Browse Topic: Vehicles, Equipment, and Performance

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Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]R-367To be published on 03/22/2099
Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Segers, Jorge
Hydrogen Fuel Quality for Fuel Cell VehiclesJ2719_202605 (Current)5/8/2026
This standard provides background information and a hydrogen fuel quality standard for commercial proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicles. This report also provides background information on how this standard was developed by the Hydrogen Quality Task Force (HQTF) of the Interface Working Group (IWG) of the SAE Fuel Cell Standards Committee.
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Tube Fittings, Aerospace Fluid Systems, Separable, for 24 Degree Cone, General Specification, Metric (ISO 7169)1MA2005D (Current)5/8/2026
This document specifies performance and quality requirements for the qualification and manufacture of 24 degree cone fittings to ensure reliable performance in aircraft hydraulic systems.This document specifies baseline criteria for the design and manufacture of system fittings that are qualification tested on engines.This document covers fittings of temperature types and pressure classes specified in MA2001.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
testsofware-test-123jms4/1/2026
test
Mock Test 3/19SAE-SUP-TEST63/19/2026
Abstract info here. Test abstract
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Building an End-to-End Autonomous Driving System135572/27/2026
Join us as we sit down with Richard Chelminski, Senior Vice President, Head of SDV Platform, at 42dot, an autonomous driving software and mobility platform development startup from Hyundai Motor Group. We discuss how the company is pushing boundaries with its end-to-end autonomous driving system, Atria AI, which is focused on Level 4 autonomy and designed for seamless integration into consumer vehicles -- no LIDAR required! You'll also learn why camera-first and radar technologies are reshaping the industry, how software is now at the heart of vehicle development, and what the future holds for Transportation as a Service (TaaS). If you're curious about the next wave of smart, software-defined vehicles and autonomous driving innovation, this episode is a must-listen. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging
Patterson, Lori
A Dynamic Cybersecurity Benchmarking Framework for Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems2026-26-06121/16/2026
As the automotive industry accelerates towards greater connectivity and automation, ensuring robust cybersecurity has become a critical priority, especially in emerging markets like India. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework designed to assess and enhance the cybersecurity of production-ready vehicles, with a particular focus on addressing the unique challenges posed by both domestic and international markets. The proposed system combines advanced threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and dynamic evaluation techniques to continuously monitor and quantify a vehicle’s cybersecurity posture throughout its lifecycle. In the Indian context, where the automotive market is rapidly evolving and the adoption of connected and automated vehicles is on the rise, the need for tailored cybersecurity measures is particularly pressing. By evaluating the impact of cyber threats on safety, data privacy, financial risks, and vehicle functionality, the system generates a detailed
Shah, Ravindra, Awasthi, Vibhu Vaibhav, Karle, Ujjwala
Securing the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging: Identifying and Mitigating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities2026-26-06141/16/2026
This paper examines the key security vulnerabilities present in modern EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on the potential threats to payment systems, communication protocols, physical security, and data privacy. In particular, it looks at the vulnerabilities associated with unencrypted communication, the risks of unauthorized access to charging stations, and the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As the global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, the importance of a secure and reliable EV charging infrastructure becomes paramount. However, the expansion of charging stations and the growing integration of smart technologies introduce significant cybersecurity risks that must be addressed to ensure the safety, privacy, and reliability of the network. In addition to discussing emerging risks in relation to new technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, and outlining the necessity of industry-wide collaboration and the development of standardized
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Artificial Intelligence in Passenger Cars: Unlocking Intelligent Mobility and Human-Centric Vehicle Innovation2026-26-06721/16/2026
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping the landscape of automotive engineering, particularly in passenger vehicles where comfort, safety, and customization are paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current and emerging AI-driven applications in passenger cars, including intelligent vehicle insurance, real-time traffic optimization, personalized driving experiences, emotion recognition, and advanced EV battery management. The integration of AI technologies—ranging from machine learning and computer vision to natural language processing and deep neural networks—enables predictive maintenance, adaptive driver-assist systems, and next-generation human-machine interfaces. AI’s role in vehicle insurance is also explored through behaviour-based risk scoring and claims automation. Furthermore, emotion-aware cabin systems are discussed, which aim to detect driver fatigue, stress, or distraction to improve road safety and mental wellness. The paper also
Hazra, Sandip, Tangadpalliwar, Sonali, Khan, Arkadip
Automotive Cybersecurity Regulatory Framework2026-26-06251/16/2026
