Browse Topic: Life cycle analysis

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Circularity and LCA: Enhancing Sustainability in the Indian Electric Vehicle Sector2026-26-02391/16/2026
The global shift to electric vehicles (EVs) is vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but their sustainability hinges on effective battery lifecycle management. This review examines the interplay between Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and circular economy (CE) principles in EVs, with a focus on both international trends and India-specific challenges. We analyze CE strategies such as extending battery lifespan, second-life applications, and recycling integrated with LCA to evaluate environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. Key areas include battery chemistry, LCA methodologies, policy frameworks, and industrial practices, informed by a synthesis of over 50 peer-reviewed articles, technical papers, and sustainability reports. Challenges include inconsistent LCA baselines, low material recovery in informal recycling, and regulatory gaps, particularly in India. Despite these, innovations like solid-state batteries and advanced recycling techniques offer promise
Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji, Kumar, Om, Sankar M, Gopi, Kumar, Rajiv
Life Cycle Assessment of Automotive Cables and GHG Emission Reduction Scenario in Indian Context2026-26-02401/16/2026
Globally, the emissions share of transport is 15%, out of which more than 2/3rd emissions are contributed by road transport as per 2014 report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The need of mitigation measures in transport sector has been realised however the study of life cycle emission needs to be done with the tailpipe emissions so that some holistic solution can be worked upon. Strikingly, in the life cycle studies of a passenger car, it was found that the share of raw materials related to copper is around 50% of the total amount of raw material used and the share of copper in the curb weight of vehicle is just 1%. Also, for an Internal Combustion Engine vehicle (ICE), mostly the copper is used in the wiring harness. In this paper, the life cycle assessment of wiring harness is done to understand the environmental impacts throughout the life cycle stages. The comparative study of aluminium alloy and copper has also been done to know the change in environmental
Kumar, Naman, Bawase, Moqtik, Thipse, Sukrut
Evaluating the Environmental Footprint of Electric Vehicles: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach for Sustainable Mobility in India2026-26-02351/16/2026
Road transport contributes 12% of India's energy-related CO2 emissions and is a major source of urban air pollution. These emissions have tripled since 1990, driven by rapid urbanization and the growing demand for private vehicles. Without a shift away from fossil fuels, these trends will intensify climate and air quality challenges. Among sustainable alternatives, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution. However, a comprehensive understanding of their environmental performance, particularly in the Indian context, is essential for informed decision-making. This study employs a Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of typical passenger vehicle with a ICE engine compared to its EV powertrain. Key life cycle stages-manufacturing, transportation, distribution, maintenance, and end-of-life-are analysed using real-world data wherever feasible. To capture the evolving energy landscape, the study incorporates India's projected
Sonawane, Nayan, Sathaye, Asmita, Gode, Abhishek, Deshpande, Ashish, Shinde, Harshavardhan, Kothe, Anjali
SOUCY COMPOSITE RUBBER TRACK TECHNOLOGY2024-01-359211/15/2024
ABSTRACT Rubber tracks are now extremely competitive for vehicles up to 50 tons and fully fielded on 39 ton vehicles. They represent the best of what technology can offer for tracked vehicles, in terms of high durability, performance and low life cycle cost. This is mainly attributed to the optimization through the five (5) technological tools described in this paper. Better from its numerous distinctive advantages, rubber tracks can be adapted to suit virtually any specific need. This ductile rubber track technology can be shaped to match today’s requirements, with the help of advanced rubber compounding and computer simulations.
Marcotte, Tommy
Corrosion Prediction Model for Electrical Components in Automobiles2024-26-03071/16/2024
Salt Spray Test is being used since 1930’s to accelerate the corrosion testing of materials and to understand the longevity of applied coating. The sample in this kind of test is exposed to a salt mist in a controlled environment and its corrosion resistance is evaluated by measuring the corrosion rate. The Wet-Dry cycle in Salt Spray Test has the ability to simulate the drying and wetting which occurs in real driving scenario, leading to formation of a film of corrosion products which is useful in analyzing the kinetics of electrochemical reaction. Despite the advancement in severity of these tests to understand the atmospheric corrosion phenomena, they still consume time and resources. Secondly, sometimes these kind of tests do not consider into account the effect of Temperature, Humidity and other chemicals in play. Thus, numerical simulation plays a pivotal role in digitalizing the corrosion analysis to a certain extent. It also helps to provide a timesaving, effective, accurate
Shukrey, Sarthak, Yenugu, Srinivasa, Shah, Srishty, Bernardi, Roman
Methodology for calculating use-phase emissions for eMobility subsystem products2024-26-00941/16/2024
eMobility is a well-recognized de-carbonization lever that is expected to capture about 7% of road vehicle fleet by 2030. To accurately estimate its contribution to decarbonization, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is imperative as it quantifies potential environmental impacts across a product’s life from cradle to grave. For eMobility products involved in energy transformation, the use-phase is predominant among the various lifecycle phases. However, existing global methods for calculating use phase emissions, such as Green House Gas (GHG) Protocol, still have ambiguities in its practical application. This paper attempts to bridge that gap and present a framework for calculating product use-phase emissions from components in a typical Battery Electric Vehicle. The use-phase emissions comprise of direct emissions (product's actual energy consumption and energy losses) and indirect emissions (mass-induced emissions). The direct emissions are calculated by segmenting the product functions
Singh, Mayank Kumar, Sharma, Sumit, Pavnaskar, Vishwesh, Chakravarty, Bithika, SURASE, NILESH
An Experimental Approach towards Sustainable Solution for Material Recycling of ELV Plastic Bumpers and EV Batteries2024-26-01641/16/2024
