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SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Autonomy is Breathing New Life into Farming1351505/16/2025
Labor shortages are pushing many family farms to the brink. The solution? Autonomous technology which is emerging as a game-changer--boosting productivity, cutting risk, and giving family farms a fighting chance to thrive for generations to come. At the forefront of this transformation is Blue River Technology, a John Deere subsidiary leading the charge in precision agriculture. From AI-driven tools to autonomous machinery, the company is helping to build the future of farming the John Deere way, meeting farmers in the field and designing solutions grounded in real-world challenges. With safety and scalability built in, farmers can start small with retrofit kits that upgrade existing tractors, making automation more accessible than ever. To learn more, we caught up with Aaron Wells, Director of Engineering at Blue River, to explore how automation is transforming agriculture and giving farmers the tools they need to stay ahead--despite labor challenges. We'd love to hear from you. Share
Hineman, Marcie
Prediction Method of Strength Robustness Affected by Arc Welding Sectional Dimensions2024-32-003804/18/2025
The arc welding process is essential for motorcycle frames, which are difficult to form in one piece because of their complex shapes, because a single frame has dozens of joints. Many of the damaged parts of the frames under development are from welds. Predicting the strength of welds with high reliability is important to ensure that development proceeds without any rework. In developing frames, CAE is utilized to build up strength before prototyping. Detailed weld shapes are not applicable to FE models of frames because weld shapes vary widely depending on welding conditions. Even if CAE is performed on such an FE model and the evaluation criteria are satisfied, the model may fail in the actual vehicle, possibly due to the difference between CAE and actual weld bead geometry. Therefore, we decided to study the extent to which the stresses in the joint vary with the variation of the weld bead geometry. Morphing, a FE modeling method and design of experiment method, was utilized to
Hada, Yusuke, Sugita, Hisayuki
Development of Higher Clarity Injection Molded Windscreen for Motorcycles2024-32-004004/18/2025
The windscreen is one of the key elements to enhance passenger comfort of touring motorcycle. The clarity through the windscreen should not discomfort the rider. The discomfort we discuss here mainly refers to three factors: the “distortion,” the “blur,” and the “transparency.” Introduced in this paper is the technical measures to achieve sufficient clarity by the injection molding method. Firstly, with respect to the “distortion,” we determined the main cause was local unevenness of plate thickness. As the uneven thickness were related to the accuracy of the die, we clarified the tolerable zone and carried out higher precision machining of the die to satisfy the requirements. Regarding the “blur,” we analyzed the refractive power of the windscreen and found the main cause of blur is the microscopic roughness on the surface. As the microscopic roughness were attributable to the die surface, we clarified the tolerable zone and established the polishing conditions satisfactory for the
Yamada, Atsushi, Endo, Sakae
Dependency of Gear Honing Machine Processing Accuracy on Machine Vibration and the Vibration Reduction Considering Contribution2024-32-002004/18/2025
In recent years, accurate gear processing is required for various products to improve efficient power transmission and small noise and vibration. On the other hand, the accuracy tends to be worse by high speed processing for increasing production efficiency. Therefore, we investigated relationship between gear honing machine vibration and the accuracy. The vibration acceleration of the honing machine was measured at various conditions, and the gear accuracy was measured after processing. As results, the accuracy was observed to be affected by both the original gear accuracy before honing processing and the gear secondary rotational vibration of the machine in operation. Subsequently, we applied transfer path analysis (TPA) to investigate which directional force in operation increased the vibration. As the results, the contribution from the input force at gear processing point along normal direction was the main contributor. Then, vibration transmission characteristics of the machine
Hanioka, Hiroaki, Ogawa, Yunosuke, Yoshida, Junji, Onishi, Yoichi, Kurokawa, Yasuhiro
IAQG-03282025-1 IAQG-03282025-1 (Current)04/02/2025
IAQG-03282025-1
IAQG-1 Standards Committee
A review of warm forming for steels: History, Methodology and Emerging trends2025-01-881404/01/2025