During the last few years, cybersecurity has become one of the key aspects in the automotive industry to ensure the safety and security of vehicles throughout their lifecycle. The implementation of new technologies and the goal of deploying fully automated vehicles in the not-so-distant future have created new needs regarding vehicle safety. As the automotive industry shifts toward automated and connected vehicles, the possibility of cyberattacks emerges as a significant concern. To address these challenges, different regulatory bodies and governments worldwide have developed or are developing a new set of regulations and standards with varying approaches to legislate or standardize the minimum criteria that manufacturers must follow to ensure security against potential attacks, adding requirements to ensure the cybersecurity of the vehicles at all levels. At the United Nations level, UN Regulation 155 was introduced in 2021, establishing requirements for manufacturers' cybersecurity
Flix, Oriol, Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-06101/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
REPLACING DIESEL ENGINES WITH CNG ENGINES – IMPACT ON EMISSIONS, BASED ON CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER TESTS OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY BUSES2026-26-01271/16/2026
Abstract This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogen oxide emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Emissions measurements include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons including methane. Fuel consumption for liquid fuels is measured using weighing scales, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG. Experimental data from 20 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years is analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses but with the differently fueled
Iyer, Suresh
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-06391/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
A Large Concept Model Approach for Summarizing Automotive Documents and Enhancing Vehicle Data Query2026-26-06761/16/2026
Technological advancement in automobile production, regulations, sales, and services leads to extensive technical documents and manuals. However, lengthy documentation, language barriers make it challenging to find quickly, highlighting the importance of summarization to bridge this knowledge gap. The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in tasks like Q&A, coding, drafting, and scientific acumen, and are commonly used to condense many complex documents. Despite LLMs being widely used in various sectors like research and journalism, LLMs face challenges in reliably summarizing content. Their word-by-word tokenization can sometimes fail to capture the true meaning and context, especially for abstractive summaries. This paper explores Large Concept Models (LCMs), which operate on principles of semantic reasoning, cross-modality integration, and hierarchical structuring at a higher conceptual level. This makes LCMs language and modality agnostic
Singh, Samagra, Ravi, Utkarsh, Vikram, Prateek, Shenoy, Lakshmi, Awasthi PhD, Anshuman
Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-06671/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
Unlocking Edge AI in Software-Defined Vehicles: Balancing model complexity, compute resources, and data access2026-26-06861/16/2026
The potential of Edge AI in automotive goes beyond ADAS and automated driving. AI-driven optimizations in driving efficiency, in-cabin personalization, predictive maintenance, and enhanced safety require intelligent processing at the vehicle edge. However, integrating AI into current vehicle electrical/electronic architectures (EEAs) presents significant challenges. This paper examines how AI models can run on general-purpose ECUs, gateways, and domain controllers while balancing model complexity, compute resources, and data availability. We explore trade-offs, architectural choices, and the need for software configurability to ensure AI models evolve with new data and vehicle parameters. We conclude by providing a glimpse into Sonatus’ latest AI product that encapsulates a holistic approach optimized for vehicle platforms—spanning cloud-based model development, optimization, and validation to in-vehicle inference—that unlocks the potential of Edge AI and SDVs for the automotive
Sah, Mohamadali, Khatri, Sanjay
Innovative Preconditioning Solutions for Efficient High-Current Battery Charging2026-26-01671/16/2026
In high-performance charging systems, managing higher currents is crucial for efficient battery charging. However, elevated battery and charging gun pin temperatures pose significant challenges, limiting the duration and effectiveness of high-current charging. Our advanced control system addresses these barriers by optimizing charging time while maintaining optimal temperature ranges for both the battery and charging gun. This is achieved through innovative preconditioning solutions that incorporate both active and passive cooling configurations. Our system features a unique preconditioning approach with dedicated cooling circuits for the charging socket and battery. The passive liquid cooling system ensures effective temperature management without additional energy consumption, while the active liquid cooling system provides enhanced cooling capabilities for more demanding scenarios. By integrating these cooling configurations, our control system significantly reduces charging time
Badgujar, Pankaj Ravindra, Bhosale, Subhash, Dave, Rajeev
Advance techniques to optimize Variable Gear Ratio steering for high Centre of Gravity vehicles.2026-26-00861/16/2026
