Browse Topic: Emissions control

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BALL BEARINGS.06000204/23/2025
HESS, HENRY
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Investigation on Degradation Process of PdRuIr/CZ “Pseudo-Rh” Catalysts Used for Motorcycles2024-32-001604/18/2025
Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) are used as active substances in exhaust gas purification catalysts for automobiles. Among these, Rh is an essential element because it efficiently promotes a NOx reduction reaction. On the other hand, the price of Rh has been rising in recent years. From the perspective of the supply risk of rare resources, there is an urgent need to develop technologies to replace or reduce the amount of Rh used in catalysts. We focused on the pseudo-rhodium alloy developed by the ACCEL program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and then investigated the application of the pseudo-rhodium alloy on the catalysts of our motorcycles and also the degradation process. A nanosized PdRuIr alloy supported on a ceria-zirconia solid solution (PdRuIr/CZ) was prepared and assembled into a motorcycle for emissions measurement. The PdRuIr/CZ catalyst with an alloy loading of 4.0 g/L had initial properties comparable to the Rh supported on a CZ (Rh/CZ
Motegi, Takuya, Tatara, Shunya, Takamoto, Shunpei, Doi, Kosuke
SDPF Application DOE For BS6 RDE/OBD2 using MATLAB/SGB/ETB/CDT2024-26-016101/16/2024
To meet future emission levels, the industry is trying to reduce tailpipe emissions by both, engine measures and the development of novel catalytic emission control concepts. The present study will focus on the close coupled SCR on Filter commonly known as SDPF which is a main pathway to reduce NOx along with Particulate mass and number for light duty passenger cars and sport utility vehicles for BS 6 RDE/OBD 2 and future legislation like BS-7. SDPF is a challenging technology as it is critical component in exhaust after treatment system involving in NOx and PM/PN reductions hence careful optimization of this technology is necessary in terms of Space velocity requirements, Temperature profile wrt to NOx conversion, Raw NOx concentration, Particulate mass and Ash holding capacities, NH3 storage requirements, back pressure and so on. With BS6 RDE having extremely challenging CF for NOx equals to 1,43, the SDPF design & optimization is high on importance and to demonstrate the success of
Singh, Shephali, Patil, Sandip, Maynal, Rajesh A., Maske, Vidyasagar, Seyler, Michael, Subramanian, Senthilnathan, Deshpande, P V, Luquman, Shahid
Desensorization: A Novel Method for Urea Concentration Deterioration Detection in BSVI Engines2024-26-015401/16/2024
Urea concentration deterioration detection in BSVI engines is vital for maintaining compliance with emission regulations. This paper introduces a groundbreaking desensorization method, which offers numerous benefits in detecting urea concentration deterioration by estimating the drop in catalyst conversion efficiency. Traditionally, urea quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of urea in the aqueous solution (Diesel Exhaust Fluid – DEF). This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF. However, desensorization eliminates the need for dedicated sensors, reducing complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related errors. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and urea concentration. By monitoring catalyst inlet and outlet NOx values using NOx sensors, the efficiency of the catalyst can be estimated. This estimation allows for the detection of urea concentration deterioration, ensuring that NOx
Venkat, Harish, Kumar, Gokul Elumalai, Kumar, Kosalaraman, G, Vijayakumar
Design And Development of EGR Valve Controller for Bench Test2024-26-034801/16/2024
Various emission and fuel economy norms have been introduced worldwide by governments. In India, meeting each revision of Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) norms is challenging and requires new technologies to be incorporated in IC engines. One such technology used in gasoline engines is EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation). It works by recirculating exhaust gases back into the engine in turn increasing fuel economy and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. An electronic control unit (ECU) precisely controls EGR valve via stepper motor, regulating the flow of exhaust gases into the engine. Lead screw type unipolar stepper motor is commonly used for the same. Vehicle ECU calculates optimum EGR percentage and decides valve opening, further sequentially engaging stepper motor coils to advance or retract the EGR valve. With advancements in EGR technology there still exists few developmental challenges like operating the EGR valve on a test bench setup
Bhatt, Pancham, kumar, krishan, Kumar, Sahil
GPF : An effective technology to minimize 2Wh particulate emission2024-26-014001/16/2024
India is the world's largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India's commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs. However, only 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines have a particulate limit (PM & PN). Also, most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. Therefore, it became imperative to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs. We conducted a study selecting a motorcycle each from two different vehicle categories - Class 1
Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Singh, Sunil Kumar, Kataria, Rohit, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten
Three way Catalyst with faster light-off substrates – A promising approach to reduce tailpipe emissions2024-26-014201/16/2024
The ever-tightening regulation norms across the world emphasize the magnitude of the air pollution problem. The decision to leapfrog from BS4 to BS6 - with further reduction in emission limits - showed India's commitment to clean up its atmosphere. The overall cycle emissions were reduced significantly to meet BS6 targets. However, the introduction of RDE norms in BS6.2 demanded further reduction in emissions under real time operating conditions - start-stop, hard acceleration, and idling, cold start - which was possible only through strategies that demanded a cost effective yet robust solutions. The first few seconds of the engine operation after start contribute to major amount to the cycle gaseous emissions. This is because the thermal inertia of the catalytic converter restricts the rate at which temperature of the catalyst increases and achieves the desired "light-off" temperature. The challenge becomes more prominent in the turbocharged engines which puts additional heat 'loss
