells (FCEVs) is taken into consideration. In countries such as in particular Japan and the US, but also China, France, South Korea and Germany, FCEVs and hydrogen refuelling stations are presently used. Those countries are of crucial importance in the scope discussed in this article. Those countries have also adopted implementation plans, i.e. the so-called NIP for the development of hydrogenization. The construction and the operation of HRS in respective countries are essential for the development of hydrogenization of motor transport in those countries. The article discussed the issues as mentioned earlier in those countries and also
Gis, Wojciech, Gis, Maciej
Performance Analysis and Economic Feasibility of Fuel Cell Vehicles: A Perspective Review2020-01-225609/15/2020
Automotive industries have been a significant contributor to global warming over the last 30 years. Due to the excessive increase in environmental degradation, research has been conducted extensively in various fields to explore sustainable alternatives to IC engines. Therefore, heavy emphasis is being laid on Battery-run Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). BEVs are facing their own set of challenges when it comes to production, recharge time, battery capacity and net carbon footprint, among other issues. However, FCEVs offer certain new opportunities for the automobile sector to foray into a sustainable space. This study aims to review the performance of fuel cell vehicles against the parameters of economic feasibility, technological feasibility, energy efficiency. Recent developments in fuel cell research have been discussed. The feasibility of these developments corresponding to FCEV applications has been reviewed in view of the challenges to the
Tomar, Mukul, Choudhary, Manas, Jain, Devanshu, Kumar, Naveen
Unsettled Technology Domains for Pathways to Automotive DecarbonizationEPR202001407/22/2020
Replacing fossil-fueled vehicles with battery-electric ones is a risky strategy. It is likely to be limited by the supply of metals critical to battery and solar cell production, and the investment required in decarbonized electricity. Using hydrogen to store renewable energy would greatly reduce efficiency, further increasing the investment required to decarbonize the electricity supply. The lowest technical risk and most economical pathway to decarbonization is reducing private car use. Shorter journeys would be made by walking and cycling – also known as “active travel” – with public transport used for most longer journeys.Realizing this cultural change in transport behavior will first require comprehensive networks for safe and enjoyable active travel, which separate walking and cycling. All locations should connect to either a fully segregated cycleway or traffic calmed roadways with a maximum speed of 30 kph. Active travel investment can save money due to improved public health
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
Unsettled Issues Concerning the Economics of Fuel Cells and Electric Ground VehiclesEPR202000206/03/2020
This SAE EDGE Research Report looks at the pros and cons of moving this technology forward and brings recommendations to facilitate a smooth transition from fossil fuel-based to hydrogen-based mobility.Unsettled Issues Concerning the Economics of Fuel Cells and Electric Ground Vehicles discusses the unsettled economic aspects of hydrogen and fuel cell applications in the automotive industry. Lately, the idea of using hydrogen in automotive applications is gaining momentum. While the concept of using clean hydrogen fuel generated from water via electrolysis is nothing new, previous efforts to mainstream the technology failed miserably. About a decade ago, the fuel cell technology, which efficiently converts hydrogen and atmospheric oxygen into electricity, was not as advanced and the fuel cell prototypes were bulky and expensive.Yet, many new fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have emerged, and hydrogen refueling infrastructure is being built globally. Despite the important steps
Kolodziejczyk, Bart
Vehicle Emission Solutions for China 6b and Euro 72020-01-065404/14/2020
Combinations of CC1 TWC and CC2 coated gasoline particulate filters (cGPF) were aged by 4-mode and fuel cut aging to simulate 200K kilometers of in-use aging in China and Europe, respectively. Separate combinations of catalysts were then evaluated on two low emission engines using the WLTC driving cycle. Catalyst volume and PGM mass were varied in the CC1. OSC/washcoat amounts were varied at constant PGM loading in the GPF. For the Chinese application, after the four-mode aging, it was found that the CC1 TWC catalyst volume should be greater than 1.0 L. High levels of OSC were needed in the GPF to meet CO and NOx emission targets. For the European application, after fuel cut aging, Euro 6d emissions were met with any combination of TWC and GPF catalysts. If the gaseous regulations for Euro 7 are similar to China 6b, the CC1 TWC catalyst should also be great than 1.0 L in order to meet CO and NOx emissions. Over all, results imply that CC1 TWC design is most critical for gaseous