High center of gravity (CG) and moderate Wheel track vehicles such compact SUVs has comparatively low static stability factor (SSF). Making them unstable and highly susceptible for rollover. On the top of that, to enhance the ease of maneuverability in densely populated areas, it is required to have a minimal turning circle diameter (TCD). To do so, variable gear ratio (VGR) steering stands superior to conventional constant gear ratio (CGR) steering, benefiting in both improved roll stability and agility to manoeuvre in compact spaces. To fine-tune VGR steering for specific vehicle requirements, Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulation is used. This method allows for precise adjustments based on real-world driving conditions, ensuring the VGR steering C-factor curve is optimized for ideal vehicle handling performance in on-center, off-center, and transition regions of the steering wheel angle (SWA). Metrics such as SWA gradient at different lateral accelerations and C-factor transitions for
Rewale, Pratik, Kopiec, Jakub, Kumar, Deva, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Hussain, Inzamam, Nehal, S B
Influence of Bushing Stiffness Measurement Methodology on Axle Elasto-Kinematics2026-26-00941/16/2026
The handling of a vehicle is crucial to the perception of its dynamic characteristics, such as comfort, stability, composure, sportiness, and precision. Kinematics and elasto-kinematics, also known as Kinematics and Compliance (K&C), form the basis of an automobile's handling characteristics. Kinematics focuses on the movement of suspension components, including wheels, axles, and linkages, and how these movements relate to the vehicle's body motion. Compliance refers to the suspension's ability to deform under load, primarily due to the flexibility of springs, bushings, and other elastic components. Elastomer bushings, as flexible elements in the kinematic chain, significantly impact K&C and require a detailed study. Suspension bush stiffness is typically measured through static and dynamic tests, in various directions - radial, axial, torsional, etc. Tests involve applying a force or torque and measuring the resulting deflection and/or rotation. These measurements are used to
Avhad, Anish
Analysis and Optimization of Stick-Slip Behaviour in Metal-Plastic Interfaces for Connected Tail Lamp Assemblies in Electric Vehicles2026-26-03321/16/2026
The seamless and sleek design of connected tail lamps adds a visually striking element to the car's exterior. It aligns with contemporary automotive trends and gives the vehicle a premium and futuristic appearance. Automakers use these lamps as a design signature to establish brand identity. Connected tail lamps improve visibility for drivers behind the vehicle. The assembly of connected tail lamps can pose several challenges, especially due to their complex design and integration requirements. Metal-plastic creak is a common concern in electric vehicles (EVs), often noticeable when driving on uneven roads. This primarily results from stick-slip behaviour at the interface of metal and plastic components, intensified by improper alignment. When the designed geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is not met in real manufacturing conditions, misalignment introduces unintended contact forces, leading to intermittent micro-sliding and frictional energy release, which manifests as an
MICHAEL STEPHAN, NAVIN ESTAC RAJA, C M, MITHUN, Mohammed, Riyazuddin
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Method for Characterization of Onboard Power Management System and Defining Vehicle Level Attributes2026-26-05701/16/2026
Fuel Cell and Battery Pack/Capacitors are two power sources on-board a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. Each having it's own set of boundary conditions and ideal operating conditions in order to deliver expected performance over the intended useful life. Such a dual power source architecture poses a challenge of optimally balancing power delivery from Fuel Cell and Battery Pack/Capacitor in order to ensure health of both these important aggregates of vehicle over it's intended useful life. Therefore, a method and tool for characterizing the Power Management System of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle is required during development and validation. "Aggregate Sizing" and "Calibration of Power Control Strategy" are significant factors for optimum life of Fuel Cell powered vehicle without compromising performance. Although the former is mainly a design decision, the latter is crucial during testing and validation to achieve the design objective and avoid unwanted failures. Distribution of load catered
Deshmukh, Naval, Ganguly, Sutanu, Sindgikar, Pavan, Jain, Sarika
A Comprehensive Analysis of Sealing Methods for EV Battery Packs: Trends and Insights.2026-26-01801/16/2026
The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has brought about unique engineering challenges, particularly in the design of battery packs, which are central to vehicle performance, safety, and longevity. One critical requirement is maintaining ingress protection (IP) ratings of IP67 or higher to safeguard against water and dust exposure. These ratings are essential to ensure compliance with homologation standards and to meet the demands of diverse terrains and operating conditions. Achieving effective sealing of EV battery packs is thus a key aspect of their design and engineering. This study presents an in-depth analysis of sealing technologies employed in EV battery packs, focusing on four primary types: Adhesive-based sealants, Cure-In-Place Gaskets (CIPG), Foam Cut seals, and Rubber Gaskets. Benchmarking data gathered from more than 90 vehicle models across 20+ brands provide insights into adoption trends, historical shifts, evolution and interface requirements of different
Varambally, Vishakha, Sithick basha, Abubakker, Chalumuru, Madhu, Yaser, K U Syed, Sasikumar, K
Reverse Engineering of CAN (Controller Area network) of an Electric vehicle2026-26-01501/16/2026
The communication between different vehicle electronic controller units (ECU) for various applications (I.e. To propel the vehicle or for In-vehicle Infotainment) CAN (Controller Area Network) is most frequently used for In-Vehicle communication. Given the proprietary nature and lack of standardization in CAN (Controller Area Network) configurations, which are often not disclosed by manufacturers, the process of CAN reverse engineering becomes highly complex and cumbersome. Additionally, the scarcity of publicly accessible data on electric vehicles, coupled with the rapid technological advancements in this domain, has resulted in the absence of a standardized and automated methodology for reverse engineering the Controller Area Network (CAN). This process is further complicated by the diverse CAN configurations implemented by various Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), which are often not disclosed to the public. In this paper the manual approach is taken for reverse engineering