Kale, Vishal Maruti, M, Ravisankar, Hosur, Viswanatha, Sridhar, S, Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Lende, Nilesh Ashok, Rose, Dominik, Tao, Tinghong
Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine with ethanol-blended gasoline Fuels2024-26-015501/16/2024
Ethanol-gasoline blended fuels have been widely implemented in Indian markets followed by the GOIs road map as ethanol reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and improves anti-knock performance. However, its effects on engine out emissions including particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines still need further investigation. In this study, the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuels with various blended rates (0%, 10%, 20%) on emissions and catalyst conversion efficiencies on a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder turbo GDI miller cycle engine is investigated. The addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel enhances the RON of the blended fuels, and oxygen content and changes the distillation temperature. Advancing Ignition timing, lambda biasing, Mode based SOI has been tested. Test bench results indicated that with the E10 blend all pollutant conversion is at 98% in all operating points. With E20 blend the NOx emission conversion efficiency is dropped to ~60%. However, this
R, Navaneetha kannan, S, Easwar Ram, S, Satish Kumar, Karthi, Ramanathan, Ramakrishnan, Muthu
An Experimental Study on Soot Particles Size Distribution and Nanostructure Evolution at Different Tailpipe Positions of a Dedicated Hybrid Engine2023-01-700310/30/2023
Hybrid vehicles, compared to pure fossil fuel vehicles, have added power battery pack, high-power electric motors. The space of the aftertreatment is limited, so the layout position of the aftertreatment system must be optimized. Meanwhile, the European 7 emission standard reduces the particulate number (PN) limit particles size from 23nm to 10nm, presenting new challenges for the aftertreatment system. The focus of this study is to investigate the variations in particles size distribution and nanostructure of soot particles during the exhaust along a dedicated hybrid engine aftertreatment system (catalyst carrier free). Four operating conditions were selected for the test, namely 2000 r/min-0.2 MPa, 2000 r/min-0.8 MPa, 4500 r/min-0.2 MPa, and 4500 r/min-0.8 MPa. The particles sampling points are before Three-way catalyst (TWC), after TWC, and after gasoline particulate filter (GPF). Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) was used to analyze the changes in particle modal distribution
Fu, Jiale, Hu, Zhiyuan, Fang, Liang, Lou, Diming, Tan, Piqiang, Yin, Qi
Tubing Coated with Light-Powered Catalysts Aids Drug ManufacturingTBMG-4694811/01/2022
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-050903/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
OSC modelling of 3-way automotive catalysts to understand the effect of latent OSC on dynamic OSC performance2022-01-069303/29/2022
A Three-way automotive catalyst's ability to store oxygen is still a crucial performance metric for modern day catalyst applications. With more stringent emissions legalisation, the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) within the catalyst can assist with converting different exhaust gases such as CO, THC and NOx under transient operating conditions. OSC is currently the only onboard catalyst performance metric recorded during a vehicle's useful life. Catalyst performance is correlated to this OSC measurement. OSC in 3-way automotive catalysts can be split into two main OSC types. "Latent OSC" deep within the layers of the washcoat and "dynamic" OSC on the surface layers of the catalyst washcoat. Dynamic OSC is more commonly applied in the evaluation of the activity of the catalyst during practical operation. This paper uses a kinetic OSC model with a layered washcoat approach to analyse OSC test data and show how latent OSC can affect the dynamic OSC performance of a 3-way catalyst. Model
Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Elliott, Matthew, Irwin, Kurtis, Woods, Andrew, Pedlow, Andrew
Mean-value exergy modeling of internal combustion engines: sensitivity analysis2022-01-043103/29/2022
This work proposes the application of the mean-value exergy-based internal combustion engine model, recently developed by the authors, for the quantification of the exergy transfer and destruction phenomena over different driving conditions. A thorough sensitivity analysis with respect to different driving cycles, environmental temperatures, and exhaust gas recirculation rates is performed. This allows to assess how driving conditions and environment affect the exergetic behavior of the engine, providing insights on the availability transfer and destruction phenomena and, ultimately, inefficiency.
Pozzato, Gabriele, Rizzo, Denise, Onori, Simona
Development of ceramic EHC2022-01-065103/29/2022
In recent years, electrically heated catalysts (EHCs) have been developed to reduce emissions. Among several types of heating methods of EHCs, the direct heating method, in which a current is applied to the catalyst substrate directly, makes it easy to activate the catalyst before starting the engine. The research results that emissions (HC + NOx) were reduced 76% with the direct heating EHC have been reported. In terms of catalyst support, ceramics are considered to be a better material for the substrate than metal due to the coefficient of linear thermal expansion difference between the wash coat and the substrate. However, EHCs made of ceramics have issues such as controllability of the current distribution and durability reliability of the connection between the substrate and the electrodes. This paper reports about the hardware configuration of the direct heating EHC made of ceramics, including the catalytic substrate as an electric circuit, its electrode, and the insulation
Sadamitsu, Takahiro, Oki, Toshinori, Korenaga, Shingo, Hirooka, Shigemasa, Iwasaki, Shingo, Iida, Tatsuo
Novel Pt/Rh coated gasoline particle filter development and its application2022-01-066103/29/2022
With the stringent China6 legislation implementation in 2020, Gasoline Particular Filters (GPF) are widely applied to control Particle Number (PN), THC, CO, and NOx emissions from gasoline engines. The typical GPF product in the market is usually coated with a Pd/Rh three-way catalyst (TWC). In this work, a novel and cost-effective GPF was achieved through Pd substitution with lower cost Pt in a novel Pt/Rh TWC coating. The Pt/Rh GPF was evaluated for back pressure (BP) under clean and soot loaded conditions, PN Filtration efficiency, TWC activity, and soot regeneration. The aged Pt/Rh GPF gave superior TWC performance.
