Browse Topic: Vehicle health management (VHM)

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Self-supervised diagnostics & prognostics framework for predictive maintenance in electric vehicles2026-26-06731/16/2026
Predictive maintenance is essential for enhancing the reliability, safety, and operational efficiency of connected vehicles. However, traditional supervised learning approaches for fault prediction depend heavily on large, labeled datasets of failure events, which are often scarce and expensive to obtain in real-world automotive environments. This paper proposes an original self-supervised anomaly detection framework that predicts emerging failures using only healthy operational data, eliminating the need for explicit failure labels. The approach employs self-supervised pretext tasks, such as masked signal reconstruction and future telemetry prediction, to learn robust representations of normal multi-sensor behavior (e.g., temperature, pressure, current, vibration). An unsupervised anomaly detection model then identifies deviations from these learned patterns. This integrated with data-informed predictive models enable early detection of faults across critical subsystems such as
Kumar, Pankaj, Deole, Kaushik, Hivarkar, Umesh
Evaluation of Local and Global Diagnostics for the Integration of Stochastic Time Series Models and Variational Autoencoders: Experimental Assessment on a Full Scale Helicopter BladeF-0080-2024-13715/7/2024
In this work, a unified framework integrating global and local SHM methods for structural health monitoring (SHM) of rotorcraft structures is proposed. This framework integrates both "local" ultrasonic-guided wave-based and "global" vibration-based SHM schemes for tackling damage detection, identification, and quantification under uncertainty. The local SHM is completed by training a variation of variational auto-encoder (MMD-VAE) along with feed-forward neural networks (FFNN). The compressed latent space vector obtained during the training process is applied to achieve both signal reconstruction and state prediction. In terms of the global model, functionally pooled auto-regressive models with exogenous excitation (VFP-ARX) models are applied including to capture low-frequency vibrations. The complete experimental evaluation and assessment of the proposed framework are presented for an Airbus H125 helicopter blade under both low-frequency vibrations and ultrasonic guided waves for SHM
Fan, Yiming, Kopsaftopoulos, Fotis, Forrester, David, Zhou, Peiyuan
Development of a Common, Open Data Exchange (CODEX) for Rotorcraft HUMS DataF-0080-2024-11965/7/2024
A Common Open Data Exchange format for rotorcraft Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (CODEX-HUMS) would offer a more affordable, capable and effective Integrated Vehicle Health Management System. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) HM-1R committee is developing a standard definition for the CODEX-HUMS open data format produced or used by an on-board or off-board system, SAE Aerospace Standard AS7140. The standard format benefits end users (e.g., operators, developers, suppliers, integrators, and maintainers) with the capability to more rapidly operationalize HUMS data. This HUMS open data format meets the intent of a Modular Open System Approach (MOSA) and provides a foundation for rapid realization of operational benefits from the point of maintenance and from the exchange of HUMS data with external enterprise systems.
Tucker, Brian, Carney, Eric, Fok, Derek, Royar, Kenneth T., Cheung, Catherine
Dynamic Stress-Strain and Fatigue Life Estimation Using Limited Set of Measured Accelerometer Data on Exhaust System using System equivalent reduction and expansion process (SEREP)2024-26-02511/16/2024
The dynamic response of structures to operating or occasional loads is crucial for design considerations, as it directly impacts the cumulative fatigue life and structural health monitoring. However, accurately determining the actual loading and structural condition, encompassing boundary conditions, environmental factors, geometry, and mechanical properties, presents challenges in practice. Significant efforts are invested in identifying these factors and developing suitable prediction models. Nonetheless, the estimated forces and boundary conditions remain approximations, leading to uncertainties and influencing the overall predicted response and resulting stress-strain analysis during subsequent evaluations. Many researchers commonly approximate the forces exciting the system using limited sets of measurement points. This approach involves estimating the forces and applying them to determine the finite element displacement and subsequent stress-strain distributions. However, this
Pratap, Rajat, Apte Sr, Amol, Poosarla, Shirdi Partha Sai
A Digital Twin Framework for Structural Health Monitoring Enhanced by Physics-Based Reduced Order Modeling and Stochastic Time Series ModelsF-0079-2023-180995/16/2023
ABSTRACT
Zhou, Peiyuan, Fan, Yiming, Ju, Brian, Kopsaftopoulos, Fotis
Integrated Vehicle Health management(IVHM):Prognosis and diagnosis system 2022-26-11665/26/2022
The Performance of the vehicle depends on its systems and sub-systems integrated within. The health of the systems and subsystems need to be prognosed or diagnosed in automatically. The automatic health assessment of the critical vehicle systems will remove the possibility of the human error and turn-around time. IVHM is a concept for the complete maintenance life cycle of a vehicle. Integrated Vehicle Health management (IVHM) practices to automate and integrate the various components which will be providing the prognostic assessment of the critical system and their components. IVHM provides maintenance and logistical systems with a global picture of the vehicle health and give direction on how the vehicle and fleet should be managed for optimum health. All the stages of Integrated Vehicle Health management system required to be minimal human interaction to facilitate data and information transfer between the systems. IVHM is the need of the growing aerospace and automotive industries