Ball, Douglas, Meng, Xiangwei, Weiwei, Gu, Meng, Xiangwei, Weiwei, Gu
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses: Modelling and Analysing Suitability from an Operational and Environmental Perspective2020-01-117204/14/2020
In response to the need to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the current trend in the transport sector is a greater focus on alternative powertrains. More recent air quality concerns have seen controlled zero emission zones within urban areas. As a result, there is growing interest in hydrogen fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) as a zero local emission vehicle with superior range, operational flexibility and refuelling time than other clean alternatives e.g. battery electric buses (BEBs). This paper details the performance and suitability analysis of a proposed Wrightbus FCEB, using a quasistatic backwards-facing Simulink powertrain model. The model is validated against existing prototype vehicle data (Mk1), allowing it to be further leveraged for predictions of an advanced future production vehicle (Mk2) with next generation motors and fuel cell stack. The modelled outputs are used for a comparison of the FCEB performance to an equivalent BEB on industry standard drive cycles, as well
Doyle, Darryl, Harris, Andrew, Chege, Steve, Douglas, Lucinda, Early, Juliana, Best, Robert
Electrifying GM20AUTP03_0103/01/2020
After two decades of hybrid development, General Motors puts its full futurepropulsion focus on BEV technology-with vertically integrated development and production. General Motors' long, convoluted journey toward vehicle electrification has finally arrived at an earlier-than-expected destination: total commitment to a battery-electric future. GM is officially “all in” on BEVs as its future propulsion strategy, with some 20 electric models slated for launch by 2023. The Detroit-Hamtramck plant is being transformed into GM's first dedicated EV production facility. Its product cadence, set to begin within the year, will be led by electric Chevrolet and Cadillac crossovers. Joining them is GM's first electric pickup that will resurrect the still-popular Hummer nameplate within the GMC brand. The company aims to sell one million EVs globally by 2026, asserts CEO Mary Barra, while it continues to evolve its profit-driving IC-powered trucks and crossovers (and develop self-driving vehicles
Analysis of the economic, technological and environmental feasibility of hybridization and electrification of the national fleet of light vehicles2019-36-028301/13/2020
Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines correspond to 99.7% of the global fleet. Unfortunately, most of them runs with fossil fuels and contribute with over than 70% of CO and 20% of CO2 emitted to atmosphere. Global climate change has become a major issue and stringent legislation has been forcing the scientific community to seek a feasible solution for this issue. Renewable fuels, hybrid and electric vehicles have been pointed out as the answer for harmful greenhouse gases emissions. This paper demystifies the wrong belief that ICE will be totally replaced by electric vehicles in short and medium time. The zero emission vehicle (ZEV) terminology applied to EV must abolished since it is not true, as 65% of global electricity is generated from non-renewable sources. Despite of being more efficient, hybrid vehicles are still economically unfeasible. The low global fleet percentage of hybrid and electric vehicles associated with the current growth rate prove mathematically that
Rodrigues Filho, Fernando Antonio, Morato Torres, Letícia, Coelho Baêta, José Guilherme, Teixeira Malaquias, Augusto César, Rodrigues da Costa, Roberto Berlini, Araújo Moreira, Thiago Augusto
Mercedes Vision AVTR concept a beacon for sustainability20AUTP02_1101/01/2020
At the keynote for the 2020 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Mercedes-Benz unveiled its VISION AVTR concept vehicle representing a far-forward look at the company's future design, materials and technologies. Inspired by the James Cameron film Avatar (with the director on hand at CES for its reveal), and representing a sustainable vision of zero-emission mobility, the VISION AVTR concept was introduced by Ola Källenius, M-B's chairman of the board. The fully-electric, AWD, 4-seat concept features a 110-kWh battery and a 700-km (434-mi) range. It is M-B's idea of sustainable luxury - a form of electro-mobility “in harmony with people and nature.” The VISION AVTR concept uses 100%-recyclable organic battery technology and leverages a host of artificial intelligence (AI) to maximize vehicle performance and efficiency, including integrated solar-panels designed to provide power back to the grid.