KUMAR, ROHIT, Sahu, Hemant, Penta, Amar, Bhatt, Purvish
Refinement of Road Induced Steering Wheel Vibration in Electric Vehicle2026-26-03371/16/2026
Nowadays, customers expect excellent cabin insulation and superior ride comfort in electric vehicle. OEMs focuses on fine tuning the suspension system in electric vehicle to isolate the road shocks which finally offers superior ride quality. This paper focuses on the enhancing the ride comfort by reducing the steering wheel vibration which mainly originates due to road inputs. Higher steering wheel vibrations are perceived on the test vehicle when driven on rough road at the speed of 50 kmph. To determine the predominant force transfer path, Multi reference Transfer Path Analysis (MTPA) is performed on the front and rear suspension. Based on the finding from MTPA, various recommendations are explored and the effect of each modification is discussed. Apart from this, Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis is carried out on the entire steering system to identify the deflection shape at the operating condition. Based on ODS findings, recommendations like dynamic stiffness
S, Nataraja Moorthy
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-00711/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Development of a High-Fidelity Vehicle Dynamics Model with Rear-Wheel Active Roll Control for Improved Stability2026-26-00931/16/2026
This work introduces a unified vehicle dynamics framework that combines detailed modeling and active control to enhance ride comfort and handling stability. A full 12-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is developed to simulate dynamic responses across a range of driving conditions. Unlike conventional approaches, this model incorporates both linear and nonlinear tire behavior, enabling more accurate prediction of vehicle motion. To further improve performance, an active roll control mechanism is proposed, utilizing rear-wheel suspension actuators to counteract undesired body roll and yaw instabilities. A novel co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control strategies with high-fidelity multibody dynamics from ADAMS Car. The model is calibrated and validated using experimental data from an instrumented test vehicle. Results show that the integrated control system significantly reduces critical parameters such as roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and
Duraikannu, Dinesh, DUMPALA, GANGI REDDY
Evaluation of Intercooler Effectiveness with No Fan, Single Fan, and Dual Fan: A Simulation and Experimental Study2026-26-05791/16/2026
Turbochargers play a crucial role in modern engines by increasing power output and fuel efficiency through intake air compression, thereby improving volumetric efficiency by allowing more air mass into the combustion chamber. However, this process also raises the intake air temperature, which can reduce charge density, lead to detonation, and create emissions challenges-such as smoke limits in diesel engines and knock in gasoline spark-ignited (GSL) engines. To mitigate this, intercoolers are used to cool the compressed air. Due to packaging constraints, intercoolers are typically long and boxy, limiting their effectiveness, especially at low vehicle speeds where ram air flow is minimal. This study investigates the use of auxiliary fans to enhance intercooler performance. Two methodologies were adopted: 1D simulation using GT-Suite and experimental testing on a vehicle under different fan configurations-no fan, single fan, and dual fans (positioned near the intercooler inlet and outlet
PATRA, SOMNATH, HIBARE, NIKHIL, Ganesan, Thanigaivel, Gharte, Jignesh Rajendra
Determining Optimal Suspension & Body in White Mountings to maximize Off-Road Capability of Passenger Vehicles2026-26-00981/16/2026
The automotive market is shifting toward SUVs, with rising customer demand for off-road capability in passenger vehicles. While pure off-roaders offer advanced performance, the goal is to achieve similar functionality in passenger vehicles through minimal design changes. A key factor in off-road performance is wheel articulation, which ensures tire contact and stability on uneven terrain by allowing independent wheel movement. Wheel articulation plays a critical role in determining a vehicle's off-road capability. The vehicle is designed with key parameters like hard point configuration, strength and durability to meet performance targets. While Kinematic and Compliance setup suits standard ride and handling needs, adapting it for off-road capability exceeds its current design limits and requires further enhancements beyond conventional development. Relationship between wheel articulation and off-road performance, emphasizing the role of suspension design and geometry in enhancing
Siddiqui, Arshad, Iqbal, Shoaib, Dwivedi, Sushil
Assessment of Structure-borne Road Noise for Battery Electric Vehicle: Prediction and Improvement2026-26-03201/16/2026
In the absence of engine noise, road-induced noise has become a major concern specifically for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), impacting Sound Pressure Level (SPL) for both drivers and passengers. Under the influence of random road load inputs, structural vibrations which transfer from road and tire to suspension to vehicle body, the cabin interior noise, particularly at lower frequencies, is significantly affected. To improve the road-induced low-frequency structure-borne noise behaviour, which frequently perceptible as ‘booming noises’, a study was carried out to assess predominant noise sources present in vehicle and to suggest refinements in reducing noise levels. By considering random excitations of road profile through tyre patch using CD-Tire model, vehicle interior noise was computed. Subsequently, to get insight of dynamic behaviour of vehicle, various diagnostic assessments to understand the influence from structure and paths were deployed. Major contributors from body
