Browse Topic: Machining processes

Items (631)
This specification covers established manufacturing tolerances applicable to titanium and titanium alloy extruded bars, rods, and shapes. These tolerances apply to all conditions, unless otherwise noted. The term "excl" applies only to the higher figure of the specified range.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers bonded honeycomb core made of aluminum alloy and supplied in the form of blocks, slices, or other configurations as ordered.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
AMS4325A prohibits unauthorized exceptions (3.7), revises condition (3.2), properties (3.4.5), quality (3.5.1), reports (4.4.1), and identification (5.1.1), and results from a Five-Year Review and update of this specification.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
ABSTRACT Today’s combat vehicle designs are largely constrained by traditional manufacturing processes, such as machining, welding, casting, and forging. Recent advancements in 3D-Printing technology offer tremendous potential to provide economical, optimized components by eliminating fundamental process limitations. The ability to re-design suitable components for 3D-printing has potential to significantly reduce cost, weight, and lead-time in a variety of Defense & Aerospace applications. 3D-printing will not completely replace traditional processes, but instead represents a new tool in our toolbox - from both a design and a manufacturing standpoint.
Deters, Jason
Development of a Non-Parametric Robot Calibration Method to Improve Drilling Accuracy2021-01-00033/2/2021
The drilling of large quantities of repetitive holes during the manufacture of large aerospace components is often considered a key limiting factor with regards to production efficiency. Whilst the desire within aerospace is to use relatively cheap six axis robot arms with drilling end effector units, their poor accuracy remains an obstacle. Robot calibration presents a way of improving robot accuracy such that aerospace drilling tolerances can be met, without permanently committing metrology equipment to an automation cell during production. Extensive research has been conducted into robot calibration by correcting the kinematic model, known as parametric calibration. This method is highly complex, and calibrates the robot across the entire working volume. This is often not required in industrial drilling applications, as drilling routines are often contained within a smaller volume of the robot reach. In this paper, a non-parametric method of robot calibration is proposed. This method involves calibrating within regions of the working volume where the robot pose is similar, and thus the effects of geometric errors in the kinematic model are roughly constant. By establishing the average positional error for each region, the accuracy can be locally improved by compensation through definition of the tool centre point. The proposed method can be completed without the use of kinematic models or complex mathematics, making it more suitable to industrial users. From experimental trials, a significant improvement in the positional accuracy of holes drilled using a standard six axis robot is reported, from 2 mm to 0.1 mm, well within the requirements of the majority of aerospace applications.
Scraggs, ChrisSmith, ThomasSawyer, DanielaDavis, Matthew
This specification covers an aluminum alloy procured in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) with nominal thickness up to 3.000 inch (76.20 mm), inclusive, and having a cross-sectional area of 12 square inches (77 square centimeters) maximum and circle size of 10 inches (254 mm) maximum (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Case Study on the Challenges and Responses of a Large Turnkey Assembly Line for the C919 Wing2020-01-00103/10/2020
Design and production of an assembly system for a major aircraft component is a complex undertaking, which demands a large-scale system view. Electroimpact has completed a turnkey assembly line for producing the wing, flap, and aileron structures for the COMAC C919 aircraft in Xi’an, China. The project scope includes assembly process design, material handling design, equipment design, manufacture, installation, and first article production support. Inputs to the assembly line are individual component parts and small subassemblies. The assembly line output is a structurally completed set of wing box, flaps, and ailerons, for delivery to the Final Assembly Line in Shanghai. There is a trend toward defining an assembly line procurement contract by production capacity, versus a list of components, which implies that an equipment supplier must become an owner of production processes. The most significant challenge faced was the amount of front end engineering work required to develop detailed assembly processes and reconcile them with the customer, who remains the actual process owner. Other challenges include aircraft maturity delays, design changes due to process definition evolution, factory environmental conditions such as dust and varying temperature gradients, and cultural and communication challenges both internal and external. The result achieved by Electroimpact is an assembly line system composed of an integration of assembly tooling, special process equipment, NC machine equipment, inspection equipment, material handling and logistics equipment: Two robotic drilling cells integrated with both stationary and mobile tooling. Integrated wing major assembly cell with manual assembly jigs and large CNC wing drilling machines. Twenty-three other manual work stations. New technology developments implemented include: A new high-curvature nosepiece on the robot end effecter to enable accurate drilling and countersinking on the LE Spar D-Nose section. A new application and delivery system for single-sided temporary fasteners for wing panel drilling. Tooling design to accommodate large temperature variations.