Seredynski, Paul
An Effect of Utilization B30 from Various Blends of B0:FAME and HVO on Emissions, Fuel Consumption and Power of Euro4 Vehicle Technology2019-01-218912/19/2019
Indonesia has implemented mandatory for utilization of high ratio biodiesel starting from B10 (10% of biodiesel and 90% of diesel fuel by volume) in 2013 then it gradually increased to B20 in 2016 and B30 in 2020. On the other hand, Indonesian Government will also strengthen vehicle emission regulation from Euro 2 to Euro4 in 2021. Therefore, B0 (low sulfur diesel fuel) and B100 (biodiesel) fuel properties as blended fuel for B30 must be improved to comply with Euro4 vehicle emission regulation. In this study various formulation of B30 were investigated, in which the B100 was varied from FAME (fatty Acid Methyl Ester), HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable oil), and blend of FAME and HVO. The test was conducted under Euro4 vehicle technology to investigate their effect on emissions, fuel consumption and power. In this experiment, emission, fuel consumption and power were tested using UN-ECE R83-05 regulation, UN-ECE R101 and acceleration method respectively. The results showed that B30 has lower
Setiapraja, Hari, Yubaidah, Siti, Ekasari, Mutia, Haspriyanti, Nita, Rustyawan, Wawan, Rochim, Abdul
Improvement in PEMS performance for RDE testing at high and varying altitudes2019-01-220012/19/2019
RDE (Real Driving Emissions) by definition is performed under a wide range of conditions. Altitude, as well as temperature, is one of the boundary conditions that depends on the area where the test is performed, which will vary from country to country. These boundary conditions not only affect the exhaust emissions from the vehicle, they also affect the accuracy of the PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System). The effect of barometric pressure changes on a PEMS was evaluated by altitude simulation chamber and means of an RDE test on Mt. Fuji. This paper describes the challenges for PEMS measurement with barometric pressure variations and the advanced system that has been developed to meet them.
Fukami, Shun, Mohara, Haruhisa
Advanced analytical methods for the study of lubricant-derived ash and associated impacts on engine aftertreatment components2019-01-229312/19/2019
Catalytic and non-catalytic engine aftertreatment components, such as the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), selective catalytic reduction on filter (SCRF), the gasoline particulate filter (GPF) and the diesel particulate filter (DPF) are complex, multifunctional emissions control technologies that are robustly designed for extended use in harsh automotive exhaust environments. Over the useful component lifetime, lubricant-derived inorganic and incombustible ash accumulates in and/or on the surface of the aforementioned aftertreatment components, resulting in degraded performance and other potential problems. In order to better understand effects of ash in such components, a multiscale analytical approach is necessary, requiring a variety of experimental tools. This paper will briefly present a decade of analytical experience at the Sloan Automotive Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Kymanetics, Inc., specific to the fundamental understanding of the
Kamp, Carl Justin, Bagi, Sujay Dilip
H2-Engine Operation with EGR Achieving High Power and High Efficiency Emission-Free Combustion2019-01-217812/19/2019
Using hydrogen as a fuel to power internal combustion engines is a practical and effective solution to achieve zero impact mobility. The product of hydrogen combustion is water vapour. It does not emit climate-damaging greenhouse gas CO2 and health-damaging pollutants such as CO, HC or NOx. The impact into the environment is negligible. This allows therefore zero impact mobility, as long as hydrogen fuel being produced from renewable energies and water. Hydrogen combustion strategies take the avoidance of NOx formation is a priority parameter to control. The idea of using hydrogen in combustion engines to power vehicles is not new and has been successfully demonstrated in the recent past by companies such as BMW, MAN and Ford. The Start-up company KEYOU is bringing hydrogen engines technology to a new level now by presenting a new combustion concept that is applied ‘add-on’ to existing Diesel engines. The result is an attractive clean engine solution to power clean vehicles, especially
Thomas Koch, Daniel, Sousa, Alvaro, Bertram, Dominik
Transformational Technologies Reshaping Transportation - An Academia Perspective2019-01-262010/14/2019