Kranti, Kunwar, Surekha, Nancy
Active-Sensing Acousto-Ultrasound-based Rotorcraft Structural Health Monitoring via Adaptive Functional Series ModelsF-0078-2022-175585/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Ahmed, Shabbir, Zhou, Peiyuan, Kopsaftopoulos, Fotis
AI-based Signal Integrity Monitoring for Integrated Vehicle Health Management2022-01-02563/29/2022
The increasing complexity of vehicle electronics and software is bringing an abundance of vehicle health related challenges, including quality issues and increasing costs of warranty claims, recalls, maintenance, and downtime. This negatively impacts both OEM and fleet profitability, user experience, and end customer costs. In order to reduce OEM costs and the total cost of ownership for consumers and fleets, new methods are needed to detect, predict, and diagnose vehicle health issues. Existing vehicle health management solutions rely on diagnostics trouble codes (DTC) and limited amounts of telematics data. These solutions can detect known failure modes using hard-coded signal behavior validation rules that are frequently based on thresholds. They also provide alerts based on pre-defined error codes. However, they are unable to detect and diagnose unforeseen failure modes that do not have hard-coded rules, nor can they prognose future vehicle health issues. By using deep learning
Apartsin, Sasha, Stein, Hilik, Reiter, Gil, Williams, Kyle W.
Inverse Reconstruction of the Spatial Distribution of Dynamic Tire-Road Contact Forces in Time Domain Using Impulse Response Matrix Deconvolution for Different Measurement Types2021-01-10618/31/2021
In tire development, the dynamic tire-road contact forces are an important indicator to assess structure-borne interior cabin noise. This type of noise is the dominant source in the frequency range from 50-450 Hz, especially when rolling with constant angular velocity on a rough road. The spatial force distribution is difficult or sometimes even impossible to simulate or measure in practice. So, the use of an inverse technique is proposed. This technique uses response measurements in combination with a digital twin simulation model to obtain the input forces in an inverse way. The responses and model properties are expressed in the time domain, since it is specifically aimed to trace back the impact locations from road surface texture indents on the tire. In order to do so, the transient responses of the travelling waves as a result of these impacts is used. The framework expresses responses as a convolution product of the unknown loads and impulse response measurements. Tikhonov
Devriendt, Harald, Naets, Frank, Kindt, Peter, Desmet, Wim
Network End-to-End Data Link Evaluation System Transceiver Health MonitoringAIR6552/3 (Current)12/22/2020
This document establishes methods to obtain, store, and access data about the health of a fiber optic network using commercial sensors located in or near the transceiver. This document is intended for: Managers, Engineers, Contracting Officers, Third Party Maintenance Agencies, and Quality Assurance.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Towards Unified Probabilistic Rotorcraft Damage Detection and Quantification via Non-parametric Time Series and Gaussian Process ModelsF-0076-2020-1627610/5/2020
The complex dynamics of rotorcraft structures under varying operational and environmental conditions demand the development of accurate and robust-to-uncertainties structural health monitoring (SHM) approaches. The inherent uncertainty within monitoring data makes it difficult for conventional methods to accurately and robustly detect and quantify damage without the need for a large number of data sets. In addition, due to the time-varying nature of rotorcraft operations, such conventional metrics might still fail even with abundance of data. In this paper, we propose a unified probabilistic damage detection and quantification framework for active-sensing, guided-wave SHM that focuses on monitoring rotorcraft structural "hotspots". The proposed framework involves three stages: The first stage incorporates statistical damage detection based on stochastic non-parametric time series (NP-TS) models of ultrasonic wave propagation signals within a hotspot sensor network configuration. The
Amer, Ahmad, Kopsaftopoulos, Fotis
Practical Solutions for Embedding Fiber Optic Strain Sensors in CompositesF-0076-2020-1628210/5/2020
A multidisciplinary team performing under the Aircraft and Aircrew Protection (A&AP) project between Sikorsky and the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center (CCDC AvMC) successfully demonstrated the assembly of a full-scale fiber-optic-instrumented composite aircraft structure assembly. Through a building-block progression from test coupons to sub-scale to full-scale assemblies, the team developed practical strategies to maximize fiber optic survival rate and utility. Ultimately, the team defined and implemented five key elements to enable successful fiber optic strain sensor embedment in structural composites: thoughtful arrangement of the fiber optic network, controlled placement of strain sensors and excess fiber in the laminate, accommodation of minimum fiber optic bend radii, encapsulation of the fiber at the egress point from the composite laminate, and protection of the connector termination. These elements allow for a robust strain-sensing
Dew, Nathaniel, Camp, Daniel, Robeson, Mark
Holistic Life Management of Damage Tolerant AirframesF-0076-2020-1631110/5/2020
