Browse Topic: Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

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Design And Development of EGR Valve Controller for Bench Test2024-26-034801/16/2024
Various emission and fuel economy norms have been introduced worldwide by governments. In India, meeting each revision of Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) norms is challenging and requires new technologies to be incorporated in IC engines. One such technology used in gasoline engines is EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation). It works by recirculating exhaust gases back into the engine in turn increasing fuel economy and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. An electronic control unit (ECU) precisely controls EGR valve via stepper motor, regulating the flow of exhaust gases into the engine. Lead screw type unipolar stepper motor is commonly used for the same. Vehicle ECU calculates optimum EGR percentage and decides valve opening, further sequentially engaging stepper motor coils to advance or retract the EGR valve. With advancements in EGR technology there still exists few developmental challenges like operating the EGR valve on a test bench setup
Bhatt, Pancham, kumar, krishan, Kumar, Sahil
An Experimental Study on Soot Particles Size Distribution and Nanostructure Evolution at Different Tailpipe Positions of a Dedicated Hybrid Engine2023-01-700310/30/2023
Hybrid vehicles, compared to pure fossil fuel vehicles, have added power battery pack, high-power electric motors. The space of the aftertreatment is limited, so the layout position of the aftertreatment system must be optimized. Meanwhile, the European 7 emission standard reduces the particulate number (PN) limit particles size from 23nm to 10nm, presenting new challenges for the aftertreatment system. The focus of this study is to investigate the variations in particles size distribution and nanostructure of soot particles during the exhaust along a dedicated hybrid engine aftertreatment system (catalyst carrier free). Four operating conditions were selected for the test, namely 2000 r/min-0.2 MPa, 2000 r/min-0.8 MPa, 4500 r/min-0.2 MPa, and 4500 r/min-0.8 MPa. The particles sampling points are before Three-way catalyst (TWC), after TWC, and after gasoline particulate filter (GPF). Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) was used to analyze the changes in particle modal distribution
Fu, Jiale, Hu, Zhiyuan, Fang, Liang, Lou, Diming, Tan, Piqiang, Yin, Qi
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-050903/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
Mean-value exergy modeling of internal combustion engines: sensitivity analysis2022-01-043103/29/2022
This work proposes the application of the mean-value exergy-based internal combustion engine model, recently developed by the authors, for the quantification of the exergy transfer and destruction phenomena over different driving conditions. A thorough sensitivity analysis with respect to different driving cycles, environmental temperatures, and exhaust gas recirculation rates is performed. This allows to assess how driving conditions and environment affect the exergetic behavior of the engine, providing insights on the availability transfer and destruction phenomena and, ultimately, inefficiency.
Pozzato, Gabriele, Rizzo, Denise, Onori, Simona
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-051503/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
Performance optimization using ANN-SA approach for VVA system in diesel engine2022-01-075903/29/2022
Diesel engine is vital in the industry for its characteristics of low fuel consumption, high-torque, reliability, and durability. Existing diesel engine technology has reached the upper limit. It is difficult to break through the fuel consumption and emission of diesel engines. VVA (Variable Valve system) is a new technology in the field of the diesel engines. In this paper, GT-Suite and ANN (artificial neural network) model are established based on engine experimental data and DoE simulation results. By inputting Intake Valve Opening crake angle (IVO), Intake Valve Angle Multiplier (IVAM) and Exhaust Valve Angle Multiplier (EVAM) into the ANN Model, and by using SA (simulated annealing algorithm), the optimized results of intake and exhaust valve lift under the target conditions are obtained. According to the optimized results, the fuel consumption of BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) can be saved by 3.9%, 0.9%, and 7.3% at three different target working conditions, respectively
Lou, Diming, Tang, Yuanzhi, Zhao, Yinghua, Fang, Liang, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan, Han, Jie, Song, Xiaojun
An investigation of bio/synthetic fuel blends on a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine2022-01-053103/29/2022
Oxygenated, low energy-density fuels have the potential to reduce engine-out NOx and soot emissions. Additionally, synthetic fuels can provide a pathway to reach carbon neutral utilization of hydrocarbon-based fuels in IC engines. Oxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME) is one such synthetic, low energy density fuel, derived from sustainable sources that in combination with conventional fossil fuels with higher energy content, has the potential to reduce NOx emissions below the US and EU VI legislative limits while maintaining ultra-low soot and CO2 emissions. The objective of this work is to investigate and compare the performance, emissions and efficiency of a modern multi-cylinder diesel engine under conventional high temperature combustion (HTC) with 3 different fuels; 1) 10% OME fuel, blended with conventional ultra-low sulphur diesel (OME10), 2) EU bio-diesel, made from vegetable oils with 10% renewable energy source (RES) content (EU B10), and conventional diesel in North America (B0
Asad, Usman, Ramos, Manuel, Tjong, Jimi
Effect of EGR Coupled SCR on NOx Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2022-01-066403/29/2022
EGR and SCR has become an important technology to reduce NOx emission of heavy-duty diesel engine and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper studied on the effect of EGR coupled SCR on NOx emission characteristics of heavy-duty diesel engine based on engine bench test. The results showed that the NO emission reduction performance of EGR coupled SCR increased with the increase of engine load, and the increase slowed down after 75% load. EGR coupled SCR has little effect on NO2 emission reduction, the increase of engine speed can significantly improve the efficiency of NO2 emission reduction at 75% and 100% load. The effect of EGR coupled SCR on reducing NO became more and more significant with the increase of diesel engine load, but the effect was no longer significant when the reduction of NO emission exceeded a certain limit under the same working condition. EGR had better NOx reduction performance at 50% load of diesel engine when the valve opening was 25% and