Forbes, Mark
Fault Detection in Single Stage Helical Planetary Gearbox Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Decision Tree with Histogram Features2019-28-015110/11/2019
Drive train failures are most common in wind turbines. Lots of effort has been made to improve the reliability of the gearbox but the truth is that these efforts do not provide a lifetime solution. Majority of failures are caused by bearing and gearbox. It also states that wind turbine gearbox failure causes the highest downtime as the repair has to be done at Original Equipment Manufacturer [OEM]. This work aims to predict the failures in planetary gearbox using fault diagnosis technique and machine learning algorithms. In the proposed method the failing parts of the planetary gearbox are monitored with the help of accelerometer sensor mounted on the planetary gearbox casing which will record the vibrations. A prototype has been fabricated as a miniature of single stage planetary gearbox. The vibrations of the healthy gearbox, sun defect, planet defect and ring defect under loaded conditions are obtained. The signals show the performance characteristics of the gearbox condition. These characteristics and their number of occurrences were plotted in a histogram graph. Predominant statistical features which represent the fault condition were selected using decision tree algorithm. Using these features the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and J48 algorithms were trained and tested to classify the faults. The accuracy of the machine learning algorithm greatly helps in deciding the optimum time to carry out the required maintenance operation.
Shaul Hameed, SyedVaithiyanathan, MuralidharanKesavan, Mahendran
Optimization of Machining Process Parameters for Minimizing the Waste Stream Response through Multi-Objective Optimization2019-28-006210/11/2019
During the delivering of an item, any material created moreover to a definitive item will be named as waste. The waste produced in light of machining could be a notable conservation worry for creators. The shape and condition of waste streams created, and their transportation components divergence with the strategy utilized and also shift among the technique. The effect in view of each waste stream differs as well. This examination reports a machining strategy includes the procedure of material to give a completed or a semi-completed item. This is frequently done by misapplication tools, totaling, machines and distinctive data sources that are appropriate to the strategy. The procedures thought of for the point of this work includes machining of material manipulation devices to give parts and items. The yield of the technique incorporates the item and increase the waste streams. The waste streams will be in the form of Chips, Energy usage, and Worn cutting tools and Operating time. TOPSIS and ANOVA was acclimated gauge the chief essential Cutting speed, Feed rate, Depth of Cut and Tool Nose Radius conditions that influencing the Minimum Response. The most support effect of the info factors on the normal reactions is researched. The normal esteems and estimated esteems are genuinely close. The given model may be acclimated pick the measure of machining process parameters.
Sivam Sundarlingam Paramasivam, Sundar SinghLoganathan, Ganesh BabuSaravanan, KrishnaswamyKumaran, DuraiRajendran, RajSriram, Harish
Application of Response Surface Method to Optimize Waterjet Cutting Process Parameter of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Laminates2019-28-015310/11/2019
Waterjet machining is a widely used advanced machining technique because of its versatility in removal of material for a wider range of materials. Waterjet machining is particularly advantageous in the precise cutting of advanced materials like Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) comparative to conventional machining methods. The conventional machining methods result in the release of high amount of glass fiber dust which leaves the work environment unsafe for the workers. The material dust if inhaled can lead to acute respiratory diseases. In this work an analysis was done on the cutting performance of Waterjet machining and is presented based on an experimental investigation on fabricated fiberglass reinforced laminates. It is shown that with a good combination of cutting parameters such as nozzle traverse speed, waterjet pressure, and Stand-off distance a cutting performance can be achieved. Plausible trends of kerf quality and machining time with respect to the waterjet pressure, nozzle traverse speed and nozzle stand-off distance are analysed. The surface roughness and machining time has been optimized using DOE techniques for achieving proper machining characteristics and faster completion of the work. An experimental study of WJM of Glass epoxy composite to improve kerf properties is presented. The RSM a well-renowned technique is used to optimize the process parameters.