Advancements in Damage Tolerant Airframe Structures in combination with Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) have created an opportunity to exploit the synergies in these technologies to change the paradigm for Airframe Life Management for future Aircraft. In the last decade or more, Sikorsky has validated multiple production helicopter Airframes using Damage and Flaw Tolerant certification requirements. The experience of the authors of this paper contributed to the recent joint services and industry development of the Rotorcraft Structural Integrity Program (RSIP as specified in MIL-STD-3063) for design of future military rotorcraft. In addition, Sikorsky has also developed a range of technologies relevant to SHM to reduce over-inspection and maintenance to drive increased operational availability. Combined, these developments will allow new Airframe designs to meet the US Army's new requirements for Maintenance Free Operational Periods (MFOP), for example 200 flight hours for the
Toni, Darryl, Sarlashkar, Avinash
Time Domain Full Vehicle Interior Noise Calculation from Component Level Data by Machine Learning2020-01-15646/3/2020
Computational models directly derived from data gained increased interest in recent years. Data-driven approaches have brought breakthroughs in different research areas such as image-, video- and audio-processing. Often denoted as Machine Learning (ML), these approaches are not widely applied in the field of vehicle Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) yet. Related works mainly discuss the topic with respect to structural health monitoring, psychoacoustics, traffic noise and as improvement to existing numerical simulation methods. Vehicle interior noise is a major quality criterion for today’s automotive development. To estimate noise levels early in the development process, deterministic system descriptions are created by utilizing time-consuming measurement techniques. This paper examines whether pattern-recognizing algorithms are suitable to improve the prediction process for a steering system. Starting from operational measurements, a procedure to calculate the sound pressure level
Tsokaktsidis, Dimitrios Ernst, Nau, Clemens, Marburg, Steffen
Solenoid Valve Health MonitorTBMG-370056/1/2020
The Solenoid Valve Health Monitor System (SVHMS) was developed to remotely monitor the health of solenoid valves, lowering operational costs and increasing reliability by predicting valve failures before they occur. The system measures and analyzes steady state and transient components of the magnetic field and indirectly, the electric current in a solenoid valve during normal operation. It enables continuous monitoring of the integrity and operational status of solenoid valves without the need for interrupting their operation to conduct frequent inspections.
Determination of Costs and Benefits from Implementing an Engine Health Management SystemARP4176A (Current)4/28/2020
This ARP provides an insight into how to approach a cost benefit analysis (CBA) to determine the return on investment (ROI) that would result from implementing a propulsion Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) system on an air vehicle. It describes the complexity of features that can be considered in the analysis, the different tools and approaches for conducting a CBA and differentiates between military and commercial applications. This document is intended to help those who might not necessarily have a deep technical understanding or familiarity with PHM systems but want to either quantify or understand the economic benefits (i.e., the value proposition) that a PHM system could provide.
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
Unsettled Technology Opportunities for Vehicle Health Management and the Role for Health-Ready ComponentsEPR20200033/17/2020
{"italic":"health-ready\n components","content":["Game-changing opportunities abound for the application of vehicle health\n management (VHM) across multiple transportation-related sectors, but key\n unresolved issues continue to impede progress. VHM technology is based upon the\n broader field of advanced analytics. Much of traditional analytics efforts to\n date have been largely descriptive in nature and offer somewhat limited value\n for large-scale enterprises. Analytics technology becomes increasingly valuable\n when it offers predictive results or, even better, prescriptive results, which\n can be used to identify specific courses of action. It is this focus on action\n which takes analytics to a higher level of impact, and which imbues it with the\n potential to materially impact the success of the enterprise. Artificial\n intelligence (AI), specifically machine learning technology, shows future\n promise in the VHM space, but it is not currently adequate by itself for\n high
Holland, Steve
Dynamic Mechanical Strain-Induced Temperature Gradient CoatingTBMG-358111/1/2020
Evaluating components for discontinuities without damaging the part or system remains a priority for diverse industries and research fields. Low-cost techniques such as fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) are used widely by major industries, such as aviation and aerospace, despite limited defect detection and the need for complex, multi-step operations in highly controlled conditions. Nondestructive methods such as sonic infrared (SIR) testing apply ultrasound waves to identify surface defects and cracks. These techniques hold promise for widespread use but stand to improve in the detection of false positives.
Web-Based Technology Assesses Structural HealthTBMG-3544511/1/2019
Understanding how cars, planes, bridges, and other structures handle vibrations and dynamic loads can be critical to their design and performance. Researchers have developed a new way to measure the response of civil, mechanical, and aerospace structures to dynamic loads and analyze their structural health.
