Browse Topic: Vehicles, Equipment, and Performance

Items (64,366)
Find
Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]R-367To be published on 03/22/2099
Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Segers, Jorge
Sponsor ChjangeARP050911 (Current)10/13/2025
Test
A-6A Systems Subsystem Integration Steering Group
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202510 (Current)10/01/2025
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Minimum Standard for Portable Gaseous, Oxygen EquipmentAS1046D (Current)09/29/2025
This standard is intended to apply to portable compressed gaseous oxygen equipment. When properly configured, this equipment is used either for the administration of supplemental oxygen, first aid oxygen or smoke protection to one or more occupants of either private or commercial transport aircraft.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Smarter Automotive Testing with AI and Simulation1352207/03/2025
The new test track isn't asphalt--it's AI and simulation. From hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) to real-time performance analytics, new innovations are reshaping how vehicles are designed, validated, and brought to market. At the forefront of this transformation is A&D Technology, a leader in integrated test automation and lab management solutions for the transportation and energy markets. By integrating AI-driven analytics with high-fidelity simulation environments, the company is empowering automotive engineers to streamline testing workflows, reduce physical prototypes, and accelerate innovation in everything from EV powertrains to autonomous systems. To learn more, we sat down with Mike Uhl, President & CEO, to discuss how A&D Technology's work in simulation and test automation is helping engineers bring the next generation of mobility technologies to life. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Women Breaking Barriers in Aerospace & Beyond1352107/01/2025
Despite decades of progress, the number of women in engineering remains stubbornly low -- especially in aerospace and mechanical engineering. But that isn't stopping the winner of the Aerospace/Defense category in the inaugural Women in Engineering: Rising Star Awards. Heather Cummings is Senior Engineer, Flight Controls & Autonomy for Sikorsky, a Lockheed Martin company. She leads the development of hybrid electric propulsion controls and vehicle management systems for Sikorsky's next-gen HEX and RBW, including groundbreaking work on fully autonomous cargo aircraft. A licensed pilot, Heather is passionate about improving flight safety through automation and mentoring the next generation of aspiring engineers. In this special episode, Heather and Chitra Sethi, Director of Editorial & Digital Content, SAE Media Group, discuss the mission behind the Rising Star Awards, the importance of visibility for women in STEM, and why inspiring the next generation is just as critical as
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - The Hidden Role of Battery Vents in EV Safety and Adoption1351906/12/2025
One failure can reshape public trust in EVs overnight. That's why every detail matters--and why collaboration across the entire EV ecosystem is critical. Even small components like battery pack vents play an outsized role in preventing thermal runaway events, explosions, and fires. The SAE Battery Pack Venting Committee understands this challenge and answered the call with the new SAE J3325(TM) Technical Information Report a guide to designing, testing, and integrating battery vents that perform when it matters most. To dive deeper, we spoke with Dr. Michael Harenbrock, Principal Expert of Electric Mobility at MANN+HUMMEL GmbH, and chair of the SAE Battery Pack Venting Committee about how SAE J3325 is helping engineers enhance EV battery safety--and how their work evolves to keep pace with emerging ventilation technologies and trends. Want to help shape the future of EV safety? Join an SAE Committee today! Contact Standards Specialist Dante Rahdar at dante.rahdar@sae.org. We'd love to
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Removing Roadblocks to Fleet Electrification1351806/07/2025
What does it really take to electrify America's fleets? From skyrocketing insurance rates to policy risks to reduced incentives, the market dynamics are complex. Enter Electrada, a Cincinnati-based EV infrastructure company revolutionizing how fleets transition to clean energy. As the developer, owner, and operator of electric fueling assets, Electrada offers a unique 360 Charging-as-a-Service (CaaS) model that delivers zero capital investment, 99%+ uptime, predictable pricing, and expert management. Serving all fleet types across multiple transportation sectors, Electrada designs fully tailored, long-term EV charging solutions that reduce cost per mile from day one with no operational disruptions or price risk. Listen in as we sit down with Kevin Kushman, CEO of Electrada, to discuss the challenges and opportunities in the North American fleet electrification market. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org
Hineman, Marcie
testing revision status on details pageCUR1513-jms306/03/2025
cur1580
Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Charging Consortium, Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium, International Alliance for Mobility Testing Standardization
