Browse Topic: Volatile organic compounds

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Measurement & Control Methodologies of Road Side Ambient Air Emissions & Identification of New Species of Air Pollutants in Delhi / NCR2024-26-015801/16/2024
In a recent finding it was published that there are five (05) major cities across Delhi / NCR which falls under the World's most polluted cities based on annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³). The present study is entirely focused on Delhi / NCR hot-spots in terms of emissions and the measurement is done through the continuous type of air quality monitoring analyzers along with advanced analytical instruments. Various activities like construction, manufacturing, trash burning, production units, burning of organic compounds, power plants, biomass burning, demolition, vehicular emission etc. are the key sources that contribute to poor air quality. As a result of these activities, numerous harmful pollutants with different ionic species (along with gases and aerosols) are released and pose serious threat to both human health and environment. The primary sources of air quality degradation in the present study are identified by methodological & scientific type of measurement done
Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kant, Chander, Narwat, Aarti
An Experimental Study on Soot Particles Size Distribution and Nanostructure Evolution at Different Tailpipe Positions of a Dedicated Hybrid Engine2023-01-700310/30/2023
Hybrid vehicles, compared to pure fossil fuel vehicles, have added power battery pack, high-power electric motors. The space of the aftertreatment is limited, so the layout position of the aftertreatment system must be optimized. Meanwhile, the European 7 emission standard reduces the particulate number (PN) limit particles size from 23nm to 10nm, presenting new challenges for the aftertreatment system. The focus of this study is to investigate the variations in particles size distribution and nanostructure of soot particles during the exhaust along a dedicated hybrid engine aftertreatment system (catalyst carrier free). Four operating conditions were selected for the test, namely 2000 r/min-0.2 MPa, 2000 r/min-0.8 MPa, 4500 r/min-0.2 MPa, and 4500 r/min-0.8 MPa. The particles sampling points are before Three-way catalyst (TWC), after TWC, and after gasoline particulate filter (GPF). Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) was used to analyze the changes in particle modal distribution
Fu, Jiale, Hu, Zhiyuan, Fang, Liang, Lou, Diming, Tan, Piqiang, Yin, Qi
Experimental Study to Analyze the Parameters Affecting the Cabin Air Quality2022-28-045611/09/2022
The quality of the air inside a vehicle is measured by cabin air quality. Cabin air quality is important not only for comfort, but also for safety. For decades, scientists have studied the air quality outside of automobiles. Because cars absorb emissions from adjacent vehicles, pollutant levels inside vehicles are frequently greater. Pollutants enter the car interior through air vents and other openings because vehicles are not constructed to be airtight. The in-cabin microenvironment has become a significant source of exposure to numerous air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, etc. There are various physical parameters such as filters, cabin temperature, air exchange rate, cooling rate, direction of flow of air inside the vehicle cabin, and vehicle speed that can affect the cabin air quality and purification time. The air exchange and its rate being of highest
Sharma, Uttam, Umbarkar, Shriganesh, Kumar, Mukesh, Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek
A Novel Approach for Assessing Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) in Future Mobility Solutions2022-28-045511/09/2022
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven consumers to be extremely vigilant towards personal as well as shared hygiene necessitating use of facemask, maintaining social distancing, frequent hand wash and vehicle sanitization. Humans are exposed to pollutants such as Particulate Matter (PM), SOx, NOx, CO, O3, Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) and Pathogens (FBV- fungi, bacteria, viruses) either through air or by direct contact with contaminated surfaces. In a vehicle cabin, occupants are exposed to both, recirculating air through air-conditioning system and contact with touch points such as seats, steering wheel and armrest which may be contaminated. In order to safeguard the occupants, VIAQ enhancers like high efficiency cabin air filters (N95/ HEPA) with activated carbon/ anti-allergen/ anti-microbial layers, ionizers and anti-bacterial trims are being deployed by OEMs. In many cases, validation of these VIAQ enhancers is done on a bench setup. Once VIAQ enhancer is integrated into the
Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Kulkarni, Shridhar, Kapoor, Sangeet
Detailed Emissions Characterization for Off-Road Applications: A DPF and non-DPF Engine Comparison2022-01-070403/29/2022
As agencies continue to focus on emissions compliance, low NOX discussions have started to propagate beyond the on-highway market. Off-road applications, which contribute to 29% of the PM emissions and 11% of the NOX emissions in California, are being reviewed to understand the technological challenges and requirements for improved emissions performance. To help facilitate an off-road low NOX technology demonstration, information from current engine and aftertreatment technologies required a detailed assessment. The following work will discuss the emissions characterization results from two non-road engine platforms. The intention of this study is to compare the emissions species from different approaches designed to meet Tier 4 Final emissions regulations. The platforms reflect available technology for DPF and non-DPF aftertreatment architectures. A detailed emissions characterization included gaseous emissions, particulate matter, particulate number, and an extensive list of non