Paik, Dr. Suman, Raghuvanshi, Jayeshkumar, Chaudhari, Vishal Vasantrao, V, Radhika
Multispeed EV Transmission – Gear Shift Simulation and Validation2026-26-01571/16/2026
The advancement of electric vehicle (EV) transmission systems is currently a prominent trend aimed at decreasing carbon emissions and providing eco-friendly transportation alternatives. Most of the EV transmissions are single speed, but research conducted on multi speed EV transmissions show higher efficiency, good performance, high speed and torque demand when compared with single speed counterparts. Most of the multi speed EV transmissions that are developed are of non-synchromesh type, which have direct effect on NVH, driving dynamics and durability of drivetrain components. Due to aforementioned factors, gearshift analysis becomes critical for development. Simulation model is developed at early development phase for initial feedback. Using the feedback, drivetrain can be optimized furthermore and test on physical parts can be conducted for final verification. This paper provides a simulation based approach for modelling non-synchromesh two speed EV transmission using Simulation X
Patel, Hiral, Thambala, Prashanth, Sutar, Suresh, Todtermuschke, Karsten
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Modal Behaviour in Electric Two-Wheeler Frames2026-26-03101/16/2026
This research investigates the dynamic characteristics of an electric two-wheeler chassis through a combined experimental and numerical approach. The study commences with the development of a detailed CAD model, which serves as the basis for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to predict the chassis's natural frequencies and mode shapes. These numerical simulations offer initial insights into the structural vibration behaviour crucial for ensuring vehicle stability and rider comfort. To validate the FEA predictions, experimental modal analysis is performed on a physical prototype of the electric two-wheeler chassis using impact hammer excitation. Multiple response measurements are acquired via accelerometers, and the resulting data is processed to extract experimental modal parameters. The correlation between the simulated and experimental mode shapes is quantitatively assessed using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC). This matrix provides a measure of the consistency and similarity between
Das Sharma, Aritrya, Iyer, Siddharth, Prasad, Sathish, Anandh, Sudheep
Drive Cycle Type Identification Using Data Driven Methodologies2026-26-06491/16/2026
Identifying the type of drive cycle is crucial for analyzing customer usage and optimizing vehicle performance and emission control. Methods that rely on geographical location are limited by varying driving conditions at the same location (e.g., heavy traffic during peak hours vs. free-flowing traffic at night). This paper proposes a methodology to identify the type of drive cycle (city, interurban, highway or others) using drive characteristics derived from vehicle data rather than geographical location. Real-world vehicle data from testing trucks is taken, whose drive profiles are already known. Initially, multiple characteristic features of the drive cycle are identified from literature surveys and domain experiences. These features, which can be extracted from basic signal data, include gear shifts, time spent in different driving modes (acceleration, cruise, standstill), velocity distributions, and an 'aggressiveness factor' representing overall driving style. Using ML based
REDDY, MALLANGI PRASHANTH, Gorain, Raju, Ganguly, Gourav
Development of Component Level Testing Method for Passenger Car Wheels2026-26-05041/16/2026
In the design of automotive wheels, safety is a crucial factor. Wheels contribute to a vehicle handling, braking and overall driving performance. Wheel are designed to withstand the weight of the vehicle and force generated during driving. It is the medium which isolates the obstacles coming from roads. Impact tests are usually performed after the wheel has been already designed and first prototypes have been produced. The test involves 90-degree free fall dynamic impact to determine the wheel resistance to deformation, cracking and overall structural failure. Its best method to captured the exact results during and post impact. These results are contributes the major role in development of automotive wheel rims. Most of the OEM’s are validating the wheels in virtual environment as FEA analysis software and LS Dyna. In this paper detailed procedure of testing of wheels at component level is presented. This work determines the development of test procedure for passenger car wheels in
Tormal, Uday Bapurao
A study of Electric motor configuration for Multi Axle Electric Heavy Duty Commercial Truck Application to attain maximum potential of Torque vectoring2026-26-00841/16/2026
As the air pollution level rises around the globe, the need for alternative sources of energy increases, and this need is applicable to automotive industry also. Commercial vehicles are one of the major sources of air pollution around the world as they have impactful applicability in our day to day life. With growing advancement in mobility solutions, commercial vehicles are undergoing transformation to improve efficiency, safety and performance. One of the emerging technologies is of torque vectoring which is a concept used to provide better traction and stability to the vehicle in different driving conditions and used in the vehicle having multi motor configuration. Advance torque vectoring concept coupled with electric motor can react to dynamic driving conditions by providing instant torque. The concept of torque vectoring can be useful for heavy commercial vehicles used in off-road applications such as mining because torque vectoring helps in better weight management, cornering
