Browse Topic: Maintenance and Aftermarket

Items (3,526)

Airline passenger satisfaction is important for airline operation service quality management. When airline companies carry out advertisement campaigns or plan a marketing strategy, the resources and budgets are not unlimited. Thus, an airline can only focus on improving a few factors that drive passenger satisfaction. To understand the key satisfies for the young and the old adults, respectively, we leverage five airline passenger satisfaction methods to identify the key factors that explain the airline service satisfaction of different passengers. In particular, we investigate and compare the ridge and the Lasso regularization in terms of the resulting model’s sparsity and computational efficiency. The top three important factors that influence the old’s satisfaction are departure and arrival time convenience, legroom service, and baggage handling. Our findings indicate that the young people place a higher value on entertainment, while the old adults place a higher value on usefulness

Ma, Jie, Hu, Song, Wang, Haipeng

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Launching Human Space Travel with a Luxury Balloon

1349801/23/2025

Imagine a six-hour journey to outer space that includes a world-class meal, cocktail service, Wi-Fi, and unprecedented views of Earth. This experience could soon become reality. Space Perspective, the world's first carbon-neutral spaceflight experience company, is commercializing space travel with Spaceship Neptune, a pressurized capsule propelled by a giant SpaceBalloon(TM). The experience is designed to be gentle and accessible with no rockets, weightlessness, heavy g-forces, or training required. Alongside world-class meal and cocktail service, space travelers will also enjoy views through the largest windows ever flown to space, Wi-Fi, and a proper restroom. To learn more, we sat down with Taber MacCallum, Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Space Perspective, to discuss the technical development of the SpaceBalloon(TM) and how the company is unlocking the market for space travel in a new and innovative way. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for

Hineman, Marcie

Army Completes Satellite as a Managed Service Research Project

TBMG-5213312/01/2024

Intelsat McLean, VA melissa.longo@intelsat.com

Enabling Robots to Interpret Surroundings Quickly and Accurately

TBMG-5218212/01/2024

Imagine having to straighten up a messy kitchen, starting with a counter littered with sauce packets. If your goal is to wipe the counter clean, you might sweep up the packets as a group. If, however, you wanted to first pick out the mustard packets before throwing the rest away, you would sort more discriminately, by sauce type. MIT engineers have developed a method that enables robots to make similarly intuitive, task-relevant decisions.

Contract Manufacturing: Accelerating Product Development

TBMG-5217212/01/2024

Design and material choices can have a long-term impact on an original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) production costs and product quality. When an OEM works together with an experienced contract design manufacturer (CDM) from the start of a project, many negative impacts to cost and quality can be avoided.

Cable Carriers Promote Efficiency in an Autonomous Hospitality Robot

TBMG-5218712/01/2024

Since the COVID-19 pandemic that advanced contactless service, robots are increasingly being seen conducting routine deliveries around hospitals and hotels. Developed by Robotise Technologies, JEEVES is one such autonomous service robot used in hotels, healthcare facilities, offices, airports, and other settings. Its main duty is to transport materials and products.

Where Do EV Batteries Go When They Die?

TBMG-5213812/01/2024

At Cox Automotive’s EV Battery Solutions center in Oklahoma City, the conglomerate most famous for its KBB, Autotrader, and Manheim auction brands, has become a go-to for EV battery research, repair, remanufacturing, and recycling.

Bio-Ink for 3D Printing

TBMG-5218912/01/2024

Biomedical engineers have developed a “bio-ink” for 3D-printed materials that could serve as scaffolds for growing human tissues to repair or replace damaged ones in the body. Bioengineered tissues show promise in regenerative, precision, and personalized medicine; product development; and basic research, especially with the advent of 3D printing of biomaterials that could serve as scaffolds or temporary structures to grow tissues.