Perspectives on Integrating Structural Health Monitoring Systems into Fixed-Wing Military AircraftAIR6245 (Current)9/18/2019
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is prepared for stakeholders seeking information about the evolution, integration, and approval of SHM technologies for military aircraft systems. The report provides this information in the form of (a) two military organizations’ perspectives on requirements, and (b) general SHM challenges and industry perspectives. The report only provides information to generate awareness of perspectives for military aircraft and, hence, assists those who are involved in developing SHM systems understanding the broad range of regulations, requirements, and standards published by military organizations that are available in the public domain from the military organizations.
Aerospace Industry Steering Committee on Structural Health
Probabilistic Active Sensing Acousto-Ultrasound SHM Based on Non-Parametric Stochastic RepresentationsF-0075-2019-146155/13/2019
Existing Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques generally depend on deterministic parameters in order to detect, localize, and quantify damage. This limits the applicability of such systems in real-life situations, where stochastic, time-varying structural response, as well as complex damage types immersed in operational/environmental uncertainties are almost always encountered. Thus, there lies a need for the proposal of statistical quantities and methods for assessing structural health. That is, a holistic probabilistic SHM framework involving damage detection, localization, and quantification, is due if such systems are to become standard on VTOL platforms. In this work, a novel probabilistic approach for active-sensing acousto-ultrasound SHM targeting damage detection and quantification is proposed based on stochastic non-parametric time series representations. Statistical signal processing techniques are used to formulate statistical hypothesis tests, based on which a
Amer, Ahmad, Kopsaftopoulos, Fotis
Uncertainty Quantification of Guided Waves Propagation for Active Sensing Structural Health MonitoringF-0075-2019-146165/13/2019
Guided-wave-based acousto-ultrasound structural health monitoring (SHM) methods have attracted the interest of the SHM community as guided waves can travel long distances without significant dissipation and are capable of detecting small damage sizes of several types. However, when subject to changing environmental and operational conditions (EOC), guided-wave-based methods may give false indications of damage as they exhibit increased sensitivity to varying EOC. In order to improve the reliability and enable the large-scale applicability of these methods, and to build a robust SHM system, it is necessary to quantify the uncertainty in guided wave propagation due to changing EOC. In this paper, a rigorous investigation on the uncertainty involved in the propagation of Lamb waves due to the variation in temperature and material properties of nominally-identical structures has been performed both numerically and experimentally. A high fidelity finite element model is established to study
Ahmed, Shabbir, Kopsaftopoulos, Fotis
Reliable Structures and Wearable Systems Call for Multiphysics SimulationTBMG-344425/1/2019
The increasing demand for miniaturized electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) devices has created new challenges for the specialists who design microdevices such as actuators, controllers, drivers, sensors, and transmitters. From responsive equipment and wearable monitors to energy efficient lighting in the office and automation in the factory, engineers need to bridge the microscopic components of semiconductors and our macroscopic world with reliable and innovative products. This shift has inspired engineers to find new solutions by exploring their ideas in the virtual world of numerical simulation.
Complexity as a Measure of the Difficulty of System Diagnosis in Next Generation Aircraft Health Monitoring System2019-01-13573/19/2019
To develop the Next Generation Aircraft Health Monitoring System (NGAHMS), complexity as a measure of the difficulty of diagnosis, or troubleshooting, of a system is explored in this paper. The results presented can be applied to significantly improve safety and human factor design as an important as aspect of risk engineering and management. This is accomplished in system architecture design by quantifying the system structure’s effect on system complexity as well as the number of components which make up the system. For developing the NGAHMS to make flying even safer, more fuel efficient, and more predictable, model-based safety assessment methods such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Dependency Diagram (DD) with updated descriptions in SAE ARP4761A and ARP4754B can be used to minimize the average number of airborne inspections to find the Minimal Cut Set (MCS) causing an aircraft failure. Since, based on previous research, this average number of airborne inspections is proven to be
Wang, John
Data Interoperability for Aerospace IVHM Systems2019-01-13423/19/2019
Aerospace systems today are generating a lot of data and for the most part all this data is being generated by siloed entities (by various stakeholders like components/sub-system manufacturers, OEMs, operators) and ends up living within the four walls of these individual entities. For the industry to fully benefit from this data there needs to be a transparent way to share this data while strictly controlling the proprietary nature of the data and adhering to all contracts. The SAE HM-1 technical committee is writing an aerospace information report (AIR) 6904 to describe a digital data landscape and approach that can support health management [1]. Integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) systems cut across many disciplines and boundaries and can benefit from structured landscape and well defined approach. For example, data associated with a fault in an aircraft subsystem like the engine must travel through multiple systems and boundaries before it can be analyzed by the cognizant
Rajamani, Ravi, Whitfield, Martin, Kumar G. V. V., Ravi
Keeping Data Fresh for Wireless NetworksTBMG-328689/1/2018
For wireless networks that share time-sensitive information on the fly, it's not enough to transmit data quickly: that data also needs to be fresh. Consider the many sensors in your car. While it may take less than a second for most sensors to transmit a data packet to a central processor, the age of that data may vary depending on how frequently a sensor is relaying readings. In an ideal network, these sensors should be able to transmit updates constantly, providing the freshest, most current status for every measurable feature, from tire pressure to the proximity of obstacles. But there's only so much data that a wireless channel can transmit without completely overwhelming the network.