Aulakh, Savitoj SinghPatil, DhanushElsen, RenoldAggarwal, Sangeet
Groove designs presented herein are applicable for use with machined or formed metal seals which are similar in configuration to those shown in figure 3, which operate under internal pressure or in vacuum service and which have been specifically qualified or recommended by the purchaser or the manufacturer for use with this AIR. They are also applicable for use with metal o-rings (e.g., MS9142, MS202 thru MS9205) where interchangeability with machined or formed metal seals is desired. For metal o-ring groove designs where inter-changeability is not a requirement refer to ARP 674.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
The aluminum alloy Al7075 is commonly used in aircraft industry due to its high mechanical resistance to weight ratio. Nevertheless when the structure is being serviced upon the severe environmental conditions or loads degradation mechanisms could often been found in the material. To improve its behavior the cold spray process with various titanium powders (e.g. CP Ti, Ti-64) deposited onto Al7075 was investigated. The spraying of angular titanium powder was performed in the presence of nitrogen and helium supplied at process parameters (temperature, pressure), which were the maximum values attainable by the CS system used. The deposits were sprayed while maintaining a standoff distance in the range from 20 to 100 mm increased by 10 mm. The experimental data indicated that the deposition efficiency had increased significantly with increasing standoff distance. The coating porosity first decreased to minimum 0.6% and then increased significantly to 9.8%. The mechanical properties of the coatings reached the highest values when the porosity was minimum. No new phases were reported in the cold sprayed titanium coatings when compared with the starting feedstock. The same process parameters were transferred to Ti- 6Al-4V coral like powder deposition process. The shear strength between Ti coating material and Al7075 substrate was measured. Additionally the tensile strength of the deposit only, previously disintegrated from the substrate, was checked out. The data obtained indicate that the consolidation of Ti powder with Al7075 substrate made by cold spray could be served for both: materials integration and building a component by materials disintegration, where Al substrate is removed on spraying and machining; and simply used as a technological support for additive manufacturing of a self-standing real life component.
Sienicki, JaroslawŻórawski, Wojciech
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a novel process of fabricating components in a layer-by-layer method under the control of computer-aided design (CAD) information, rather than by the traditional use of casting molds and forming dies. By allowing for net-shape fabrication of highly complex geometries without molds or machining, this process offers the potential to reduce material usage, energy consumption, component cost, and fabrication time. While AM presents the unique opportunity to manufacture single components quickly, it also provides for the potential to examine the effects of individual design alterations on overall system performance. QuesTek has utilized its proven Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) methodology to adapt Ferrium® C64® steel for additive manufacturing, where the market availability of AM gear steels is very limited. QuesTek has demonstrated success in AM-processing of C64 using a laser-based powder bed technique, from procurement of powder through final test part fabrication. This production route is demonstrating the ability to fabricate a near-net shaped part at a reduced cost and significantly reduced lead time relative to conventional manufacturing routes, making it especially useful for rapid prototyping of new components.
Kozmel, ThomasFetty, JasonKantner, ChrisNez, BrittanyGrabowski, JeffSebastian, Jason
A New Method for Multi-objective Optimal Design of Milling Parameters by Considering Chatter Vibrations2019-01-50435/13/2019
The desired milling process with high material removal rate (MRR) and low surface roughness of the product can be achieved only if machining chatter is absent. Incorporating chatter into the optimal selection of the machining parameters leads to a complex problem. Therefore, the approach of selecting conservative intervals for the machining parameters is usually employed instead. In this paper, a practical approach is proposed to specify the optimal machining parameters (depth of cut and spindle speed) in order to maximize MRR and minimize forced vibrations by considering machining chatter. Firstly, the worst-case scenario-based optimization problem in terms of the surface quality is solved to find the critical time at which maximal amplitude vibrations occur. Then, the time dependency of the problem is eliminated. Secondly, the multi-objective optimization is conducted to achieve the Pareto Optimal Front (POF). The Stability Lobe Diagram (SLD) is obtained independently through well-established analytical methods. Optimal machining parameters on the obtained POF are mapped into the SLD to represent optimal results for the cases at which machining chatter is absent. Finally, these optimal results are sorted by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) decision-making method and displayed on the combined POF-SLD diagram which can be used by the machining operator for determination of the process parameters. A case study is considered, illustrating the efficiency of the proposed method.
Jafarzadeh, E.Khodaygan, S.Sohani, A.