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Riding the EV Wave With Smarter Batteries1351705/29/2025
As OEMs race to deliver new vehicle lineups with greater speed and efficiency, the industry finds itself navigating a complex crossroads between full EVs and hybrid models. That's where ENNOVI steps in. With a focus on smarter battery management and cutting-edge electrical architecture, ENNOVI is staying agile--offering the right product mix to help OEMs and suppliers ride the wave of electrification, battery technology improvements, and market shifts without missing a beat. Listen in as we sit down with Ron Puhl, Global Director of Engineering and Product Portfolio, to discuss how ENNOVI's Current Collector System (CCS) is helping to improve the overall package size of batteries while reducing costs. It's a unique discussion with deep insight into consumer EV demand and industry trends. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Autonomy is Breathing New Life into Farming1351505/16/2025
Labor shortages are pushing many family farms to the brink. The solution? Autonomous technology which is emerging as a game-changer--boosting productivity, cutting risk, and giving family farms a fighting chance to thrive for generations to come. At the forefront of this transformation is Blue River Technology, a John Deere subsidiary leading the charge in precision agriculture. From AI-driven tools to autonomous machinery, the company is helping to build the future of farming the John Deere way, meeting farmers in the field and designing solutions grounded in real-world challenges. With safety and scalability built in, farmers can start small with retrofit kits that upgrade existing tractors, making automation more accessible than ever. To learn more, we caught up with Aaron Wells, Director of Engineering at Blue River, to explore how automation is transforming agriculture and giving farmers the tools they need to stay ahead--despite labor challenges. We'd love to hear from you. Share
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Scalable AV Deployment Starts with Fewer Close Calls1351305/01/2025
The hallmark of exceptional autonomous driving technology isn't just how it reacts in a crisis but how it avoids one altogether. That's the vision behind May Mobility: a world where self-driving cars confidently navigate busy intersections, unexpected detours, and pedestrian-filled crosswalks with the instincts of a seasoned human driver. At the core of May Mobility's technology platform is its patented Multi-Policy Decision Making (MPDM) system. This breakthrough technology uses real-time, in-situ AI to interpret data, continuously learning and adapting to new, complex, and unpredictable driving conditions. By learning on the fly--much like a human driver--May Mobility's AVs can be deployed faster and more cost-effectively than traditional systems. To explore how May Mobility is scaling its AV technology, we spoke with Ed Olson, CEO and Founder, about the company's city-wide AV deployments, strategic partnerships with Toyota and NTT, and its entrance into the rideshare market through
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORRO TODAY BRIEFS - Scaling Software-Defined EV Fleets1351204/24/2025
When it comes to electrifying commercial vehicle fleets, one company offers a transformative modular platform that can drastically reduce the time to market. REE Automotive is a publicly traded company that designs and manufactures advanced software-defined vehicles (SDVs) that are fully electric, capable of autonomy, and compatible with existing fleet management software. The company recently began production on its first medium-duty truck for the US market and has since seen a 230% growth in reservations, indicating strong customer interest and positive feedback. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Daniel Barel, CEO, and Pete Dow, VP of Engineering, to discuss REE Automotive's revolutionary approach to scaling software-defined commercial EV fleets. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our podcast on the state of NEVI
Hineman, Marcie
Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement2024-01-335604/23/2025
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make
Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus
Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage ReconstructionR-48004/23/2025
Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction is a unique title which addresses important aspects of investigating crashes, who does this kind of work, and how a healthy attitude and open mind are required to properly perform investigations. It also discusses what to expect from the on-scene part of the investigation, and the fundamental approaches to common types of wreckage reconstruction. Written by Don Knutson, a veteran of this industry, Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction is intended for the practitioner, student, or those who are simply curious about how aircraft wreckage is reconstructed. Full references are provided in the various chapters for additional reading and research. Many examples of aircraft crash scenarios and circumstances are presented in a "generic" form but relate to actual investigations, which should prove as a useful investigative resource whether you are an apprentice or an experience professional with a government aviation
Knutson, Donald F.