Establishing Rotorcraft Component Fatigue Lives using SUMS Data and a Partial Usage Spectrum Approach for the UH-60 L/M BlackhawkF-0074-2018-127695/14/2018
ABSTRACT Lives of fatigue critical components for Army aircraft are typically established based on component strength from ground test, loads for each regime from flight test, and aircraft usage in each regime from engineering and aircrew judgement. This paper documents the updates to the spectrum for the large Army UH-60 fleet based on usage monitored by the Integrated Vehicle Health Management System (IVHMS). IVHMS and subsequent post processing uses aircraft parameters to identify the regime at any given time. The recognized regimes are summed to generate a spectrum of time or occurrences in each regime. The Partial Regime Recognition Spectrum used here identified specific regimes that had a significant effect on part life and concentrated on identifying only those regimes. Time in other ‘unrecognized’ regimes was prorated based on the legacy spectrum. The SUMS system is validated using scripted flights, as well as by cross checking against a spectrum generated via pilot interviews
Finckenor, Jeff, Baker, Terry, Davis, Mark, Chandler, Michael, Beale, Ray, Kloda, Jared, Laurello, Josh
Closed Loop Approach to Structural Health Monitoring of Critical Rotorcraft ComponentsF-0074-2018-128885/14/2018
ABSTRACT We present a model-based structural health monitoring approach to mitigate fatigue damage of critical rotorcraft components in real time. The overall concept is demonstrated with aerodynamic loads for a utility helicopter similar to the UH-60 Black Hawk and a structural model of the main rotor's pitch link. The potential of reducing computational costs associated with modeling by utilizing a quasi-static analysis was considered in this study, however, it was concluded that a dynamic analysis was indeed necessary to accurately capture the inertial effects of the vehicle. Maximum stress results extracted from the model can be sent to a controller to apply a load alleviation control scheme to appropriately modify the input to the rotorcraft controls and reduce air loads to the vehicle. The modeling, analysis, and load alleviation process were also automated. We also completed an investigation into the impact of vehicle control input parameters on stress experienced by the
Shah, Aarohi, Gunderson, Katelyn, Rimoli, Julian, Ruzzene, Massimo
Analysis Of UH-60 L/M Black Hawk Fleet Usage In Support Of A Partial Usage Spectrum UpdateF-0074-2018-127725/14/2018
ABSTRACT Structural usage and loads monitoring can enhance safety, by identifying unusual usage patterns by individual aircraft or sub-fleets (e.g. operators, missions, or locations), and provide benefit to operators by enabling extended retirement times of life-limited components. While flight regime recognition (RR) algorithms have been demonstrated and partially validated, the use of existing onboard generic RR software provided in legacy Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) remains a challenge for achieving airworthiness approval of retirement time extensions using archived fleet data in compliance with existing guidance, such as the U.S. Army ADS-79E Handbook for Condition-Based Maintenance. The U.S. Army and Sikorsky Aircraft, a Lockheed Martin Company, conducted a joint Fatigue Life Management (FLM) project to configure, validate, and apply processes and methods for extending the retirement times of six high-value components for the Army's Black Hawk helicopter fleet
J., Raymond, Finckenor, Jeff, Kloda, Jared, Davis, Mark, Lefevre, Brian, Chandler, Vencore;, Baker, Terry
A Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring Framework for X-COR Sandwich CompositesF-0074-2018-128865/14/2018
ABSTRACT A combination of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring technique has been used to detect and localize in situ damage in X-COR sandwich composites. The NDE techniques, flash thermography and ultrasonic C-Scan, were used, and the inspection results showed promising capabilities as well as their inherent limitations. Subsequently, a guided wave based active interrogation technique was used to enable real-time damage detection and localization capabilities. Macro fiber composite and piezoelectric wafers were used for actuation and sensing, and the interaction of guided waves with the primary damage modes, delaminations and foam core separations, were studied. The results showed that delaminations lead to the guided wave mode conversion phenomenon within the material discontinuity area. A multidimensional signal processing technique, which was developed with a real-time and reference-free perspective, was used to analyze the converted wave modes in the
Li, Guoyi, Huff, Daniel, Neerukatti, Rajesh, Rajadas, Abhishek, Chattopadhyay, Aditi
Battery Impedance Measurement with Step Current of Different Amplitude under Temperature and State of Charge Control2018-01-04434/3/2018
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is often applied to analyze and describe the battery internal electrochemical processes. And the methods of battery state estimation including state of health diagnosis with electrochemical impedance have attracted a wide attention. In the paper, a novel fast impedance measuring method based on wavelet transform with a step excitation current is proposed and further studied. With the method, the current generated by the electric vehicle and the responding voltage of the battery can be utilized to calculate and provide the battery impedance for the battery management system. Taking into account the varying amplitude of the current and the battery states, the battery impedance was measured with step excitation signals of different amplitude at different temperature and state of charge (SOC). Then the battery impedance was calculated with the proposed method and compared to the electrochemical impedance measured with an electrochemical
Wang, Xueyuan, Zhang, Junhan, Wei, Xuezhe, Dai, Haifeng
High-Speed, High-Resolution Multimode Sensing of Structural Strain and ShapeTBMG-287114/1/2018
Researchers at NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) have been developing a fiber optic sensing system (FOSS) that represents a major breakthrough in operational monitoring of myriad structures. FOSS consists of eight 40-foot optical fibers, each containing 2,000 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors along its entire length. These fibers are attached to the surface of, or even embedded within a structure. As the structure experiences stress or pressure, the FBG sensors respond to the strain. FOSS uses this response to calculate a variety of critical parameters, including strain, shape deformation, temperature, liquid level, strength, and operational loads.