A Comparison of the Mechanical Performance of AA6061-T6 Extrusions Subjected to Axial Crushing and Axial Cutting2019-01-10944/2/2019
Conventional axially loaded energy absorbers dissipate kinetic energy through progressive folding. The significant fluctuations in load and high risk of transition to global bending are drawbacks that engineers have attempted to mitigate through several methods. A novel energy dissipation mechanism, referred to as axial cutting, utilizes thin-walled extrusions and a strengthened cutting tool to absorb energy in an axial impact. Compared to progressive folding, this can be achieved with minimal fluctuations in load during the deformation process. Based upon estimates from finite element models, a series of test cases were postulated where, for 8 and 10-bladed cutting scenarios, greater total energy absorption could be achieved through axial cutting than with progressive folding of geometrically similar extrusions. The specimens were AA6061 extrusions having T6 temper conditions that possessed 63.5 mm outer diameters and 1.5 mm wall thicknesses. All tests were performed quasi-statically using a universal MTS testing machine at a crushing rate of 50 mm/min. The axially cut extrusions displayed an average of 22.8 % more energy absorption than their respective axially crushed test specimens with an improved crush force efficiency, greater by a factor of 2. Finite element models utilizing an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian mesh were developed and solved with LS-DYNA R8.0.0 to numerically replicate the load-displacement responses of the axially cut extrusions. The steady-state cutting force was typically predicted to within 10% of experimental values with corresponding validation metrics generally above 0.90.
Magliaro, John A.Altenhof, William
Restricted Access ‘C’ Clamping Smart Drilling Unit2019-01-13343/19/2019
One way assembly of aero structures has the potential to significantly reduce build times. One of the solutions, which goes towards achieving this philosophy, is the use of a ‘C’ clamping automated drilling system. The Manufacturing Technology Centre has developed and manufactured a ‘C’ clamping automated drilling unit to overcome many of the limitations of current designs, which prevent their use on a broader range of structures. The drilling unit addresses issues with access, size and weight restrictions as well as economic factors. This technical paper will present the outcomes from the design and manufacture of the drilling unit that is to be used within restricted access areas, as either a hand held device or as a robotic end effector free from any cables or hoses, allowing full and unhindered articulation of any robot motion. The device’s services: power, tool lubrication, swarf extraction and control systems have been designed to be embedded, rendering it a standalone unit. With the miniaturisation of the electrical and mechanical elements, combined with a deep throat, high clamping force and innovative spindle design, the system can be applied in a variety of scenarios. The control system has been designed to be low cost, compact and wireless with a tablet interface for enhanced connectivity, improving on current solutions. Combined with the utilisation of brushless servomotors for real-time position, speed and torque feedback, the unit allows adaptive drilling of multi-material stacks and future development of other smart drilling principles. The project was funded by Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) and conducted by the Manufacturing Technology Centre (MTC).
Suwala, AgataLand, PatrickJanik, KarolKasler, Richard
ABNT 4140 steel mechanical properties after nitriding by EDM process2018-36-03259/3/2018
Electrical Discharge Machining process (EDM) is a non-conventional cutting method applicable for the machining of electrically conductible or semi-conductible, with no contact between the tool and the work piece which consists in an electrode and a work piece both submerged in a dielectric fluid and connected into a direct current source. Initially, the fluid behaves in an insulating way so that there is no electric current until a minimum gap between the electrode and the work piece is reached. Once this gap is reached, the dielectric fluid starts behaving in a conductive way creating a plasma channel due to the electric arc generated. Ion are emitted between the anode and the cathode thus colliding with the dielectric fluid molecules obtaining enough energy to fuse/vaporize and consequently removing material from the work piece/electrode. The main objective of this study was to adapt the conventional EDM machine, so that it could allow performing the NDE (Nitriding by Electrical Discharge) while the test sample rotates. Therefore, it became possible to evaluate the results of the NDE process on test samples submitted on the traction resistance test. In order to evaluate the gain in surface hardness and the substract hardness after NDE, it was necessary to elaborate a triparted proof body, allowing the removal of proof body central part for a subsequent microhardness evaluation. In this way, it became possible to preserve the machined surface and consequently better results during the microhardness evaluation. As a dielectric fluid utilized on the test was a deionized water with urea concentration varying among 0g/l, 20g/l, 40g/l, 60g/l and 80g/l, the purpose of the urea variation was evaluate the influence of urea concentration on the surface hardness and nitrided layer depth.
Quirino, Cid ClayNeumann, Lucas
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