Agarwal, Pranjal, Chaudhari, Gitesh, Gangad, Vikas, Penta, Amar
Reducing Risk in Safety Critical Systems through Early Safety Case Development and Dialectic Arguments2026-26-00441/16/2026
The rapid evolution of modern automotive systems—powered by advancements in autonomous driving, and connected vehicle technologies— pose fundamental challenges to design and integration. Ensuring the safety of these highly interconnected, software-driven systems, with the widespread reuse of components across platforms. This growing complexity calls for a more structured and rigorous approach to safety assurance than traditional methods. Traditional safety cases tend to take a linear, justification-focused approach that mainly focuses on positive assertions —statements of compliance or success—while giving limited attention to potential weaknesses, or gaps in supporting evidence. This practice may lead to criticism that such arguments are “too positive,” portraying an overly optimistic view of system safety without sufficiently acknowledging areas of unresolved risk. As a result, conventional approaches for developing safety case may overlook complex interactions, assumptions, and
Kumar, Amrendra, Bagalwadi, Saurabh, McMurran, Ross
Artificial Neural Network for predicting thermal cool-down behavior of a School Bus Cabin2026-26-06531/16/2026
Passenger vehicles, such as buses, exhibit significant heat absorption when parked under direct sunlight, leading to elevated interior temperatures during daytime and a consequent reduction in thermal comfort. In our previous study, we developed and validated a transient numerical method to predict the thermal behavior of the cool-down process in a school bus cabin. Despite its accuracy, modeling such complex simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) remains time-intensive, with pre-processing taking up to a week and simulations requiring an additional 8-10 hours. While physics-based simulations are known for their accuracy, they are inherently slower. Conversely, data-based meta models offer faster results, but their outputs must be carefully correlated with test data or physics-based model data. This study aims to leverage existing CFD data to train and develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based meta model, which is then benchmarked against test results for
Suryavanshi, Apoorva, sharma, shantanu
Reverse Engineering and Digital Twins in Powertrain Design: Enhancing Performance and Sustainability2026-26-00651/16/2026
This study explores the application of reverse engineering (RE) and digital twin (DT) technology in the design and optimization of advanced powertrain systems. Traditional approaches to powertrain development often rely on legacy designs with limited adaptability to modern efficiency and emission standards. In this work, we present a methodology combining 3D scanning, computational modeling, and machine learning to reconstruct, analyze, and enhance internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains. By digitizing physical components through RE, we generate high-fidelity DT models that enable virtual testing, performance prediction, and iterative improvement without costly physical prototyping. Key innovations include a novel mesh refinement technique for scanned geometries and a hybrid simulation framework integrating finite element analysis (FEA) and multi-body dynamics (MBD). Our case study demonstrates a 12% increase in thermal efficiency for a retrofitted ICE
Bernikov, Mark Alexandrovich, Kurmaev, Rinat
Remaining Charging Time Accuracy Improvement through Preconditioning Prediction in Electric Vehicles2026-26-06781/16/2026
Remaining Charging Time (RCT) is an essential metric that is displayed to the customer/driver while charging the vehicle. It tells the driver how much time is remaining for the vehicle to be charged to 100% Display State of Charge (SOC) or the target SOC set by the driver. This metric helps drivers plan their time and decide when to unplug their device. For large battery systems like electric vehicles, the understanding of how much longer the battery needs to charge can help optimize energy use and avoid overcharging. The avoidance of un-necessary prolonged charging affects the long-term health of the battery. The RCT is calculated using a basic formula as the ratio of total energy needed to charge the battery to target SOC and the power pushed into the battery for charging. In this RCT formula numerator for a battery to be charged to a specific target SOC is fixed, but the denominator depends on lot of factors during charging and Battery Preconditioning is one of those factors that
Jawed, Shahid, Srikantaiah, Sudarshan
Advancing Sustainable Mobility: Transitioning to Zero-Emission Electric Vehicles with BEVs and FCVs2026-26-01641/16/2026
The transportation and mobility sector is undergoing a profound transformation, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and minimizing the environmental impact of transportation. Among the most significant trends is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in the form of Battery and Fuel cell, which produce zero emissions without any harmful gases release in nature. This review highlights several infrastructure-related issues and critical factors that could drive India's transportation sector toward adopting electric vehicles. It also delves into the fundamental understanding of e-mobility, shedding light on the daily challenges and barriers it faces. Furthermore, the study explores research aspects, including the strategies, methods, and tools used for electric vehicles to complete the research on Battery electric vehicles (BEV) and also comparative analysis with Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The shift BEVs has been driven by decreasing battery costs and advancements in charging
Kumar, Dr. Vijay Bhooshan
A procedure for validation of full vehicle CAE models with physical tests for passive safety applications2026-26-04111/16/2026