Development of Automated Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Overwrapped Pressure VesselsTBMG-2782311/1/2017
Virtually all NASA spacecraft use composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) to reduce the weight disadvantage of metal pressure vessels. However, these composite structures are more susceptible to damage than metal PVs, are difficult to inspect, have large burst pressure variability, and are susceptible to stress rupture when maintained at pressure. Over the past few years, NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) has developed novel analysis methods that show promise for assessing the structural health of composite overwrapped pressure vessels. These methods and industry standard methods have been integrated into specialized software for automated analysis, thus significantly increasing throughput to the point where real-time assessments of structural health may be determined. Adaptive analysis methods have also been developed to provide modal analyses at specified points in a structure's life, including loading, unloading, and dwells. Together, these
The Power of Ultrasonic Piezo Transducers for Medical ApplicationsTBMG-2771810/1/2017
Framework and Platform for Next Generation Aircraft Health Management System2017-01-21269/19/2017
In aerospace industry, the concept of Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) has gained momentum and is becoming need of the hour for entire value chain in the industry. The expected benefits of lesser time for maintenance reduced operating cost and ever busy airports are motivating aircraft manufacturers to come up with tools, techniques and technologies to enable advanced diagnostic and prognostic systems in aircrafts. At present, various groups are working on different systems and platforms for health monitoring of an aircraft e.g. SHM (Structural Health Monitoring), PHM (Prognostics Health Monitoring), AHM (Aircraft Health Monitoring), and EHM (Engine Health Monitoring) and so on. However, these approaches are mostly restricted to federated architecture where faults and failures for standalone line replaceable units (LRUs) are logged inside the unit in fault storage area and are retrieved explicitly using maintenance based applications for fault and failure diagnostics. With
Jha, Ashutosh Kumar, Sahay, Gaurav, Sivaramasastry, Adishesha
Application of Linear Programming to Optimize the Cost-Benefit of an IVHM System2017-01-21279/19/2017
The cost-benefit analysis is one of the key decision aspects regarding the investment on IVHM systems especially for aerospace applications where the evaluation of the impacts of such systems on costs, safety and weight are critical for the vehicle operation during its lifecycle. This paper presents the application of linear programming to select and to quantify how many components an IVHM system should consider in order to maximize the total value that it delivers. This approach advantage is that it uses an exact algorithm, that guarantees the optimal solution given the inputs provided by the user. The formulation shows how the technical value of an IVHM solution can be evaluated taking into account key aspects for aerospace platforms such as weight, reliability and bus capacity restrictions through a linear integer programming model solved using the branch-and-bound method. The results show that the method selects the equipment and quantifies the number of components that need to be
Malere, Joao Pedro
Structural Health Monitoring System/Method Using Electroactive Polymer FibersTBMG-273128/1/2017
NASA's Langley Research Center has developed a novel polymer material that can be utilized as a real-time structural health monitoring sensor. The material is electroactive and generates a signal in response to a mechanical force. The material is also highly elastic, which allows for a large range of measurable strain levels, and is highly durable.
System for Repairing Cracks in StructuresTBMG-271957/1/2017
NASA’s Langley Research Center has developed an innovative coating to heal cracks in metal components, such as in aircraft and bridges. Currently, the coating is used for in-laboratory repairs of surface cracks. Development continues with the ultimate goal of an in-situ healing mechanism that can work autonomously with structural health monitoring detectors.