Lou, Diming, Kang, Lulu, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan, Zhang, yunhua, Fang, Liang
Pre-Heating the Aftertreatment System with a Burner2022-01-067103/29/2022
NOx emissions limits for commercial trucks will be drastically reduced in the United States and Europe later in this decade. European regulators have proposed that pre-heating of the aftertreatment system with a diesel burner may be needed to meet their new limit, particularly if the engine is not equipped with exhaust gas recirculation to reduce engine-out NOx. This study considered a burner installed between a 13L engine and an appropriately-sized in-line DOC/DPF/SCR aftertreatment system. Initially, a wide range of burner and air pump operating conditions were examined to determine the maximum fueling rate and corresponding air flow rate necessary to complete combustion and to convey the resultant heat downstream to the aftertreatment components. From this survey, an optimal realistic operating condition for pre-heating emerged. This condition was then applied for various periods of time before the engine was started in order to run various regulatory cycles, including the cold- and
Harris, Thomas, Bellard, Raphael, Muhleck, Matthew, Palmer, Guenter
EGR Cooler Fouling Reduction: A New Method for Assessment in Early Engine Development Phase2022-01-071003/29/2022
High pressure EGR provides NOx emission reduction even at low exhaust temperatures. To maintain a safe EGR system operation over a required lifetime, the EGR cooler fouling must not exceed an allowable level, even if the engine is operated under worst case conditions. A reliable fouling simulation model represents a valuable tool in the engine development process, which validates operating and calibration strategies regarding fouling tendency, helping to avoid fouling issues in a late development phase close to series production. Long-chained hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas essentially impact the fouling layer formation. Therefore a simulation model requires reliable input data especially regarding mass flow of long-chained hydrocarbons transported into the cooler. There is a huge number of different hydrocarbon species in the exhaust gas, but their individual concentration typically is very low, close to the detection limit of standard in-situ measurement equipment like GC-MS
Liebsch, Stephan, Leesch, Mirko, Zumpf, Philipp, Jacob, Jörg, Mehnert, Ronny, Martin, Peter, Kneisel, Max
Development of an all speed governed Diesel-CNG dual fuel engine for farm Applications2021-26-010109/22/2021
This paper discusses the development of an all speed governed diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine for agricultural farm tractor. A 45 hp, 2.9 liters diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine with a novel closed loop secondary fuel injection system was developed. A frugal approach was followed for conversion, without any modification of the base mechanical diesel fuel injection system. The overall cost impact due to dual fuel conversion was kept minimum, while meeting performance and emissions at par with base diesel operation. Additional cost on gas injection system is redeemed by cost savings on diesel fuel. The dual fuel technology developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., substitutes on an average approximately 40% of diesel with compressed natural gas, while meeting the mandated agricultural tractor emission norms for dual fuel and meeting all application requirements. The governing performance of the tractor was found to be superior than base diesel tractor. A prototype dual fuel tractor
Raj, Ashwin S, Nagarajan, Vigneshwaran, NISSANGI, JOY KUMAR, Elango, Viknesh, Rajamani, Parthiban, S K, RAVINDRA
Effects of Partial Oxidation in an Unburned Mixture on a Flame Stretch under EGR Conditions2021-01-116509/21/2021
The purpose of the present study is to find a way to extend a combustion stability limit for diluted combustion in a spark-ignition (SI) gasoline engine which has a high compression ratio. This paper focuses on partial oxidation in an unburned mixture which is observed in the high compression engine and clarifies the effect of partial oxidation in an unburned mixture on the behavior of a flame stretch and the extinction limit. The behavior of the flame stretch was simulated using the detailed chemical kinetics simulation with the opposed-flow flame reactor model. In the simulation, the reactants which have various reaction progress variables were examined to simulate the flame stretch and extinction under the partial oxidation conditions. The mixtures were also diluted by complete combustion products which represent exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The simulation result shows that low-temperature oxidation (LTO) in reactants extends the extinction limit and mitigates a decrease in
Yoshimura, Kei, Ozawa, Kohei, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin, Togawa, Masaaki, Tokuhara, Satoshi
Optimization of Simultaneous Control of High Pressure EGR and Turbocharger Variable-Geometry during Diesel Engine Speed and Load Transients2021-01-117809/21/2021
Modern diesel engines incorporate increasingly complex subsystems such as electronically-controlled high-pressure fuel injection, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR), variable-geometry turbochargers (VGT) and elaborate after-treatment devices. The challenge to control such devices escalates significantly when they function interactively. Simultaneous control of high-pressure EGR (HPEGR) and VGTs becomes particularly challenging within transient speed and load change events because the turbo geometry change correspondingly changes the exhaust back pressure which drives the EGR flow across the control valve. HPEGR, where the exhaust gas is extracted upstream of the turbine inlet and recirculated downstream of the compressor exit, is desirable because it eliminates the flow of corrosive and sooty exhaust through the compressor and reduces the losses associated with expanding and recompressing the recirculated exhaust gasses. Variable-geometry turbocharging can help with both NOx reduction and
Pennington PhD, Justin, Puzinauskas, Paulius V., Cook, James
Catalyst-Heating Operation in a Medium-Duty Diesel Engine: Operating Strategy Calibration, Fuel Reactivity, and Fuel Oxygen Effects2021-01-118209/21/2021
Compliance with future ultra-low nitrogen oxide regulations with diesel engines requires the fastest possible heating of the exhaust aftertreatment system to its proper operating temperature upon cold starting. Late post injections are commonly integrated into catalyst-heating operating strategies. This experimental study provides insight into the complex interactions between the injection-strategy calibration and the tradeoffs between exhaust heat and pollutant emissions. Experiments are performed with certification diesel fuel and blends of diesel fuel with butylal and hexyl hexanoate. Further analyses of experimental data provide insight into fuel reactivity and oxygen content as potential enablers for improved catalyst-heating operation. A statistical design-of-experiments approach is developed to investigate a wide range of injection strategy calibrations at three different intake dilution levels. Thermodynamic and exhaust emissions measurements are taken using a new medium-duty