A Two-Step Approach for Tire Lateral Force Observation for Motorcycles2024-32-004304/18/2025
This study presents a two-step method for estimating motorcycle tire lateral forces, which are critical to the safety of driver assistance systems. In the pre-filtering stage, a partial attitude of the motorcycle is estimated using a Kalman filter and a kinematic model. In the observation stage, the side slip angle and subsequently the tire lateral forces are provided by a sliding mode observer. It extends previous research by incorporating both out-of-plane and in-plane dynamics. The paper also proposes an approach for selecting the Kalman filter parameters. An approach to identify the stochastic sensor errors of the inertial measurement unit is presented. The identified parameters are used as a basis for the selection of the covariances. The overall study provides a practical implementation strategy and demonstrates its applicability in real-world scenarios. The experiments show the results of the lateral force estimation and its relation to the friction ellipse. The effectiveness of
Winkler, Alexander, Grabmair, Gernot, Reger, Johann
Traction Voltage Level in Two-Wheelers: Considerations on Safety and Performance2024-32-006204/18/2025
Most electric 2-wheelers on the market today seek to replace combustion engine vehicles from 50cc to 150cc which equates to an electric motor power between 2 and 12 kW. The traction voltage level of these vehicles is mostly between 44V and 96V. However, the actual choice of voltage on a specific vehicle seems to be arbitrary and higher voltage does not necessarily correlate with higher motor power. This paper seeks to highlight considerations and tradeoffs which feed the choice of traction voltage levels. Important criteria are electrical safety standards and their impact on vehicle electrical architecture, the performance and availability of key electronics parts such as capacitors, MOSFETs, and gate drivers, while also highlighting functional safety aspects. This paper shows by a comprehensive analysis of the motor drive that for the vehicle class mentioned above the traction voltage level can be kept below 60V without any performance impact, while also ensuring electrical and
Schmitt, Stefan
Development of the Mild Hybrid System for Off-Road Machinery2024-32-006704/18/2025
In recent years, the importance of achieving carbon neutrality has been highlighted in response to the escalating severity of climate change. In the leading automobile market, the share of electric vehicles is gradually expanding, especially in passenger car sector. However, it is not same in commercial vehicle sector. In the off-road machinery market, as with electrification in commercial vehicles, the factors such as the need to install charging infrastructure and the requirement for large batteries to expand operating duration are significant challenge to full electrification. As one of the realistic solutions toward carbon neutrality for off-road machines, methods to utilize both internal combustion engines (ICE) and their applied products are being reconsidered. Under the circumstances, we have developed a mild-hybrid (MH) system for small off-road machinery. This system adopts a 48V power supply in order to minimize size of the system offers as a “Drop-in” package solution. This
Koyama, Kazuaki, Kimura, Ryota, Nagamori, Yuko, Horita, Tatsuhiko, Nosaka, Kento
Novel Statistical Modelling-Based Approach for Exhaust Mass Flow Calculation in Motorcycles2024-32-007204/18/2025
The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake
Schurl, Sebastian, Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Statistical Analysis of Data Acquired from Propagating Flames in Gasoline Engines Using a Multiple Ion Probe2024-32-003504/18/2025
Multiple-ion-probe method consists of multiple ion probes placed on the combustion chamber wall, where each individual ion probe detects flame contact and records the time of contact. From the recorded data, it is also possible to indirectly visualize the inside of the combustion chamber, for example, as a motion animation of moving flame front. In this study, a thirty-two ion probes were used to record flames propagating in a two-stroke gasoline engine. The experiment recorded the combustion state in the engine for about 3 seconds under full load at about 6500 rpm, and about 300 cycles were recorded in one experiment. Twelve experiments were conducted under the same experimental conditions, and a total of 4,164 cycles of signal data were obtained in the twelve experiments. Two types of analysis were performed on this data: statistical analysis and machine learning analysis using a linear regression model. Statistical analysis calculated the average flame detection time and standard
Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okahira, Takehiro, Nagashige, Kohei
Study on Motorcycle Rider Model Using Reinforcement Learning - Learning Examples Including Following Target Velocity and Basic Research on Rider Proficiency2024-32-002804/18/2025
In this study, an initial approach using deep reinforcement learning to replicate the complex behaviors of motorcycle riders was presented. Three learning examples were demonstrated: following a target velocity, maintaining stability at low speeds, and following a target trajectory. These examples serve as a starting point for further research. Additionally, the proficiency of the constructed models was examined using rider proficiency evaluation methods developed in previous studies. Initial results indicated that the models have the potential to mimic real rider behaviors; however, challenges such as differences between the model’s output and what humans can produce were also identified for future work.