This paper and the associated lecture present an overview of technology trends and of market and business opportunities created by technology, as well as of the challenges posed by environmental and economic considerations. Commercial vehicles are one of the engines of our economy. Moving goods and people efficiently and economically is a key to continued industrial development and to strong employment. Trucks are responsible for nearly 70% of the movement of goods in the USA (by value) and represent approximately 300 billion of the 3.21 trillion annual vehicle miles travelled by all vehicles in the USA while public transit enables mobility and access to jobs for millions of people, with over 10 billion trips annually in the USA creating and sustaining employment opportunities. Commercial vehicles provide access to work and leisure time for millions of people every day and deliver and distribute the goods that make our economy move, from raw materials, to components, to finish products
Rizzoni, Giorgio, Ahmed, Qadeer, Arasu, Mukilan, Oruganti, Pradeep Sharma
Environmental and Health Impact of Electric and Hydrogen Light Vehicles: The Case of an Italian Small City2019-24-025010/07/2019
As the emission regulations get more and more stringent in the different fields of energy and environmental systems, the electric and fuel cell electric vehicles have attracted growing attention by automakers, governments, and customers. Research and development efforts have been focused on devising novel concepts, low-cost systems, and reliable electric/fuel cell powertrain. In fact, electric and fuel cell vehicles coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal transportation. In particular, Pedal Assisted Bicycles popularity is rising in urban areas due to their low energy consumption and environmental impact. In fact, when electrically moved, they are zero emission vehicles with very low noise emissions, as well. These positive characteristics could be even improved by coupling a PAB with a fuel cell based power generation system, thus increasing the vehicle autonomy without
Andreassi, Luca, Falcucci, Giacomo, Facci, Andrea Luigi, Ubertini, Stefano
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds from a Combined Dual Port Injection/Direct-Injection Technology Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle2019-24-005109/09/2019
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) has changed the exhaust composition in comparison with the older port fuel injection (PFI) systems. More recently, light-duty vehicle engine manufactures have combined these two technologies to take advantage of the knock benefits and fuel economy of GDI with the low particulate emission of PFI. These dual injection strategy engines have made a change in the combustion emission composition produced by these engines. Understanding the impact of these changes is essential for automotive companies and aftertreatment developers. A novel sampling system was designed to sample the exhaust generated by a dual injection strategy gasoline vehicle using the United States Federal Test Procedure (FTP). This sampling system was capable of measuring the regulated emissions as well as collecting the entire exhaust from the vehicle for measuring unregulated emissions. For this study, the unregulated emissions included hydrocarbon speciation and semi-volatile organic
Fanick, Robert, Kroll, Svitlana
Strive for Zero Emissions Impact from Hybrids2019-24-014609/09/2019
Since several decades, passenger cars and light duty vehicles (LDV) with spark-ignited engines reach full pollutant conversion during warm up conditions; the major challenge has been represented by the cold start and warming up strategies. The focus on technology developments of exhaust after treatment systems have been done in the thermal management in order to reach the warm up conditions as soon as possible. A new challenge is now represented by the Real Driving Emission (RDE) Regulation as this bring more various, and not any longer cycle defined, cold start conditions. On the other hand, once the full conversion has been reached, it would be beneficial for many Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) components, e.g. for overall durability if the exhaust gas temperature could be lowered. To take significant further emission steps, approaching e.g. zero emission concepts, we investigate the use of Electrical Heating Catalyst (EHC) also including pre-heating. The clear goal is to have
Laurell, Mats, Pace, Lorenzo, Ekström, Fredrik, Konieczny, Katrin
Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emissions2019-01-031404/02/2019