Busch, Stephen, Wu, Angela, Cho, Seokwon
Fuel Stratification Effects on Gasoline Compression Ignition with a Regular-Grade Gasoline on a Single-Cylinder Medium-Duty Diesel Engine at Low Load2021-01-117309/21/2021
Prior research studies have investigated a wide variety of gasoline compression ignition (GCI) injection strategies and the resulting fuel stratification levels to maintain control over the combustion phasing, duration, and heat release rate. Previous GCI research at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory has shown that for a combustion mode with a low degree of fuel stratification, called “partial fuel stratification” (PFS), gasoline range fuels with anti-knock index values in the range of regular-grade gasoline (~87 anti-knock index or higher) provides very little controllability over the timing of combustion without significant boost pressures. On the contrary, heavy fuel stratification (HFS) provides control over combustion phasing but has challenges achieving low temperature combustion operation, which has the benefits of low NOX and soot emissions, because of the air handling burdens associated with the required high exhaust gas recirculation rates. This work
Curran, Scott, Szybist, James, Kaul, Brian, Easter, Jordan, Sluder, Scott
Parametric Study to Optimize Gasoline Compression Ignition Operation under Medium Load-Conditions2021-01-046004/06/2021
Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) pertains to high efficiency lean burn compression ignition with gasoline fuels, where ignition is controlled by mixture’s auto-ignition chemistry as well as local mixture strength. The presented GCI combustion strategy is based on a multi-mode combustion strategy at various operating conditions. This study presents a part of work on the development of an optimum combustion strategy at medium loading condition for commercial gasoline fuel with research octane number (RON) = 91. The single cylinder engine with a compression ratio (CR) = 16 features a centrally mounted multi-hole injector with a spark plug at a distance from the injector under shallow pent-roof combustion chamber design. The design of combustion chamber and piston was previously optimized based on CFD numerical analysis. The experimental study at medium load condition (IMEP = 6 bar) investigated the effect of fuel injection strategy, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and re-breathing on
Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, Sim, Jaeheon, Badra, Jihad, Chang, Junseok
Modeling of a Methanol Fueled Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine with Reformed-Exhaust Gas Recirculation2021-01-044504/06/2021
Methanol is a promising fuel for future spark-ignition engines. Its properties enable increased engine efficiency. Moreover, the ease with which methanol can be reformed, using waste exhaust heat, potentially offers a pathway to even higher efficiencies. The primary objective of this study was to build and validate a model for a methanol fueled direct-injection spark-ignition engine with on-board fuel reforming for future investigation and optimization. The second objective was to understand the combustion characteristics, energy losses and engine efficiency. The base engine model was developed and calibrated before adding a reformed-exhaust gas recirculation system (R-EGR). A newly developed laminar burning velocity correlation with universal dilution term was implemented into the model to predict the laminar burning velocity with the presence of hydrogen in the reforming products. At the same EGR ratio, there is a small increase in the engine efficiency with fuel reforming compared
Nguyen, Duc-Khanh, Suijs, Ward, Sileghem, Louis, Verhelst, Sebastian
Parametric Study to Optimize Gasoline Compression Ignition Operation under Low Load Condition Using CFD2021-01-044004/06/2021
The effects of intake pressure (Pin), start of injection (SOI), injection pressure (Pinj), injection split ratio (Qsplit), internal and external exhaust gas recirculation rates were varied to optimize several key parameters at a partially pre-mixed combustion low load/low speed condition using CFD. These include indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), combustion phasing (CA50), maximum rate of pressure rise (MRPR), maximum cylinder pressure (Pmax), indicated specific NOx (sNOx), indicated specific hydrocarbons (sHC) and Filter Smoke Number (FSN) emissions. Low-load point (6 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), 1500 revolutions per minute (RPM)) was selected where Pin varied between 1.25 and 1.5 bar, SOI between -100 and -10 crank angle degree (CAD) after top dead center (aTDC), Pinj between 100 and 200 bar, split ratio between 0 and 0.5, EGR between 0 and 45% and internal EGR measured by rebreathing valve height was varied between 0 and 4.5 mm. The study concluded that
Badra, Jihad, Alhussaini, Alma, Sim, Jaeheon, Viollet, Yoann, Amer, Amer
Driving Cycle Based Control and Calibration for a Turbocharged SI Engine with Low Pressure EGR System2020-01-201509/15/2020
Low pressure cooled EGR (LPEGR) for spark ignition (SI) engines is known to be one of the key technologies to benefit fuel consumption owing to lower pumping loss at part load, knock suppression capability and extended stoichiometric operating range thanks to combustion cooling effect. In order to implement this technology to industrialised application with the optimal performance efficiently and robustly, several challenges need to be solved, especially the EGR estimation accuracy and transport delay estimation accuracy during transient. And these challenges could be more complex on a turbocharged SI engine due to the much longer induction system, and more complex air path model due to the introduction of turbine, compressor and dump valve. This paper describes the control and calibration method for a turbocharged LPEGR engine, and the validation result in Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC). The test result shows remarkable fuel benefit and accurate EGR estimation
Ma, He, Noguchi, Hidenori, Williams, Philip
In-Cylinder Optical Measurement for Analyzing Control Factor of Ignition Phenomena under Diluted Condition2020-01-204809/15/2020