The automotive industry in India generates a significant amount of waste and pollution through end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). This paper addresses the current state and challenges of ELV recycling in India and presents a sustainable solution for recycling waste bumpers and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. With the Indian domestic passenger vehicle sales reaching 3.9 million units in 2022-2023, the need for effective recycling measures is becoming increasingly critical. The study estimates that in FY 2023-24 alone, the Indian automotive passenger vehicle industry will produce approximately 2.9 million tons of scrap, with 0.1 million tons attributed to plastic materials. Considering the 15-year end-of-life period for vehicles and the historical sales figures, this scrap generation is expected to grow exponentially each year. To address this issue, the paper proposes a comprehensive recycling approach that focuses on two key aspects: plastic recycling and the recovery of precious metals
Baviskar, Ajay, Khera, Pankaj, Telgote, Ashish, Dhuria, Himanshu, Sharma, Amit
Impact of of design principles on End-Of- Life and Recycling2024-26-01631/16/2024
Automotive industry is a major contributor to global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and waste generation. Not only do vehicles produce emissions during use, but they also generate emissions during production phase and End of Life disposal. There is an urgent need to address sustainability and circularity issues in this sector. This thesis explores how circularity and CO2 reduction principles can be applied to design and production of automotive parts, with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of these components throughout their life cycle. Also, this thesis highlights impact of design principles on End-of-Life Management of vehicles. As Design decisions of Component impacts for 80% of emissions, it is important to focus on this phase for major contribution in reduction of emissions. Various factors such as material selection, quantity and weight of materials used in parts, design for durability, aerodynamic characteristics, design strategies, design for recycling, and
Ali, Rifat Fahmida, Harel, Samarth, Shaikh, Taha, Chakraborty, Pinka
Research on Injection Characteristics of Marine Ammonia Fuel Injector under Wide Temperature Range2023-01-701710/30/2023
Ammonia fuel is typically characterized by low viscosity, low flash point, and non-flammability. This means that fuel characteristics and operational requirements significantly deviate from those of conventional fuels, requiring a significant technical upgrade to the existing fuel supply and injection systems. This research involves a numerical analysis of ammonia utilization in high-pressure direct injection. Considering the non-isothermal compressibility of the fuel flow process, the fluid properties in the model are specifically defined based on the physical properties of the ammonia fuel. The injection performance of ammonia fuel was studied, including comparing the injection performance of ammonia fuel with conventional diesel fuel under typical operating conditions in the injector, and exploring the injection characteristics of ammonia fuel injector under a wide fuel temperature range. The results of ammonia injection indicate that the response characteristics of liquid ammonia
Li, Meisi, Fan, Liyun, Wei, Yunpeng, Mao, Yuntao
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-00037/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-0003-TEST-REC7/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Methods for the Holistic Evaluation of the eFuel Influence on Gasoline Engine Combustion2023-01-12106/26/2023
The proportion of new registrations with battery-electric and hybrid powertrains is rising steadily. This shows the strong trend in the automotive industry away from conventional powertrains with internal combustion engines. The aim is to reduce the transport sector's contribution to CO2 emissions. However, it should be noted that this only applies when renewable energy is used. Studies show the relevance of the sytem boundaries under consideration, which makes the application of Life Cycle Assessment indispensable. According to these studies, the various types of powertrains differ only slightly in their greenhouse gas impact. Rather, the energy supply chain plays a significant role. Moreover, a ban on combustion engines would lead to an additional increase in cumulative CO2 emissions. An important aspect on the way to sustainable mobility solutions is addressing the existing fleet. The approximately 1.25 billion vehicles that are predominantly powered by internal combustion engines
Villforth, Jonas, Vacca, Antonino, Bargende, Michael, Kulzer, Andre
Integrating derived safety requirements into the system design2022-26-12175/26/2022
System requirements management is one of the important aspects of any robust system design. This is true for functional systems requirements as well as the derived requirements. Often-times managing the functional requirements are straight forward and follows conventional methods but handling derived safety requirements is a cumbersome task with a lot of variation in the process. The derived safety requirements emerge from architecture safety review and system safety analysis making them more complicated to handle while the robustness of the requirements management process defines the success of the design, not only in terms of complying to the requirement but to have a robust design with minimum development life cycle cost. This paper includes some of the best practices to manage the derived safety requirements with less variation and paves the way for robust design with optimized development life cycle cost. This paper also summarizes some of the other common process for handling
Peter, Priya, Jha, Ashutosh Kumar, Maheve, Manju
The Challenges of Vehicle DecarbonizationEPR2022SE14/27/2022
A narrow focus on electrification and elimination of tailpipe emissions is unlikely to achieve decarbonization objectives. Renewable power generation is unlikely to keep up with increased demand for electricity. A focus on tailpipe emissions ignores the significant particulate pollution that “zero emission” vehicles still cause. It is therefore vital that energy efficiency is improved. Active travel is the key to green economic growth, clean cities, and unlocking the energy saving potential of public transport.{"bold":"The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization","content":"reviews the urgent need to prioritize active travel infrastructure, create compelling mass-market cycling options, and switch to hybrid powertrains and catenary electrification\n for long-haul heavy trucks. The report also warns of the potential increase in miles travelled with the advent of personal automated vehicles as well as the pitfalls of fossil-fuel derived hydrogen power."}{"uri":[{"xlink:href":"https
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of electric and combustion vehicles 2022-01-09113/29/2022
