Browse Topic: Maintenance and Aftermarket

Items (3,531)
Find
Sponsor ChjangeARP050911 (Current)10/13/2025
Test
A-6A Systems Subsystem Integration Steering Group
INSTALLING AND REMOVAL TOOLS, CONNECTOR ELECTRICAL CONTACT, TYPE III, CLASS 2, COMPOSITION BAS81969/39A (Current)10/07/2025
Scope is unavailable.
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
REPAIR SLEEVE, PRIMARY WIRE INSULATION DAMAGE, ELECTRIC, PERMANENT, ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT, 150 °C MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE AS6224/1A (Current)10/07/2025
This specification covers detail requirements of side enterable insulation damage replair sleeve with adhesive lining.
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
non-SAE standard test - revision Standard for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land Highways - Safety Standardas-jms-1A (Current)09/23/2025
non-SAE standard test - revision Specifications, test methods, and usage provisions for safety glazing materials used for glazing of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment operating on land highways.
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Autonomy is Breathing New Life into Farming1351505/16/2025
Labor shortages are pushing many family farms to the brink. The solution? Autonomous technology which is emerging as a game-changer--boosting productivity, cutting risk, and giving family farms a fighting chance to thrive for generations to come. At the forefront of this transformation is Blue River Technology, a John Deere subsidiary leading the charge in precision agriculture. From AI-driven tools to autonomous machinery, the company is helping to build the future of farming the John Deere way, meeting farmers in the field and designing solutions grounded in real-world challenges. With safety and scalability built in, farmers can start small with retrofit kits that upgrade existing tractors, making automation more accessible than ever. To learn more, we caught up with Aaron Wells, Director of Engineering at Blue River, to explore how automation is transforming agriculture and giving farmers the tools they need to stay ahead--despite labor challenges. We'd love to hear from you. Share
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORRO TODAY BRIEFS - Scaling Software-Defined EV Fleets1351204/24/2025
When it comes to electrifying commercial vehicle fleets, one company offers a transformative modular platform that can drastically reduce the time to market. REE Automotive is a publicly traded company that designs and manufactures advanced software-defined vehicles (SDVs) that are fully electric, capable of autonomy, and compatible with existing fleet management software. The company recently began production on its first medium-duty truck for the US market and has since seen a 230% growth in reservations, indicating strong customer interest and positive feedback. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Daniel Barel, CEO, and Pete Dow, VP of Engineering, to discuss REE Automotive's revolutionary approach to scaling software-defined commercial EV fleets. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our podcast on the state of NEVI
Hineman, Marcie
BALL BEARINGS.06000204/23/2025
HESS, HENRY
SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED - The Fragmentation of the Robotaxi Market1351004/10/2025
The robotaxi market is experiencing significant change, with the once-dominant Waymo now facing competition from new entrants like Nuro and Wayve who are licensing their autonomous driving technology -- a strategy that could reshape the industry. In addition, Tesla's Cybercab is aiming to launch a commercial service by the end of 2025 that allows owners to generate revenue through the Tesla network. Lyft and Uber are also adapting through the power of partnership, emphasizing the importance of fleet management in the operation and maintenance of robotaxis. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte breaks it all down and discusses how the impact of a fragmented market will likely result in a convergence of personally owned AVs, traditional robotaxis, and niche players. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on
Hineman, Marcie
The Logistic Lasso and Ridge Regression Algorithm-Based Airline Passenger Satisfaction Prediction Model2025-01-716803/19/2025
Airline passenger satisfaction is important for airline operation service quality management. When airline companies carry out advertisement campaigns or plan a marketing strategy, the resources and budgets are not unlimited. Thus, an airline can only focus on improving a few factors that drive passenger satisfaction. To understand the key satisfies for the young and the old adults, respectively, we leverage five airline passenger satisfaction methods to identify the key factors that explain the airline service satisfaction of different passengers. In particular, we investigate and compare the ridge and the Lasso regularization in terms of the resulting model’s sparsity and computational efficiency. The top three important factors that influence the old’s satisfaction are departure and arrival time convenience, legroom service, and baggage handling. Our findings indicate that the young people place a higher value on entertainment, while the old adults place a higher value on usefulness
Ma, Jie, Hu, Song, Wang, Haipeng
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Launching Human Space Travel with a Luxury Balloon1349801/23/2025