To increase thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines, dilution combustion systems, such as lean burn and exhaust gas recirculation systems, have been developed. These systems require spark-ignition coils generating large discharge current and discharge energy to achieve stable ignition under diluted mixture conditions. Several studies have clarified that larger discharge current increases spark-channel stretch and decreases the possibility of spark channel blow-off and misfire. However, these investigations do not mention the effect of larger discharge current and energy on the initial combustion period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation among dilution ratio, initial-combustion period, and coil specifications to clarify the control factor of the dilution limit. Four coils having different current profiles were evaluated under 2000 rpm and 6-bar net-indicated mean effective pressure under a diluted mixture condition through combustion-performance and in
Oryoji, Kazuhiro, Uchise, Yoshifumi, Akagi, Yoshihiko, Qingchu, Chen, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo
Fuel Dosing on a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst for After-Treatment System Heating on a Heavy-Duty Engine Powered by Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers2020-01-215709/15/2020
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are synthetic fuels, which offer the property of sustainability because the reactants of production base on hydrogen and carbon dioxide on the one hand, and the air pollution control in consequence of a soot-free combustion in a diesel engine on the other hand. High exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates are a promising measure for nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction without increasing particle emissions because of the resolved soot-NOx trade-off. However, EGR rates towards stoichiometric combustion in OME operation reveals other trade-offs such as methane and formaldehyde emissions. To avoid these, a lean mixture with a combination of EGR and exhaust after-treatment with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is useful. The limitation of urea dosing due to the light-off temperature of SCR systems requires heating measures. Besides electrical heating, fuel injection into the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for an exothermic reaction is an effective method
Gelner, Alexander D., Pastoetter, Christian, Beck, Harald A., Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg
Combustion Stability Study with Low Cetane Number Diesel and Biodiesel with 2-EHN Addition under LTC Conditions during Cold/Warm Start and Steady State Conditions2020-01-206309/15/2020
A single cylinder Diesel engine was used to study combustion stability changes from a cetane number improver: 2-EHN. It has been added to a low cetane number diesel and two biodiesels blends with 20 % of SME or RME. All fuels have been raised to a CN of 51 with 2-EHN. Those fuels have been compared to a reference diesel with a CN of 55. Cold and warm start have been recreated for measurements at three conditions: cranking, engine speed increase and idle. Engine coolant temperature has been set to 20°C and 80°C for cold and warm start respectively. 2-EHN effects on combustion stability have been monitored through the IMEP covariance. Under cold-start, only the low cetane number diesel showed combustion stabilities improvements with 2-EHN addition. Moreover, the combustion stability was better than the reference diesel and the heat release rate show an enhancement of the cold flame. On the contrary, the biodiesel fuels exhibited higher IMEP covariances. Under warm start, all fuels
Oung, Richard, Foucher, Fabrice, Morin, Anne-Gaëlle
Surrogate Fuel Formulation to Improve the Dual-Mode Dual-Fuel Combustion Operation at Different Operating Conditions2020-01-207309/15/2020
Dual-mode dual-fuel combustion is a promising combustion concept to achieve the required emissions and CO2 reductions imposed by the next standards. Nonetheless, the fuel formulation requirements are stricter than for the single-fuel combustion concepts as the combustion concept relies on the reactivity of two different fuels. This work investigates the effect of the low reactivity fuel sensitivity (S=RON-MON) and the octane number at different operating conditions representative of the different combustion regimes found during the dual-mode dual-fuel operation. For this purpose, experimental tests were performed using a PRF 95 with three different sensitivities (S0, S5 and S10) at operating conditions of 25% load/950 rpm, 50%/1800 rpm and 100%/2200 rpm. Moreover, air sweeps varying ±10% around a reference air mass were performed at 25%/1800 rpm and 50%/1800 rpm. Conventional diesel fuel was used as high reactivity fuel in all the cases. Moreover, commercial 95 RON gasoline was used as
Benajes, Jesus, Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Sari, Rafael
Relationship between Turbulent Burning Velocity and Karlovitz Number under EGR Conditions2020-01-205109/15/2020
The purpose of this paper is to find a universal law to predict a turbulent burning velocity under various operating conditions and engine specifications. This paper presents the relationship between turbulent burning velocity and Karlovitz number. The turbulent burning velocity was measured using a single-cylinder gasoline engine, which has an external Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. In the experiment, various engine operating parameters, e.g. engine speed and EGR rates, and various engine specifications, i.e. different types of intake ports were tested. Karlovitz number was calculated with Three Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D-CFD) and detailed chemical reaction calculation, which condition was based on the experiment. The experimental and calculation results show that turbulent burning velocity is predicted by using Karlovitz number in the engine conditions, which varies depending on engine speed, EGR rates and the designs of intake ports. The results indicate
Yoshimura, Kei, Misawa, Kazuhito, Tokuhara, Satoshi, Kobayashi, Kenichiro, Togawa, Masaaki, Kusaka, Jin
Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems2020-01-217209/15/2020
Nitrogen oxides are currently one of the most serious problem of atmospheric pollution and the ‘low emission’. One of the most important source of emissions of these pollutants is road transport. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the most effective methods for reducing the formation of these substances in internal combustion engines. In the article, the possibilities of using artificial neural networks in exhaust gas recirculation systems are presented. One of the advantages of using artificial neural networks is the possibility of using to identify control systems in which the mechanism of processing input signals into their corresponding output signals is unknown. This article presents the use of neural networks to control exhaust gas recirculation. The control has been based on input signals from the mass air flow sensor, rotational speed and load value, which indirectly reflected the fuel dose. The output parameter was the adjustment of the EGR valve opening in such a way that
Krakowian, Konrad Marcin, Skrętowicz, Maria
Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis NomenclatureJ2403_202008 (Current)08/03/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all E/E systems on MD and HD vehicles. The terms defined are largely focused on compression-ignited and spark-ignited engines. Specific applications of this document include diagnostic, service and repair manuals, bulletins and updates, training manuals, repair data bases, under-hood emission labels, and emission certification applications. This document focuses on diagnostic terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms applicable to E/E systems. It also covers mechanical systems which require definition. Nothing in this document should be construed as prohibiting the introduction of a term, abbreviation, or acronym not covered by this document. The use and appropriate updating of this document is strongly encouraged. Certain terms have already been in common use and are readily understood by manufacturers and technicians, but do not follow the methodology of this document. These terms fall into three categories: a Acronyms that do not
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis NomenclatureJ2403_202008-TEST-REC (Historical)08/03/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all E/E systems on MD and HD vehicles. The terms defined are largely focused on compression-ignited and spark-ignited engines. Specific applications of this document include diagnostic, service and repair manuals, bulletins and updates, training manuals, repair data bases, under-hood emission labels, and emission certification applications. This document focuses on diagnostic terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms applicable to E/E systems. It also covers mechanical systems which require definition. Nothing in this document should be construed as prohibiting the introduction of a term, abbreviation, or acronym not covered by this document. The use and appropriate updating of this document is strongly encouraged. Certain terms have already been in common use and are readily understood by manufacturers and technicians, but do not follow the methodology of this document. These terms fall into three categories: a Acronyms that do not
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
A Calculation Methodology for Predicting Exhaust Mass Flows and Exhaust Temperature Profiles for Heavy-Duty Vehicles02-13-02-000907/20/2020
The predictive control of commercial vehicle energy management systems, such as vehicle thermal management or waste heat recovery (WHR) systems, are discussed on the basis of information sources from the field of environment recognition and in combination with the determination of the vehicle system condition. In this article, a mathematical method for predicting the exhaust gas mass flow and the exhaust gas temperature is presented based on driving data of a heavy-duty vehicle. The prediction refers to the conditions of the exhaust gas at the inlet of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler and at the outlet of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (EAT). The heavy-duty vehicle was operated on the motorway to investigate the characteristic operational profile. In addition to the use of road gradient profile data, an evaluation of the continuously recorded distance signal, which represents the distance between the test vehicle and the road user ahead, is included in the prediction
Kreyer, Jörg, Müller, Marvin, Esch, Thomas
Electrohydraulically Actuated Valve TrainTBMG-3719907/01/2020
Internal combustion engines require valves to aspirate and discharge gases. Engine designers require a high degree of flexibility to improve efficiency, reduce pollutants, and optimize the use of renewable fuels. Currently, the gas exchange valves of four-stroke engines are controlled through camshaft drives. Despite some complex additional mechanics, the flexibility of such camshaft-driven systems remains limited. An electrohydraulically actuated valve train — the FlexWork valve train - was developed that enables completely free adjustment of stroke and timing, while at the same time being robust and cost-effective.
Development of Three-Way Catalyst with Advanced Coating Layer2020-01-065304/14/2020
Further improvements in catalyst performance are required to help protect the atmospheric environment. However, from the viewpoint of resource availability, it is also necessary to decrease the amount of precious metals used at the active sites of the catalyst. Therefore, a high-performance three-way catalyst with an advanced coating layer has been developed to lower the amount of precious metal usage. Fuel efficiency improvement technologies such as high compression ratios and a large-volume exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) generally tend to increase the ratio of hydrocarbons (HC) to nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gas. This research focused on the palladium (Pd) loading depth in the coating layer with the aim of improving the hydrocarbon (HC) conversion activity of the catalyst. Contact between Pd, which has a high degree of HC conversion activity, and the exhaust gas can be facilitated by controlling the loading depth on the surface of the coating layer, enabling efficient
Saito, Yoshinori, Chinzei, Isao, Morikawa, Akira, Ito, Minoru, Oishi, Shunsuke, Okuda, Takuya
Investigations of the Emissions of Fuels with different Compositions and Renewable Fuel Components in a GDI Engine2020-01-028504/14/2020
Investigations were performed, in which fuels and fuel components were compared regarding gaseous as well as particulate number (PN) emissions. The focus on the selection of the fuel components was set on the possibility of renewable production, which lead to Ethanol, as the classic bio-fuel, Isopropanol, Isobutanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). As fuels, a Euro 6 (EU6) reference fuel, an anti-spark-fouling (ASF) fuel, a European Super Plus (RON 98) in-field fuel and a potentially completely renewable fuel, which was designed by Porsche AG (named POSYN), were chosen. The composition of the fuels differs significantly which results in large differences in the exhaust gas emissions. The fuels, except ASF, are compliant with the European fuel standard EN 228.The experiments chosen were a variation of the start of injection (SOI) at different load points at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm, amongst others. The influence of the fuel properties like boiling characteristics, fuel
Albrecht, Michael, Deeg, Hans-Peter, Schwarzenthal, Dietmar, Eilts, Peter
Calcium in Oil Effects on Pre-ignition of Two-stroke Engine2019-32-057901/24/2020
Investigations of the influence of calcium on pre-ignition in a two-stroke engine have shown that the lower the calcium concentration, the lower the frequency of pre-ignition. Pre-ignition problems can occur in small, air-cooled, two-stroke engines such as a chainsaw. In contrast, in a supercharged automobile engine, it has been reported that calcium, which is a detergent component in engine oil, causes low-speed pre-ignition. The oil for two-stroke engines also contains calcium and is mixed with the fuel and lubricated before being supplied to the combustion chamber. This makes, two-stroke engines more likely to be affected by oil components. Based on this, we investigated the influence of calcium on pre-ignition of a two-stroke engine. First, we investigated driving conditions in which pre-ignition is likely to occur, such as warming up the engine. Under this condition, oil with calcium concentrations ranging from 0 ppm to 1,500 ppm were tested at a mixing ratio of 2%. The results