SCENE ADJUSTMENT TOOLS FOR AUTONOMY SIMULATION

2024-01-400511/15/2024

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a set of Simulation Scene Adjustment Tools which allow users to adjust relevant geo-environmental parameters to create an unlimited number of new scenes that are based on, and share relevant characteristics with, the original. We also introduce a set of novel quantitative metrics that compare the simulation scenes from the perspective of an automated vehicle system. These tools are useful for automated vehicle development and testing to alleviate the problem of having only a few simulation scenes with which to prove out the system. Citation: J. Auchter, R. Brothers, D. Beer, “Scene Adjustment Tools for Autonomy Simulation,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 15-17, 2023.

Auchter, Joseph, Brothers, Robert, Beer, Daniel

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Taking Fleet Electrification to the Next Level

1348210/14/2024

How can companies electrify their fleets without the high costs and challenges of owning EV infrastructure? One company has the answer. Founded in 2017, Zeem Solutions is the leading provider of contract-based EV charging and fleet management services, serving more than 15,000 qualified fleets. With charging, parking, leasing, and co-locating solutions at secure hubs in major transport locations, Zeem is on a mission to help companies make the transition from diesel to electric. To learn more, we sat down with Paul Gioupis, Founder and CEO, Zeem Solutions, to discuss the importance of lowering operational costs with an EV charging depot model and how the company plans to scale nationwide. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it

Hineman, Marcie

Casting Equipment Engineering Guide

B-ASM-05603/01/2024

Casting Equipment Engineering Guide is an essential resource covering engineering details of casting equipment, their design features, applications, capabilities, and selection guidelines. This book is written for mechanical engineers, practicing engineers, engineering students, and metallurgists specializing in casting technology.

Retain Newness of Commercial vehicle: Lining and Paneling

2024-26-018801/16/2024

Commercial vehicle are exposed to harsh environment conditions like dust, mud, wind, rain, extreme sun and winter throughout. Apart from white goods and other conventional loading these vehicles also used in applications which involve Handling of Dirty Loads, Construction Raw materials, Mining Industry etc. which leads to fast deterioration of Interiors. Also, in most cases drivers are not the owners. Hence due to high cost of Cleaning at dealerships and low Product maintenance awareness amongst Commercial Vehicle Users, on Road Washing & Cleaning by riverside is common practice which leads to early deterioration of Interior trims. This paper deals with the retention of newness of soft trim parts such as headliner and wall trims. Causes of product deterioration and attributes which influence newness like product appeal, NVH, perceived quality, environmental impact, geometry retention over time etc. have been discussed in detail. Material properties and design considerations for

Shah, Kapil, Apte, Sanjay, Navsariwala, Prashant, Kumar, Sunil, Komar, Sanju, ghodageri, santosh, SURENDRAN, SHIJU

Damage Tolerant Fracture Assessment of Cracks in Non-Standard Geometries Under Static and Fatigue Loading

2024-26-027601/16/2024

Cracks on metallic components may appear due to manufacturing, handling, installation, repair, welding etc. and are controlled by quality documents. However, if cracks violate the limit defined in quality document, then either parts will be scraped or will need additional evaluation through detailed and specialized Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) approach. The initial size, orientation and shape of crack, part geometry and loading highly impacts the behavior of crack growth and remaining useful life. Study has been performed to understand the effect of crack aspect ratio on stress intensity factor under different stress gradient scenario. This paper also provides the simplified methodology to address the multiple cracks in complex geometries under static and fatigue loading.

Puranik, Shashank Suresh, Pathan, Irfan, Shinde, Swapnil, Soni, Nitesh, Kindleysides, Andrew

Optimization of Charging Infrastructure for Fleet Customers

2024-26-009201/16/2024

In a rush to move towards a sustainable future, the number of electric vehicles has risen significantly in recent years. With this, the need for power to charge those vehicles has also increased. In any electric vehicle fleet location, there could be a large number of vehicles with different arrival and departure times and energy requirements, which might vary every day. Depending on the geographical location, the available solar energy might differ. The electricity costs might change on an hourly basis. This in total can affect the charging costs. In addition, a non-optimal sizing of the energy components could result in an under-sized system, where the energy demands are not met, or it could result in an over-sized system, where the owner has to invest more than required. Based on all the information related to vehicle charging load, electricity charges, energy intensity profile of renewable energy generation like solar and wind, an optimal size of components, operational cost, and