Flight Testing of Health Management TechnologiesF-0073-2017-120805/9/2017
ABSTRACT The U.S. Army traditionally has used a time-based, on-condition maintenance paradigm that relies on at-aircraft inspections and periodic in-depth phased inspections to determine condition and ensure airworthiness. The result is a significant maintenance burden, both scheduled and unscheduled, and excessive aircraft downtime. The objective of the Aviation Development Directorate (ADD) and Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (SAC) Capability-Based Operations and Sustainment Technology-Aviation (COST-A) program was to develop and demonstrate an integrated set of high value diagnostics, prognostics, and system health management technologies that reduce scheduled inspections and preventive maintenance while enhancing safety. More than two dozen Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) technologies across six primary rotorcraft systems (propulsion, drive train, airframe/structural, rotor, electrical, and vehicle management) were matured to technology readiness level (TRL) 6. These
Brookhart, Andrew, Lyman, Chris, Davis, Mark, Bates, Preston, Cycon, Jim, Pantelis, Paul, Baker, Treven, Bordick, Nathaniel
Shape Sensing and Structural Health Monitoring of Rotor Blades from Strain AnalysisF-0073-2017-121105/9/2017
ABSTRACT This paper presents an original combined approach to shape-sensing and structural health monitoring of helicopter rotors. It is based on the measurement of strain in a limited number of points over the blade surface. The Shape-Sensing algorithm is modal-based and capable of reconstructing nonlinear, moderate lag, flap and torsion deflections. Two Structural Health Monitoring algorithms are presented, one in the time domain and the other in the frequency domain. Both are based on the analysis of the discrepancies between the strains arising in the damaged and the undamaged blades. Two damage types have been considered: a mass unbalance and a localized stiffness reduction. Both Shape Sensing and Structural Health Monitoring capabilities have been tested by numerical simulation using a multibody dynamic solver for general nonlinear comprehensive aeroelastic analysis.
Bernardini, Giovanni, Masarati, Pierangelo, Porcelli, Roberto, Serafini, Jacopo
Controlled Deposition and Alignment of Carbon NanotubesTBMG-266424/1/2017
NASA Langley Research Center researchers are experts at producing carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensors for structural health monitoring (SHM). The sensors can be embedded in structures of all geometries to monitor conditions both inside and at the surface of the structure to continuously sense changes. Having accumulated a body of knowledge on how to deposit and align CNTs, NASA is adept at manipulating the CNTs into specific orientations to create small, powerful, and flexible sensors. One of the sensors created by NASA is a highly flexible sensor for crack growth detection and strain field mapping that features a very dense and highly ordered array of single-walled CNTs. NASA is seeking companies that are interested in licensing technology or engaging NASA in joint research in the area of CNT sensors.
Planning Flexible Maintenance for Heavy Trucks using Machine Learning Models, Constraint Programming, and Route Optimization2017-01-02373/28/2017
Maintenance planning of trucks at Scania have previously been done using static cyclic plans with fixed sets of maintenance tasks, determined by mileage, calendar time, and some data driven physical models. Flexible maintenance have improved the maintenance program with the addition of general data driven expert rules and the ability to move sub-sets of maintenance tasks between maintenance occasions. Meanwhile, successful modelling with machine learning on big data, automatic planning using constraint programming, and route optimization are hinting on the ability to achieve even higher fleet utilization by further improvements of the flexible maintenance. The maintenance program have therefore been partitioned into its smallest parts and formulated as individual constraint rules. The overall goal is to maximize the utilization of a fleet, i.e. maximize the ability to perform transport assignments, with respect to maintenance. A sub-goal is to minimize costs for vehicle break downs and
Biteus, Jonas, Lindgren, Tony
Lessons Learned from Developing, Implementing, and Operating a Health Management System for Propulsion and Drive Train SystemsAIR1871C (Current)1/19/2017
SAE Aerospace Information Report AIR1871 provides valuable insight into lessons learned in the development, implementation, and operation of various health monitoring systems for propulsion engines and drive train systems. This document provides an overview of the lessons learned for ground-based systems, oil debris monitoring systems, lubrication systems, and Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) for military and commercial programs. For each case study, this document presents a brief technical description, the design requirements, accomplishments, lessons learned, and future recommendations. The lessons learned presented in this document represent a fragment of the knowledge gained through experience when developing and implementing a propulsion health management system. Previous versions of this document contain additional lessons learned during the 1980’s and 1990’s that may be of additional value to the reader. This document will be maintained as technology progresses so that
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars—Electronic and Electrical SystemsE-JOURNAL-071/1/2017
The SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars: Electronic and Electrical Systems is discontinued from 2020 and merged into SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles. Indexed in CNKI ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index, Web of Science) Engineering Village (Ei Compendex) Scopus Published Volumes
Lightning Protection and Detection SystemTBMG-261551/1/2017
NASA’s Langley Research Center has developed a sensor technology for structural health monitoring on composite aircraft surfaces. When conventional aircraft are struck by lightning, the result can range from no damage to serious damage requiring extensive repairs that can take the airplane out of service for an extended period of time. The SansEC technology is a proven wireless sensing platform capable of measuring the electrical impedance of physical matter in proximity to the sensor based on a change in its resonance response. The sensor also exhibits a unique characteristic to disperse the lightning strike current to help mitigate lightning damage. In this application, an array of SansEC sensors will cover a selective area of the aircraft surface, providing both mitigation and damage sensing.