This review paper covers major regulatory and technology developments in 2018 pertinent to tailpipe emissions of greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. Europe has proposed ambitious reductions in CO2 limits for both light- and heavy-duty sectors. The challenge is compounded with changing measurement norms and a significant shift away from fuel efficient diesels in the light-duty (LD) space. Both incremental and step changes are being made to advance internal combustion. New studies show that in-use NOx emissions from diesels can be much lower than required by the Euro 6 regulation. Discussions have already started on Euro 7 regulations, and the leading regulatory concepts and proposed technical solutions are provided. In the heavy-duty (HD) sector, the progress is outlined in improving engine and vehicle fuel efficiency through the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) SuperTruck II program and other representative studies. Common approaches among the participants include hybridization
Joshi, Ameya
Modelling and Control of a Hybrid Urban Bus2019-01-035404/02/2019
This paper describes the development and on-vehicle validation testing of next generation parallel hybrid electric powertrain technology for use in urban buses. A forward-facing MATLAB/Simulink powertrain model was used to develop a rule-based deterministic control system for a post-transmission parallel hybrid urban bus. The control strategy targeted areas where conventional powertrains are typically less efficient, focused on improving fuel economy and emissions without boosting vehicle performance. Stored electrical energy is deployed to assist the IC engine system leading to an overall reduction in fuel consumption while maintaining vehicle performance at a level comparable with baseline conventional IC engine operation. Regenerative braking is integrated with the existing braking systems on the vehicle, and the control system tailored to maximise the amount of energy recuperated during deceleration events and accelerator pedal lift off without adversely impacting on the normal
Murtagh, Martin, Early, Juliana, Stevens, Gary, Cunningham, Geoffrey, Douglas, Roy, Best, Robert
Effects of Dual Port Injection and Direct-Injection Technology on Combustion Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles2019-01-099904/02/2019
Dual injection fuel systems combine the knock and fuel economy benefits of gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology with the lower particulate emissions of port fuel injection (PFI) systems. For many years, this technology was limited to smaller-volume, high-end, vehicle models, but these technologies are now becoming main stream. The combination of two fuel injection systems has an impact on the combustion emission composition as well as the consistency of control strategy and emissions. Understanding the impact of these changes is essential for fuel and fuel additive companies, automotive companies, and aftertreatment developers. This paper describes the effects of dual injection technology on both regulated and non-regulated combustion emissions from a 2018 Toyota Camry during several cold-start, 4-bag United States Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle. Data from the Controller Area Network (CAN) was acquired through the on-board diagnostic (OBD) connector to determine the injection
Fanick, Robert, Kroll, Svitlana, Swarts, Andre, Quarderer, Shraddha
Low-Temperature NH 3 Storage, Isothermal Desorption, Reactive Consumption, and Thermal Release from Cu-SSZ-13 and V 2 O 5 -WO 3 /TiO 2 Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalysts2019-01-073504/02/2019
Worldwide, regulations continue to drive reductions in brake-specific emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from on-highway and nonroad diesel engines. NOx, formed as a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., natural gas, gasoline, diesel, etc.), can be converted to dinitrogen (N2) through ammonia (NH3) selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In this study, we closely examine the low-temperature storage, isothermal desorption, reactive consumption, and thermal release of NH3 on commercial Cu-SSZ-13 and V2O5-WO3/TiO2 SCR catalysts. Catalyst core-reactor, N2 adsorption (BET) surface area, and in-situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments are utilized to investigate the fundamental chemical processes relevant to low-temperature (T < 250°C) NH3 SCR. Results show that NH3 stored at low-temperature continuously, yet slowly releases from the SCR catalysts, and that nearly all of the weakly bound NH3 stored on Cu2+ sites of
Ottinger, Nathan, Xi, Yuanzhou, Keturakis, Christopher, Liu, Z. Gerald
Smart Engine Control Strategy for the Fuel Efficiency Improvement via Understanding the Unique Behavior of TWC2019-01-140603/25/2019