Qiao, Dongsheng, Pan, Xinbo, He, Jun, Chen, Jiahao, Ji, Hongyu, Andersen, Paul
Deceleration Cylinder Cutoff Emission Control Strategy for Ammonia Reduction in Spark Ignition Engines2022-01-064903/29/2022
The newly-proposed Euro 7 emission standard has added regulation of ammonia emission for gasoline vehicles. This paper proposes a new emissions-control strategy to satisfy the regulated ammonia emissions levels. The control strategy utilizes deceleration cylinder cut-off (DCCO) to reduce/eliminate deceleration fuel cutoff (DFCO), reducing exhaust rich-lean air fuel ratio (A/F) variations and allowing tight management of exhaust three-way catalyst oxygen, which reduces CO/NOx ratio and NH3 formation rate inside catalytic converter. This results in more than 80% of ammonia emission reduction on the WLTP drive cycle without negative impact on all other regulated emissions.
luo, Xi, Yang, Xiaojian, Wilcutts, Mark, Ortiz-Soto, Elliott
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-051503/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
Performance optimization using ANN-SA approach for VVA system in diesel engine2022-01-075903/29/2022
Diesel engine is vital in the industry for its characteristics of low fuel consumption, high-torque, reliability, and durability. Existing diesel engine technology has reached the upper limit. It is difficult to break through the fuel consumption and emission of diesel engines. VVA (Variable Valve system) is a new technology in the field of the diesel engines. In this paper, GT-Suite and ANN (artificial neural network) model are established based on engine experimental data and DoE simulation results. By inputting Intake Valve Opening crake angle (IVO), Intake Valve Angle Multiplier (IVAM) and Exhaust Valve Angle Multiplier (EVAM) into the ANN Model, and by using SA (simulated annealing algorithm), the optimized results of intake and exhaust valve lift under the target conditions are obtained. According to the optimized results, the fuel consumption of BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) can be saved by 3.9%, 0.9%, and 7.3% at three different target working conditions, respectively
Lou, Diming, Tang, Yuanzhi, Zhao, Yinghua, Fang, Liang, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan, Han, Jie, Song, Xiaojun
Extending NREL's FASTSim to model catalyst transient warmup behavior2022-01-057803/29/2022
A custom version of NREL's FASTSim was extended to include transient thermal models for engine and catalysts with the goal of understanding catalyst warmup dynamics during cold start for light duty vehicles representing a range of vehicle sizes, makes, and models, including a small sedan and multiple SUV or truck body types. The model was calibrated and separately validated for various each vehicle using dynamometer test data conducted over various regulatory drive cycles and a sweep of ambient and initial conditions ranging from -20°C to 40°C. The NSGA-II multi-objective-optimization algorithm in Python's PyMOO package was used to select calibration parameters to identify the Pareto minimal hyper-surface of time-weighted engine temperature, catalyst temperature, and fueling errors for each test data set. By scaling component parameters with respect to engine peak power, the model was then exercised over a nationally representative range of initial temperatures, ambient temperatures
Baker, Chad
Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emission Control Regulations and Technologies2022-01-065003/29/2022
This review covers some of the major advances pertaining to reducing tailpipe emissions of greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. Discussed are both new and upcoming regulations, and technological advances for improving engines and after-treatment systems. We will also cover related aspects of alternative fuels, including electrification and renewable fuels. Both light- and heavy-duty vehicles are in scope. We cover the latest criteria pollutant tightening in Europe (Euro 7/VII) and the US - advanced clean cars 2.0 for light-duty and ultra-low NOx regulations for heavy-duty vehicles in California. We also cover the implications of the proposed revisions to the CO2 targets along with the electrification targets in these markets. We will highlight the major improvements in engine efficiency, after-treatment systems and also individual technologies (filters, SCR, TWC, etc.) to meet these regulations.