Over the last decades, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as an alternative to combustion engine vehicles. EVs have different propulsion and fuel intake system when compared to combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, cradle-to-gate (CTG) and well-to-wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) would be different. In this study, life cycle GHG emissions of vehicle cycle and fuel cycle are compared between EV and internal combustion engine (ICEV) powered by petrol and diesel as fuel. This study used the average curb weight of all three types of vehicles based on the availability and popularity in the Indian market (as a case study) for life cycle assessment. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transport (GREET) model developed by Argonne National Laboratory was adopted to conduct the life cycle assessment. The mileage of 150,000 km over the whole life period was assumed for all types of vehicles. The results revealed that GHG emissions of CTG phase for an EV is
Verma, Shrey, Dwivedi PhD, Gaurav, Zare, Ali, Verma, Puneet, Yauger, James
Total Life Cycle Analysis of CNG and Hydrogen Enriched CNG Powered Vehicles : A Comparative Evaluation2021-26-01059/22/2021
Vehicles consume energy and release harmful emissions throughout their life period from the manufacturing stage of raw materials to the vehicle scrapyard. Current Green-House Gas (GHG) emissions with gasoline and diesel vehicles are reported to be 164 gCO2/km and 156 gCO2/km respectively. Thus, enormous researches are carried out for low-carbon alternatives replacing conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles to reduce GHG emissions. The continuous research on hydrogen as a transportation fuel has demonstrated the potential of reduced vehicular emissions compared to conventional fuels. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive technique used to estimate the overall environmental impact of vehicles. In this present work, a comparative LCA is conducted between Compressed Natural gas (CNG) powered vehicles and H-CNG powered vehicles. Also sustainable indicators such as Net Energy Ratio, Fossil Energy Ratio are evaluated for the test cases. The impact of the two alternative vehicles is
N, Vinithkrishna, R, Deepak Narayanan, G N, Ashwin Ram
Oxymethylene Ethers: Quantifying the Effect of Fuel Chain Length and Water Emulsification on Emissions and Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine via Linear Regression Analysis04-14-03-00098/19/2021
Due to the nature of diffusive combustion, diesel engines display a distinct trade-off between nitrogen oxide (NOX) and particulate matter (PM). Since emission regulations become ever stricter, the relevance of dissolving this trade-off increases steadily as it hinders engine development from achieving ultralow emission levels. Seeking new opportunities to approach the problem, the modification of fuel properties has gained much attention. In particular, oxygenated fuels reduce particle emissions drastically, while having little adverse impact on NOX. Similarly, water (H2O) emulsification of diesel is commonly reported to reduce both NOX and PM. Both methods appear very promising, yet only few investigations were conducted in an effort of combing the benefits of the two. With this work, the authors provide a detailed study on combustion and emissions for both neat oxymethylene ethers (OME2-OME5) and an H2O-emulsified OME mixture (OMEmix). By varying injection pressure and fuel
Dworschak, Patrick, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg
Oxymethylene Ethers: Quantifying the Effect of Fuel Chain Length and Water Emulsification on Emissions and Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine via Linear Regression Analysis04-14-03-0009-TEST-REC8/19/2021
Due to the nature of diffusive combustion, diesel engines display a distinct trade-off between nitrogen oxide (NOX) and particulate matter (PM). Since emission regulations become ever stricter, the relevance of dissolving this trade-off increases steadily as it hinders engine development from achieving ultralow emission levels. Seeking new opportunities to approach the problem, the modification of fuel properties has gained much attention. In particular, oxygenated fuels reduce particle emissions drastically, while having little adverse impact on NOX. Similarly, water (H2O) emulsification of diesel is commonly reported to reduce both NOX and PM. Both methods appear very promising, yet only few investigations were conducted in an effort of combing the benefits of the two. With this work, the authors provide a detailed study on combustion and emissions for both neat oxymethylene ethers (OME2-OME5) and an H2O-emulsified OME mixture (OMEmix). By varying injection pressure and fuel
Dworschak, Patrick, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg
7.0.109 - Hardware and Combustion Optimization Strategy to Reduce Engine Out Emissions for BS V LimitsSAE-PP-002852/4/2021
With growing need for air quality improvement the emission norms are becoming stringent than ever, triggering a challenge for OEMs. This is because selection of appropriate technology to meet stringent emission standard and engine performance has to be ensured with improved fuel efficiency, and control cost. To comply with future emission standards, intensive efforts are required to optimize the overall engine out emissions with reduce dependency on exhaust after treatment systems. This paper highlights about strategies employed in developing BS V emissions compliant engine for SUV application. The authors have assumed the limits of EURO 5 emission norms as equivalent to BS5 for this purpose. An existing BS IV compliant engine is selected as a base engine and engine out emission targets were defined considering certain conversion efficiency for the after treatment system. By tuning the air system, EGR system and injection system appropriately, it was possible to reduce the engine out
Lname, Fname
Eco-profiling of Bio-epoxies via Life cycle AssessmentSAE-PP-002312/3/2021
Epoxies, synthesized from bisphenol-A (BPA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH), are predominantly used as coatings, adhesives, and as matrix material in fiber-reinforced composites for body-in-white (BiW) applications in the automotive sector. However, given the production of conventional epoxies from non-renewable petroleum resource and toxicity of BPA, several initiatives have been undertaken by researchers to synthesize alternative epoxies from various bio-sources that are free of BPA and exhibit similar mechanical performance. As a result, such bio-sourced epoxies are almost immediately termed as “eco-friendly”, despite the lack of comprehensive evaluation of their ecological performance that takes into account enhanced natural resource usage and associated impacts accompanying such epoxies. Hence, this work aims at addressing this gap by evaluating the environmental impacts of such bio-sourced epoxies via cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment to determine the genuine credentials of their