Mitsuhashi, Yasuhiro, Momiyama, Yoshitaka, Yabe, Noboru
RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment2024-32-007304/18/2025
The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based
Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Virtual Calibration Approach to the Development of Control Systems and Strategies for Hybrid L-Category Vehicles2024-32-006604/18/2025
Hybrid powertrain for motorcycles has not been widely adopted to date but has recently shown significant increased interest and it is believed to have great potential for fuel economy containment in real driving conditions. Moreover, this technology is suitable for the expected new legislations, reduced emissions and enables riding in Zero Emissions Zones, so towards a more carbon neutral society while still guaranteeing “motorcycle passion” for the product [1, 2]. Several simulation tools and methods are available for the concept phase of the hybrid system design, allowing definition of the hybrid components and the basic hybrid strategies, but they are not able to properly represent the real on-road behaviour of the hybrid vehicle and its specific control system, making the fine tuning and validation work very difficult. Motorcycle riders are used to expect instant significant torque delivery on their demand, that is not properly represented in legislative cycles (e.g. WMTC); rider
Antoniutti, Christian, Sweet, David, Hounsham, Sandra
Fatigue Analysis of Motorcycle Rear Swing Arm on Different Road Surfaces2024-32-004604/18/2025
The rear swing arm, a crucial motorcycle component, connects the frame and wheel, absorbing the vehicle’s load and various road impacts. Over time, these forces can damage the swing arm, highlighting the need for robust design to ensure safety. Identifying potential vulnerabilities through simulation reduces the risk of failure during the design phase. This study performs a detailed fatigue analysis of the swing arm across different road conditions. Data for this research were collected from real-vehicle experiments and simulation analyses, ensuring accuracy by comparing against actual performance. Following CNS 15819-5 standards, road surfaces such as poorly maintained, bumpy, and uneven roads were tested. Using Motion View, a comprehensive multi-body dynamic model was created for thorough fatigue analysis. The results identified the most stress-prone areas on the swing arm, with maximum stress recorded at 109.6N on poorly maintained roads, 218.3N on bumpy surfaces, and 104.8N on
Chiou, Yi-Hau, Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, Huang, Liang-Yu
Identification of Input Force and Contribution for Electric Power UnitUtilizing Virtual Point2024-32-001504/18/2025
In this study, vibration characteristics inside an electric power unit at gravity center where direct measurement is impossible were estimated by using virtual point transformation to consider guideline for effective countermeasures to the structure or generated force characteristics inside the power source. Vibration acceleration, transfer function and the generated force in operation at the gravity center of the electrical power source were obtained by vibration characteristics at around the power source which can be measured directly. In addition, the transfer functions from the gravity center to the power source attachment points on the product were also estimated. And then, the contribution from the gravity center to the power unit attachment point was obtained by multiplying generated force with the transfer function. As results, the obtained total contribution was almost same with the actual measured vibration at the attachment point. Furthermore, the rotational contribution
Kubo, Ryoma, Hara, Kenta, Yoshida, Junji
Necessity of Body Torsional Rigidity of Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) with an Inward Tilting Mechanism2024-32-001304/18/2025
In traditional four-wheeled automobiles, the imbalance between the roll moment, which is the product of the centrifugal force during a turn acting on the center of gravity and the height of the center of gravity, and roll stiffness, which is the product of the left-right difference in tire vertical load and the tread width and commonly used among automotive suspension engineers, of the front and rear sections necessitates body torsional rigidity. However, there is a lack of specific cases and guidelines for constructing the body structure of three-wheeled PMVs (Personal Mobility Vehicles) with a tilting mechanism from the perspective of vehicle dynamics characteristics. In this paper, the basic considerations related to the dynamics of such three-wheeled PMVs are investigated. We use the term “torsional rigidity” to refer to the stiffness as the torsional deformation of the body itself, and the term “roll stiffness” to refer to the moment that counteracts the roll moment during a turn
Haraguchi, Tetsunori, Kaneko, Tetsuya
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Advancing the Path to Full Autonomy1351104/18/2025
From advancements in ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) to the importance of AI and redundancy, the path to autonomy is paved with delivering valuable intelligence that optimizes safety. Mobileye is a leader in autonomous driving and driver-assistance technologies, harnessing world-renowned expertise in computer vision, artificial intelligence, mapping, and data analysis. The company's diverse product portfolio ranges from driver assist systems to fully autonomous vehicles, all designed to enhance safety, comfort, and efficiency on the road. To learn more, we sat down with Nimrod Nehushtan, Executive Vice President of Business Development Strategy, to discuss the innovative AI technologies powering Mobileye's products, the importance of redundancy in ensuring reliability, and the company's strategic partnerships with leading OEMs. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to
Hineman, Marcie
Development of Higher Clarity Injection Molded Windscreen for Motorcycles2024-32-004004/18/2025
The windscreen is one of the key elements to enhance passenger comfort of touring motorcycle. The clarity through the windscreen should not discomfort the rider. The discomfort we discuss here mainly refers to three factors: the “distortion,” the “blur,” and the “transparency.” Introduced in this paper is the technical measures to achieve sufficient clarity by the injection molding method. Firstly, with respect to the “distortion,” we determined the main cause was local unevenness of plate thickness. As the uneven thickness were related to the accuracy of the die, we clarified the tolerable zone and carried out higher precision machining of the die to satisfy the requirements. Regarding the “blur,” we analyzed the refractive power of the windscreen and found the main cause of blur is the microscopic roughness on the surface. As the microscopic roughness were attributable to the die surface, we clarified the tolerable zone and established the polishing conditions satisfactory for the
Yamada, Atsushi, Endo, Sakae
Analysis of the Effect of Combination Frame Flexibility on Weave Modes2024-32-004904/18/2025
The weave mode of a motorcycle is known to be affected by the flexibility of the vehicle frame. The weave mode has been shown to be more unstable in the 10-DOF model than in the 4-DOF model. However, it is not clear why the weave mode would be unstable, given the six different frame flexibilities. In this study, the authors analyzed the stability of the weave mode in a 4-DOF model when the same was integrated with two types of frame flexibilities. In the vehicle specifications used in the analysis, the combination of the bending flexibility of the front forks and the torsional flexibility of the main frame destabilizes the weave mode. The analysis results show that the phase delay of the front tire lateral force is caused by the phase delay of the steering angle. The combined bending flexibility of the front forks and the torsional flexibility of the main frame results in a large phase lag in the steering angle.