With the fast development of computational analysis tools and capacities during the past ten years, complex and substantial computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations are now economically possible. While the cost of crash tests has risen steadily, the fidelity and complexity, which numerical simulations could address, has multiplied keeping the cost of computational analysis more stable. The use of CAE simulations complements physical testing, accelerating the product development process, reducing cost, and ensuring safe and more optimized designs. The fundamental goal of CAE is a significant reduction in the number of physical tests conducted during the product development process. However, validating the CAE model with physical tests is essential to ensure accuracy and reliability. Simulations performed using a validated CAE model could be used to make decisions like airbag deployment or high voltage shutdown without an actual physical test. This paper discusses validating an
UPENDRAN, ANOOP
Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS): Achieving Enhanced Electric Vehicle Efficiency and Performance through switchable Series-Parallel Battery Configuration2026-26-02031/16/2026
The study here investigates on the Electric vehicles (EVs), which are often segmented by range or performance, typically offered as distinct entities. Powertrain design also tends to be either settled or performance focused. A significant challenge in the automotive world is the charging time of EVs, a key performance indicator impacting customer convenience. Battery technology is evolving, allowing for potential architectural changes in battery modules over time. Issues such as cell balancing lead to energy wastage in batteries, and thermal management is critical as increased current causes higher I2R power losses and heat generation. Battery weight negatively affects EV efficiency and range. Adapting to new battery cell technologies and architectures can be costly. Addressing these challenges, this paper presents on Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS) as a solution to enhance EV efficiency by dynamically adjusting battery voltage based on driving conditions. Such as Utilizing a smart
Amberkar S, Sunil, Raool, Anuj Rajesh, M G, Shivanag, RAJAPURAM, BHEEMA REDDY
Revolutionizing Mass Mobility: Sustainable, Safe, and Smart Transport Ecosystems2026-26-03601/16/2026
Mass Mobility Systems are critical for a sustainable and progressive society. As the world confronts the serious challenges of global warming and urban traffic congestion, efficient mass mobility solutions become critical in reducing carbon footprints and enabling equitable access. Advancement in mass mobility is not limited to electric buses alone but also includes innovations across conventional ICE vehicles, autonomous vehicles, Trains and other integrated transport networks. Safety, and accessibility for users remain critical to the sustainability of future mass mobility concepts. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in public transportation, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more resilient systems. Road safety, passenger well-being, and hygienic standards must be deeply embedded into future mobility solutions. Furthermore, strong last-mile connectivity will be essential to ensure that mass mobility truly meets the needs of all citizens. An effective Mass Mobility
Vasudevan, M, Kumar S, Ashok, Sridevi, M, Kumar, Rajiv, Kumar, Om
Optimizing Vehicle Dynamics: A Methodology for Reducing Correlation Gaps2026-26-00911/16/2026
In the highly competitive automotive industry, final design decisions are often made early in the product development cycle. However, physical prototypes may exhibit deviations from nominal specifications due to design tolerances, manufacturing tolerances, stiffness element fitment, and other noise factors. These deviations can lead to significant performance discrepancies (correlation gaps) between real-world performance and the digital twin representation created during the design phase. Repeatedly measuring all system parameters to account for these differences can be both costly and impractical. This research aims to bridge the gap between digital and physical models by identifying key system parameters from system characteristic data generated through controlled dynamic testing. Specifically, dynamic load cases are conducted using a 4-poster test rig, where vehicle responses are recorded at various suspension locations under controlled conditions. By analyzing these target
Verma, Rahul Ranjan, Goli, Naga Aswani Kumar, PRASAD, TEJ PRATAP
Integrated Side Fairing and Crash Protection System for High Voltage EV Battery Safety2026-26-00281/16/2026
The paper presents a well-engineered and novel structural solution for side impact protection of high-voltage battery packs in electric trucks. While electric vehicles offer benefits like zero emissions and independence from fossil fuels, in turn present challenges in meeting crashworthiness standards and safety regulations. The device addresses the critical need for effective battery protection & styling of battery electric vehicles. The integration of a hybrid corrugated panel system with plastic side fairings is innovative, combining crashworthiness with aerodynamic and aesthetic benefits. The crash protection features two hat-section steel channels at the top and bottom and corrugated steel sheet with alternating ridges is attached to these channels. Corrugated panels are enforced with help of backing strips. This assembly is mounted on shear plates at both ends, secured to the vehicle's frame rail. During a side impact event, the plastic side fairings absorb the initial impact
Badgujar, Prathamesh, Devendra, Awachare, Hansen, Benjamin
Development of Advanced Thermoplastic Elastomeric Mat and Its Study on Thermal Performance of Wireless Charging System2026-26-02831/16/2026