Zavala, Bryan, Premnath, Vinay, Sharp, Christopher
Unregulated Emissions Characterization and Comparison for Two Off-Road Applications: a DPF and a Non-DPF Engine2022-01-070203/29/2022
As governmental agencies focus on low levels of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions compliance, new off-road applications are being reviewed for both regulated and unregulated emissions to understand the technological challenges and requirements for improved emissions performance. During an off-road low NOX technology demonstration, a detailed assessment of current engine and aftertreatment technologies was performed. This work discusses the emissions characterization from two non-road engine platforms and compares the emissions species from different approaches designed to meet Tier 4 emissions regulations. The engine platforms reflected the available technology for diesel particulate filter (DPF) and non-DPF aftertreatment architectures. A detailed emissions characterization of the gaseous and particulate emissions was performed to measure an extensive list of non-regulated emission measurements. These measurements included volatile organic compounds (VOC), aldehydes and ketones
Fanick, E. Robert, Sharp, Christopher, Zavala, Bryan
Air Quality improvement in air conditioner bus saloon through Carbon activated filters2021-26-031209/22/2021
India being a developing nation, there is significant improvement in road infrastructure across the country as well as the spending power and earnings of the common man. This leads to the new trend of customers become health and comfort conscious and willing to pay more for better and improved transportation. To satisfy these demands, OEM's are developing more numbers of AC buses. Although the OEM's are meeting this demand of quantity, the quality of air from air conditioner is still subpar. One of the main reasons for this poor air quality is because of the ineffectiveness of conventional air conditioner air filters to control particulate materials i.e. PM2.5, biological pollutants i.e microbes, bacteria, viruses, and gaseous pollutants i.e. CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, O3 & VOCs in air. As per various researches, health problems associated with bus occupant compartment air quality appear more frequently. In this paper, research is shown on bus air quality improvement with respect to
Dwivedi, Ajay Kumar, Pahade, Atul, Thakur, Jitendra
Sub-23 nm Particle Measurement and Assessment of Their Volatile Fraction at Exhaust of a Four Cylinder GDI Engine Fueled with E10 and E85 Under Transient Conditions2021-24-008709/05/2021
In view of the new emission regulations seeking to lower the particle cut-off size down to the current 23 nm, an extensive comprehension on the nature of sub-23 nm particles is crucial. In this regard, a new challenge lies ahead considering an even more massive use of biofuels. The objective of this research study was to characterize the sub-23 nm particles and to evaluate their volatile organic fraction (VOF) from a high performance, 1.8 L gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine under the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Particle emissions were measured through an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) capable of particle sizing and counting in the range 5.6 - 560 nm. The sampling and conditioning were performed by both a single diluter and the Dekati Engine Exhaust Diluter (DEED) a Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) compliant sample conditioning system. The temperature of the dilution air at the first dilution stage and of the evaporation chamber in the DEED were
Catapano, Francesco, Di Iorio, Silvana, Magno, Agnese, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria
The Increasing Importance of Particles, Volatile Organic Compounds and Ammonia in Future Air Quality Policy2021-01-060704/06/2021
Ensuring continuing environmental and health improvements, it is important regularly to reassess what pollutants from vehicles are targeted. Are the right compounds being regulated? The Emissions Analytics’ presentation looks at a range of pollutant sources that may need to be considered to give a holistic view of the environmental impact of vehicles, supported by data from its independent, real-world EQUA test programme. Post-Euro-6 emissions regulation in Europe is an opportunity to simplify and refocus on emerging environment threats. Certain unregulated tailpipe pollutants, such as ammonia, which contributes to secondary particle formation, are candidates for future regulation. Volatile organic compounds are of interest from several angles: vehicle interior air quality and the off-gassing from materials; tailpipe speciation of hydrocarbons including formaldehyde; and off-gassing from tyres. Tyre wear emissions are currently unregulated but are believed to be a growing contributor
Hobday, Nick Molden
Real Driving Emissions Procedure Development for Brazilians Conditions: FTP-75, Ethanol and Others2021-01-060804/06/2021
RDE regulation in Brazil for Light Duty Vehicles will be made effective after Jan/2022. Brazil has some specific conditions and it is necessary to adapt the European RDE procedure in order to attend them: ozone as main pollutant, more than half LDV fleet are flexfuel, able to burn gasoline and ethanol biofuel but with high VOC emission, main big cities altitude close to 1,000 m and high road grade and type approval laboratory cycle based on FTP-75. The objective of this paper is to share advances and concerns about the work of Brazilian specialists in RDE Brazil procedure development. Some changes have already been introduced in the RDE procedure, but some concerns are coming to light, as the correct representativeness of FTP-75 as reference cycle, high ethanol emission at cold start below 20°C, tendency to high hydrocarbon and CO emission when driving at high positive altitude gain and temperatures higher than 30°C.