Imagine a six-hour journey to outer space that includes a world-class meal, cocktail service, Wi-Fi, and unprecedented views of Earth. This experience could soon become reality. Space Perspective, the world's first carbon-neutral spaceflight experience company, is commercializing space travel with Spaceship Neptune, a pressurized capsule propelled by a giant SpaceBalloon(TM). The experience is designed to be gentle and accessible with no rockets, weightlessness, heavy g-forces, or training required. Alongside world-class meal and cocktail service, space travelers will also enjoy views through the largest windows ever flown to space, Wi-Fi, and a proper restroom. To learn more, we sat down with Taber MacCallum, Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Space Perspective, to discuss the technical development of the SpaceBalloon(TM) and how the company is unlocking the market for space travel in a new and innovative way. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - How to Scale EV Charging at Gas Stations1349312/25/2024
As EV charging infrastructure grows and evolves, so too does the role of gas stations, convenience stores, and auto repair shops -- all of which are key players in a thriving mobility ecosystem. Enter Vontier, a global industrial technology company transforming fueling and charging infrastructure, convenience store technology and fleet management. By helping service station owners become "charge point operators," Vontier is a enabling a shift to better support consumers? needs and increase profitability in an evolving market. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Mark Morelli, CEO, Vontier, to discuss how his company is harnessing its market-leading expertise in mobility technologies to usher in a new era of convenience. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn about the latest EV announcements from the LA Auto Show including the Hyundai
Hineman, Marcie
Contract Manufacturing: Accelerating Product DevelopmentTBMG-5217212/01/2024
Design and material choices can have a long-term impact on an original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) production costs and product quality. When an OEM works together with an experienced contract design manufacturer (CDM) from the start of a project, many negative impacts to cost and quality can be avoided.
Cable Carriers Promote Efficiency in an Autonomous Hospitality RobotTBMG-5218712/01/2024
Since the COVID-19 pandemic that advanced contactless service, robots are increasingly being seen conducting routine deliveries around hospitals and hotels. Developed by Robotise Technologies, JEEVES is one such autonomous service robot used in hotels, healthcare facilities, offices, airports, and other settings. Its main duty is to transport materials and products.
Where Do EV Batteries Go When They Die?TBMG-5213812/01/2024
At Cox Automotive’s EV Battery Solutions center in Oklahoma City, the conglomerate most famous for its KBB, Autotrader, and Manheim auction brands, has become a go-to for EV battery research, repair, remanufacturing, and recycling.
Army Completes Satellite as a Managed Service Research ProjectTBMG-5213312/01/2024
Intelsat McLean, VA melissa.longo@intelsat.com
Enabling Robots to Interpret Surroundings Quickly and AccuratelyTBMG-5218212/01/2024
Imagine having to straighten up a messy kitchen, starting with a counter littered with sauce packets. If your goal is to wipe the counter clean, you might sweep up the packets as a group. If, however, you wanted to first pick out the mustard packets before throwing the rest away, you would sort more discriminately, by sauce type. MIT engineers have developed a method that enables robots to make similarly intuitive, task-relevant decisions.
Bio-Ink for 3D PrintingTBMG-5218912/01/2024
Biomedical engineers have developed a “bio-ink” for 3D-printed materials that could serve as scaffolds for growing human tissues to repair or replace damaged ones in the body. Bioengineered tissues show promise in regenerative, precision, and personalized medicine; product development; and basic research, especially with the advent of 3D printing of biomaterials that could serve as scaffolds or temporary structures to grow tissues.
Spec OpsA11122024 (Current)11/13/2024
Spec Ops
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Taking Fleet Electrification to the Next Level1348210/14/2024
How can companies electrify their fleets without the high costs and challenges of owning EV infrastructure? One company has the answer. Founded in 2017, Zeem Solutions is the leading provider of contract-based EV charging and fleet management services, serving more than 15,000 qualified fleets. With charging, parking, leasing, and co-locating solutions at secure hubs in major transport locations, Zeem is on a mission to help companies make the transition from diesel to electric. To learn more, we sat down with Paul Gioupis, Founder and CEO, Zeem Solutions, to discuss the importance of lowering operational costs with an EV charging depot model and how the company plans to scale nationwide. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it
Hineman, Marcie
A Compact, 100V, 360A Full-Bridge GaN Power Module with Integrated Gate Driver Board2024-01-412709/16/2024
Abstract In this paper, the design analysis and development of a 100V, 360A Gallium Nitride (GaN) module is provided. This module has a full-bridge (FB) configuration with four 100V, 90A GaN bare die in parallel per switching position. The design challenges for current distribution on paralleled GaN bare die in a full-bridge module with a small footprint is elaborated with two module designs. To optimize the layout and perform parasitic extraction, Q3D and SIMPLORER tools in ANSYS simulation are utilized. The selected power module design is fabricated. To validate the design and characterization, static and dynamic tests have been performed on this module. The gate driver design details, and power module loss evaluation techniques are discussed. Moreover, the voltage overshoot and resonance are studied and tested using double pulse test (DPT) setup.