This study aimed to develop a thermally conductive TPE mat and assess its performance in comparison to an existing antiskid rubber mat, specifically evaluating its impact on wireless charger efficiency. Moreover, morphological and thermal analyses were conducted to establish a correlation between the material behaviours of the new and current thermally conductive antiskid mats. The process of developing the thermally conductive TPE involved utilizing a two-roll mill followed by compression moulding to achieve a 2D sheet shape. Notably, the thermally conductive mat demonstrated a consistent enhancement in charging efficiency over the conventional antiskid mat. To examine the thermal characteristics, thermal characterization techniques including DSC and TGA were employed for both the existing and newly developed mats. FTIR spectroscopy was also utilized to confirm the presence of organic functional groups within the mat. The morphological analysis of the fillers used to enhance thermal
NAIKWADI, AMOL TARACHAND, Mali, Manoj, Patil, Bhushan, Tata, Srikanth
From UN R79 to UN R171: NATM Multi-Pillar Framework in DCAS Regulation2026-26-01371/16/2026
The introduction of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) represents a paradigm shift in transportation, promising enhanced safety, efficiency, and accessibility. However, the deployment of these technologies requires a robust regulatory framework to ensure their safe integration into existing transportation systems. This paper examines the role of UN Regulation 171 on Driver Control Assistance Systems (DCAS) in shaping the future of CAVs. As the automotive industry progresses towards higher levels of automation, from the current SAE Level 2 vehicles to the aspired Level 5 fully autonomous cars, the importance of clear regulatory guidelines becomes mandatory. This regulation provides a standardized approach to DCAS, ensuring consistency across different manufacturers and countries, but also to Approval Authorities and Technical Services. UN R171 aims to cover the gap between current ADAS systems already covered by UN Regulations, and CAV systems, under development within the
Flix, Oriol, Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-00851/16/2026
Abstract Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analysing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behaviour. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behaviour using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The evaluation is done using standard ISO test manoeuvres, including Constant Radius turn test (ISO 4138), Sine Steer test (ISO 8725) and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification (as per
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
Performance Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle for Intercity and Intracity Applications2026-26-02661/16/2026
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are emerging as a sustainable solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, in line with the Paris Agreement and global net-zero emission goals. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of the FCEV powertrain under intercity and intracity driving conditions. The study focuses on key parameters such as fuel cell system efficiency, energy consumption, hydrogen usage, and overall drivetrain response. Using simulation models validated with real-world driving data, the performance of the powertrain is evaluated across varying speed profiles, vehicle loads, and driving cycles. The analysis also considers the impact of auxiliary load including HVAC systems and consumption of other electric components on the powertrain efficiency and energy balance. Results highlight that the FCEV powertrain performs efficiently during intercity driving due to stable speed conditions and low stop-start frequency, while
Patil, Nikhil Nivrutti, Gawhade, Ravikant, Gadve, Dhananjay, Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Ahmed, Yasir, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Enhancing EV Battery Safety: Progressive Crushing and Energy Absorption Techniques2026-26-01891/16/2026
• The paper presents and provides a crash energy absorption assembly and method for enhancing the safety and structural integrity of battery packs in electric vehicles during collision events adhering to global regulations. • One of our novel analyses is described here, in which the assembly comprises a battery housing designed to mount one or more battery cells, at least one crash member coupled to the side surface of the battery housing, flexural members coupled to the crash member. The flexural members are designed to absorb impact forces, deform, and store potential energy during sudden impacts. This innovative approach ensures that the energy is stored within the flexural elements rather than being transferred to the battery cells, thereby reducing almost cell intrusion for example by 50% under a 100kN which is EC100R requirement. The design effectively delays intrusion, enhances battery safety and minimizes cell-level damage. • Also, the strategic placement of flexural members
Amberkar S, Sunil, Lakshman singh, Meenakumari, Bodaindala, Anil
Impact of density in simulation model for extreme cold ambient conditions2026-26-03881/16/2026
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) necessitate highly efficient thermal management strategies, as cabin heating directly consumes energy from the finite traction battery, potentially reducing driving range significantly. Early-stage design evaluations of warmup performance commonly rely on one-dimensional (1D) simulations due to their computational speed and efficiency. The accuracy and predictive capability of these models are critically dependent on how well they represent blower operation and account for temperature-induced variations in air density. This fidelity is essential because engineers depend on warmup simulations to set HVAC targets that will deliver real‑world comfort and defrost performance within stringent range constraints. Earlier, warmup simulations employed a Constant Mass Flow (CMF) approach, which simplifies computations by assuming a fixed air density at a standard reference temperature. However, this approach contrasts with real-world blower behavior, where
Subramanian, Karthik, Mishra, Abhishek
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