Forcetto, Andre, Abrantes, Rui de, Vieira, Rodrigo
Chemical Identification by Magneto-Elastic Sensing (ChIMES)TBMG-3848302/01/2021
A low-cost sensor technology, called Chemical Identification by Magneto-Elastic Sensing (ChIMES), uses target response materials (TRMs) as actuators in magneto-elastic (M-E) sensors (Figure 1).
A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Magnesium Front End Autoparts: A Revision to 2010-01-0275SAE-PP-0018501/29/2021
The Magnesium Front End Research and Development (MFERD) project under the sponsorship of Canada, China, and USA aims to develop key technologies and a knowledge base for increased use of magnesium in automobiles. The primary goal of this life cycle assessment (LCA) study is to compare the energy and potential environmental impacts of advanced magnesium based front end parts of a North American-built 2007 GM-Cadillac CTS using the current steel structure as a baseline. An aluminium front end is also considered as an alternate light structure scenario. A “cradle-to-grave” LCA is conducted by including primary material production, semi-fabrication production, autoparts manufacturing and assembly, transportation, use phase, and end-of-life processing of autoparts. This LCA study was done in compliance with international standards ISO 14040:2006 [1] and ISO 14044:2006 [2]. While weight savings result in reductions of energy use and climate change emissions during the use phase of the car
Mutagaana, Festo
Products of Tomorrow: December 2020TBMG-3818912/01/2020
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on PN and SPN Emissions in a GDI Engine2020-01-219909/15/2020
To characterize the effects of renewable fuels on particulate emissions from GDI engines, engine experiments were conducted using EN228-compliant gasoline fuel blends containing no oxygenates, 10% ethanol (EtOH), or 22% ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). The experiments were conducted in a single cylinder GDI engine using a 6-hole fuel injector operated at 200 bar injection pressure. Both PN in raw exhaust and solid PN (SPN) were measured at two load points and various start of injection (SOI) timings. Raw PN and SPN results were classified into various size ranges, corresponding to current and future legislations. At early SOI timings, where particulate formation is dominated by diffusion flames on the piston due to liquid film, the oxygenated blends yielded dramatically higher PN and SPN emissions than reference gasoline because of fuel effects. For particulates >23 nm and with optimized SOI timing, the use of oxygenated blends significantly increases SPN and conversely decreases raw PN
Etikyala, Sreelekha, Koopmans, Lucien, Dahlander, Petter
Breathable Electronics for Wearable TechnologiesTBMG-3762809/01/2020
Engineering researchers have created ultrathin, stretchable electronic material that is gas-permeable, allowing the material to “breathe” and making it more comfortable for users — especially for long-term wear.
Use of Mass-Flux Measurement and Vapor-Phase Tomography to Quantify Vadose-Zone Source Strength and Distribution20AERP08_1008/01/2020
Use of advanced technologies could improve evaluation of vadose zone source impacts on groundwater and vapor intrusion, leading to improved remediation decisions. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, Alexandria, Virginia The goal of this project was to demonstrate that the multistage vapor-phase contaminant mass discharge (MS-CMD) test and vapor-phase tomography (VPT) can effectively characterize persistent volatile organic compound (VOC) sources in the vadose zone and measure their associated mass discharge. It is anticipated that these technologies will improve evaluation of vadose zone source impacts on groundwater and vapor intrusion. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has focused significant effort on characterizing and treating chlorinated solvent sources in groundwater. There are two primary concerns associated with sites that contain vadose zone volatile organic compound (VOC) sources. First, discharge of contaminant vapor from the vadose zone source may
Use of Mass-Flux Measurement and Vapor-Phase Tomography to Quantify Vadose-Zone Source Strength and DistributionTBMG-3737408/01/2020
The goal of this project was to demonstrate that the multistage vapor-phase contaminant mass discharge (MS-CMD) test and vapor-phase tomography (VPT) can effectively characterize persistent volatile organic compound (VOC) sources in the vadose zone and measure their associated mass discharge. It is anticipated that these technologies will improve evaluation of vadose zone source impacts on groundwater and vapor intrusion.