Haraoka, Reiya, Katayama, Tsuyoshi, Yoshino, Takahiko
Analysis of Lane Departure Caused by Inadequate Motorcycle Driving Maneuvers Due to Road Alignment2024-32-003404/18/2025
There are many riders who drive motorcycles on winding mountain roads and caused single motorcycle traffic accidents on curved roads by lane departure. Driving a motorcycle requires subtle balancing and maneuvering. In this study, in order to clarify the influence of lane departure caused by inadequate driving maneuvers against road alignment, the authors analyzed the required curve initial operation and driving maneuvers in curves depending on the traveling speed using a kinematics simulation for motorcycle dynamics. In addition, it was analyzed how inadequate driving maneuvers for curved roads can easily cause lane departure. As a result, it shows that the steering maneuvers and the lean of motorcycle body during the curves are highly affected by the vehicle speed, and the required maneuvers increases rapidly with increasing speed. The inadequate maneuver in the curves, especially for the lean of motorcycle body and steering torque, even by 10%, may cause failure to follow the
Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Takechi, So
Impact of Ordinal Proximity of Frequency Components on the Auditory Perception of Engine Knocking2024-32-003204/18/2025
This study examines the acoustic properties of engine-knocking sounds in gasoline engines, arising from misfires during spark ignition that negatively affect driving performance. The aim was to understand the frequency characteristics of acceleration sounds and their connection to the proximity of the order components. The study also explores “booming,” where two different frequencies of sounds occur simultaneously, potentially linked to the unpleasant nature of engine knocking. Using a sinusoidal model, we generated engine acceleration sound models with 5th-, 10th-, and 15th-order components, including engine knocking. Two types of sound stimuli were created: one with the original amplitude (OA) and one with a constant amplitude (CA) for each component order, emphasizing the order-component proximity in CA sounds. Aural experiments with 10 participants in an anechoic room using headphones and the MUSHRA method revealed an inverse relationship between OA and CA ratings as the component
Suzuki, Ryuhei, Ishimitsu, Shunsuke, Nitta, Misaki, Sakakibara, Mika, Hakozaki, Tomoyuki, Fujikawa, Satoshi, Iwata, Kiyoaki, Matsumoto, Mitsunori, Kikuchi, Masakazu
A Power Split eCVT Hybrid for Sustainable Urban Mobility2024-32-002904/18/2025
The main drivers for powertrain electrification of two-wheelers, motorcycles and ATVs are increasingly stringent emission and noise limitations as well as the upcoming demand for carbon neutrality. Two-wheeler applications face significantly different constraints, such as packaging and mass targets, limited charging infrastructure in urban areas and demanding cost targets. Battery electric two wheelers are the optimal choice for transient city driving with limited range requirements. Hybridization provides considerable advantages and extended operation limits. Beside efficiency improvement, silent and zero emission modes with solutions allowing fully electric driving, combined boosting enhances performance and transient response. In general, there are two different two-wheeler base categories for hybrid powertrains: motorcycles featuring frame-integrated internal combustion engine (ICE) and transmission units, coupled with secondary drives via chain or belt; and scooters equipped with
Schoeffmann, W., Fuckar, G., Hubmann, C., Gruber, M.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED - The Fragmentation of the Robotaxi Market1351004/10/2025
The robotaxi market is experiencing significant change, with the once-dominant Waymo now facing competition from new entrants like Nuro and Wayve who are licensing their autonomous driving technology -- a strategy that could reshape the industry. In addition, Tesla's Cybercab is aiming to launch a commercial service by the end of 2025 that allows owners to generate revenue through the Tesla network. Lyft and Uber are also adapting through the power of partnership, emphasizing the importance of fleet management in the operation and maintenance of robotaxis. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte breaks it all down and discusses how the impact of a fragmented market will likely result in a convergence of personally owned AVs, traditional robotaxis, and niche players. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on
Hineman, Marcie
revision 2jms_bp_204/08/2025
revision 2
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Predictive Battery Thermal Management System Control Strategy and Simulation in Electric Vehicle2025-01-502704/03/2025
With the global issue of fossil fuel scarcity and the greenhouse effect, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has surged recently. At that stage, because of the constraints of the energy density and battery performance degradation in low-temperature conditions, the mileage of EVs has been criticized. To guarantee battery performance, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is applied to ensure battery operates in a suitable temperature range. Currently, in the industry, a settled temperature interval is set as criteria of positive thermal management activation, which is robust but leads to energy waste. BTMS has a kilowatt-level power usage under high- and low-temperature environments. Optimizing the BTMS control strategy becomes a potential solution to reduce energy consumption and overcome mileage issues. An appropriate system simulation model provides an effective tool to evaluate different BTMS control strategies. In this study, a predictive BTMS control strategy, which adjusts