Alizadeh, Rayna, Eddins, Richard, Mahmodicherati, Sam, Shiver, Rick, Mihailovic, Zoran, Sowul, Kevin, Ramabhadran, Ramanujam, Haynes, Aric
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: What is the Future of the Car?1347508/27/2024
From autonomy to software to customization, the future of the car is multifaceted. As one of the world's largest suppliers in the automotive space, Magna International uniquely understands this. The company's capabilities span the entire vehicle -- from design to manufacturing to technology -- thus optimizing vehicle performance and shaping the future of the car. To learn more, we sat down with we sat down with Joerg Grotendorst, Senior Vice President, Corporate R&D, Magna, to discuss advancements in electrification and autonomy, innovative design features, and sustainable technologies -- and why a holistic approach to mobility is necessary.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Cost of EV Conversion for Commercial Fleets1346206/21/2024
When it comes to incorporating EVs into commercial diesel fleets, it is important to understand the costs and benefits--and the impact on maintenance. As one of the longest-running and largest fleet owners in North America, Ryder implements logistics and transportation solutions for a wide variety of industries. By using extensive historical data and current market prices for EVs and charging infrastructure, Ryder recently examined the potential economic impacts of implementing an all-EV commercial fleet in the United States. To learn more about Ryder's analysis, we sat down with Arun Chickmenahalli, Director of Maintenance R&D at Ryder, to discuss how electrification impacts fleet maintenance, the price differences for EV conversion between states, and the ways in which Ryder is developing maintenance programs to service EV, AV and alternative fuel clients.
Hineman, Marcie
Casting Equipment Engineering GuideB-ASM-05603/01/2024
Casting Equipment Engineering Guide is an essential resource covering engineering details of casting equipment, their design features, applications, capabilities, and selection guidelines. This book is written for mechanical engineers, practicing engineers, engineering students, and metallurgists specializing in casting technology.
Retain Newness of Commercial vehicle: Lining and Paneling2024-26-018801/16/2024
Commercial vehicle are exposed to harsh environment conditions like dust, mud, wind, rain, extreme sun and winter throughout. Apart from white goods and other conventional loading these vehicles also used in applications which involve Handling of Dirty Loads, Construction Raw materials, Mining Industry etc. which leads to fast deterioration of Interiors. Also, in most cases drivers are not the owners. Hence due to high cost of Cleaning at dealerships and low Product maintenance awareness amongst Commercial Vehicle Users, on Road Washing & Cleaning by riverside is common practice which leads to early deterioration of Interior trims. This paper deals with the retention of newness of soft trim parts such as headliner and wall trims. Causes of product deterioration and attributes which influence newness like product appeal, NVH, perceived quality, environmental impact, geometry retention over time etc. have been discussed in detail. Material properties and design considerations for
Shah, Kapil, Apte, Sanjay, Navsariwala, Prashant, Kumar, Sunil, Komar, Sanju, ghodageri, santosh, SURENDRAN, SHIJU
Damage Tolerant Fracture Assessment of Cracks in Non-Standard Geometries Under Static and Fatigue Loading2024-26-027601/16/2024
Cracks on metallic components may appear due to manufacturing, handling, installation, repair, welding etc. and are controlled by quality documents. However, if cracks violate the limit defined in quality document, then either parts will be scraped or will need additional evaluation through detailed and specialized Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) approach. The initial size, orientation and shape of crack, part geometry and loading highly impacts the behavior of crack growth and remaining useful life. Study has been performed to understand the effect of crack aspect ratio on stress intensity factor under different stress gradient scenario. This paper also provides the simplified methodology to address the multiple cracks in complex geometries under static and fatigue loading.