Eto, Kuniyoshi, Kihara, Masaki
Rework of an in-line two-cylinder engine for the application in Formula Student2019-32-053201/24/2020
Formula Student is an international design competition, where students all over the world develop, design and build their own race car and afterwards compete with each other at different disciplines at events worldwide. The development process includes every module of the race car and the team of joanneum racing graz has focused on the powertrain since the beginning. The following paper contains an overview of the reworking process of an in-line two-cylinder engine for the application in Formula Student. The intention was to increase the BMEP and at the same time reach a desired power/weight ratio of the engine. The process of selecting the most appropriate turbocharger by means of experimental testing on an engine dynamometer, as well as its optimization by means of numerical simulation, is outlined. Subsequently, the paper discusses the challenges regarding valve timing and finding the best trade-off between power and residual gas with the help of 1D-simulations. The necessary
Feigl B.Sc, Michael, Rößmann B.Sc, Dominik, Michael Trzesniowski, FH-Prof. DI
Application of Porous Material as Heat Storage Medium to a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine2019-32-054101/24/2020
Porous materials, which have large surface areas, have been used for heat storage. However, porous Si-SiC material, as heat storage medium to be applied to a turbocharged gasoline engine has not been investigated extensively. In this study, porous Si-SiC material was used in the upstream of the turbine as heat storage medium and a model was thereby developed for further study. Substrate surface area and substrate volume of Si-SiC were calculated for structure model calibration. Following these calculations and test results, the pressure loss and thermal model were validated. Results show that the weaken exhaust gas pulsation amplitude by porous Si-SiC leads to better turbine performance and BSFC in steady engine condition for a turbocharged gasoline engine. In addition, its transient operation response needs to be improved under transient engine conditions. Hence the possibility of improving the transient response is investigated with characteristics of porous Si-SiC material. It was
Dong, Dongsheng, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Shen, Fuchao, Hasegawa, Naohiro
Mahle reveals modular, scalable integrated hybrid powertrain19AUTP11_1011/01/2019
Mahle is developing a complete “fits all, off-the-shelf” modular hybrid-drive propulsion system for a wide range of automakers' models, designed to cut costs, improve packaging and provide a level of electrified-vehicle commonality not seen before in the auto industry. Designated Mahle Modular Hybrid Powertrain (MMHP), the system is modular, scalable and dual-mode (parallel and series). It could be in production within two years, ready to power anything from compact sedans to hefty SUVs. The MMHP integrates an all-new turbocharged gasoline internal-combustion engine in twin- and 3-cylinder forms, customizable gearbox (1-, 2- or 4-speed) and a compact but powerful (choice of power/torque) electric traction motor.
Birch, Stuart
Experimental and Numerical Prediction of the Pressure Drop Reduction of Catalytic Converter under Various Mass Flow Rate of Exhaust Gas for a Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine2019-28-003010/11/2019
Nowadays, Diesel emission control strategies are stringent across the globe which caused the rise in need of diesel after treat treatment devices that are more reliable and efficient. The optimized design of the catalytic converter aids in the durability of the product as well as the improvement in efficient operation of the Indian driving cycle. By changing the convergent and divergent cone angles of the catalytic converter, the consequential decrease in pressure drop leads to efficient flow of exhaust gases. The purpose of this study is to design, test, and analyse the catalytic converter in order to reduce the pressure drop in the exhaust system of a naturally aspirated diesel engine using both experimental and CFD techniques. In this study, a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Catalytic Converter is investigated. For numerical analysis, ANSYS Fluent is used. Validation is done on baseline Catalytic converter pressure drop results obtained both numerically and experimentally for various
Vinodh Kumar, Kanchi Gopi, Senthilkumar, Sundararaj, Rajasingh, Edison
Exploring the Potential of Miller Cycle with and without EGR for Maximum Efficiency and Minimum Exhaust Emissions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine03-12-05-003709/03/2019
Abstract In order to improve the fuel conversion efficiency and meet more stringent exhaust emissions regulations, Miller cycle and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) have been researched as separate means to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutant emissions from the internal combustion engines. In this article, an experimental work was carried out to explore the potential benefits of Miller cycle operation via late intake valve closing (LIVC) with and without EGR in a single-cylinder heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine equipped with a variable valve actuation (VVA) system. The overall engine-out emissions, fuel conversion efficiency, and estimated urea consumption in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment were analysed and compared over the World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) for different combustion control strategies. Additionally, the potential of Miller cycle with and without EGR based on the “SCR-only” and “SCR + EGR” technical routes to meet the Euro VI nitrogen
Guan, Wei, Pedrozo, Vinícius B., Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Ban, Zhibo, Lin, Tiejian
Modeling of Close-Coupled SCR Concepts to Meet Future Cold Start Requirements for Heavy-Duty Engines2019-01-098404/02/2019
The low-NOx standard for heavy-duty trucks proposed by the California Air Resources Board will require rapid warm-up of the aftertreatment system (ATS). Several different aftertreatment architectures and technologies, all based on selective catalytic reduction (SCR), are being considered to meet this need. One of these architectures, the close-coupled SCR (ccSCR), was evaluated in this study using two different physics-based, 1D models; the simulations focused on the first 300 seconds of the cold-start Federal Test Procedure (FTP). The first model, describing a real, EuroVI-compliant engine equipped with series turbochargers, was used to evaluate a ccSCR located either i) immediately downstream of the low-pressure turbine, ii) in between the two turbines, or iii) in a by-pass around the high pressure turbine. These simulations indicate that the location downstream of the low-pressure turbine offers nearly the best NOx conversion, and that the optimal volume of the ccSCR in this