Joshi, Ameya
An investigation of bio/synthetic fuel blends on a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine2022-01-053103/29/2022
Oxygenated, low energy-density fuels have the potential to reduce engine-out NOx and soot emissions. Additionally, synthetic fuels can provide a pathway to reach carbon neutral utilization of hydrocarbon-based fuels in IC engines. Oxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME) is one such synthetic, low energy density fuel, derived from sustainable sources that in combination with conventional fossil fuels with higher energy content, has the potential to reduce NOx emissions below the US and EU VI legislative limits while maintaining ultra-low soot and CO2 emissions. The objective of this work is to investigate and compare the performance, emissions and efficiency of a modern multi-cylinder diesel engine under conventional high temperature combustion (HTC) with 3 different fuels; 1) 10% OME fuel, blended with conventional ultra-low sulphur diesel (OME10), 2) EU bio-diesel, made from vegetable oils with 10% renewable energy source (RES) content (EU B10), and conventional diesel in North America (B0
Asad, Usman, Ramos, Manuel, Tjong, Jimi
Effect of EGR Coupled SCR on NOx Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2022-01-066403/29/2022
EGR and SCR has become an important technology to reduce NOx emission of heavy-duty diesel engine and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper studied on the effect of EGR coupled SCR on NOx emission characteristics of heavy-duty diesel engine based on engine bench test. The results showed that the NO emission reduction performance of EGR coupled SCR increased with the increase of engine load, and the increase slowed down after 75% load. EGR coupled SCR has little effect on NO2 emission reduction, the increase of engine speed can significantly improve the efficiency of NO2 emission reduction at 75% and 100% load. The effect of EGR coupled SCR on reducing NO became more and more significant with the increase of diesel engine load, but the effect was no longer significant when the reduction of NO emission exceeded a certain limit under the same working condition. EGR had better NOx reduction performance at 50% load of diesel engine when the valve opening was 25% and
Lou, Diming, Kang, Lulu, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan, Zhang, yunhua, Fang, Liang
Pre-Heating the Aftertreatment System with a Burner2022-01-067103/29/2022
NOx emissions limits for commercial trucks will be drastically reduced in the United States and Europe later in this decade. European regulators have proposed that pre-heating of the aftertreatment system with a diesel burner may be needed to meet their new limit, particularly if the engine is not equipped with exhaust gas recirculation to reduce engine-out NOx. This study considered a burner installed between a 13L engine and an appropriately-sized in-line DOC/DPF/SCR aftertreatment system. Initially, a wide range of burner and air pump operating conditions were examined to determine the maximum fueling rate and corresponding air flow rate necessary to complete combustion and to convey the resultant heat downstream to the aftertreatment components. From this survey, an optimal realistic operating condition for pre-heating emerged. This condition was then applied for various periods of time before the engine was started in order to run various regulatory cycles, including the cold- and
Harris, Thomas, Bellard, Raphael, Muhleck, Matthew, Palmer, Guenter
On the utility of ammonia sensors for diesel emissions control2022-01-066303/29/2022
Ammonia sensors enjoyed a brief window of series production in North America, but have since largely been ignored as a component to control diesel exhaust emissions. Presumably this happened due to their unfavorable statibility properties and improvements in NOx sensor hardware and signal processing. With ever- increasing pressure on tail pipe NOx standards and a possible European OBM regulation requiring reporting of tailpipe ammonia emissions, there is renewed interest in the ammonia sensor for series production. We present a set of use-cases where the ammonia sensor is again expected to provide a benefit for tailpipe emissions, and run simulations and parametric studies to quantify the required accuracy specification for the sensor to be useful.
Van Nieuwstadt, Michiel
Optimized TWC for emission control on a heavy duty stoichiometric CNG engine2022-01-070603/29/2022
Compressed natural gas (CNG) engines have attracted increasing attention in the heavy duty (HD) vehicle market as an alternative to conventional diesel fuel often due to the abundance and low price of CNG. However, it is challenging to meet the increasingly stringent China VI legislation, particularly for hydrocarbons (mainly CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3). In this work, approaches were explored in which a gasoline three-way catalyst (TWC) was modified through the optimization of materials and design. The optimized TWC was evaluated in a laboratory reactor and with a HD stoichiometric CNG engine. Lab reactor results showed improve CH4 light off performance. Ammonia (NH3) is a by-product during the operation of three-way catalysts (TWC) on a stoichiometric CNG engine. Catalytic modifications are discussed which were demonstrated to reduce NH3 emissions due to the relatively low NH3 limit for China VI legislation. Data are reported demonstrating the
Qiao, Dongsheng, Wang PhD, Jingwen, Chuma, Hellen, Hu, Hao, Ji, Hongyu, Andersen, Paul, Xu, Shi, Li, Qin
EGR Cooler Fouling Reduction: A New Method for Assessment in Early Engine Development Phase2022-01-071003/29/2022
High pressure EGR provides NOx emission reduction even at low exhaust temperatures. To maintain a safe EGR system operation over a required lifetime, the EGR cooler fouling must not exceed an allowable level, even if the engine is operated under worst case conditions. A reliable fouling simulation model represents a valuable tool in the engine development process, which validates operating and calibration strategies regarding fouling tendency, helping to avoid fouling issues in a late development phase close to series production. Long-chained hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas essentially impact the fouling layer formation. Therefore a simulation model requires reliable input data especially regarding mass flow of long-chained hydrocarbons transported into the cooler. There is a huge number of different hydrocarbon species in the exhaust gas, but their individual concentration typically is very low, close to the detection limit of standard in-situ measurement equipment like GC-MS
Liebsch, Stephan, Leesch, Mirko, Zumpf, Philipp, Jacob, Jörg, Mehnert, Ronny, Martin, Peter, Kneisel, Max