Sub-23 nm Particle Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and Engines: Sampling and Measure2020-01-039604/14/2020
Nowadays, the regulation regards only the particles larger than 23 nm. The attention is shifting towards the sub-23 nm particles because of their large presence at the exhaust of the modern engines and their negative impact on human health. The main challenge of the regulation of these particles is the definition of a proper procedure for their measure. The nature of the sub-23 nm particles is not well understood, and their measure is strongly affected by the sampling conditions leading to not reliable measure. The aim of this paper is to provide information on the emissions of sub-23 nm particles from GDI vehicles/engines. At the same time, the presence of volatiles, which mainly contribute to the formation of sub-23 nm particles, was evaluated and the effect of sampling conditions was investigated. The analysis was performed on a 1.8L GDI powered vehicle, widely used both in North America and Europe, and a 4-cylinder GDI engine, whose features are similar to those of the vehicle. For
Di Iorio, Silvana, Catapano, Francesco, Sementa, Paolo, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, Nicol, Giovanna, Sgroi, Mauro Francesco
The Effects of Varying Penetration Rates of L4-L5 Autonomous Vehicles on Fuel Efficiency and Mobility of Traffic Networks2020-01-013704/14/2020
With the current drive of automotive and technology companies towards producing vehicles with higher levels of autonomy, it is inevitable that there will be an increasing number of SAE level L4-L5 autonomous vehicles (AVs) on roadways in the near future. Microscopic traffic simulators that simulate realistic traffic flow are crucial in studying, understanding and evaluating the fuel usage and mobility effects of having a higher number of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in traffic under realistic mixed traffic conditions including both autonomous and non-autonomous vehicles. In this paper, L4-L5 AVs with varying penetration rates in total traffic flow were simulated using the microscopic traffic simulator Vissim on urban, mixed and freeway roadways. The roadways used in these simulations were replicas of real roadways in and around Columbus, Ohio, including an AV shuttle routes in operation. The road-specific information regarding each roadway, such as the number of traffic lights and
Kavas-Torris, Ozgenur, Cantas, Mustafa Ridvan, Meneses Cime, Karina, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent
Development of a Burner-Based Test System to Produce Controllable Particulate Emissions for Evaluation of Gasoline Particulate Filters2020-01-038904/14/2020
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines have been widely adopted by manufacturers in the light-duty market due to their fuel economy benefits. However, several studies have shown that GDI engines generate higher levels of particulate matter (PM) emissions relative to port fuel injected (PFI) engines and diesel engines equipped with optimally functioning diesel particulate filters (DPF). With stringent particle number (PN) regulations being implemented in both, the European Union and China, gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are expected to be widely utilized to control particulate emissions. Currently, evaluating GPF technologies on a vehicle can be challenging due to a limited number of commercially available vehicles that are calibrated for a GPF in the United States as well as the costs associated with vehicle procurement and evaluations utilizing a chassis dynamometer facility. To address these challenges, a gasoline fueled burner-based technology was equipped with unique hardware
Thakral, Nishant, Premnath, Vinay, Khalek, Imad, Eakle, Scott
Research Zeroing in on Electronic Nose for Diagnosing DiseaseTBMG-3626003/01/2020
Research at Oregon State University has pushed science closer to developing an electronic nose for monitoring air quality, detecting safety threats and diagnosing diseases by measuring gases in a patient’s breath.
Regulated Emissions and Detailed Particle Characterisation for Diesel and RME Biodiesel Fuel Combustion with Varying EGR in a Heavy-Duty Engine2019-01-229112/19/2019
This study investigates particulate matter (PM) and regulated emissions from renewable rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) biodiesel in pure and blended forms and contrasts that to conventional diesel fuel. Environmental and health concerns are the major motivation for combustion engines research, especially finding sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and reducing diesel PM emissions. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), including RME, are renewable fuels commonly used from low level blends with diesel to full substitution. They strongly reduce the net carbon dioxide emissions. It is largely unknown how the emissions and characteristics of PM get altered by the combined effect of adding biodiesel to diesel and implementing modern engine concepts that reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Therefore, the exhaust from a single-cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine fuelled with petroleum-based MK1 diesel, RME, and a 20% RME blend (B20), was
Novakovica, Maja, Shamun, Sam, Malmborg, Vilhelm B., Kling, Kirsten I., Kling, Jens, Vogel, Ulla B., Tunestal, Per, Pagels, Joakim, Tuner, Martin
A Fast, Simple Sampling Method for Characterizing Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Medical DevicesTBMG-3551211/01/2019
In 2018, an update on regulations for respiratory medical devices meant that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the devices must be addressed. ISO 10993-1 highlights the need for medical device engineers and manufacturers to characterize these chemicals, particularly plastics, because these often emit chemicals such as phthalates and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are thought to be a health concern.1,2
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds from a Combined Dual Port Injection/Direct-Injection Technology Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle2019-24-005109/09/2019
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) has changed the exhaust composition in comparison with the older port fuel injection (PFI) systems. More recently, light-duty vehicle engine manufactures have combined these two technologies to take advantage of the knock benefits and fuel economy of GDI with the low particulate emission of PFI. These dual injection strategy engines have made a change in the combustion emission composition produced by these engines. Understanding the impact of these changes is essential for automotive companies and aftertreatment developers. A novel sampling system was designed to sample the exhaust generated by a dual injection strategy gasoline vehicle using the United States Federal Test Procedure (FTP). This sampling system was capable of measuring the regulated emissions as well as collecting the entire exhaust from the vehicle for measuring unregulated emissions. For this study, the unregulated emissions included hydrocarbon speciation and semi-volatile organic
Fanick, Robert, Kroll, Svitlana
Encapsulated Nanoparticles Offer Promise for Biomedical ApplicationsTBMG-3444105/01/2019
The Polymerization Process Research Group of the Polymat Institute of the UPV/EHU–University of the Basque Country has efficiently encapsulated semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots of various sizes into polymer particles. Great stability in terms of their optical properties and good fluorescence control when combining different quantum dots have been achieved. The possible applicability of these materials as sensors of volatile organic compounds has also been explored.
Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Propan-2-ol and Gasoline Fuel Blends in an Unmodified Spark Ignition Engine2019-01-079304/02/2019
In view of the rapid depletion, increasing prices and uneven distribution of conventional petroleum fuels; the interest in the use of alternative fuels has increased exponentially. Fuels such as biodiesel & alcohol have been evaluated both at experimental and commercial scale due to improved emission characteristics as compared to conventional fuels. Alcohols are oxygenated and result in improving the engine performance. As a blend with conventional gasoline, the alcohols enhance the premixed and diffusive combustion phase which improves the combustion efficiency. The present investigation evaluates studies on stability and homogeneity along with physicochemical properties like density, viscosity, calorific value, copper-strip corrosion and solubility at room temperature of Propan-2-ol and gasoline blends. Comprehensive engine trials on unmodified petrol engine fuelled with blends of Propan-2-ol and gasoline blends in the proportions of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume have been conducted
Kumar, Naveen, Jain, Shikhar, Bagla, Aakriti, Sharma, Shivalika, Tomar, Mukul
Simulation and Experimental Study of Filler Pipe of Automobile Fuel Tank Based on ORVR Technology2019-01-080004/02/2019
A filler pipe of vehicle fuel tank has been simulated and optimized about refueling smoothness which is based on On-board Refueling Vapor Recovery (ORVR). Both liner of filler pipe and straight pipe section at the bottom of filler pipe have been studied. The results show that extending the end of the liner to the first elbow of the filler pipe can effectively control the phenomenon of fuel spit-back in the refueling process and promote the refueling process to be smoother. Compared with the bottom of the original filler pipe, extending the bottom length to 100 mm, adding the upper open form in check valve structure, the result shows that in the process of refueling, dynamic fluid sealing can be formed to meet the design requirements. After that, the fuel system bench test was carried out, and conducted a bench test to verify the simulation results. The final filling in the tank is 50.8 L, which meets the 85% filling requirement of the regulations; the canister has gain 67.38 g, the
Fu, Tieqiang, Zhong, Chongzhi, Zhang, Taiyu, Meng, Shuaiqi, Wu, Ke
Emissions from Advanced Ultra-Low-NO x Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles2019-01-075104/02/2019
The emissions of two ultralow NOx heavy-duty (HD) vehicles equipped with 0.02 g/bhp-hr low NOx natural gas (NG) engines were evaluated on a chassis dynamometer. This included a waste hauler and a city transit bus, each with a 0.02 g/bhp-hr NOx L9N near zero (NZ) natural gas engine. The vehicles were tested over a variety of different cycles, including the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), port drayage cycles, transit bus cycles, and a refuse truck cycle. For both vehicles, the NOx emissions results were below the 0.02 g/bhp-hr level for most cycles, with the exception of some cold start tests. For the waste hauler, NOx emissions averaged between 0.014 and 0.002 g/bhp-hr for the hot start tests, and from 0.043 to 0.014 g/bhp-hr for the cold start tests. This represented NOx emissions reductions from 97%-100% of compared with previous ISL G 8.9 engines. For the transit bus, the NOx emissions ranged from 0.0007 g/bhp-hr to 0.0042 g/bhp-hr for the warm tests and up to 0.04 g/bhp
Li, Chengguo, Han, Yuwei, Jiang, Yu, Yang, Jiacheng, Karavalakis, George, Durbin, Thomas D., Johnson, Kent
Should We Walk or Take a Car for Minimum Greenhouse Gas Emissions?2019-01-099604/02/2019
This paper compares the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributed to driving a popular production vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE), as well as a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), with GHG emissions associated with walking, running and bicycling. The purpose of this study is to offer a different perspective on the problem of global warming due to anthropogenic causes, specifically on transportation and eating patterns. In order to accurately estimate emissions, a full life cycle of food has been considered coupled with energy expenditures of the aforementioned activities obtained from several different sources and averaged for more reliable results. The GHG emissions were calculated for Sweden, the UK, and the US. Depending on the availability of certain data, the methodology for different countries was altered slightly. The question whether walking, running or taking a bicycle is better for the environment than driving a car cannot be answered uniquely. This study
Babayev, Rafig, Johansson, Bengt
Study on Real-World NOx and Particle Emissions of Bus: Influences of VSP and Fuel2019-01-118104/02/2019
In this study, the real-world NOx and particle emissions of buses burning pure diesel fuel (D100), biodiesel fuel with 20% blend ratio (B20) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) were measured with portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The measurement conducted at 6 constant speed, which ranged from 10km/h to 60 km/h at 10km/h intervals, and a period of free driving condition. The relationship between vehicle specific power (VSP) and NOx/particle emissions of each bus were analyzed. The results show that the change rules of NOx, PN and PM emission factors with the increase of VSP were basically the same for the same bus, but for the bus using different fuel, the change rules may change. In VSP bin 0, the vehicles were mostly in idle condition and the emission factors of NOx, PN and PM of three buses were all in a relatively high level. In low VSP interval, which ranged from bin 0 to bin 4, the emissions of three buses first decreased and then increased with the growth of VSP. In high
Ren, Yedi, Lou, Diming, Zhang, Yunhua, Tan, Piqiang, Hu, Zhiyuan