Many manufacturing techniques and process modifications have been implemented over the years to improve the formability of sheet metals. Warm forming of sheet metals is one such established method. However, it is more commonly and successfully applied to aluminum grades. The reevaluation of less-used metal forming technologies, such as warm forming and sheet hydroforming for steel, is a response to the challenges posed by competitive processes like large castings and the geometry requirements of new BEV parts. By understanding the effects of elevated temperatures (below recrystallization temperatures) on different steel grades and the impact of various heating methodologies, the industry can adapt and optimize these proven techniques for modern applications. This paper is a comprehensive summary of the effect of elevated temperatures on various grades of steel. Different heating techniques, their cycle times and effects on final forming feasibility is contrasted. The effect of
Kella, Caroline, Wormald, Tom, Gatts, Joshua
Characterization and Aluminum Recovery from Chemical Milling Sludge in Aerospace Industry2025-01-501603/21/2025
The chemical milling process used in the aerospace industry generates substantial metallic residue in the etching bath, referred to as chemical milling sludge (CMS). The direct disposal of CMS into the environment leads to ecological deterioration and economic losses. This study focused on the recovery of aluminum from the aerospace industry CMS, aiming to mitigate environmental harm and enhance resource efficiency. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that the aluminum content in extracted CMS increased significantly to 95.86%, compared to 28.98% in non-extracted sludge. The XRD analysis of the CMS extracted samples also revealed the presence of increased Al2O3. The surface morphology study suggested the irregularly shaped particles with large chunks, and fine granules were observed on CMS. The yield of Al2O3 was observed to be 35.9% (wt) prior to the calcination process followed by 12.1% (wt) after calcination. The phytotoxicity study indicated that the CMS inhibited
Prasad, Jag, Sonwani, Ravi Kumar
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Perfecting Solid-State Battery Production1350603/13/2025
When it comes to electrification, Honda has been focused on long-term strategy, emphasizing that the transition to EVs is a marathon, not a sprint. Recently, however, the company has been bullish on solid-state battery technology. By using a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, solid-state batteries offer advantages like higher energy density, reduced weight, and improved safety compared to liquid lithium-ion batteries. After perfecting the production of solid-state batteries in a lab environment, Honda is now focused on mass production. The company recently opened a test factory to produce battery packs for future EVs and to refine the production process. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Chris Martin, Technological Director of Communications, to discuss Honda's advancements in solid-state battery technology and the company's future plans for electrification. For more information on the evolution of
Hineman, Marcie
How Will TSN Ethernet Impact the Future of Embedded Computing for Aerospace and Defense Applications?25AERP03_0603/01/2025
Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) Ethernet is a real-time networking capability that is being developed by a growing number of embedded computing companies for the earliest stages of adoption by aerospace and defense manufacturers and their suppliers. According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TSN working group, it is a set of standards that provides deterministic connectivity within IEEE 802-aligned networks. Nigel Forrester is the Director of Product Strategy for Concurrent Technologies, a UK-based provider of high performance embedded computing solutions for aerospace, defense and many other industries. Check out our interview with Forrester about the potential impact of TSN Ethernet on new and legacy aerospace and defense applications, and how it is being adopted by manufacturers and system integrators below.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: A Breakthrough in Sustainable Aviation Fuel1350202/17/2025
We often hear about sustainable fuel options when it comes to vehicles, but what about aerospace? With aviation fuel demand expected to rise to 160 billion gallons per year by 2050, new and innovative Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) pathways are certainly needed. In response, CleanJoule has developed a proprietary manufacturing process that produces SAF with 10% higher energy density than average Jet A fuel. This process utilizes abundant biomass residue to create a cost-effective, drop-in replacement for conventional jet fuel. To learn more, we sat down with Mukund Karanjikar CEO, to discuss CleanJoule's mission is to create accessible, affordable and abundant SAF and reduce the aerospace industry's reliance on fossil fuels. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders
Hineman, Marcie
test rejectionSAE-PP-0945901/27/2025
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Rickard, Christopher