Huang, Zhipei, Chen, Jiangbo, Tang, Hai
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - NEVI and America's EV Charging Future1350904/03/2025
The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program (NEVI) is a $5 billion initiative aimed at developing EV charging infrastructure across all 50 states and Puerto Rico. However, recent executive orders have put the program and its funding on hold. To dig into what this all means, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Andrew Wishnia, Senior Vice President at Boundary Stone Partners, to discuss what NEVI is all about and what the future holds for this EV charging infrastructure initiative. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our drive of the new 2025 Ioniq 5, the first non-Telsa EV to hit the road with SAE J3400 (a.k.a., NACS). We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss
Hineman, Marcie
A review of warm forming for steels: History, Methodology and Emerging trends2025-01-881404/01/2025
Many manufacturing techniques and process modifications have been implemented over the years to improve the formability of sheet metals. Warm forming of sheet metals is one such established method. However, it is more commonly and successfully applied to aluminum grades. The reevaluation of less-used metal forming technologies, such as warm forming and sheet hydroforming for steel, is a response to the challenges posed by competitive processes like large castings and the geometry requirements of new BEV parts. By understanding the effects of elevated temperatures (below recrystallization temperatures) on different steel grades and the impact of various heating methodologies, the industry can adapt and optimize these proven techniques for modern applications. This paper is a comprehensive summary of the effect of elevated temperatures on various grades of steel. Different heating techniques, their cycle times and effects on final forming feasibility is contrasted. The effect of
Kella, Caroline, Wormald, Tom, Gatts, Joshua
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Simulating Off-Road Autonomy in Combat1350803/27/2025
As warfare becomes more technologically advanced, the military requires a "one-to-many" system that allows one operator to control a fleet of air, ground, and surface-level assets. This type of technology can also support industries like construction that may be experiencing labor shortages. To bring these visions to reality, there is a critical need for a virtual environment to stress-test autonomous systems and ensure they are secure. Enter Neya Systems, a wholly owned subsidiary of Applied Research Associates that is committed to advancing the field of unmanned systems through a robust simulation platform and expertise in autonomy, computer vision, and cybersecurity. To learn more, we sat down with Kurt Bruck, Vice President, Neya Systems, to discuss supporting the military as warfare becomes more technologically advanced and how his company is fostering safe and secure autonomous operations for unmanned ground vehicles. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and
Hineman, Marcie
System Configuration and Validation of Hybrid-Based Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform for Vehicle Dynamic Testing2025-01-502103/27/2025
Scenario-based testing has become one of the important elements to evaluate the performance of automated vehicle systems before deploying on actual road. There are several approaches that can be used to conduct scenario-based testing via simulation approach. One of the important aspects in scenario-based safety testing is the driver-in-the-loop (DiL) simulation where it involves integration of hardware and human interaction. Therefore, motion platform-based vehicle driving simulators are commonly used for the DiL simulation for scenario-based testing. Generally, a high degree of freedom driving simulator is used for scenario-based testing such as 6 degrees of freedom (DoF) to achieve high accuracy to represent an actual vehicle response. Moreover, most of the motion platforms are designed using hexapod configuration, which also contributes to 6-DoF. However, this type of design requires large space to conduct the testing because the field of motion (FoM) is high in three axes and high
Kleolee, KahOnn, Aparow, Vimal Rau, Cheok, Jun Hong, de Boer, Niels, Jamaluddin, Hishamuddin
Optimizing Cooling Circuit Lines in between Batteries and Its Thermal Management Unit2025-01-501703/21/2025