Anthony, Lindsay, Jackson, Alyssa
A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Magnesium Front End Autoparts: A Revision to 2010-01-0275SAE-PP-001851/29/2021
The Magnesium Front End Research and Development (MFERD) project under the sponsorship of Canada, China, and USA aims to develop key technologies and a knowledge base for increased use of magnesium in automobiles. The primary goal of this life cycle assessment (LCA) study is to compare the energy and potential environmental impacts of advanced magnesium based front end parts of a North American-built 2007 GM-Cadillac CTS using the current steel structure as a baseline. An aluminium front end is also considered as an alternate light structure scenario. A “cradle-to-grave” LCA is conducted by including primary material production, semi-fabrication production, autoparts manufacturing and assembly, transportation, use phase, and end-of-life processing of autoparts. This LCA study was done in compliance with international standards ISO 14040:2006 [1] and ISO 14044:2006 [2]. While weight savings result in reductions of energy use and climate change emissions during the use phase of the car
Mutagaana, Festo
Plastics exec calls for standards to drive new material opportunities20AUTP10_0910/1/2020
The plastics industry is rethinking its next generation of automotive materials to meet new demands in what it calls “the ACCESS framework” - Autonomy, Connectivity, Circularity, Electrification, Shared Mobility and Sustainability, said Lanxess Specialty Chemicals technical director Jose Chirino during his Sept. 9 keynote at the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) 2020 Automotive Composites Conference. The three-day event was held online due to the coronavirus pandemic. Chirino outlined dozens of materials-application opportunities for plastics and composites related to components, systems and structures in electrified and autonomous/automated vehicles (AVs). He also stressed the ongoing need to offset the added weight of features such as heavy batteries and redundant safety-related systems. In the cabin, new plastics are enabling the design and seamless integration of high-value content such as sensors, transparent displays, ambient lighting aesthetics, voice-enabled IoT devices and
Brooke, Lindsay
A Material Flow Model for Production Stage for a Life Cycle of Passenger Cars with Combustion Engine and Electric Powertrain2020-01-20209/15/2020
To meet the requirements of sustainable development, car environmental impacts must be assessed at all stages of its life: from designing, through its manufacture and use, to its recycling after use. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) makes it possible. This approach to environmental assessment is necessary, particularly in assessment of new technologies of electric powertrain, where most environmental impacts are shifted from the use stage to production. Reliable and possibly the most recent data are required on materials and production processes to develop a valid flow model. Ecoinvent inventory database is a commonly used source of reliable data. However, Ecoinvent provides data about Golf 4 (1,240 kg), a compact class car. The ratio of glider and drivetrain is therefore optimized for that class. Using the dataset for other vehicle classes by simply considerably increasing or decreasing the total vehicle mass may lead to imprecise results. There is no mathematical relationship that would
Mrozik, Małgorzata, Danilecki, Krzysztof, Eliasz, Jacek
Performance Analysis and Economic Feasibility of Fuel Cell Vehicles: A Perspective Review2020-01-22569/15/2020
Automotive industries have been a significant contributor to global warming over the last 30 years. Due to the excessive increase in environmental degradation, research has been conducted extensively in various fields to explore sustainable alternatives to IC engines. Therefore, heavy emphasis is being laid on Battery-run Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). BEVs are facing their own set of challenges when it comes to production, recharge time, battery capacity and net carbon footprint, among other issues. However, FCEVs offer certain new opportunities for the automobile sector to foray into a sustainable space. This study aims to review the performance of fuel cell vehicles against the parameters of economic feasibility, technological feasibility, energy efficiency. Recent developments in fuel cell research have been discussed. The feasibility of these developments corresponding to FCEV applications has been reviewed in view of the challenges to the
Tomar, Mukul, Choudhary, Manas, Jain, Devanshu, Kumar, Naveen
Design and Sustainability Assessment of Lightweight Concept for an Automotive Car Module2020-37-00336/23/2020
Recently sustainability has become a priority for industry production. This issue is even more valid for the automotive sector, where Original Equipment Manufacturers have to address the environmental protection additionally to traditional design issues. Against this background, many research and industry advancements are concentrated in the development of lightweight car components through the application of new materials and manufacturing technologies. The paper deals with an innovative lightweight design solution for the bumper system module of a B-segment car. The study has been developed within the Affordable LIght-weight Automobiles AlliaNCE (ALLIANCE) project, funded by the Horizon 2020 framework programme of the European Commission. A bumper demonstrator, that is currently in series production and mainly consists of conventional aluminum materials, is re-engineered making use of 7000 series aluminum alloys. The design alternatives are described and assessed regarding the
Del Pero, Francesco, Del Pero, Francesco, Delogu, Massimo, Pierini, Marco, Pierini, Marco, Kerschbaum, Martin, Toelle, Joern
Top 10 Reasons Stainless Steel Is Right for Healthcare DesignTBMG-369255/1/2020
Few industrial or commercial environments are subjected to more demanding performance specifications or challenged to maintain more stringent hygiene standards than hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and continuing care facilities. When specifying building products and fixtures to comply with the healthcare industry’s demanding requirements and selecting equipment that enables healthcare facilities to function at an optimum level, design teams and facilities planning professionals must consider numerous factors in real time. Being able to trust in the reliability, durability, and return on investment of a specific product is paramount to allowing decision-makers to make informed product choices that stand the test of time and pay dividends for years to come. For a myriad of reasons, generations of healthcare decision makers have chosen the inherent advantages of products composed of commercial-grade stainless steel.