Puranik, Shashank Suresh, Pathan, Irfan, Shinde, Swapnil, Soni, Nitesh, Kindleysides, Andrew
Optimization of Charging Infrastructure for Fleet Customers2024-26-009201/16/2024
In a rush to move towards a sustainable future, the number of electric vehicles has risen significantly in recent years. With this, the need for power to charge those vehicles has also increased. In any electric vehicle fleet location, there could be a large number of vehicles with different arrival and departure times and energy requirements, which might vary every day. Depending on the geographical location, the available solar energy might differ. The electricity costs might change on an hourly basis. This in total can affect the charging costs. In addition, a non-optimal sizing of the energy components could result in an under-sized system, where the energy demands are not met, or it could result in an over-sized system, where the owner has to invest more than required. Based on all the information related to vehicle charging load, electricity charges, energy intensity profile of renewable energy generation like solar and wind, an optimal size of components, operational cost, and
Munirajappa, Chandrashekara, Shrivastava, Himanshu, Prasad P, Shilpa
Fixed High Ground Clearance Tractor2024-26-006301/16/2024
Row-crop intercultural activities are widely affected by unavailability of manpower & seasonal nature. Current tractors with lower ground clearance are unable to access field after certain crop stage, may damage crop after growth up to 1 foot. Some limited mechanization available (self-propelled boom sprayer) are of higher cost. Cropcare activities are intensive and consistently increasing cost. A retrofit height attachment is designed and developed to ensure the tractor to enter field of crops having height up to 3 ft and perform intercultural operations with lesser investment and operating cost to utilize the unmechanized gap for business benefit. The concept is converting 2WD base tractor to high ground clearance tractor having ground clearance of 3ft and rear track of 42&44'', with modular retrofit height attachment kit with lesser change on base tractor. The kit can be removed later after Cropcare and covert back the tractor to usual 2WD base tractor. The solution is suitable for
A, Gokila, Natarajan, Saravanan, T, Vimalraj, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, RS, Vijay, Redkar, Dinesh, Gupta Sr, Vishal
J1939-73 Digital Annex DBCJ1939-73DBC10/11/2023
J1939-73 DBC File - Heavy Duty Diagnostics (DM1, DM2, ...) The SAE J1939-73 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting 'version 4' J1939 diagnostic messages (DM1, DM2, ...) to 'physical values'. This lets you identify issues in e.g. trucks, tractors and buses. DBC is a CAN database format used in most automotive tools.
automation test jms - titleauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0828307/05/2023
automation test jms - abstact
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0826507/01/2023
automation test jms - abstact
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
Comprehensive Evaluation of Logging Frameworks for Future Vehicle Diagnostics2023-01-122306/26/2023
More and more applications (apps) are entering vehicles. Customers would like to have in-car apps in their infotainment system, which they already use regularly on their smartphones. Other apps with new functionalities also inspire vehicle customers, but only as long as the customer can utilize them. To ensure customer satisfaction, it is important that these apps work and that failures are found and corrected as quickly as possible. Therefore, in-car apps also implicate requirements for future vehicle diagnostics. This is because current vehicle diagnostic methods are not designed for handling dynamic software failures of apps. Consequently, new diagnostic methods are needed to support the diagnosis of in-car apps. Log data is a central building block in software systems for system health management or troubleshooting. However, there are different types of log data and log environment setups depending on the underlying system or software platform. Depending on that, the creation of
Bickelhaupt, Sandra, Hahn, Michael, Nuding, Nikolai, Morozov, Andrey, Weyrich, Michael
automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0812406/09/2023
automation test jms - abstact
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0812306/09/2023
automation test jms - abstact
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
jeneane test 5/10SAE-PP-0792005/10/2023
after rabbitmq issues
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
test 05/10/2023 11:00 am electricSAE-PP-0791805/10/2023
test 05/10/2023 11:00 am
Dongari, Madhukar
Acoustic Evaluation of Fiber Based Materials for Engine Bay Applications2025-01-011505/05/2023
A newly formulated fiber-based material was developed to offer a cleaner, recyclable alternative to foam-based vehicle acoustic products. The fiber-based material was designed to be used in multiple vehicle acoustic applications, with different blends of the material available depending on the application. It performs well as an engine bay sound absorber due to its high heat tolerance and good absorption performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the sound absorption performance of this fiber-based material, specifically the engine bay blends, in comparison to that of current foam-based products. The results from this study show that the sound absorption performance of this new fiber-based material can match that of current foam-based materials while providing a recyclable product unlike the foam.