Real World Emissions Analysis Using Sensor-based Emissions Measurement System for Light-duty Direct-Injection Gasoline Vehicle2022-01-068603/29/2022
In recent years, particulate matter (PM) emitted from direct-injection gasoline vehicles has become a problem. In addition, it is often reported that ammonia (NH3) is emitted from gasoline vehicles equipped with a three-way catalyst. These emissions might be largely emitted especially when driving in on-road driving conditions. In this study, we investigated the emissions, NOx, NH3, and PM / PN (particulate number) of a light-duty direct-injection gasoline vehicle when driving on actual roads. Using a small direct-injection gasoline vehicle equipped with a three-way catalyst, we ran nine times on the same route and measured these emissions. Based on these measurements, we analyzed "where" and "how much" NOx, NH3, and PM / PN were emitted. As a result, it was clarified that a large amount of NOx is emitted after the fuel is cut during deceleration, NH3 is emitted when the air-fuel ratio becomes rich, and PM / PN is emitted during rapid acceleration of the vehicle. Then, the relationship
Eang, Chanpaya, Sato, Susumu, Tanaka, Kotaro, Tange, Takeshi, Chen, Jiaxin
Assessing the effect of torque converter losses on the start emission and Engine stability in TGDI AT Vehicle2021-28-018510/01/2021
The emission norms around the world are continuously changing and getting stringent with every revision. India is on its way to make its emission norms at par with that prevailing in the developed nations. The cold-start condition is an important factor affecting vehicle emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) and port fuel injection (PFI) engines. In this paper, the effects of change in torque converter losses on emissions are experimentally investigated in a TGDI AT vehicle. The instant engagement of the torque converter puts a sudden torque on the engine and thus affects its stability. Thus, to overcome the stability issue, Engine torque has to be simultaneously increased for smooth engagement. As a result, the likelihood of the slightly leaner air-fuel mixture in the cylinder, which results in higher Nox formation, is much greater in an AT vehicle than that of a similar MT vehicle. Additionally, the temporary ineffectiveness of motor vehicle emission controls at startup
RAI, ABHISHEK, SARAN KUMAR REDDY, KETHIREDDY, SOMANI, KAPIL
Design and Lay-out optimization challenges and solutions to Develop Open Crankcase Ventilation for family of Automotive Diesel Engines to meet stringent emission norms (Euro-VI) and reduced Oil-consumptions2021-26-018809/22/2021
For more than 3 decades, every automotive industry is focusing on continuous development of emission control technologies and suitable strategies. It was mainly driven by the legislation to improve or protect the environmental air quality for healthy life. Though the exhaust emission from an IC engine of an automobile is the primary and main source of pollutants, the other source such as Crankcase is also becoming a concern in recent years, while the norms becoming stringent. Hence, there is a need of regulating crankcase emissions. In a reciprocation motion of piston in an IC engine, the gases that leak past the piston rings from the combustion chamber and contain soot, particulate matter, water and oil vapor, unburned fuel and exhaust by product gases (CO, CO2, NOx, etc.) and aerosol generated from lubrication oil the entire mixture is called “blow by” gases. Crankcase emissions are bit complex mixture of combustion products and aerosol to be treated. In detail, the Crankcase
Jayagopal, S., Mahesh.Bharathi, R, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Mahesh, P, M, Sathyanandan, Bolar, Yogesh, Grasius, Deepu
A Study of Emission Durability and Ash Accumulation of “Advanced Three-Way Catalyst Integrated on Gasoline Particulate Filter” for BS6 (Stage2) Applications2021-26-018209/22/2021
India BS6 Stage2 (2023) regulations demands all Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles to meet particulate number emissions (PN) below 6x10+11# per km. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are a proven technology and enable high PN filtration efficiencies throughout the entire vehicle lifetime. One challenge for GPF applications could be the changing emission performance characteristics as a function of mileage due to collected ash and/or soot deposits with implications on back pressure losses and well due to aging of active catalytic components like PGM and Washcoat. The main objective of this technical contribution is to study the above-mentioned challenges while applying Indian driving conditions and typical Indian climate and other ambient conditions. The substrate technology selected for this study is a high porosity GPF designed to enable the integration of a Three-Way functionality into the GPF, commonly described as coated GPF. In this study, the entire Three-Way Catalyst (TWC
Rose, Dominik, Tao, Tinghong, Kataria, Rohit, Boger, Thorsten, Kuehn, Nikolas, Kunert, Susanne, Richter, Joerg Michael, Magar, Avinash
A New Catalyst Technology to overcome Diffusion and Transport Limitations2021-26-021009/22/2021
The purification efficiency of exhaust gas catalysts depends on several factors. One of the most important factors is the diffusivity of the exhaust gases in the catalytic coating layer, especially at moderate to high temperature and space velocity conditions. Porous silica, γ-alumina, zirconia, carbons and many other porous crystalline materials that are commonly used as catalysts and catalyst supports are traversed by a labyrinth of tortuous micro and mesopores. If the connectivity is very low, the labyrinth of pores becomes more difficult to penetrate, increasing the overall “tortuosity” and slowing down the transportation of gas molecules within catalyst layers. A new approach to overcome these diffusion and transport limitations in an exhaust gas catalyst is to create an interconnected network of mesopores and macropores via increase in void fractions within the washcoat components and layers. In this study, various organic and inorganic pyrolyzable pore forming agents (PFAs) were
Gaur, Kanishka, Muthusamy, Vishnuvarthan, Mishra, Sushil, Kukreti, Sumit, Rajan, Bosco, Bartley, Gordon, Trigunayat, Alok
Development of an all speed governed Diesel-CNG dual fuel engine for farm Applications2021-26-010109/22/2021