Diminishing Benefits of Federal Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Compared to Conventional Gasoline (CG)04-12-01-000112/20/2018
The Federal reformulated gasoline (RFG) program originated with the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments to address high ozone and air toxics levels in major urban areas. These areas include portions of 17 states and represent approximately 30% of the total U.S. gasoline volume. Initially, formulation changes were limited to addition of oxygen and reductions in benzene and fuel Reid vapor pressure (RVP) levels. These reformulations were intended to meet minimum emissions reduction targets for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), air toxics, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) when compared to a 1990 baseline gasoline in a “1990 technology” vehicle fleet. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) developed two computational models, the Simple Model in 1995 and the Complex Model in 1998, for use in demonstrating compliance with the regulations. This article reviews the derivation and evolution of the RFG program. Initially, RFG’s emissions reduction benefits compared to conventional
Hoekman, S. Kent, Leland, Amber, Bishop, Gary
Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline EnginesR-47111/28/2018
For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and
Boger, Thorsten, Cutler, Willard
Measurement Data and Reference Values for Compounds Potentially Found in Aircraft Engine Bleed AirAIR7521 (Current)10/09/2018
This document summarizes published measurement data and reference values for marker chemical compounds listed in ARP4418 (see 2.1.1) potentially found in aircraft engine bleed air.
E-31B Bleed Air Committee
Cementitious-Based Brake Pads Technology: Performance, Low Energy Consumption, Emission Drop2018-01-186710/05/2018
Brake pads employing innovative hydraulic inorganic binders in place of common state-of-the-art thermosetting phenolic resins have been produced by means of a unique prototypal equipment and a distinctive manufacturing process. The unicity of the process enables us to exclude completely any thermal cycle in the manufacturing steps, with a considerable positive energy balance compared to the standard counterpart. Realized brake pads have indeed been successfully tuned to meet the braking performances of phenolic counterparts. In the present work our latest efforts in this field are illustrated, focusing our attention to three main areas of interest: performance, energy consumption, volatile organic emissions. One selected exponent of our cementitious-based material is reported, demonstrating its capability of matching both standard OE and AM braking performances (investigated through a full scale brake dynamometer by SAE J2522 procedure), and its feasibility to be released as an actual
Sanguineti, Alessandro, Samela, Alessandro, Rampinelli, Flavio, Bottalico, Luca, Ranza, Luigi, Romeo, Marco, Bonfanti, Andrea
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Engine Exhaust Both with and without Aftertreatment2018-01-181209/10/2018
Since the conception of the internal combustion engine, smoky and ill-smelling exhaust was prevalent. Over the last century, significant improvements have been made in improving combustion and in treating the exhaust to reduce these effects. One group of compounds typically found in exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), usually occurs at very low concentrations in diesel engine exhaust. Some of these compounds are considered carcinogenic, and most are considered hazardous air pollutants (HAP). Many methods have been developed for sampling, handling, and analyzing PAH. For this study, an improved method for dilute exhaust sampling was selected for sampling the PAH in diesel engine exhaust. This sampling method was used during transient engine operation both with and without aftertreatment to show the effect of aftertreatment. A total of 23 different PAH were measured using a 2012 medium-duty diesel engine equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a diesel particulate
Fanick, E. Robert, Kroll, Svitlana
Effect of Lubricant Oil on Particle Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Light-Duty Vehicle2018-01-170809/10/2018
Gasoline direction injection (GDI) engines have been widely used by light-duty vehicle manufacturers in recent years to meet stringent fuel economy and emissions standards. Particulate Matter (PM) mass emissions from current GDI engines are primarily composed of soot particles or black carbon with a small fraction (15% to 20%) of semi-volatile hydrocarbons generated from unburned/partially burned fuel and lubricating oil. Between 2017 and 2025, PM mass emissions regulations in the USA are expected to become progressively more stringent going down from current level of 6 mg/mile to 1 mg/mile in 2025. As PM emissions are reduced through soot reduction, lubricating oil derived semi-volatile PM is expected to become a bigger fraction of total PM mass emissions. The primary objective of this research was to study the effect of lubricating oil on PM emissions from a modern light-duty vehicle equipped with a GDI engine without a GPF with a PM emission level near 1 mg/mile which is well below
Premnath, Vinay, Khalek, Imad, Morgan, Peter, Michlberger, Alexander, Sutton, Mike, Vincent, Paul
Life Cycle Analysis Comparison of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Based Mobility2018-28-003707/09/2018
Policy makers, especially in the European Union, are pushing towards an early transition to electric mobility, with the internal combustion engine supposed to be phased out by 2030. With a world population projected to exceed 10 billion peoples by 2050, the electric car mobility still lacks the significant development needed to become a real alternative to the internal combustion engine based mobility. Resources availability, and environmental, energetic and economic downfalls, are currently largely underrated or simply unassessed. It is unclear how many will be able to afford to purchase and recharge an electric vehicle in this new world.