Bosch consolidates computing talent in new mobility division21AUTP03_1101/27/2025
Bosch announced on January 7 during its CES 2021 conference event that it has created a new division labeled Cross-Domain Computing Solutions (CDCC). The CDCC division pools 17,000 of Bosch's automotive software and electronics associates to create a single source for software-intensive systems for future vehicle architectures. According to Bosch, the market for such systems is expected to grow 15% annually between now and 2030, and the organizational move is designed to extend the supplier's market-leading position. Bosch has assigned software, electrical and electronics engineers from the areas of driver assistance, automated driving, car multimedia, powertrain and body electronics to the new unit. “Bosch is an automotive electronics pioneer. Moreover, for quite some time now, it has also been a software company,” said Dr. Stefan Hartung, chairman of Bosch's Mobility Solutions business sector. “Only a company with wide-ranging electronics and software expertise will be in a position
Seredynski, Paul
EDITORIAL: Farewell and thanks, Mr. Birch21AUTP06_0401/27/2025
“We pay close attention to the SAE magazines because your guy in Europe writes interesting articles,” a BMW engineering executive told me one year at the Frankfurt Motor Show. He was referring to Stuart Birch, our veteran European Editor, who has recently decided - after nearly 37 years of outstanding reporting for SAE International - to hang up his keyboard and spend more time with his wife, Kim, their family and friends in the British countryside, and his classic Porsche 911. Our staff had been dreading the day that Stuart would announce his retirement, foremost because he's been a great friend as well as a colleague. And because journalists with his qualities - professionalism, perspective, a powerful work ethic and great wit - are increasingly rare in the mobility-technology space. As SAE's global audience knew, Stuart Birch delivered compelling technical and business information. He covered product, processes and people with equal poise. And he thrived on the R&D beat: Virtual
Brooke, Lindsay
ZF builds ‘middleware’ to address vehicle software escalation21AUTP03_0901/27/2025
Acknowledging the emergence of the “software-defined” vehicle, ZF announced that it is in the process of developing a “middleware” platform designed to facilitate communication between a typical new vehicle's ballooning number of software-controlled components and systems. Company engineers and executives said the first vehicles leveraging the new middleware will be on the road in 2024, but the platform is being created because the industry has to grasp “what the car will look like in the 2030s,” said Dirk Walliser, senior VP - corporate R&D, Innovation & Technology for ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Coinciding with the undertaking to create its middleware platform, ZF also announced it is establishing a Global Software Center to, according to a release, prepare for “new challenges in the triad of software, functions and smart systems” and to proactively pursue “numerous development processes.” Opening in 2021, the Global Software Center will be headed by Nico Hartmann, VP, Software Solutions
Visnic, Bill
German OEMs flex 3D manufacturing muscle21AUTP03_0801/27/2025
A chief impediment for wider adoption of additive manufacturing long has been its limited potential for application in high-volume and high-throughput production. But continuing process and technique developments from automakers and suppliers are moving additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, closer to high-volume Valhalla, while also enabling production of increasingly complex and substantial components. BMW has sporadically fitted specialized 3D-printed parts - both metal and polymer - in series-production models for more than a decade. Recently it has used its Rolls-Royce brand as a platform for introducing 3D-printing innovations in a low-volume but high-expectation environment. And in mid-2020, BMW invested some 15 million euros to establish its Additive Manufacturing Campus near Munich to research and develop new 3D printing processes and other innovations that might accelerate the potential for 3D-printed components at large scale. The company said the facility
Visnic, Bill
Revolutionizing the Traffic Light21AVEP01_0501/27/2025
Two start-ups are using cameras, sensors and AI to enable more efficient vehicle flow through intersections. Every motorist has experienced the frustration of waiting at a red light when there is no traffic in sight. These days, countless household devices use sensors, cameras and connectivity to understand and respond to the world - so why do most traffic lights languish in the analog age, causing our vehicles to unnecessarily stop and idle? In a spring 2019 report, Guidehouse Insights forecast that just 7% of North America's signalized intersections would use so-called adaptive traffic-control technology in 2020. On a global level, that number was 2.3%.