A Study of the Effect of Weather Data and Other Assumptions on MAC LCCP2020-01-01524/14/2020
Average temperatures on Earth have been on the rise due to excessive emission of man-made carbon dioxide (CO2). These emissions include contributions from automobiles and their air-conditioners, or mobile air-conditioners (MACs). The Improved Mobile Air Conditioner Greenhouse Gas Life Cycle Climate Performance (IMAC-GHG-LCCP) tool is used to analyze the life cycle climate performance (LCCP) of a MAC system and calculates the resultant total lifetime CO2-equivalent (CO2e) emissions for the vehicle. The IMAC-GHG-LCCP tool is an adaptation and improvement of the automotive LCCP standard, GREEN-MAC-LCCP (Global Refrigerants Energy & Environmental-MAC-LCCP) with a focus on simplicity and ease-of-use. The user has the option to choose which refrigerants to analyze, driving parameters/drive cycle, cities for comparison, and power consumption of the MAC system. The tool uses the latest weather data for the emissions calculations. The method used to bin temperature data has an impact on the CO2
Rhoads, Adam
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses: Modelling and Analysing Suitability from an Operational and Environmental Perspective2020-01-11724/14/2020
In response to the need to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the current trend in the transport sector is a greater focus on alternative powertrains. More recent air quality concerns have seen controlled zero emission zones within urban areas. As a result, there is growing interest in hydrogen fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) as a zero local emission vehicle with superior range, operational flexibility and refuelling time than other clean alternatives e.g. battery electric buses (BEBs). This paper details the performance and suitability analysis of a proposed Wrightbus FCEB, using a quasistatic backwards-facing Simulink powertrain model. The model is validated against existing prototype vehicle data (Mk1), allowing it to be further leveraged for predictions of an advanced future production vehicle (Mk2) with next generation motors and fuel cell stack. The modelled outputs are used for a comparison of the FCEB performance to an equivalent BEB on industry standard drive cycles, as well
Doyle, Darryl, Harris, Andrew, Chege, Steve, Douglas, Lucinda, Early, Juliana, Best, Robert
Eco-profiling of Bio-epoxies via Life Cycle Assessment13-01-01-00033/25/2020
Epoxies, synthesized from bisphenol-A (BPA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH), are predominantly used as coatings, adhesives, and matrix material in fiber-reinforced composites for body-in-white (BiW) applications in the automotive sector. However, given the production of conventional epoxies from nonrenewable petroleum resource and toxicity of BPA, several initiatives have been undertaken by researchers to synthesize alternative epoxies from various bio-sources that are free of BPA and exhibit similar mechanical performance. As a result, such bio-sourced epoxies are almost immediately termed as “ecofriendly,” despite the lack of comprehensive evaluation of their ecological performance that takes into account enhanced natural resource usage and associated impacts accompanying such epoxies. Hence, this work aims at addressing this gap by evaluating the environmental impacts of such bio-sourced epoxies via cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the genuine credentials of their
Kousaalya, Adhimoolam Bakthavachalam, Iyer, Rakesh Krishnamoorthy, Pilla, Srikanth
Fuel Cell Vehicles: An Opportunity for China's Greenhouse Gas Reduction2019-01-226312/19/2019
Fuel cell vehicle and battery electric vehicle are two environmentally benign vehicle technology types possibly meeting the zero-emission regulations in the future. The premise is they can achieve parity with conventional vehicle both environmentally and economically. Besides, it is necessary to distinguish which technology is more suitable in China's current and future context. This paper compares their cost-effectiveness for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, examining the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of conventional gasoline vehicle, battery electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle in China's energy context under three different scenarios. The results indicate that under the 500km drive range, fuel cell vehicles are less competitive than battery electric vehicles currently. Fuel cell vehicles generate much more greenhouse gas emissions than battery vehicles and conventional gasoline vehicles. While with the optimization of energy context, fuel cell vehicles can gain
Mu, Zhexuan, Hao, Han, Liu, Zongwei, Zhao, Fuquan
Effect of Alternative Fuels on Marine Engine Performance2019-01-223012/19/2019