Elevated Temperature Modal Response and Delamination Detection in Carbon-Epoxy Beams2016-01-908212/21/2016
Polymer matrix composites are increasingly adopted in aerospace and automotive industries due to their many attributes, such as their high strength to weight ratio, tailorability, and high fatigue and durability performance. However, these materials also have complex damage and failure mechanisms, such as delaminations, which can severely degrade their strength and fatigue performance. To effectively and safely use composite materials in primary structures, it is essential to assess composite damage response for development of accurate predictive models. Therefore, this study focuses on determining the response of damaged and undamaged carbon epoxy beams subjected to vibration loadings at elevated temperatures. The Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) technique is used to analyze the beams’ modal response. The HHT shows potential in identifying the nonlinear damaged response of the beams. Using empirical mode decomposition to separate superposed modes of signals, several intrinsic mode
Michael, Bradley, Sullivan, Rani, Samaratunga, Dulip, Jha, Ratneshwar
A Guide to the Development of a Ground Station for Engine Condition MonitoringAIR4175B (Current)11/12/2016
An effective GSS is vital to the successful implementation of an EMS and is a fundamental part of the total monitoring system design, including asset management. Unlike the on-board part of the EMS which principally uses real time data to indicate when engine maintenance is required, a GSS can offer much greater processing power to comprehensively analyze and manipulate EMS data for both maintenance and logistics purposes. This document reviews the main EMS functions and discusses the operating requirements used to determine the basis design of a GSS, including the interfaces with other maintenance or logistic systems. A brief discussion is also included on some of the more recent advances in GSS technology that have been specifically developed to provide more effective diagnostic capabilities for gas turbine engines.
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
Flight Test Preparation of Health Management TechnologiesF-0072-2016-114745/17/2016
The U.S. Army traditionally has used a time-based, on-condition maintenance paradigm that relies on at-aircraft inspections and periodic in-depth phase inspections to determine condition and ensure airworthiness. The result is a significant maintenance burden, both scheduled and unscheduled, and excessive aircraft downtime. The objective of the Aviation Development Directorate (ADD) and Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (SAC) Capability-Based Operations and Sustainment Technology-Aviation (COST-A) program was to develop and demonstrate an integrated set of high value diagnostics, prognostics, and system health management technologies that reduce scheduled inspections and preventive maintenance while enhancing safety. More than two dozen Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) technologies across six primary rotorcraft systems (propulsion, drive train, airframe/structural, rotor, electrical, and vehicle management) were matured to technology readiness level (TRL) 6. These technologies were
Brookhart, Andrew, Lyman, Chris, Davis, Mark, Bates, Preston, Cycon, Jim, Baker, Treven, Bordick, Nathaniel, Pantelis, Paul, Thompson, Bruce
Integrated Hybrid Structural Management System (IHSMS)F-0072-2016-114805/17/2016
The US Navy has long relied on time-based maintenance to sustain the airworthiness of military aircraft. Historically, these practices have contributed to significant maintenance burden. The Integrated Hybrid Structural Management System (IHSMS) program is developing structural health management (SHM) capabilities for the CH-53K rotorcraft to move beyond conventional flight-hour based maintenance towards a reliability-based maintenance framework. IHSMS incorporates a number of wired and wireless sensor technologies and analytical methods into a modular SHM system that integrates directly with the aircraft's existing Integrated Vehicle Health Management System (IVHMS). IHSMS is being developed for transition to the CH-53K heavy lift helicopter while being designed for adaptability to other Navy and Marine Corps applications. This paper provides an overview of the IHSMS program, the design development approach, and execution strategy adopted by Sikorsky and US Navy to develop and mature
Cook, Thomas, Rusk, David, Davis, Mark, Cycon, Jim, Kittur, Madan
Simultaneous Estimation of the SOC and Parameters of Batteries for HEV/EV2016-01-11954/5/2016
This paper proposes a battery state estimation on a battery management system (BMS) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). It is important to estimate a state of charge (SOC) and parameters of the battery such as a state of health (SOH), internal resistances and dynamics of electrochemical reactions. The BMS can provide information on the driving range of the EVs to the drivers by accurately estimating SOC and SOH. It can also calculate a state of power (SOP) to use the battery safely by accurately estimated SOC, internal resistances and others. For that purpose, this paper proposes the BMS adopted a simultaneous state of charge (SOC) and parameter estimation method using log-normalized unscented Kalman filter (LnUKF). The key idea is a lognormalization of the parameters to improve numerical stability and robustness of the algorithm. The proposed system is verified by a series of simulations using experimental data with EVs. One of the SOC and parameter
Baba, Atsushi, Itabashi, Kinnosuke, Teranishi, Nozomu, Edamoto, Yoshihiro, Osamura, Kensuke, Maruta, Ichiro, Adachi, Shuichi
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