Berman, Bradley
Arinc Automation Document - Standard Characteristic - PageCount less than 45KJH003 (Current)12/19/2024
Arinc Automation Document - Standard Characteristic - PageCount less than 45
Aviation Maintenance Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Future of Hydrogen Fuel: A Distribution Revolution1349112/10/2024
Jules Verne was ahead of his time--and so is a company inspired by his name that recognizes hydrogen's immense potential as a clean energy solution. Verne develops and commercializes a novel technology to store and distribute hydrogen in its densest form, cryo-compressed. This approach maximizes hydrogen density, addressing the limitations of compressed gas and reducing the cost of dense storage -- which is a game-changer for boosting hydrogen adoption. To learn more, we sat down with Ted McKlveen, Co-founder & CEO, Verne, to discuss the company's breakthrough solution to addressing hydrogen storage and transportation and how it can unlock the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy, particularly in sectors like Class 8 trucking. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the
Hineman, Marcie
NASA’s Inspection Technology for Spacecraft Tests Quality of Seacraft HullsTBMG-5222312/05/2024
Shipbuilders didn’t have the option of fiberglass when the nonprofit American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) was established 160 years ago to help safeguard life and property on the seas. Fortunately, technology to help better ensure the safety of ocean vessels has also come a long way in that time, in part because people have become a spacefaring species.
These Speedy Cold Spray Machines Can 3D Print Vehicle Parts in War ZonesTBMG-5212212/01/2024
Advancing Implantable Medical Device Reliability with Enhanced Laser Joining TechnologyTBMG-5217712/01/2024
Revolutionizing Seafood Production with Adaptive RobotsTBMG-5217812/01/2024
Robotic automation technology is reshaping food manufacturing, packaging, and handling by driving significant improvements in efficiency, quality, and flexibility. By integrating advanced artificial intelligence, computer vision, and proprietary force-sensing technology, Flexiv has introduced cutting-edge automation to the food processing sector.
Contract Manufacturing: Accelerating Product DevelopmentTBMG-5217212/01/2024
Design and material choices can have a long-term impact on an original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) production costs and product quality. When an OEM works together with an experienced contract design manufacturer (CDM) from the start of a project, many negative impacts to cost and quality can be avoided.
Dormant Capacity Reserve in Lithium-Ion Batteries DetectedTBMG-5214312/01/2024
Lithium iron phosphate is one of the most important materials for batteries in electric cars, stationary energy storage systems, and tools. It has a long service life, is comparatively inexpensive and does not tend to spontaneously combust. Energy density is also making progress. However, experts are still puzzled as to why lithium iron phosphate batteries undercut their theoretical electricity storage capacity by up to 25 percent in practice. To utilize this dormant capacity reserve, it would be crucial to know exactly where and how lithium ions are stored in and released from the battery material during the charging and discharging cycles. Researchers at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) have now taken a significant step in this direction. Using transmission electron microscopes, they were able to systematically track the lithium ions as they traveled through the battery material, map their arrangement in the crystal lattice of an iron phosphate cathode with unprecedented
Maximizing the Potential of TPU Extrusion in Medical Tubing ApplicationsTBMG-5216412/01/2024
Whether for vascular catheters or implantable devices, medical tubing must meet tough standards for flexibility, strength, and biocompatibility. That’s why more manufacturers are turning to thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) that strike the ideal balance between these key properties, making them an excellent choice for high-performance medical tubing. Unlocking the best that TPUs have to offer means optimizing the extrusion process. This article looks at why TPUs are a top pick, the common obstacles in extrusion, and the ways manufacturers can fine-tune their process to get the most out of different grades.