Krugh, Jack
Cairene Car-Culture: How are Automobility and Social Behavior Linked to The Development of The Soundscape and Urban Fabric of Cairo.2025-01-006905/05/2023
Cairo’s soundscape has witnessed changes due to the ongoing urban structure developments that accommodate the number of vehicles passing through the city. The soundscape produced by this growing automobility is affected not only by vehicles but also by their owners' behavior. Cairenes use their cars as a communication tool and an extension of private space. By viewing the vehicle as a component of the soundscape as well as a space that filters it, this study examines the synergy between social behavior, automobility, urban structure, and their interdependent relationship on the soundscape of Cairo. The study responds to literature elaborating on acoustic ecology, car culture, urban structure, and social behavior. The methodology applied in this study follows practice-based phenomenological research while documenting and reflecting on car cultural practices in Cairo from an aural perspective. Grounded theory contextualizes the analysis of archived audio and video material, semi
Abd El Naby, Abla Mohamed
testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0784304/19/2023
test
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
angular upgrade testSAE-PP-0782804/11/2023
testing upgrade
Rickard, Christopher
On-Line Pose Measurement and Adjustment of End Effector Based on Laser Tracker for Robotic Drilling System2023-01-098203/07/2023
Tang, Yue, Zheng, Jinhui, Zhang, Mao
electric testSAE-PP-0780902/15/2023
testing
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Michigan: The New Epicenter of Aerospace1338002/09/2023
As the birthplace of the automotive industry and the home of several aviation firsts, Michigan offers unique advantages to the rapidly expanding space economy. To make the most of this opportunity, the Michigan Aerospace Manufacturers Association (MAMA) has convened three public-private partnerships: the Michigan Launch Initiative, Space-Enabled Communications for Advanced Mobility, and the Mid-America Hypersonic Suborbital Test Range. These programs provide a collaborative platform for public-private partners to support satellite launch capabilities, test commercial and national security applications, and expand 5G connectivity, among other opportunities. We sat down with Gavin P. Brown, Executive Director, MAMA, to discuss these exciting initiatives and learn how the organization is positioning Michigan as a leader in all phases of aerospace manufacturing -- from tool and die all the way through final assembly --by leaning on the state's rich automotive and aviation history.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: What Role Do Electric Utilities Have in the EV Space?1336811/17/2022
As demand for EVs grows, so too does the role of electric utilities. From powering the grid to ensuring the reliability of EV charging stations, the electric utility industry plays a pivotal role in accelerating EV adoption. For more than a century, Duquesne Light Company (DLC) has delivered electricity to more than 600,000 customers in the Pittsburgh region. Currently, there are more than 6,000 EVs in DLC's service territory -- and they expect that number to grow to more than 23,000 by the end of 2025. With this projected growth, DLC is not only providing reliable power, but EV information analysis and incentives like a Community Charging Program and Electric Fleet Advisory Service Program. We sat down with Sarah Olexsak, Senior Manager, Transportation Electrification, to discuss the role of electric utilities and how DLC is supporting EV adoption in Western Pennsylvania.
Hineman, Marcie
test e3e 11/16auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0779411/16/2022
testing 123
Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane
electric - take 2SAE-PP-0779211/04/2022
electric
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
Locking Side Pull Hoist RingTBMG-4691611/01/2022
null, null
Panel Discussion: Role of AI in Brake/Friction Testing Today and Future1334910/12/2022
The concept of Artificial Intelligence is presently being employed in several industries and it's use is expanding. Although AI strategies have been evolving over a period of several decades, it is within the past few years that its practicality has increased to a point where we are now truly at the forefront of a disruptive technological trend. The automotive industry is ripe with applications for this technology and the benefits of employing AI may be boundless. It is imperative that the Automotive Industry embrace AI, but with a clear understanding of not only the capabilities but also limitations. This panel will focus on how AI can be employed in the field of Automotive Brake and Friction development testing. The expert panelists will share their thoughts about where the industry currently stands with respect to potential brake/friction development AI applications, and the outlook for future improvements and constraints of this new tool. Moderator: Saikiran Divakaruni, ZF
Schandelmeier, Brandie
Ku/Ka Band Satellite (KSAT) SubcommitteeWC-0061909/23/2022
The AEEC KSAT Subcommittee develops Standards that define Ku-band and Ka-band satellite communication (satcom) systems that meet operators’ highperformance requirements. The equipment specified are typically used to provide passenger data, video, and voice communication services.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Bacon jmsauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0765709/15/2022
solutions
Rickard, Christopher
jms demo testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0718609/08/2022
blah blah blah
Rickard, Christopher, SintzADMIn, Jeneane
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 3531