The worldwide fuel economy compliance level has been tightening, at the same time, LEV-III/Euro-6d/China-6/BS-6 regulations for NMOG and NOx emissions are being introduced or already effective. Therefore, intensive research effort has been conducted in order to improve the fuel efficiency of passenger cars and reduce exhaust emission. In response to these demands, turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engine is being introduced for gasoline vehicles in consideration of fuel efficiency improvement, high output and driving performance compared to naturally aspirated (NA) engine. However, due to its larger thermal mass from the turbo hardware in the exhaust, it suffers from the cold-start emission. The main hazardous gases emitted from gasoline vehicles are CO, HC and NOx, and a three-way catalyst (TWC) is installed for the purification of these harmful emissions. But vehicle-mounted TWC converters gradually reduce the ability to purify hazardous emissions as vehicle mileage
Choung, Jin Woo, Lee, Soo Min, Kim, Sung Jae, Lee, Dong Hoon, Kwon, Kiyoung
Alternate Solution for EV Charge Point Infrastructure in Crowded Urban Areas along the Shore2019-26-012101/09/2019
Many countries including India have aggressively aimed to implement electric vehicles (EVs) usage from 2030 onwards. Companies such as General Motors, Uber, Waymo and Nissan etc. are exploring the realm of autonomous vehicles (AV) for use as taxis as early as 2019. Above facts logically arrive at the solution of Autonomous EVs as taxis. With the commitment towards enabling an all-electric future, there exists a need to provide suitable infrastructure for recharging. Major urban cities located by the shoreline such as New York, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Los Angeles etc. have been facing the space crunch, with real estate prices sky-rocketing exponentially. With this premise, the operating company would need a large amount of space to store their EVs for charging which attributes to a longer downtime. This brings a need for an economical charging location that has a reduced usage of urban infrastructure and energy consumption. This study explores the possibility of an alternate charging
Khanzode, Tushar, Chakrapani, Varun, Tippannanavar, Shivayogi
Electrifying the two-wheeler18AUTP11_1111/01/2018
Alta Motors, one of the newest electric motorcycle OEMs, is fueling zero-emission excitement with a passion for product. EDITOR'S NOTE: As this issue of Automotive Engineering went to print, Alta Motors reportedly halted production of its battery-electric motorcycles, but had yet to issue any public or media-directed statement regarding its status and future plans. Readers who have faced the challenges of creating a sustainable vehicle OEM, from scratch, know the risks involved are enormous. Alta Motors was well along in establishing itself as a maker of well-regarded, consumer-saleable (and podium-worthy) e-motorcycles. Regardless of the company's abrupt turn of fate, we believe its story is emblematic of many start-ups in the electrified-mobility space and remains relevant. The cover feature appears in original form below.
Seredynski, Paul
Effects of Hot and Cooled EGR for HC Reduction in a Dual-Fuel Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine2018-01-173009/10/2018
Most internal combustion engine makers have adopted after-treatment systems, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR), diesel particulate filter (DPF), and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), to meet emission regulations. However, as the emission regulations become stricter, the size of the after-treatment systems become larger. This aggravates the price competitiveness of engine systems and causes fuel efficiency to deteriorate due to the increased exhaust pressure. Dual-fuel premixed charge compression ignition (DF-PCCI) combustion, which is one of the advanced combustion technologies, makes it possible to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) during the combustion process, while keeping the combustion phase controllability as a conventional diesel combustion (CDC). However, DF-PCCI combustion produces high amounts of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions due to the bulk quenching phenomenon under low load conditions as a huddle of commercialization
Shim, Eui joon, Park, Hyunwook, Bae, Choongsik
Bus’ system electrification review – A technological operational comparative assessment2018-36-009509/03/2018