Marine transportation sector is highly dependent on fossil-based energy carriers. Decarbonization of shipping can be accomplished by implementing biobunkers into an existing maritime fuel supply chain. However, there are many compatibility issues when blending new biocomponents with their fossil-based counterparts. Thus, it is of high importance to predict the effect of fuel properties on marine engine performance, especially for new fuel blends. In the given work, possible future solutions concentrated on liquid fuels are taken into account. Under consideration are such fuels as biodiesel (FAME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), straight vegetable oil (SVO), pyrolysis oil, biocrude, and methanol. Knowledge about the behavior of new fuel in an existing engine is notably important for decision makers and fuel producers. Hence, the main goal of the present work is to create a model, which can predict the engine performance from the end-user perspective. For the purpose of modeling, only
Wojcieszyk, Michal, Kroyan, Yuri, Larmi, Martti, Kaario, Ossi, Zenger, Kai
Effect of Alternative Fuels on Marine Engine Performance2019-01-2230-TEST-REC12/19/2019
Marine transportation sector is highly dependent on fossil-based energy carriers. Decarbonization of shipping can be accomplished by implementing biobunkers into an existing maritime fuel supply chain. However, there are many compatibility issues when blending new biocomponents with their fossil-based counterparts. Thus, it is of high importance to predict the effect of fuel properties on marine engine performance, especially for new fuel blends. In the given work, possible future solutions concentrated on liquid fuels are taken into account. Under consideration are such fuels as biodiesel (FAME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), straight vegetable oil (SVO), pyrolysis oil, biocrude, and methanol. Knowledge about the behavior of new fuel in an existing engine is notably important for decision makers and fuel producers. Hence, the main goal of the present work is to create a model, which can predict the engine performance from the end-user perspective. For the purpose of modeling, only
Wojcieszyk, Michal, Kroyan, Yuri, Larmi, Martti, Kaario, Ossi, Zenger, Kai
Life Cycle Assessment of a Passenger Vehicle to Analyze the Environmental Impacts Using Cradle to Grave Approach2019-28-258111/21/2019
Climate change is primary driver in the current discussions on CO2 reduction in the automotive industry. Current Type approval emissions tests (BS III, BS IV) covers only tailpipe emissions, however the emissions produced in upstream and downstream processes (e.g. raw material sourcing, manufacturing, transportation, vehicle usage, recycle phases) are not considered in the evaluation. The objective of this project is to assess the environmental impact of the product considering all stages of the life cycle, understand the real opportunities to reduce environmental impact across the product life cycle. As a part of environmental sustainability journey in business value chain, lifecycle assessment (LCA) technique helps to understand the environmental impact categories. To measure overall impact, a cradle to grave approach helps to assess entire life cycle impact throughout various stages. LCA is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's
Lalwani, Rahul, N, Saravanan, Veeraputhiran, Arunmozhi, D, IlavarasIi
Performance and Emissions of an Ammonia-Fueled SI Engine with Hydrogen Enrichment2019-24-01379/9/2019
While the optimization of the internal combustion engine (ICE) remains a very important topic, alternative fuels are also expected to play a significant role in the reduction of CO2 emissions. High energy densities and handling ease are their main advantages amongst other energy carriers. Ammonia (NH3) additionally contains no carbon and has a worldwide existing transport and storage infrastructure. It could be produced directly from renewable electricity, water and air, and is thus currently considered as a smart energy carrier and combustion fuel. However, ammonia presents a low combustion intensity and the risk of elevated nitrogen-based emissions, thus rendering in-depth investigation of its suitability as an ICE fuel necessary. In the present study, a recent single-cylinder spark-ignition engine is fueled with gaseous ammonia/hydrogen/air mixtures at various hydrogen fractions, equivalence ratios and intake pressures. A small hydrogen fraction is used as combustion promoter and
Lhuillier, Charles, BREQUIGNY, Pierre, Contino, Francesco, Rousselle, Christine
Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC OperationJ2766_201908 (Current)8/6/2019
This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-equivalent emissions using life cycle analysis.
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC OperationJ2766_201908-TEST-REC (Historical)8/6/2019
This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-equivalent emissions using life cycle analysis.