Harris, Thomas Miller, Mc Pherson, Kristoffer, Rezaei, Reza, Kovacs, David, Rauch, Hendrik, Huang, Yinyan
Optimization of a Diesel Engine with Variable Exhaust Valve Phasing for Fast SCR System Warm-Up2019-01-058404/02/2019
Early exhaust valve opening (eEVO) increases the exhaust gas temperature by faster termination of the power stroke and is considered as a potential warm up strategy for diesel engines aftertreatment thermal management. In this study, first, it is shown that when eEVO is applied, the engine main variables such as the boost pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and injection (timing and quantity) must be re-calibrated to develop the required torque, avoid exceeding the exhaust temperature limits and keep the air fuel ratio sufficiently high. Then, a two-step procedure is presented to optimize the engine operation after the eEVO system is introduced, using a validated diesel engine model. In the first step, the engine variables are optimized at a constant eEVO shift. In the second step, optimal eEVO trajectories are calculated using Dynamic Programming (DP) for a transient test cycle. The optimized results indicate that with early EVO, the boost pressure should be increased to provide
Srinivas, Pavan Kumar, Salehi, Rasoul
Fuel Reforming and Catalyst Deactivation Investigated in Real Exhaust Environment2019-01-031504/02/2019
Increased in-cylinder hydrogen levels have been shown to improve burn durations, combustion stability, HC emissions and knock resistance which can directly translate into enhanced engine efficiency. External fuel reformation can also be used to increase the hydrogen yield. During the High-Efficiency, Dilute Gasoline Engine (HEDGE) consortium at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), the potential of increased hydrogen production in a dedicated-exhaust gas recirculation (D-EGR) engine was evaluated exploiting the water gas shift (WGS) and steam reformation (SR) reactions. It was found that neither approach could produce sustained hydrogen enrichment in a real exhaust environment, even while utilizing a lean-rich switching regeneration strategy. Platinum group metal (PGM) and Ni WGS catalysts were tested with a focus on hydrogen production and catalyst durability. Although 4% additional hydrogen was initially produced in the EGR stream, leading to improvements in the coefficient of
Bartley, Gordon, Gukelberger, Raphael, Henderson, Robert, Henry, Cary
A Simulation Research on Emission Control Technology of Low-Speed Two-Stroke Diesel Engine Based on EGR and Miller Cycle2019-01-094504/02/2019
This paper investigates the influences of EGR and Miller cycle on NOx emission of a heavy-duty two-stroke diesel engine. The NOx emission is strictly restricted by the IMO Tier III Emission Regulations, resulting in an insufficient application of the single emission reduction technology to meet the emission requirements. It is asserted that EGR is the most effective manner to reduce NOx emission, but the fuel consumption increases simultaneously. In consideration of emission reduction with fuel economy, EGR and Miller cycle were combined and studied in this paper. Parameters like in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature, mass in the chamber, emission (NOx and soot) and fuel consumption rate were investigated based on a single-cylinder 3D model. The wet condition that happens in the engine application was considered in the model development process. The model was validated and compared with the experimental data. The simulation results show the "trade-off" relationship between NOx
Zhu, Zhijie, Liang, Xingyu, Wang, Yuesen, Liu, Bo
An Assessment of a Sensor Network Using Bayesian Analysis Demonstrated on an Inlet Manifold2019-01-012104/02/2019
Modern control strategies for internal combustion engines use increasingly complex networks of sensors and actuators to measure different physical parameters. Often indirect measurements and estimation of variables, based off sensor data, are used in the closed loop control of the engine and its subsystems. Thus, sensor fusion techniques and virtual instrumentation have become more significant to the control strategy. With the large volumes of data produced by the increasing number of sensors, the analysis of sensor networks has become more important. Understanding the value of the information they contain and how well it is extracted through uncertainty quantification will also become essential to the development of control architecture. This paper proposes a methodology to quantify how valuable a sensor is relative to the architecture. By modelling the sensor network as a Bayesian network, Bayesian analysis and control metrics were used to assess the value of the sensor. This was
Comissiong, Rhys, Steffen, Thomas, Shead, Leo
Generation and Oxidation of Soot due to Fuel Films Utilizing High Speed Visualization Techniques2019-01-025104/02/2019
For a better understanding of how soot is generated due to fuel films, a constant volume vessel was used together with four visualization techniques due to their high spatial (2D) and time resolution: Schlieren, natural luminosity, diffused back illumination and OH* chemiluminescence. The analysis was performed keeping the injection pressure at 30 bar and changing the plate temperature on which the spray impacts: 80, 120, 160 and 200 °C. The fuel is a mixture of iso-octane, hexane, toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene, which presents similar properties to commercial gasoline. Valuable insights were gained from the results that infer the real nature of the radiation observed during combustion events in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines due to the presence of a fuel films which are conventionally described as “pool fires”. The results show that the highest quantity of soot is generated between plate temperatures of 80 and 120 °C. The composition of the fuel film and the flow field
Roque, Anthony, Foucher, Fabrice, Imoehl, William, Helie, Jerome
Phenomenological Modeling and Experiments to Investigate the Combined Effects of High Pressure and Multiple Injection Strategies with EGR on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a CRDI Diesel Engine2019-01-005601/15/2019