Munirajappa, Chandrashekara, Shrivastava, Himanshu, Prasad P, Shilpa

Fixed High Ground Clearance Tractor

2024-26-006301/16/2024

Row-crop intercultural activities are widely affected by unavailability of manpower & seasonal nature. Current tractors with lower ground clearance are unable to access field after certain crop stage, may damage crop after growth up to 1 foot. Some limited mechanization available (self-propelled boom sprayer) are of higher cost. Cropcare activities are intensive and consistently increasing cost. A retrofit height attachment is designed and developed to ensure the tractor to enter field of crops having height up to 3 ft and perform intercultural operations with lesser investment and operating cost to utilize the unmechanized gap for business benefit. The concept is converting 2WD base tractor to high ground clearance tractor having ground clearance of 3ft and rear track of 42&44'', with modular retrofit height attachment kit with lesser change on base tractor. The kit can be removed later after Cropcare and covert back the tractor to usual 2WD base tractor. The solution is suitable for

A, Gokila, Natarajan, Saravanan, T, Vimalraj, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, RS, Vijay, Redkar, Dinesh, Gupta Sr, Vishal

J1939-73 Digital Annex DBC

J1939-73DBC10/11/2023

J1939-73 DBC File - Heavy Duty Diagnostics (DM1, DM2, ...) The SAE J1939-73 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting 'version 4' J1939 diagnostic messages (DM1, DM2, ...) to 'physical values'. This lets you identify issues in e.g. trucks, tractors and buses. DBC is a CAN database format used in most automotive tools.

automation test jms - titleauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0828307/05/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

automation test jms - title

SAE-PP-0826507/01/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

Comprehensive Evaluation of Logging Frameworks for Future Vehicle Diagnostics

2023-01-122306/26/2023

More and more applications (apps) are entering vehicles. Customers would like to have in-car apps in their infotainment system, which they already use regularly on their smartphones. Other apps with new functionalities also inspire vehicle customers, but only as long as the customer can utilize them. To ensure customer satisfaction, it is important that these apps work and that failures are found and corrected as quickly as possible. Therefore, in-car apps also implicate requirements for future vehicle diagnostics. This is because current vehicle diagnostic methods are not designed for handling dynamic software failures of apps. Consequently, new diagnostic methods are needed to support the diagnosis of in-car apps. Log data is a central building block in software systems for system health management or troubleshooting. However, there are different types of log data and log environment setups depending on the underlying system or software platform. Depending on that, the creation of

Bickelhaupt, Sandra, Hahn, Michael, Nuding, Nikolai, Morozov, Andrey, Weyrich, Michael

automation test jms - title

SAE-PP-0812406/09/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

automation test jms - title

SAE-PP-0812306/09/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

jeneane test 5/10

SAE-PP-0792005/10/2023

after rabbitmq issues

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

test 05/10/2023 11:00 am electric

SAE-PP-0791805/10/2023

test 05/10/2023 11:00 am

Dongari, Madhukar

Acoustic Evaluation of Fiber Based Materials for Engine Bay Applications

2025-01-011505/05/2023

A newly formulated fiber-based material was developed to offer a cleaner, recyclable alternative to foam-based vehicle acoustic products. The fiber-based material was designed to be used in multiple vehicle acoustic applications, with different blends of the material available depending on the application. It performs well as an engine bay sound absorber due to its high heat tolerance and good absorption performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the sound absorption performance of this fiber-based material, specifically the engine bay blends, in comparison to that of current foam-based products. The results from this study show that the sound absorption performance of this new fiber-based material can match that of current foam-based materials while providing a recyclable product unlike the foam.

Krugh, Jack

Cairene Car-Culture: How are Automobility and Social Behavior Linked to The Development of The Soundscape and Urban Fabric of Cairo.