Despite the recent groundbreaking improvements in diesel engine technology, with its inherent improved emission performance (Euro VI, US 2010 and their equivalences), it is well known that there is a limit on cleaning diesel buses. At the same time, cities and transit operators have been permanently challenged for seeking for traction technologies to comply with the emissions’ reduction agenda. In this context, electric bus traction technologies appear as a promising alternative for cleaning the bus’ fleets, with their intrinsic potential to reduce environmental impacts caused by public transport, such as greenhouse gas and local pollutant, as well as noise emissions. Moreover, the use of electricity also contributes to reduce the transport system’s dependency on fossil fuels and their inherent price volatility. From an operational perspective, it is required that alternative bus' traction technologies comply with diesel bus performance, in terms of costs, technological maturity
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
48 V Hybrid System Technologies to Develop the Most Efficient and Cleanest Diesel2018-37-001105/30/2018
The tighter exhaust emissions standards introduced by governments for light duty vehicles are challenging car manufactures to meet at the same time legal emission limits and fuel efficiency improvements, still providing excellent fun to drive characteristics. The Hybrid and Diesel propulsion systems are two important players on that competition. In this scenario, the 48 V hybridization has the potential to become a cost-effective solution compared to High Voltage systems, outlining a new way to approach the well-known trade-off between CO2 and NOx in Diesels. Aim of this study has been to investigate the benefits offered by a P0 48 V Hybrid system when coupled with a 1.6 L Diesel engine in a 7-seat multi-purpose vehicle. Extensive simulations and testing activities have been conducted using a prototype propulsion system to assess the efficiency improvements, the emission reduction and the overall performance benefits in a holistic approach, given the strong influence of the interaction
Romanato, Roberto, Acquaviva, Francesco, Duma, Flavia, Fuso, Rocco, Tripodi, Andrea, Passilly, Laetitia, Vieracker, Magdalena
Literature Review on the Effects of Organometallic Fuel Additives in Gasoline and Diesel Fuels04-11-01-000504/18/2018
A literature review was conducted and fuel survey data were obtained to identify the use of metallic fuel additives (MFAs) within market fuels and determine their effects on engines, exhaust systems, and vehicle performance. The primary focus was on modern vehicles equipped with on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems and advanced emissions control systems. For gasoline, this includes vehicles categorized as National Low Emission Vehicles (NLEV) and Tier 2 or beyond in the U.S., and Euro-3 through Euro-6 in the EU. For diesel, this includes engines/vehicles with original equipment manufacturer (OEM)-equipped oxidation catalysts and diesel particulate filters. The literature search of peer-reviewed papers and other publicly available articles returned over 100 items relevant to the use of organometallic fuel additives, but did not provide significant evidence of widespread use of MFAs in either gasoline or diesel fuels. It is possible, however, that in specific cases, MFAs are added to fuels
Hoekman, S. Kent, Leland, Amber
Passive Hydrocarbon Trap to Enable SULEV-30 Tailpipe Emissions from a Flex-Fuel Vehicle on E85 Fuel2018-01-094404/03/2018
Future LEV-III tailpipe (TP) emission regulations pose an enormous challenge forcing the fleet average of light-duty vehicles produced in the 2025 model year to perform at the super ultralow emission vehicle (SULEV-30) certification levels (versus less than 20% produced today). To achieve SULEV-30, regulated TP emissions of non-methane organic gas (NMOG) hydrocarbons (HCs) and oxygenates plus oxides of nitrogen (NOx) must be below a combined 30 mg/mi (18.6 mg/km) standard as measured on the federal emissions certification cycle (FTP-75). However, when flex-fuel vehicles use E85 fuel instead of gasoline, NMOG emissions at cold start are nearly doubled, before the catalytic converter is active. Passive HC traps (HCTs) are a potential solution to reduce TP NMOG emissions. The conventional HCT design was modified by changing the zeolite chemistry so as to improve HC retention coupled with more efficient combustion during the desorption phase. Increased trapping efficiently was achieved by
Lupescu, Jason, Xu, Lifeng, Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad
A New Catalyzed HC Trap Technology that Enhances the Conversion of Gasoline Fuel Cold-Start Emissions2018-01-093804/03/2018