3D-Printed Reactor Core Makes Solar Fuel Production More EfficientTBMG-5219312/01/2024
In recent years, engineers at ETH Zurich have developed the technology to produce liquid fuels from sunlight and air. In 2019, they demonstrated the entire thermochemical process chain under real conditions for the first time, in the middle of Zurich, on the roof of ETH Machine Laboratory. These synthetic solar fuels are carbon neutral because they release only as much CO2 during their combustion as was drawn from the air for their production. Two ETH spin-offs, Climeworks and Synhelion, are further developing and commercializing the technologies.
4D Printing of Shape Memory PolymersTBMG-5219112/01/2024
Researchers have successfully demonstrated the four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers in submicron dimensions that are comparable to the wavelength of visible light. 4D printing enables 3D-printed structures to change their configurations over time and is used in a variety of fields such as soft robotics, flexible electronics, and medical devices.
Where Do EV Batteries Go When They Die?TBMG-5213812/01/2024
At Cox Automotive’s EV Battery Solutions center in Oklahoma City, the conglomerate most famous for its KBB, Autotrader, and Manheim auction brands, has become a go-to for EV battery research, repair, remanufacturing, and recycling.
Scientists Fuse Simulations and Machine Learning to Accelerate Novel Additively Manufactured MaterialsTBMG-5212712/01/2024
Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, have demonstrated a novel approach for applying machine learning to predict microstructures produced by a widely used additive manufacturing technique. Their approach promises to dramatically reduce the time and cost of developing materials with tailored physical properties and will soon be implemented on a NASA-funded effort focused on creation of a digital twin.
Solvent-Free 3D Printing Material Could Enable Biodegradable ImplantsTBMG-5216712/01/2024
Duke University Durham, NC
Bio-Ink for 3D PrintingTBMG-5218912/01/2024
Biomedical engineers have developed a “bio-ink” for 3D-printed materials that could serve as scaffolds for growing human tissues to repair or replace damaged ones in the body. Bioengineered tissues show promise in regenerative, precision, and personalized medicine; product development; and basic research, especially with the advent of 3D printing of biomaterials that could serve as scaffolds or temporary structures to grow tissues.
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL AUTONOMOUS GUIDED VEHICLE (AGV) WITH WIRELESS NAVIGATION2024-01-343611/15/2024
ABSTRACT Automatic guided vehicles (AGV) have made big inroads in the automation of assembly plants and warehouse operations. There are thousands of AGV units in operation at OEM supplier and service facilities worldwide in virtually every major manufacturing and distribution sector. Although today’s AGV systems can be reconfigured and adapted to meet changes in operation and need, their adaptability is often limited because of inadequacies in current systems. This paper describes a wireless navigated (WN) omni-directional (OD) autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) that incorporates three technical innovations that address the shortfalls. The AGV features consist of: 1) A newly developed integrated wireless navigation technology to allow rapid rerouting of navigation pathways; 2) Omnidirectional wheels to move independently in different directions; 3) Modular space frame construction to conveniently resize and reshape the AGV platform. It includes an overview of the AGVs technical features
Cheok, Ka C, Radovnikovich, Micho, Fleck, Paul, Hallenbeck, Kevin, Grzebyk, Steve, Vanneste, Jerry, Ludwig, Wolfgang, Garner, Robert
3D-PRINTING IMPACTS ON SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN DEFENSE INDUSTRY2024-01-352711/15/2024
ABSTRACT Today’s combat vehicle designs are largely constrained by traditional manufacturing processes, such as machining, welding, casting, and forging. Recent advancements in 3D-Printing technology offer tremendous potential to provide economical, optimized components by eliminating fundamental process limitations. The ability to re-design suitable components for 3D-printing has potential to significantly reduce cost, weight, and lead-time in a variety of Defense & Aerospace applications. 3D-printing will not completely replace traditional processes, but instead represents a new tool in our toolbox - from both a design and a manufacturing standpoint.