2025-01-006905/05/2023

Cairo’s soundscape has witnessed changes due to the ongoing urban structure developments that accommodate the number of vehicles passing through the city. The soundscape produced by this growing automobility is affected not only by vehicles but also by their owners' behavior. Cairenes use their cars as a communication tool and an extension of private space. By viewing the vehicle as a component of the soundscape as well as a space that filters it, this study examines the synergy between social behavior, automobility, urban structure, and their interdependent relationship on the soundscape of Cairo. The study responds to literature elaborating on acoustic ecology, car culture, urban structure, and social behavior. The methodology applied in this study follows practice-based phenomenological research while documenting and reflecting on car cultural practices in Cairo from an aural perspective. Grounded theory contextualizes the analysis of archived audio and video material, semi

Abd El Naby, Abla Mohamed

testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0784304/19/2023

test

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

angular upgrade test

SAE-PP-0782804/11/2023

testing upgrade

Rickard, Christopher

On-Line Pose Measurement and Adjustment of End Effector Based on Laser Tracker for Robotic Drilling System

2023-01-098203/07/2023

Tang, Yue, Zheng, Jinhui, Zhang, Mao

electric test

SAE-PP-0780902/15/2023

testing

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Michigan: The New Epicenter of Aerospace

1338002/09/2023

As the birthplace of the automotive industry and the home of several aviation firsts, Michigan offers unique advantages to the rapidly expanding space economy. To make the most of this opportunity, the Michigan Aerospace Manufacturers Association (MAMA) has convened three public-private partnerships: the Michigan Launch Initiative, Space-Enabled Communications for Advanced Mobility, and the Mid-America Hypersonic Suborbital Test Range. These programs provide a collaborative platform for public-private partners to support satellite launch capabilities, test commercial and national security applications, and expand 5G connectivity, among other opportunities. We sat down with Gavin P. Brown, Executive Director, MAMA, to discuss these exciting initiatives and learn how the organization is positioning Michigan as a leader in all phases of aerospace manufacturing -- from tool and die all the way through final assembly --by leaning on the state's rich automotive and aviation history.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: What Role Do Electric Utilities Have in the EV Space?

1336811/17/2022

As demand for EVs grows, so too does the role of electric utilities. From powering the grid to ensuring the reliability of EV charging stations, the electric utility industry plays a pivotal role in accelerating EV adoption. For more than a century, Duquesne Light Company (DLC) has delivered electricity to more than 600,000 customers in the Pittsburgh region. Currently, there are more than 6,000 EVs in DLC's service territory -- and they expect that number to grow to more than 23,000 by the end of 2025. With this projected growth, DLC is not only providing reliable power, but EV information analysis and incentives like a Community Charging Program and Electric Fleet Advisory Service Program. We sat down with Sarah Olexsak, Senior Manager, Transportation Electrification, to discuss the role of electric utilities and how DLC is supporting EV adoption in Western Pennsylvania.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE-PP-0779411/16/2022

testing 123

Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane

electric - take 2

SAE-PP-0779211/04/2022

electric

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

Locking Side Pull Hoist Ring

TBMG-46916

11/01/2022

null, null

Panel Discussion: Role of AI in Brake/Friction Testing Today and Future

1334910/12/2022

The concept of Artificial Intelligence is presently being employed in several industries and it's use is expanding. Although AI strategies have been evolving over a period of several decades, it is within the past few years that its practicality has increased to a point where we are now truly at the forefront of a disruptive technological trend. The automotive industry is ripe with applications for this technology and the benefits of employing AI may be boundless. It is imperative that the Automotive Industry embrace AI, but with a clear understanding of not only the capabilities but also limitations. This panel will focus on how AI can be employed in the field of Automotive Brake and Friction development testing. The expert panelists will share their thoughts about where the industry currently stands with respect to potential brake/friction development AI applications, and the outlook for future improvements and constraints of this new tool. Moderator: Saikiran Divakaruni, ZF