Passive in-line catalyzed hydrocarbon (HC) traps have been used by some manufacturers in the automotive industry to reduce regulated tailpipe (TP) emissions of non-methane organic gas (NMOG) during engine cold-start conditions. However, most NMOG molecules produced during gasoline combustion are only weakly adsorbed via physisorption onto the zeolites typically used in a HC trap. As a consequence, NMOG desorption occurs at low temperatures resulting in the use of very high platinum group metal (PGM) loadings in an effort to combust NMOG before it escapes from a HC trap. In the current study, a 2.0 L direct-injection (DI) Ford Focus running on gasoline fuel was evaluated with full useful life aftertreatment where the underbody converter was either a three-way catalyst (TWC) or a HC trap. A new HC trap technology developed by Ford and Umicore demonstrated reduced TP NMOG emissions of 50% over the TWC-only system without any increase in oxides of oxygen (NOx) emissions. Other HC trap
Lupescu, Jason, Xu, Lifeng, Jen, Hung-Wen, Harwell, Amy, Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad, Denison, Gregory
Characterization of Hollow Cone Gas Jets in the Context of Direct Gas Injection in Internal Combustion Engines2018-01-029604/03/2018
Direct injection (DI) compressed natural gas (CNG) engines are emerging as a promising technology for highly efficient and low-emission engines. However, the design of DI systems for compressible gas is challenging due to supersonic flows and the occurrence of shocks. An outwardly opening poppet-type valve design is widely used for DI-CNG. The formation of a hollow cone gas jet resulting from this configuration, its subsequent collapse, and mixing is challenging to characterize using experimental methods. Therefore, numerical simulations can be helpful to understand the process and later to develop models for engine simulations. In this article, the results of high-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) of a stand-alone injector are discussed to understand the evolution of the hollow cone gas jet better. The hollow cone gas jet is characterized in terms of several parameters such as axial penetration length, maximum jet width, area of jet, volume of jet, and mixing in terms of the mass
Deshmukh, Abhishek Y., Vishwanathan, Giridar, Bode, Mathis, Pitsch, Heinz, Khosravi, Maziar, Bebber, David van
Benefits of Pd Doped Zeolites for Cold Start HC/NOx Emission Reductions for Gasoline and E85 Fueled Vehicles2018-01-094804/03/2018
In the development of HC traps (HCT) for reducing vehicle cold start hydrocarbon (HC)/nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, zeolite-based adsorbent materials were studied as key components for the capture and release of the main gasoline-type HC/NOx species in the vehicle exhaust gas. Typical zeolite materials capture and release certain HC and NOx species at low temperatures (<200°C), which is lower than the light-off temperature of a typical three-way catalyst (TWC) (≥250°C). Therefore, a zeolite alone is not effective in enhancing cold start HC/NOx emission control. We have found that a small amount of Pd (<0.5 wt%) dispersed in the zeolite (i.e., BEA) can significantly increase the conversion efficiency of certain HC/NOx species by increasing their release temperature. Pd was also found to modify the adsorption process from pure physisorption to chemisorption and may have played a role in the transformation of the adsorbed HCs to higher molecular weight species. Both these processes led
Xu, Lifeng, Lupescu, Jason, Ura, Justin, Harwell, Amy, Paxton, William A., Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad
Study of an Aftertreatment System for HLSI Lean-burn Engine2018-01-094504/03/2018
Lean-burn is an effective means of reducing CO2 emissions. To date, Homogenous Lean Charge Spark Ignition (HLSI) combustion, which lowers emissions of both CO2 and NOx, has been studied. Although HLSI realizes lower emission, it is a major challenge for lean-burn engines to meet SULEV regulations, so we have developed a new aftertreatment system for HLSI engines. It consists of three types of catalysts that have different functions, as well as special engine control methods. As the first stage in achieving SULEV emissions, this study focused on enhancing performance under lean conditions. HLSI engine exhaust gases contain high concentrations of hydrocarbons, including a large amount of paraffin, which are difficult to purify, rather than low concentrations of NOx. Therefore, the key point in low emissions is to purify not only NOx, but also high concentrations of paraffin at the same time. Other issues include maintaining high performance under stoichiometry operation and reducing N2O
Takeori, Hiroki, Wada, Katsuji, Matsuo, Yuichi, Morita, Tomoko, Konomoto, Takashi, Murata, Yuichiro, Kimura, Munekazu, Miyauchi, Atsuhiro
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