Boretti, Alberto
Handling and Packaging of Materials and Components for Emissions TestingJ2989_201804 (Current)04/05/2018
This standard is intended for the automotive industry. Testing methods may specifically define the handling and packaging conditions for the material to be analyzed. In these cases, follow the method as closely as possible. Use this standard as a guide, where the protocol for handling and packaging the samples between part production and testing may be undefined.
Volatile Organic Compounds
Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emissions2018-01-032904/03/2018
This review article summarizes major and representative developments in vehicle emissions regulations, engine efficiency, and emission control from 2017. The article starts with the key regulatory developments in the field, including newly proposed European light-duty (LD) CO2 regulations (15 and 30% cuts in 2025 and 2030, respectively, from 2020 levels) and technical improvements of the Euro 6 real driving emissions (RDE) regulations. China finalized their new energy vehicle (NEV) mandates for 2019 and 2020. LD and heavy-duty (HD) engine technology continues showing marked improvements in engine efficiency. Key developments are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging criteria and greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations. Several LD gasoline concepts are achieving 10-15% and some up to 35% reductions relative to gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines of today. Projections indicate tight CO2 regulations will require some degree of hybridization and/or high
Johnson, Timothy, Joshi, Ameya
Mechanism of White Smoke Generation Derived from Hydrocarbons Accumulations on Diesel Oxidation Catalyst2018-01-064104/03/2018
White smoke emission is observed at the tailpipe of diesel vehicles when unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) are adsorbed on a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) under low exhaust gas temperature. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of white smoke emission derived from HCs, and to reduce emission levels. First, the components of HCs and the particle size distribution of white smoke emission were analyzed. It was clarified that semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) and water are condensed around soluble organic fraction and the order of particle size in white smoke is submicron scale. Additionally, the correlation between the behavior of white smoke emission and the amount/quality of HCs adsorbed on a DOC were investigated by examining the change of zeolite content in the DOC. It was found that the heavy HCs ratio in adsorbed HCs on DOC increases with a decrease in zeolite content when DOC inlet gas temperature is 120 °C. Based on these experimental results and
Matsumoto, Masashi, Kitamura, Takaaki
Chemical Identification by Magneto-Elastic Sensing (ChIMES)TBMG-2853403/01/2018
A low-cost sensor technology, called Chemical Identification by Magneto-Elastic Sensing (ChIMES), uses target response materials (TRMs) as actuators in magneto-elastic (M-E) sensors (Figure 1).
Light-Induced Oxidation Cleans Air, Surfaces, and ClothesTBMG-2855503/01/2018
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Catalytic Characteristic and Application Performance of Catalyzed DPFs Coated with Various Content of Precious Metal in China2017-01-237910/08/2017
Recent toxicological and epidemiologic studies have shown that diesel emissions have been a significant toxic air contaminant. Catalyzed DPF (CDPF) not only significantly reduces the PM mass emissions (>90%), but also further promotes carrier self-regeneration and oxidize more harmful gaseous pollutants by the catalyst coated on the carrier. However, some ultrafine particles and potentially harmful gaseous pollutants, such as VOCs species, originally emitted in the vapor-phase at high plume temperature, may penetrate through the CDPF filter. Furthermore, the components and content of catalyst coated on the CDPF could influence the physicochemical properties and toxicity intensity of those escaping ultrafine particles and gaseous pollutants. In this work, (1) we investigated the influence of precious metal content as a variable parameter on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of the small CDPF samples. Dispersion of the precious metal on the fresh samples presented
Feng, Qian, Shen, Shu, Li, Mengliang, Li, Zhijun, Qin, Kongjian, Lou, Diming, Wang, Jiguang, Fang, Xiyu
Dilute Measurement of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC) from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2017-01-239310/08/2017
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) are a group of compounds in engine exhaust that either form during combustion or are part of the fuel and lubricating oil. Since these compounds occur at very low concentrations in diesel engine exhaust, the methods for sampling, handling, and analyzing these compounds are critical to obtaining good results. An improved dilute exhaust sampling method was used for sampling and analyzing SVOC in engine exhaust, and this method was performed during transient engine operation. A total of 22 different SVOC were measured using a 2012 medium-duty diesel engine. This engine was equipped with a stock diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a diesel particulate filter (DPF), and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in series. Exhaust concentrations for SVOC were compared both with and without exhaust aftertreatment. Concentrations for the engine-out SVOC were significantly higher than with the aftertreatment present. Distribution of the SVOC between semi
Fanick, E. Robert, Kroll, Svitlana
How Much Regeneration Events Influence Particle Emissions of DPF-Equipped Vehicles?2017-24-014409/04/2017
Diesel particulate filter (DPF) is the most effective emission control device for reducing particle emissions (both mass, PM, and number, PN) from diesel engines, however many studies reported elevated emissions of nanoparticles (<50 nm) during its regeneration. In this paper the results of an extensive literature survey is presented. During DPF active regeneration, most of the literature studies showed an increase in the number of the emitted nanoparticles of about 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to the normal operating conditions. Many factors could influence their amount, size distribution, chemical-physical nature (volatiles, semi-volatiles, solid) and the duration of the regenerative event: i.e. DPF load and thermodynamic conditions, lube and fuel sulfur content, engine operative conditions, PN sampling and measurement methodologies. Moreover some experimental tests were performed at Istituto Motori’ labs with three Diesel vehicles (a Euro 5 2.2 liter van, and two medium size
Beatrice, Carlo, Costagliola, Maria Antonietta, Guido, Chiara, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Prati, Maria Vittoria
Clean Water with Sandia Sensor SolutionTBMG-2750809/01/2017
Water utilities have a Goldilocks problem: If they don't add enough chlorine, nasty bacteria that cause typhoid and cholera survive the purification process. Too much chlorine produces disinfection byproducts such as chloroform, which increase cancer risks. The amount of chlorine needs to be “just right” for safe drinking water.