Ensuring uniform coolant distribution in electric buses is crucial for battery performance, longevity, and thermal stability. This study optimizes the battery thermal management system (BTMS) for an 18-m electric bus, addressing uneven coolant flow to battery packs caused by pressure drop variations. One-dimensional (1D) simulations were chosen for their ability to quickly and efficiently analyze flow and pressure variations, providing a fast solution to optimize coolant distribution across the system. dP-Q curves for the BTMS pump and battery packs were integrated into the 1D model based on supplier data, while the flow resistances of other components (pipes, bends) were calculated using KULI software. To correct flow imbalances, pipe diameters were adjusted to increase resistance in over-cooled areas, redistributing coolant to under-cooled sections. This modification resulted in a balanced flow and improved thermal consistency, contributing to longer battery life. Validation showed
Birgül, Çağrı Emre, Meydan, Ömer
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - AI-Powered Solution for Seamless EV Charging1350703/20/2025
It's no secret that the EV charging experience can be a frustrating one. But what if you could connect the various EV charging networks to apps and services, standardizing them into a single point of integration? One company is doing just that by harnessing data to create a seamless, secure, and reliable EV charging experience. Meet Emobi, the leader in critical digital infrastructure that delivers a single point of integration to a vast network of EV charging stations and e-mobility partners through advanced AI and data refinement models. As the largest roaming ecosystem in North America, the company also enables traditional and streamlined (JustPlug) Plug & Charge technology, facilitating automatic charging identification between EVs and chargers. The company is trusted by EV manufacturers, startups, utilities, and U.S. government agencies alike. To learn more, we sat down with Lin Sun Fa, CEO, Emobi, to discuss how his company's solutions are unifying the fragmented e-mobility
Hineman, Marcie
Feasibility of Road Longitudinal Profiles for Automated Vehicles Based on Vehicle Dynamics2025-01-715003/19/2025
With the development and maturity of new generation digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and 5G mobile communication, their integration with physical products is becoming increasingly seamless. Automobiles serve as a prime example in this regard. In recent years, automated vehicle (AV) technologies have emerged as a prominent focal point, witnessing an escalating acceptance in the market and a growing number of self-driving vehicles on the roads, existing roads are primarily designed for traditional human-driven vehicles (HVs). Due to the differences in perception between automated systems and human drivers, it is essential to assess AVs' feasibility to current road infrastructure. This paper analyzes the safety and comfort of automated vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control systems (ACC-AVs) on longitudinal road profiles from the perspective of vehicle dynamics. Firstly, a co-simulation platform integrating PreScan, CarSim, and Simulink
Li, Zezhou, Cai, Mingmao, Gu, Tianqi, Yu, Bin
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Perfecting Solid-State Battery Production1350603/13/2025
When it comes to electrification, Honda has been focused on long-term strategy, emphasizing that the transition to EVs is a marathon, not a sprint. Recently, however, the company has been bullish on solid-state battery technology. By using a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, solid-state batteries offer advantages like higher energy density, reduced weight, and improved safety compared to liquid lithium-ion batteries. After perfecting the production of solid-state batteries in a lab environment, Honda is now focused on mass production. The company recently opened a test factory to produce battery packs for future EVs and to refine the production process. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Chris Martin, Technological Director of Communications, to discuss Honda's advancements in solid-state battery technology and the company's future plans for electrification. For more information on the evolution of
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: SAE J3108: Alerting First Responders to Lithium-Ion Batteries1350503/08/2025
Less than one-third of first responders are trained on lithium-ion battery incidents, leading to potentially dangerous situations that can occur during vehicle fires, especially as the adoption of EVs grows. To help address this challenge, first responders must first know whether a vehicle is equipped with a lithium-ion battery or another alternative fuel source. In this episode of the SAE Tomorrow Today podcast, we sit down with Robert Swaim, Founder, HowItBroke.com, to discuss the SAE J3108 standard which proposes vehicle stickers to indicate fuel type, aiming to alert first responders on the scene. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Electrified Trailers for the Heavy-Duty Truck Market1350403/03/2025
Can the commercial transportation industry move beyond diesel? Yes, and it starts with practical decarbonization that makes trailers smarter, safer, and more efficient. Range Energy is accelerating the electrification of commercial transportation via powered trailers for the heavy-duty truck market. With a solution that can easily hook up to any tow vehicle, Range's powered trailers offer offroad mobile power with an electric propulsion system that slashes fuel consumption and is compatible with dry van and refrigerated trailers. To learn more, we sat down with Ali Javidan, CEO and Founder of Range Energy, to discuss the future of the electrified trailer market, the journey from prototype to scalable commercial success, and the impact of Formula SAE on his personal growth. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging
Hineman, Marcie
Research and Simulation Implementation of Self-Driving Vehicle Trajectory Optimization in Networked Intersection Environment2025-01-719402/21/2025
Nowadays, the rapidly developing Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) provides a new mode of intersection vehicle cooperative control, which can optimize vehicle trajectories and signal phases in real time and reduce intersection delays through the advantages of vehicle-road cooperative information interaction and the high controllability of CAV. In this paper, the intersection of Jintong West Road and Guanghua Road in Beijing is taken as the research object, and the vehicle trajectory constraints, acceleration constraints, speed constraints, safe driving constraints, signal switch constraints and traffic signal control constraints are set up with the minimization of traffic delay as the objective function. The DQN deep reinforcement learning network is constructed based on vehicle states, vehicle actions, reward functions, and update rules, and starts learning and updating to generate the target network. Then, SUMO software is used to simulate and test and compare the trajectory
Xu, Yuting, Zhang, Yong, Wu, Xianyu
Automatic Detection of Dead-End Roads in High-Resolution Satellite Image2025-01-716502/21/2025
There are dead-end roads in the road network, and many of them have the function of indicating specific target clues, which is of great significance in the fields of military, urban construction, and disaster relief and rescue. However, many of the important cut-offs are in mountainous or wilderness areas, and surveying them is difficult and costly. The research objective of this project is to extract the breakpoints in the road network using high-resolution Google satellite imagery, so as to provide clues and indications for the subsequent relevant work. Firstly, the image is corrected and pre-processed to highlight road edge information.Then the phase grouping method is improved by setting a double-angle threshold, filtering the edge operator to reduce the calculation error of the gradient angle, and the road network is extracted by the improved phase grouping method. And finally screens out the dead-end road points with the eight-neighbourhood method, and marks them on the
Liu, Ruohan, Haoping, Qi, Jingjie, Kang, Yanyan, Wu, Feifei, Li
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Optimizing Energy Data for the Cold Supply Chain1350102/09/2025
The growing complexity of fleet electrification has highlighted the importance of understanding how energy is used and where you can reduce waste. To optimize energy intensity at industrial facilities, one company is leveraging integrated data and AI-powered intelligence to reduce both cost and fleet-related emissions, particularly when it comes to cold storage supply chains. Ndustrial helps companies lower energy intensity, decrease costs, and increase sustainable industrial operations with solutions like the Nsight Energy Intensity Platform, a data analytics and monitoring solution central to the management of electric transport refrigeration unit (eTRU) power systems. To learn more, we sat down with Manuel Aguirre VP of Supply Chain Electrification, to discuss Ndustrial's energy optimization solutions and the importance of efficient refrigeration management throughout the cold storage supply chain. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Are Internal Combustion Engines Making a Comeback?1350002/05/2025
As a new presidential administration takes shape, the automotive world is preparing for a possible resurgence in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) development, alongside a continued push for both hybrids and EVs. To break down the shifting regulatory landscape, we sat down with Adam Gryglak and Gary Newton at AVL Mobility Technologies, a thought-leading company that leverages simulation, research, and global expertise to help its clients stay ahead of industry trends. Listen in for their take on increasing the efficiency of ICEs, the economic impact of transitioning to new energy solutions, and the growing role of hybrid technology as a bridge to full electrification. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Power Grid Solutions for EV Charging1349901/28/2025
How do we balance the demands of EV charging with the capabilities of the power grid? The answer lies in coordination between automakers, consumers and utilities. Enter ChargeScape, a software platform that harnesses data analytics and managed EV charging to reward drivers for their flexibility and reduce the total cost of EV ownership. The goal is sustainable, affordable energy from a reliable power grid. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Joseph Vellone, CEO of ChargeScape, to discuss the complexities of the power grid and how flexible EV charging can reward consumers and boost EV ownership. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out the latest news from CES 2025 including the Honda 0 Series, Toyota's Woven City, and Sony's Afeela 1. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to
Hineman, Marcie
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 64366