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Enabling Technology for Sustainment of Navy Aircraft StructuresF-0075-2019-146015/13/2019
The Structures Division at the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) continues to support capital investment in enabling technologies for sustainment of our aircraft which will lower total life cycle costs, ensure safety, and increase operational readiness. This paper presents a general overview of the major improvements which have been made in the area of Structural Health and Usage Management (SHUM), including: usage severity monitoring via regime recognition (RR), gross weight and center of gravity (GW/CG) estimation, local/global damage detection, environmental effects monitoring, damage alleviation, prognostication, and individual asset/component tracking (IAT). Advances in structural analyses have been made in the accuracy of predicted rotorcraft loads using coupled rotor and fuselage interactions. Innovative approaches to fatigue testing at both the component and full scale airframe levels will allow for more accurate introduction of vibratory loading content from operation, reveal
Semidey, Roberto, Glucksman-Glaser, Mark, Phan, Nam
Should We Walk or Take a Car for Minimum Greenhouse Gas Emissions?2019-01-09964/2/2019
This paper compares the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributed to driving a popular production vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE), as well as a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), with GHG emissions associated with walking, running and bicycling. The purpose of this study is to offer a different perspective on the problem of global warming due to anthropogenic causes, specifically on transportation and eating patterns. In order to accurately estimate emissions, a full life cycle of food has been considered coupled with energy expenditures of the aforementioned activities obtained from several different sources and averaged for more reliable results. The GHG emissions were calculated for Sweden, the UK, and the US. Depending on the availability of certain data, the methodology for different countries was altered slightly. The question whether walking, running or taking a bicycle is better for the environment than driving a car cannot be answered uniquely. This study
Babayev, Rafig, Johansson, Bengt
Development of a Tool for Estimating the Life Cycle Climate Performance of MAC Systems2019-01-06114/2/2019
Climate change is a global issue affecting every industry. Automotive companies have been working to address this issue by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of their vehicles. EPA has encouraged this by providing incentives in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rule of 2009. Improving the efficiency of MACs (mobile air conditioning systems) is part of this effort. Life-cycle climate performance (LCCP) is a comprehensive metric for estimating the greenhouse gases emissions produced by the construction, operation, and end-of-life recycling of a vehicle MAC (Mobile Air Conditioning) system. Many companies and organizations have conducted LCCP for their vehicles using various software tools. The IMAC-GHG-LCCP (Improved Mobile Air Conditioning related to Green-House-Gas LCCP) model is a new comprehensive software tool that follows a similar approach as the current automotive LCCP modeling standard, GREEN-MAC-LCCP ([Global Refrigerants Energy & Environmental Mobile Air Condition LCCP), but
Rhoads, Adam, Hill, William
Process for Assessment and Mitigation of Early Wearout of Life-Limited MicrocircuitsARP6338A (Current)2/8/2019
This document is intended for use by designers, reliability engineers, and others associated with the design, production, and support of electronic sub-assemblies, assemblies, and equipment used in AADHP applications to conduct lifetime assessments of microcircuits with the potential for early wearout; and to implement mitigations when required; and by the users of the AADHP equipment to assess those designs and mitigations. This document focuses on the LLM wearout assessment process. It acknowledges that the AADHP system design process also includes related risk mitigation and management; however, this document includes only high-level reference and discussion of those topics, in order to show their relationship to the LLM assessment process.
APMC Avionics Process Management
New Approaches to Lube Oil Consumption Measurement Based on the Tracer Method2019-01-00771/15/2019
In the research and development of internal combustion engines, there are several drivers for developing an accurate online lube oil consumption (LOC) measurement system. Lube oil consumption is considered to be a root cause of hydrocarbon and particle emissions and lubricating oil autoignition. It also negatively influences the life cycle cost for engine operators. Highly accurate measurement of lube oil consumption must be possible before it can be reduced - or rather optimized - to levels stakeholders will require in the future. State-of-the-art methods such as gravimetric and volumetric measurements are not fully satisfactory for several reasons. Generally, offline LOC measurement is no longer suitable for fast and accurate measuring cycles, oil condition monitoring and wear monitoring. At present, tracer methods are considered to be the most promising approach. However, current tracer methods have their downsides as well. This paper will first discuss the advances, optimizations
Rossegger, Bernhard, Schneider, Michael, Leis, Albrecht, Engelmayer, Michael, Wimmer, Andreas
Development of Diesel-Ethanol Engine for HCV2019-26-00891/9/2019
Diesel engines dominate in Heavy-Duty applications due to its better fuel economy, higher durability and larger reliability. Fuels derived from petroleum resources are depleting daily and it’s become a scarce resource for future generation to come. With growing environmental consciousness of the adverse implications brought by excessive usage of fossil fuels, the battle for finding alternative fuels as their substitution is getting heated up. At present, renewable energy from bio-fuels has been peddled as one of the most promising substitution for petroleum derived diesel. Using bio-ethanol blended diesel fuel for automobile can significantly reduce diesel usage and exhaust greenhouse gases. Bio-ethanol can be produced by alcoholic fermentation of sucrose or simple sugars. The main drawback is that ethanol is immiscible with diesel fuel over a wide range of temperatures, and the hygroscopic nature of ethanol leading to phase separation in blend. In present study diesel-ethanol blends
Sutar, Prasanna Suresh, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sonawane, Shailesh, Rairikar, S D, Kavathekar, Kishorkumar, Thipse, Sukrut, Marathe, Neelkanth
OTHER expert voices19AUTP08_061/1/2019
Noted industry experts in Powertrain technologies shared their views on future propulsion trends during SAE's 2019 WCX panel, “Still Not Dead: The ICE's Continued Evolution,” moderated by Editor-in-Chief Lindsay Brooke. Some of those insights included: Dr. Uwe Grebe, executive VP, AVL: “Fuels have a significant role to play. I think there's potential to leverage greater efficiency in going to a higher octane number. Then there is discussion of the right utilization of renewables. I think going to synthetic fuels that are based on renewable energy is what we need to promote, because it takes the internal combustion engine out of the CO2 equation.”
SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & PolicyE-JOURNAL-131/1/2019
Call for Special Issues – SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy Call for Papers for Special Issue on Mobilizing Sustainable Transport Solutions Using Lightweight Material Call for Papers for Special Issue on Advances in Green Driving and Sustainable Energy Practices Call for Reviewers Watch discussion about the Journal with Editor-in-Chief Srikanth Pilla Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Srikanth Pilla, Clemson University, Robert Patrick Jenkins Endowed Professor; Founding Director, Clemson Composites Center; International Center for Automotive Research, USA Indexed in CNKI Engineering Village (Ei Compendex) IET Inspec Author Resources Call for Papers Library Recommendation Form Published Volumes Aims and Scope The SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy is a new peer-reviewed journal that provides a forum for the exchange of novel, innovative, and transdisciplinary ideas on incorporating and enhancing
Cementitious-Based Brake Pads Technology: Performance, Low Energy Consumption, Emission Drop2018-01-186710/5/2018
Brake pads employing innovative hydraulic inorganic binders in place of common state-of-the-art thermosetting phenolic resins have been produced by means of a unique prototypal equipment and a distinctive manufacturing process. The unicity of the process enables us to exclude completely any thermal cycle in the manufacturing steps, with a considerable positive energy balance compared to the standard counterpart. Realized brake pads have indeed been successfully tuned to meet the braking performances of phenolic counterparts. In the present work our latest efforts in this field are illustrated, focusing our attention to three main areas of interest: performance, energy consumption, volatile organic emissions. One selected exponent of our cementitious-based material is reported, demonstrating its capability of matching both standard OE and AM braking performances (investigated through a full scale brake dynamometer by SAE J2522 procedure), and its feasibility to be released as an actual
Sanguineti, Alessandro, Samela, Alessandro, Rampinelli, Flavio, Bottalico, Luca, Ranza, Luigi, Romeo, Marco, Bonfanti, Andrea
Bearing Life Evaluation for Automotive Wheel Bearings Using Design of Experiments2018-01-190310/5/2018
Automotive wheel bearings have primary functions of translating the rotating motion of the wheels into linear vehicle motion while bearing the vehicle weight. Bearing life is affected by many parameters such as bearing geometry, vehicle and bearing technical specifications, driving conditions, lubrication conditions, material properties, and so on. In this paper, both the basic bearing rating life and modified bearing rating life were evaluated using design of experiments. Bearing lives were calculated by the international standard, and the factors affecting bearing life were investigated. Sequential experimental designs were applied. First, screening experiments were performed to analyze the factors affecting bearing life. Next, confirmation experiments were carried out to determine accurate effects of the selected factors from the screening experiments. As a result, contact angle and curvature of inner ring were significant at a 95% of significance level.
Lee, Seungpyo
Performance and Exhaust Emissions Analysis of a Diesel Engine Using Oxygen-Enriched Air2018-01-17859/10/2018
Oxygen enriched air (EA) is a well known industrial mixture in which the content of oxygen is higher respect the atmospheric one, in the range 22-35%. Oxygen EA can be obtained by desorption from water, taking advantage of the higher oxygen solubility in water compared to the nitrogen one, since the Henry constants of this two gases are different. The production of EA by this new approach was already studied by experimental runs and theoretical considerations. New results using salt water are reported. EA promoted combustion is considered as one of the most interesting technologies to improve the performance in diesel engines and to simultaneously control and reduce pollution. This paper explores, by means of 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations, the effects of EA on the performance and exhaust emissions of a high-speed direct-injection diesel engine. For the analysis, a customized version of the KIVA 3 V code, including a detailed combustion chemistry approach
Manenti, Flavio, Milani, Massimo, Montorsi, Luca, Paltrinieri, Fabrizio, Pirola, Carlo, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto
Flex-fuel smart selector, a proposal for an efficient mobility2018-36-00369/3/2018
Society sees itself in an era in which ecological and sustainability issues have assumed great importance, and with that, several issues need to be revised. When it comes to mobility, a key point is to determine the most efficient way to travel a certain distance with the lowest cost and environmental impact. Due to the size of the world fleet of vehicles, it is easy to understand how an increase of efficiency of the internal combustion engines (ICE) lead to a reduction of the total volume of fuel consumed in the planet. That combined to the possibility of integration with an online network, showing the flow conditions of each road, would allow a further reduction of the fuel consumed globally as well as a mitigation of the emission of harmful gases to the environment associated to urban mobility. In Brazil, the automobile fleet consists of approximately 60% of Flex-Fuel vehicles, which can use either ethanol or gasoline. Despite of the fact that the biofuel is renewable and less
Correia, Vitor Costa Antonelli, Gomes, Paulo César de Ferreira, Franieck, Erwin Karl
Aircraft Tire Wear Profile Development and Execution for Laboratory TestingAIR5797A (Current)8/6/2018
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the current process for performing comparative wear testing on aircraft tires in a laboratory environment. This technique is applicable to both radial and bias tires, and is pertinent for all aircraft tire sizes. This AIR describes a technique based upon “wear” energy. In this technique, side wear energy and drag wear energy are computed as the tire is run through a prescribed test program. The specifics that drive the test setup conditions are discussed in Sections 4 through 7. In general, the technique follows this process: A test profile is developed from measured mechanical property data of the tires under study. Each tire is repeatedly run to the test profile until it is worn to the maximum wear limit (MWL). Several tires, typically 5 to 10, of each tire design are tested. Wear energy is computed for each test cycle and then summed to determine total absorbed wear energy. An index is calculated for each tire design. This is
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Life Cycle Analysis Comparison of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Based Mobility2018-28-00377/9/2018
Policy makers, especially in the European Union, are pushing towards an early transition to electric mobility, with the internal combustion engine supposed to be phased out by 2030. With a world population projected to exceed 10 billion peoples by 2050, the electric car mobility still lacks the significant development needed to become a real alternative to the internal combustion engine based mobility. Resources availability, and environmental, energetic and economic downfalls, are currently largely underrated or simply unassessed. It is unclear how many will be able to afford to purchase and recharge an electric vehicle in this new world.
Boretti, Alberto
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