This paper discusses the development of an all speed governed diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine for agricultural farm tractor. A 45 hp, 2.9 liters diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine with a novel closed loop secondary fuel injection system was developed. A frugal approach was followed for conversion, without any modification of the base mechanical diesel fuel injection system. The overall cost impact due to dual fuel conversion was kept minimum, while meeting performance and emissions at par with base diesel operation. Additional cost on gas injection system is redeemed by cost savings on diesel fuel. The dual fuel technology developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., substitutes on an average approximately 40% of diesel with compressed natural gas, while meeting the mandated agricultural tractor emission norms for dual fuel and meeting all application requirements. The governing performance of the tractor was found to be superior than base diesel tractor. A prototype dual fuel tractor
Raj, Ashwin S, Nagarajan, Vigneshwaran, NISSANGI, JOY KUMAR, Elango, Viknesh, Rajamani, Parthiban, S K, RAVINDRA
ESTIMATION OF DIESEL SOOT PARTICLES IN EXHAUST GAS EMISSION AND ITS ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER USING GRAPHICAL CALCULATION MODEL2021-26-019509/22/2021
To avoid frequent regeneration intervals leading to expeditious ageing of the catalyst and substantial fuel penalty for the driver, it is always desired to estimate the soot coming from diesel exhaust emission and the soot accumulated and burnt in the diesel particulate filter. Certain applications and vehicle duty cycle cannot make use of the Delta pressure sensor for estimating the soot loading in the DPF because of the limitations of the sensor tolerance and measurement accuracy. The Physical soot model is always active and hence a precise and more accurate model is preferred to calibrate & optimize the regeneration interval. This paper presents the approach to estimate the engine out soot and the accumulated soot in the DPF using a graphical calculation model. The tool reduces the effort of driving different duty cycles multiple times on the testbed and recurrent vehicle trips for data collection while calibrating the soot models, hence saving testbed cost, diesel cost and manpower
Gaur, Kunal, parashar, Shalabh, vos, Bas, Kusumba, Manoj
A Comprehensive Study on DOC Selection for Euro 6 compliant Heavy Commercial Vehicles2021-26-021609/22/2021
Euro 6 emission norms are getting implemented in India from April 2020 and it is being viewed as one of the greatest challenges ever faced by the Indian automotive industry. In order to achieve such stringent emission norms along with top performance for vehicle, a good strategy should be incorporated to control system out NOx emissions and soot regeneration. Extruded Vanadium catalyst is deployed for this passive regeneration system with DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst), DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) and SCR (Selective Catalyst Reduction), where the amount of catalyst loading in DOC plays an apex role in deciding conversion efficiency of SCR and passive regeneration capabilities. This study mainly focuses on the impact of catalyst loading of DOC over SCR efficiency. NO2 to NOx ratio should be close to 0.5 for optimum conversion efficiency of SCR. Catalyst loading in DOC decides the amount of NO2 coming upstream to SCR. Higher amount NO2 from DOC will benefit in passive regeneration
Mahesh, M, Lakhlani, Hardik, Jaliwala, Juzer, Patchappalam, Kumar
Effects of Partial Oxidation in an Unburned Mixture on a Flame Stretch under EGR Conditions2021-01-116509/21/2021
The purpose of the present study is to find a way to extend a combustion stability limit for diluted combustion in a spark-ignition (SI) gasoline engine which has a high compression ratio. This paper focuses on partial oxidation in an unburned mixture which is observed in the high compression engine and clarifies the effect of partial oxidation in an unburned mixture on the behavior of a flame stretch and the extinction limit. The behavior of the flame stretch was simulated using the detailed chemical kinetics simulation with the opposed-flow flame reactor model. In the simulation, the reactants which have various reaction progress variables were examined to simulate the flame stretch and extinction under the partial oxidation conditions. The mixtures were also diluted by complete combustion products which represent exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The simulation result shows that low-temperature oxidation (LTO) in reactants extends the extinction limit and mitigates a decrease in
Yoshimura, Kei, Ozawa, Kohei, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin, Togawa, Masaaki, Tokuhara, Satoshi
Prediction of Biodiesel Production from Sardine Fish Oil Methyl Ester Using Microwave Assisted Transesterification Method Using Response Surface Methodology2021-01-120209/21/2021
This study presents a demonstration of generating biodiesel from fish oil utilising microwave with a significant reduction in the amount of catalyst needed during the reaction and the time of reaction. Various factors such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, reaction duration, and molar ratio were tested experimentally. The response surface approach was used to improve the reaction parameters. As reaction parameters, four levels were chosen: molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. According to the RSM model results, molar ratio has a crucial role in the transesterification of fish oil to bio diesel. Confirmatory tests were carried out to validate the acquired data, and they proved to be worthwhile.
Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar, CHANDRA SEKHAR, S., Venkatesan PhD, M
A Novel Integrated Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Model Reveals Possibilities for Reducing Fuel Consumption and Improving Exhaust Gas Purification Performance2021-01-124409/21/2021
This paper describes the development of an integrated simulation model for evaluating the effects of electrically heating the three-way catalyst (TWC) in a series hybrid electric vehicle (s-HEV) on fuel economy and exhaust gas purification performance. Engine and TWC models were developed in GT-Power to predict exhaust emissions during transient operation. These models were validated against data from vehicle tests using a chassis dynamometer and integrated into an s-HEV model built in MATLAB/Simulink. The s-HEV model accurately reproduced the performance characteristics of the vehicle’s engine, motor, generator, and battery during WLTC mode operation. It can thus be used to predict the fuel consumption, emissions, and performance of individual powertrain components. The engine combustion characteristics were reproduced with reasonable accuracy for the first 50 combustion cycles, representing the cold-start condition of the driving mode. Analysis of the TWC performance using the model
Yamagishi, Takehiro, Shingyouchi, Hajime, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Mizushima, Norifumi, Noyori, Takahiro, Kusaka, Jin, Okajima, Toshinori, Sok, Ratnak, Nagata, Makoto
Optimization of Simultaneous Control of High Pressure EGR and Turbocharger Variable-Geometry during Diesel Engine Speed and Load Transients2021-01-117809/21/2021