Nowadays, due to stringent emission regulations, it is imperative to incorporate modeling efforts with experiments. This paper presents the development of a phenomenological model to investigate the effects of various in-cylinder strategies on combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail direct-injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, supercharged engine with displacement volume of 0.55 l at different operating conditions with various combinations of injection pressure, number of injections involving single injection and multiple injections with two injection pulses, and EGR. Data obtained from experiments was also used for model validation. The model incorporated detailed phenomenological aspects of spray growth, air entrainment, droplet evaporation, wall impingement, ignition delay, premixed and mixing-controlled combustion rates, and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and diesel soot. The detailed spray configuration provided an
Sadafale, Saurabh Sanjay, Mittal, Mayank, Inaba, Kazuki
A Cycle-to-Cycle Variation Extraction Method for Flow Field Analysis in SI IC Engines Based on Turbulence Scales2019-01-004201/15/2019
To adhere to stringent environmental regulations, SI (spark ignition) engines are required to achieve higher thermal efficiency. In recent years, EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) systems and lean-burn operation has been recognized as key technologies. Under such operating conditions, reducing CCV (cycle-to-cycle variation) in combustion is critical to the enhancement of overall engine performance. Flow-field CCV is one of the considerable factors affecting combustion in engines. Conventionally, in research on flow fields in SI engines, the ensemble average is used to separate the measured velocity field into a mean component and a fluctuation component, the latter of which contains a CCV component and a turbulent component. To extract the CCV of the flow field, previous studies employed spatial filter, temporal filter, and POD (proper orthogonal decomposition) methods. Those studies used a constant- separation filter size for the whole crank angle, although the turbulence scales change
Matsuda, Masayoshi, Yokomori, Takeshi, Minamoto, Yuki, Shimura, Masayasu, Tanahashi, Mamoru, Iida, Norimasa
Effect of EGR and Premixed Mass Percentage on Cycle to Cycle Variation of Methanol/Diesel Dual Fuel RCCI Combustion2019-26-009001/09/2019
Reactivity controlled compression ignition has been a proven combustion strategy for better reduction of NOx and PM emissions without compromising the fuel economy. However, the combustion strategy still need more investigation to overcome its operational stability. In this study, the influence of hot/cooled exhaust gas recirculation and premixed mass percentage and there cyclic variation of Methanol/Diesel dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion was investigated in a modified 3 cylinder light duty, turbocharged, CRDI diesel engine. Methanol/Diesel RCCI combustion was achieved by premixing methanol with intake air in the intake port and injecting diesel directly into the cylinder by flexible common rail direct injection system. The intake manifold was altered to adopt port fuel injection of methanol and EGR. Experiments were conducted at 3.4 bar and 5.1 bar BMEP at 1500 rpm by varying EGR and premixed mass percentage. Overall, the results shows that 26
Duraisamy, Ganesh, Rangasamy, Murugan, Nagarajan, Govindan
Optimization of EGR Mixer to Minimize Thermal Hot Spot on Plastic Duct & Soot Deposition on Throttle Valve Using CFD Simulation2019-26-028601/09/2019
In recent time, with inception of BS VI emission regulation with more focus on fuel economy and emission, many engine parts which were conventionally made from metal are getting replaced with plastic components for reducing weight to attain better fuel economy. EGR is commonly used technique to reduce emissions in diesel engine along with after treatment devices. EGR reduces peak combustion temperature inside the combustion chamber thereby reducing NOx. EGR is bypassed from the exhaust manifold, cooled down in EGR cooler and mixed with intake air at upstream of the intake manifold. Throttle valve is used for controlling the charged air flow to cylinders for different vehicle operating conditions. With compact engine layout EGR mixer are often located near to throttle valve thereby increasing the possibility of soot deposition on throttle valve. Once these soot & hydrocarbons cool down they can transform into sticky amorphous carbon, which obstruct the functioning of throttle valve
Agrawal, Ayush, Raju, Kumar, Santra, Tanmay, Gopinathan, Nagarajan, Varghese, Joy, Ghadei, Sataya Brata
Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis NomenclatureJ2403_201812 (Historical)12/19/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all E/E systems on MD and HD vehicles. The terms defined are largely focused on compression-ignited and spark-ignited engines. Specific applications of this document include diagnostic, service and repair manuals, bulletins and updates, training manuals, repair data bases, under-hood emission labels, and emission certification applications. This document focuses on diagnostic terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms applicable to E/E systems. It also covers mechanical systems which require definition. Nothing in this document should be construed as prohibiting the introduction of a term, abbreviation, or acronym not covered by this document. The use and appropriate updating of this document is strongly encouraged. Certain terms have already been in common use and are readily understood by manufacturers and technicians, but do not follow the methodology of this document. These terms fall into three categories: a Acronyms that do not
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Design Considerations for Enclosed Turboprop Engine Test CellsAIR5295A (Current)11/21/2018
This document is offered to provide state-of-the-art information about design factors that must be considered in the design of new or significantly modified engine test cells used to test propeller equipped turboprop engines in either QEC or bare engine configurations. The report does not address design considerations for test cells designed to test turboprop engines with dynamometer type load absorption devices because they are essentially tested as turboshaft engines. Design considerations for those test cells are presented in AIR4989, Reference 2.1.
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
Study on Knocking Characteristics for High-Efficiency Operation of a Super-Lean Spark Ignition Engine2018-32-000210/30/2018
This study investigated the influence of EGR and spark advance on knocking under high compression ratio, ultra-lean mixture and supercharged condition using premium gasoline as a test fuel. A high-compression ratio, supercharged single cylinder engine was used in this experiment. As a result, the period from ignition to autoignition was prolonged. In addition, knock intensity was drastically reduced. In other words, it is inferred that by combining an appropriate amount of EGR and spark advance, high efficiency operation avoiding knocking can be realized.
Nishiyama, Takeshi, Agui, Keito, Togawa, Masaaki, Saito, Masanori, Tanabe, Mitsuaki, Iijima, Akira
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