Deters, Jason
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Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D23PC-Auto-1713447365379 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D23
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D21PC-Auto-1713447321320 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D21
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D21PC-CUR-1232 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D21
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Automation Title for Group Code D22PC-Auto-1713447343633 (Current)04/18/2024
Automation Abstract for Group Code D22
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Vol. 1EPRCOMPV01202304/15/2024
Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Vol. 2EPRCOMPV02202304/15/2024
Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Vol. 2EPRCOMPV022023-TEST-REC04/15/2024
Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Vol. 1EPRCOMPV012023-TEST-REC04/15/2024
An eleventh one for CUR-1174PC11-CUR-1174 (Current)04/02/2024
Italic
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
Liquid Runway Deicing/Anti-icing ProductAMS1435E (Current)03/12/2024
This specification covers runway deicing and anti-icing products in the form of a liquid. Unless otherwise stated, all specifications referenced herein are latest (current) revision.
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
Liquid Runway Deicing/Anti-icing ProductAMS1435E-TEST-REC (Current)03/12/2024
This specification covers runway deicing and anti-icing products in the form of a liquid. Unless otherwise stated, all specifications referenced herein are latest (current) revision.
G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee
Casting Equipment Engineering GuideB-ASM-05603/01/2024
Casting Equipment Engineering Guide is an essential resource covering engineering details of casting equipment, their design features, applications, capabilities, and selection guidelines. This book is written for mechanical engineers, practicing engineers, engineering students, and metallurgists specializing in casting technology.
Schey’s Tribology in Metalworking: Friction, Lubrication, and WearB-ASM-05702/28/2024
Schey’s Tribology in Metalworking—Friction, Lubrication, and Wear is an update to the seminal text Tribology in Metalworking by John Schey, originally published by ASM International in 1983. The 1983 first edition served as a recognized essential resource for researchers in the fields of manufacturing tribology and metal forming for many decades. This 2023 update preserves the essential information in that first edition but provides a thorough update, including a description of the significant advances in tribological research and detailed information for every metal forming process.
Enhancing Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welding of Thick Magnesium Alloy Plates through Optimization2024-01-501402/06/2024
This research explores friction stir welding (FSW) to examine the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of thick plates manufactured from the Mg-8Al-0.5Zn alloy. Applying the FSW procedure to warm-form an Mg-8Al-0.5Zn alloy for the differential case covering the gears in the car’s automotive technology. Weld quality was significantly improved after using response surface methodology (RSM) to examine various welding parameters and find the best configurations. Improved grain refinement and phase distribution in the weld zone were found in the microstructural study of 11.5 mm thick magnesium alloy plates using RSM-optimized parameters. By dynamic recrystallization, the grain size was reduced to 16 μm, which is fifteen times smaller than the original material, thanks to the good results of single-pass FSW welding. Welding results showing high-quality characteristics such as tensile strength (161.8 MPa), elongation (27.83%), and joint efficiency (98.96%) were achieved using the
Sabari, K., Muniappan, A., Singh, Mandeep
Pre-print testing CSP-6572SAE-PP-0915102/01/2024
Regression pre-print submission
Atash, Ganira
Methodical Design of a Subframe for a Novel Modular Chassis Concept without Knowledge of Final Vehicle Parameters02-17-01-000601/22/2024
Abstract This article presents the methodical development of a subframe for a novel on-the-road-modular vehicle concept, which was developed for the U-Shift project. The subframe serves as the basis for a modular chassis. This chassis offers the possibility to exchange chassis components by the operator, which means after completion by the manufacturer, and thus to adapt the vehicle to different purposes. According to the applied methodology, the relevant wheel loads are determined and a geometric reference model is created. By defining the relevant load cases, the forces acting on the subframe, and thus the physical boundary conditions, can be determined from the wheel loads. In addition to the wheel loads and the geometric boundary conditions, no other vehicle parameters are required for the development of the subframe. The results of the topology optimization are used to identify areas of the geometric reference model that are not exposed to high loads. Based on the results of the
Weitz, Fabian, Frey, Michael, Gauterin, Frank
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