Modern diesel engines incorporate increasingly complex subsystems such as electronically-controlled high-pressure fuel injection, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR), variable-geometry turbochargers (VGT) and elaborate after-treatment devices. The challenge to control such devices escalates significantly when they function interactively. Simultaneous control of high-pressure EGR (HPEGR) and VGTs becomes particularly challenging within transient speed and load change events because the turbo geometry change correspondingly changes the exhaust back pressure which drives the EGR flow across the control valve. HPEGR, where the exhaust gas is extracted upstream of the turbine inlet and recirculated downstream of the compressor exit, is desirable because it eliminates the flow of corrosive and sooty exhaust through the compressor and reduces the losses associated with expanding and recompressing the recirculated exhaust gasses. Variable-geometry turbocharging can help with both NOx reduction and
Pennington PhD, Justin, Puzinauskas, Paulius V., Cook, James
Effect of North American Certification Test Fuels on Emissions from On-Road Motorcycles2021-01-122509/21/2021
Chassis dynamometer tests were conducted on three Class III on-highway motorcycles produced for the North American market and equipped with advanced emission control technologies in order to inform emissions inventories and compare the impacts of existing Tier 2 (E0) fuel with more market representative Tier 3 and LEV III certification fuels with 10% ethanol. For this study, the motorcycles were tested over the US Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and the World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) certification test cycles as well as a sample of real-world motorcycle driving informally referred to as the Real World Driving Cycle (RWDC). The primary interest was to understand the emissions changes of the selected motorcycles with the use of certification fuels containing 10% ethanol compared to 0% ethanol over the three test cycles. Generally, for most of the test motorcycle/drive cycle combinations, the use of E10 certification fuels compared to Tier 2 (E0) resulted in reductions in CO, HC, NMHC
Rosenblatt, Deborah, Stokes, Jonathan, Caffrey, Cheryl, Brown, Kevin
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Validation of an SCR system for Ultra Low NOx applications.2021-01-122209/21/2021
Close-coupled aftertreatment systems (ATS) for automotive Diesel engines composed of DOC and SCR offer a significant potential in terms of pollutant emission control capability even with the introduction of more aggressive driving cycles and rigorous limits for type-approval tests. This is particularly important for incoming certification standards where the forecast is showing a trade-off towards ultra-low NOx emissions values. As the NOx conversion capability of the SCR system largely relies on both the UWS mixing device efficacy and on NOx sensors used to detect the actual NH3 slip and residual NOx concentration, developing numerical simulation tools for the analysis of the actual flow pattern and species concentration over peculiar sections of the exhaust system is crucial to support the ATS development process. In this work, a state-of the-art complete SCR-type ATS was analysed using CFD simulations and a hot flow bench in steady operating conditions representative of type
Cozza, Ivan Flaminio, Feliciani, Francesco, Buitoni, Giacomo, Tabarrini, Marco, Postrioti, Lucio
Three-way catalyst model development using physical and machine learning methods for engine control design purposes2021-01-122109/21/2021
Gasoline engine control strategies ensure a combustion control around stoichiometry. That is because the three-way catalytic converter allows CO and HC oxidation under lean operating conditions while ensuring NOx reduction for rich mixtures. In case of engine malfunction, the controller must adapt to compensate for potential torque losse and other critical attributes, potentially leading to significant deviation of the fuel-air mixture richness from stoichiometry and larger emission levels. Therefore, during development of the engine fault diagnostics the impact on the pollutant emissions must be considered. In this paper, a model-based development process is proposed. It is based on system simulation modelling techniques, where a complete exhaust line is represented in order to predict tail-pipe emissions under stoichiometric, lean and rich conditions, for engine control design purposes. Two different modelling approaches are applied and evaluated in this paper. First, a physics-based
LOUSSAIEF, Sana, Akhmetov, Yerlan, GROISIL, Melanie, Takahashi, Daisuke, Kuhara, Masaki, Isobe, Yoshiki, Mas, Peter
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Water Injection in a Light Duty Diesel Engine Operated with Biodiesel Fuel2021-01-120709/21/2021
In-cylinder emission control methods for simultaneous reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) are gaining attention due to stringent emission targets and the higher cost of aftertreatment systems. Alongside there is a renewed interest to use carbon neutral biodiesel due to global warming concerns with fossil diesel. In the present work, the effects of water injection on the performance and emission characteristics of a light duty diesel engine operated with Karanja biodiesel are investigated. Considering the corrosive effects of water at higher concentrations, 3, 6, and 9% water by mass is injected by varying the pulse width of a low-pressure port fuel injector. Experiments were conducted at a rated speed of 1500 rpm under varying load conditions. The results obtained are compared with neat biodiesel as reference fuel. There are no significant differences in the peak pressure and the peak heat release rates with and without water injection. However, there is a
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, J, Pradeep Bhasker
Catalyst-Heating Operation in a Medium-Duty Diesel Engine: Operating Strategy Calibration, Fuel Reactivity, and Fuel Oxygen Effects2021-01-118209/21/2021
Compliance with future ultra-low nitrogen oxide regulations with diesel engines requires the fastest possible heating of the exhaust aftertreatment system to its proper operating temperature upon cold starting. Late post injections are commonly integrated into catalyst-heating operating strategies. This experimental study provides insight into the complex interactions between the injection-strategy calibration and the tradeoffs between exhaust heat and pollutant emissions. Experiments are performed with certification diesel fuel and blends of diesel fuel with butylal and hexyl hexanoate. Further analyses of experimental data provide insight into fuel reactivity and oxygen content as potential enablers for improved catalyst-heating operation. A statistical design-of-experiments approach is developed to investigate a wide range of injection strategy calibrations at three different intake dilution levels. Thermodynamic and exhaust emissions measurements are taken using a new medium-duty