Schandelmeier, Brandie

Ku/Ka Band Satellite (KSAT) Subcommittee

WC-0061909/23/2022

The AEEC KSAT Subcommittee develops Standards that define Ku-band and Ka-band satellite communication (satcom) systems that meet operators’ highperformance requirements. The equipment specified are typically used to provide passenger data, video, and voice communication services.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Bacon jmsauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0765709/15/2022

solutions

Rickard, Christopher

jms demo testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0718609/08/2022

blah blah blah

Rickard, Christopher, SintzADMIn, Jeneane

testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0668309/01/2022

test

venkat, Aditya, SintzADMIn, Jeneane

Researchers Develop Rapid Lab-on-a-Chip for Cancer, COVID Diagnostics

TBMG-4646209/01/2022

A research center based at the University of Kansas that develops rapid next-generation tests for a host of human ailments like cancer, stroke, and COVID-19 recently earned $6.6 million in continued funding over the next five years from the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) as a National Biotechnology Resource (P41) Center.

testing collections assignment

SAE-PP-0303407/08/2022

blah blah blah collections

Rickard, Christopher

An Effective Design of Micro Tesla Valve as a Passive Mixer in Microfluidics Channels

2022-26-117805/26/2022

Mixing fluids is one of the major challenges in microfluidics. Normally, the mixing process is done by diffusion rather than turbulence, which makes it very slow due to low Reynolds number (Re) flow in the range of 0.1 to1. Owing to this behaviour, ineffective mixing occurs when two miscible liquids are mixed purely by diffusion which requires longer striation lengths and therefore longer microfluidic channels along with lengthy mixing time. Homogeneous mixing of solute and solvent is important for providing consistent chemical and biological reactions in µTAS.In this study, we develop a passive mixer that provides efficient mixing using micro tesla valves which allows the flow of liquids in the forward and reverse directions to analyse the formed vortices, turbulent intense areas, Reynolds number, and pressure using Ansys fluent workbench. An optimum design has been arrived by varying the number of cells from 1 to 5 in series and realization is done by excimer laser micromachining.

Singh, Deepak, Sankar PhD, Ravi

Next-gen swarm CubeSats’ synchronization and re-programmability

2022-26-116105/26/2022

The increasing need for interstellar data has increased the deployment of satellites in space, thereby increasing the space debris, also resulting in unnecessary costs. CubeSats have been gaining scads of attention worldwide for their affordability and ease of construction by the educational community. To further enhance this it is imperative for a simple and reliable communication technique and its ability to work on robust missions by enabling CubeSats in intelligent ways. The paper proposes a technology that can reduce the costs by deploying CubeSats and improving their lifetime and number of missions using TinyML and reprogrammability capabilities. Swarms of CubeSat deployed for extraterrestrial missions can be synchronized, without having any ground support with the help of onboard ML algorithms. CubeSats, being cost-effective and resource-efficient, its life-expendability can come as an added advantage. Hence, the paper also proposes the use of TinyML for power optimization and

Giridharan, Nithyaashree, PRANAV, PV

Integrated Vehicle Health management(IVHM):Prognosis and diagnosis system

2022-26-116605/26/2022

The Performance of the vehicle depends on its systems and sub-systems integrated within. The health of the systems and subsystems need to be prognosed or diagnosed in automatically. The automatic health assessment of the critical vehicle systems will remove the possibility of the human error and turn-around time. IVHM is a concept for the complete maintenance life cycle of a vehicle. Integrated Vehicle Health management (IVHM) practices to automate and integrate the various components which will be providing the prognostic assessment of the critical system and their components. IVHM provides maintenance and logistical systems with a global picture of the vehicle health and give direction on how the vehicle and fleet should be managed for optimum health. All the stages of Integrated Vehicle Health management system required to be minimal human interaction to facilitate data and information transfer between the systems. IVHM is the need of the growing aerospace and automotive industries

Kranti, Kunwar, Surekha, Nancy

Cloud based Architecture to implement Digital Twins

2022-26-114705/26/2022

Increased operating cost of aircraft for maintenance and repair is an area that has garnered a lot of attention. Efforts to reduce the cost has not always met with success despite aircraft being built with increased reliability including more durable engines and innovations in approach to maintenance. Most airlines focus on cutting cost of maintenance, repair and overhaul while ensuring operational availability of assets. Means to optimize cost must always be within mandatory bounds of safety of operations. Existing approaches for fleet management and sustainment are largely based on statistical distributions of material properties, physical testing and heuristic design philosophies which are often unable to address extreme requirements. Some of the major challenges include employment of conventional maintenance practices, slower turnaround time, suboptimal supply chain management, poor utilization of resources, below par manufacturing processes, outdated manual processes and inferior