Miniaturized Chemical Detectors for Point-of-Care DiagnosisTBMG-2722307/01/2017
This chemical detector, based on a miniaturized, pulse-discharged ionization detector (mini-PDID), makes it possible to diagnose illnesses by identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with certain diseases and infections on a patient’s breath, or in the headspace of biological fluids.
Particulate Matter Classification in Filtration and Regeneration-Plant Modeling for SiL and HiL Environment2017-01-097003/28/2017
The present work describes an existing transient, non-isothermal 1D+1D particulate filter model to capture the impact of different types of particulate matter (PM) on filtration and regeneration. PM classes of arbitrary characteristics (size, composition etc.) are transported and filtered following standard mechanisms. PM deposit populations of arbitrary composition and contact states are used to describe regeneration on a micro-kinetical level. The transport class and deposit population are linked by introducing a splitting deposit matrix. Filtration and regeneration modes are compared to experimental data from literature and a brief numerical assessment on the filtration model is performed. The filter model as part of an exhaust line is used in a concept study on different coating variants. The same exhaust line model is connected to an engine thermodynamic and vehicle model. This system model is run through a random drive cycle in office simulation. The real-time capability of the
Wurzenberger, Johann C., Triebl, Christoph, Kutschi, Susanne, Poetsch, Christoph
Effect of Injection Strategies on Emissions from a Pilot-Ignited Direct-Injection Natural-Gas Engine- Part I: Late Post Injection2017-01-077403/28/2017
High-pressure direct-injection (HPDI) in heavy duty engines allows a natural gas (NG) engine to maintain diesel-like performance while deriving most of its power from NG. A small diesel pilot injection (5-10% of the fuel energy) is used to ignite the direct injected gas jet. The NG burns in a predominantly non-premixed combustion mode which can produce particulate matter (PM). Here we study the effect of injection strategies on emissions from a HPDI engine in two parts. Part-I will investigates the effect of late post injection (LPI) and Part II will study the effect of slightly premixed combustion (SPC) on emission and engine performance. PM reductions and tradeoffs involved with gas late post-injections (LPI) was investigated in a single-cylinder version of a 6-cylinder,15 liter HPDI engine. The post injection contains 10-25% of total fuel mass, and occurs after the main combustion event. When timed appropriately, LPI results in significant PM reductions with only small effects on
Faghani, Ethan, Kheirkhah, Pooyan, Mabson, Christopher W.J., McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon, Kirchen, Patrick, Rogak, Steve
First Plastic Diesel Fuel Filter using 100% Recycled Polymer: When Circular Economy Join Automotive Industry2017-01-107703/28/2017
PSA Group, SOLVAY and SOGEFI have teamed-up to produce the first Plastic Diesel Fuel Filter fully made of recycled polyamide 66, ready for mass-production. This has been achieved by using the brand new plastic compound developed by SOLVAY Engineering Plastics. This material is 100% recycled from airbag wastes, providing a premium material able to stand demanding applications requirements supplied through circular economy, which is quite unusual in automotive industry yet. SOGEFI has used this material through its existing plastic injection process, and tested the parts on extensive bench validation tests. It confirmed that this material is fully compatible with standard injection process, and that all the tests have been passed successfully. Finally, PSA Group has driven the choice of the tested parts: DV engine 1.6l Euro6b application, homologated the material grade and evaluated the whole validation process. A Life Cycle Analysis has been conducted also, demonstrating the benefits
Arnault, Nicolas, Batailley, Nicolas, Maria, Arnaud, Bechu, Laurent
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