Busch, Stephen, Wu, Angela, Cho, Seokwon
Fuel Stratification Effects on Gasoline Compression Ignition with a Regular-Grade Gasoline on a Single-Cylinder Medium-Duty Diesel Engine at Low Load2021-01-117309/21/2021
Prior research studies have investigated a wide variety of gasoline compression ignition (GCI) injection strategies and the resulting fuel stratification levels to maintain control over the combustion phasing, duration, and heat release rate. Previous GCI research at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory has shown that for a combustion mode with a low degree of fuel stratification, called “partial fuel stratification” (PFS), gasoline range fuels with anti-knock index values in the range of regular-grade gasoline (~87 anti-knock index or higher) provides very little controllability over the timing of combustion without significant boost pressures. On the contrary, heavy fuel stratification (HFS) provides control over combustion phasing but has challenges achieving low temperature combustion operation, which has the benefits of low NOX and soot emissions, because of the air handling burdens associated with the required high exhaust gas recirculation rates. This work
Curran, Scott, Szybist, James, Kaul, Brian, Easter, Jordan, Sluder, Scott
Exhaust Aftertreatment Technologies for Hybrid Electrical Vehicles2021-24-007209/05/2021
The automotive industry is undergoing a deep transformation that will shape its future for the next decades. In order to achieve the CO2 fleet average requirements, the share of electrified powertrain is rising. It is now possible to design powertrains using not only the highly efficient internal combustion engines (ICE) but also the newly developed electrical motors (eMotor) and batteries. This variety of technologies allows the design of sophisticated powertrain to better fulfill the requests not only regarding CO2 regulations but also of different markets, customer expectations and emission legislations. The increased variety of powertrains causes, on the other hand, some challenges regarding the exhaust after treatment systems (EATS) layout and emission control, considering the almost infinite possibilities to combine ICE and eMotor’s toque delivery to fulfill the customer desired drive profile. In this work the authors will show how it is possible to design an EATS to fulfill
Pace, Lorenzo, Brueck, Rolf, Rodatz, Paul, Senft, Peter
Ultra-low Emissions of a 48V Mild-Hybrid Gasoline Vehicle with Advanced Emission Control Technologies and System Control2021-24-007009/05/2021
Independent third-party testing of Euro6d-(TEMP) gasoline vehicles show low on-road NOx and PN emissions. An ultra-low emission gasoline demonstrator vehicle was built with an integrated approach of emission control technologies, sensors, system controls and hybridisation. The objective is to investigate further potential to reduce the remaining emissions during the cold-start phase directly after engine start as well as from transient accelerations. The baseline Euro 6d vehicle has a 48V mild-hybrid powertrain with a 1.5l direct injection engine. The original emission control system was replaced by a system consisting of a close-coupled three-way catalyst (TWC) in combination with an underfloor catalysed gasoline particulate filter (cGPF), second TWC and ammonia slip catalyst (ASC). Reduction of cold-start emissions are targeted with the use of a ccTWC substrate with minimised thermal capacity in combination with dewpoint free lambda sensors for early closed-loop lambda control
Demuynck, Joachim, Mendoza Villafuerte, Pablo, Bosteels, Dirk, Randlshofer, Gabriele
Oxygen Storage Capacity (OSC) Measurement of 3-Way Automotive Catalysts Using the CATAGEN OMEGA Test Reactor2021-24-008309/05/2021
A Three-way automotive catalyst's ability to store oxygen is still a crucial performance metric for modern day catalyst applications. With more stringent emissions legalisation, the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) within the catalyst can assist with converting different exhaust gases such as CO, THC and NOx under transient operating conditions. OSC is currently the only onboard catalyst performance metric recorded during a vehicle's useful life. Catalyst performance is correlated to this OSC measurement. Rhodium is a precious metal used in automotive catalysts to help with the conversion of NOx. The price of rhodium is increasing drastically, requiring original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to look at cost-effective alternatives to maintain NOx conversion within the exhaust stream. OSC in the catalyst is possible due to ceria in the washcoat. Stored oxygen can help promote other reactions in the catalyst bed to help with the conversion of NOx. For a catalyst's OSC to be fully understood
Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Irwin, Kurtis, Woods, Andrew, Stewart, Jonathan, Pedlow, Andrew, Elliott, Matthew
Method Recovers Metals from Electronic WasteTBMG-3959108/01/2021
Inspired by nature’s work to build spiky structures in caves, engineers have developed a method to recover precious metals from electronic waste. Using controlled applications of oxygen and relatively low temperatures, the engineers say they can de-alloy a metal by slowly moving the most reactive components to the surface, where they form stalagmitelike spikes of metal oxides. That leaves the least-reactive components in a purified, liquid core surrounded by brittle metal-oxide spikes.
Emissions-Related OBD Systems: A Design OverviewC0708.Multi07/08/2021
On-board diagnostics, required by governmental regulations, provide a means for reducing harmful pollutants into the environment. Since being mandated in 1996, the regulations have continued to evolve and require engineers to design systems that meet strict guidelines. This one day seminar is designed to provide an overview of the fundamental design objectives and the features needed to achieve those objectives for generic on-board diagnostics. The basic structure of an on-board diagnostic will be described along with the system definitions needed for successful implementation. Please note that because of proprietary considerations, this class does not provide details of algorithm design, algorithm performance, or algorithm application. The class will cover general OBD algorithm designs and the features required to promote sound OBD system design. Individuals desiring a more in-depth look at On-Board Diagnostics should consider attending SAE seminar ID# C0707 Designing On-Board
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