Padmanabhan, Suresh, Sunkara, Bhanu Prakash

Automotive Diagnostics: Threat or a boon for cybersecurity

2022-01-013903/29/2022

The Automotive industry went through a revolution of all sorts with the addition of a lot of electronic components in the vehicles subsequently increasing dependency on the software that these components carried on them. With large number of vehicles sold out in 90’s the service stations became burdened with providing quick and efficient service, and the competing OEMs lead to advancement of the way production and servicing of the vehicles were handled. As in any complex system where diverse components interact with each other the problems of such interactions multiplied causing diagnostics to become lean and efficient so that they can be diagnosed and fixed quickly. These diagnostics resulted in many open interfaces which could control mechanical parts without the intervention of driver with the help of a diagnostic tester. These open interfaces allowed hackers to exploit them for malicious purposes thus triggering cybersecurity protocols to be pulled in for these interfaces during

Prakash, Vignesh

Multi-Dimensional CFD Studies of Oil Drawdown in an I4 Engine

2022-01-047303/29/2022

A computational study based on unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes that resolves the gas-liquid interface was performed to examine the unsteady multiphase flow in a 4 cylinder Inline (I-4) engine. In this study, the rotating motion of the crankshaft and reciprocating motion of the pistons were accounted for to accurately predict the oil distribution in various parts of the engine. Three rotational speeds of the crankshaft have been examined: 1000, 2800, and 4000 RPM. Of particular interest is to examine the mechanisms governing the process of oil drawdown from the engine head into the case. The oil distributions in other parts of the engine have also been investigated to understand the overall crankcase breathing process. Results obtained show the drawdown of oil from the head into the case to be strongly dependent on the venting strategy for the foul air going out of the engine through the PCV system. Results also show the dynamic holdup of oil in the steady operation to be

Pandey, Ashutosh, Schlautman, Jeff, Nichani, Varun

Application of a Digital Twin Virtual Engineering Tool for Ground Vehicle Maintenance Forecasting

2022-01-043403/29/2022

The integration of sensors, actuators and real time control in transportation systems enables intelligent system operation to minimize energy consumption and maximize occupant safety and vehicle reliability. The operating cycle of military ground vehicles can be on- and off-road in adverse environments which places a demand on continuous subsystem functionality to fulfill missions. On–board diagnostic systems can alert the operator of degraded operation once established fault thresholds are passed. An opportunity exists to estimate vehicle maintenance needs using model-based predicted trends and compiled information from fleet operating databases. A digital twin, created to virtually describe the dynamic behavior of a physical system using computer mathematical models, can estimate the system behavior based on current and future operating scenarios while accounting for past operating effects. In this manner, the collection of real time data of the physical vehicle can be constantly

Eddy, Conner, WAGNER, Adam, Wagner, JOHN, Castanier, Matthew

Field Safety Performance of Micro-mobility Devices

2022-01-103103/29/2022

Micro-mobility devices, such as E-scooters and E-bikes, have become a prominent mode of transportation in urban environments. Even in a single location, a variety of suppliers, each with a different design, may be available for use. When new, the safety performance of the devices should be consistent for a given make, however, over time, braking performance may diminish. Acceleration characteristics may vary between suppliers, and could diminish over the life of the device, or possibly be dependent on the current state of charge of the device. Since the rider does not own or maintain the device, they would have limited understanding of the performance of a particular device in emergency conditions. A sample of publicly available E-scooters and E-bikes were tested to determine whether differences in acceleration and hard braking capabilities may be expected. The condition of the device tires and controls, and the battery state of charge, were inspected and documented. The findings are

Larson, Robert, Kuzel, Michael

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