Browse Topic: Vehicle ride

Items (436)

RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment

2024-32-007304/18/2025

The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based

Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland

EDITORIAL: Farewell and thanks, Mr. Birch

21AUTP06_0401/27/2025

“We pay close attention to the SAE magazines because your guy in Europe writes interesting articles,” a BMW engineering executive told me one year at the Frankfurt Motor Show. He was referring to Stuart Birch, our veteran European Editor, who has recently decided - after nearly 37 years of outstanding reporting for SAE International - to hang up his keyboard and spend more time with his wife, Kim, their family and friends in the British countryside, and his classic Porsche 911. Our staff had been dreading the day that Stuart would announce his retirement, foremost because he's been a great friend as well as a colleague. And because journalists with his qualities - professionalism, perspective, a powerful work ethic and great wit - are increasingly rare in the mobility-technology space. As SAE's global audience knew, Stuart Birch delivered compelling technical and business information. He covered product, processes and people with equal poise. And he thrived on the R&D beat: Virtual

Brooke, Lindsay

Influence of Rear Suspension Local Stiffness on Full vehicle Ride & handling Performance

2024-26-006101/16/2024

One of the biggest challenges for automotive industry is with respect to material saving and to have control on cost of development and still meeting performance in each aspect. Stringent weight targets help industries to have good margin on component costs. In recent times we have seen vehicle underbody contribution to total vehicle is significant in range of 12% to 18%. Total weight directly impacts the range of electric vehicle which is a key metric for success from real-world usage point of view and customer appeal. Hence control on suspension and frame design for light weighting is prominent trend in industry, this leads to deterioration of suspension compliance as well as vehicle ride and handling performance. Sub-frame and knuckle play crucial role in definition of overall suspension stiffness. Present Study focusses on electric vehicle rear cradle design for weight saving with minimum reduction of stiffness. Understanding compliance which obtained from frame\cradle in vehicle

Asthana, Shivam, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Ganesh, Lingadalu, V, Jesse Daniel, Nidasosi, Basavraj, Ramkumar, J, NAYAK, Bhargav, M, Sudhan, Vellandi, Vikraman

Adopting Pothole mitigation system for improved ride, handling and enhanced component life

2024-26-005901/16/2024

Potholes are a major cause of discomfort for riders and vehicle damage. The passive suspension systems which are used in the passenger vehicles are primarily reaction based. These can’t adapt to the changing road conditions which means the best ride quality and handling characteristics cannot be ensured for different driving situations. Passive suspension system also needs more maintenance due to its inability to reduce the impact of the road irregularities. In recent years, semi-active suspension systems have been developed to improve ride comfort and vehicle safety. Here, a semi-active suspension system with a road preview mechanism has been integrated with a TATA car model to investigate its impact on ride comfort, handling characteristics and component loads in digital domain. A quarter car vehicle model is used to compare different active damping control strategies. The best strategy is selected and integrated with a full vehicle model developed in a MBS tool to gain deeper

Mishra, Satyakam, PRASAD, TEJ, Maruenda Sanz, Javier

SUV Multi-Link Rigid Axle Control Links Optimization for Ride and Handling Improvement

2024-26-004801/16/2024

In automotive world, role of suspension system is to absorb vibrations from the road, and to provide stability while vehicle is going over bumps or uneven roads, cornering, acceleration and braking etc. For body on frame SUVs which are typically characterized by high center of gravity, it is quite critical to find best balance in ensuring stability of the vehicle and having comfortable ride performance. Rigid axle rear suspension is quite typical choice in such vehicles, wherein lower and upper control links are two important components subjected to lateral, longitudinal, and vertical loads. These links allow the vehicle to move smoothly throughout the entire range of suspension travel. Kinematics and compliance optimization of these links is major factor in definition of ride-handling performance of the vehicle. The present study describes key challenges and methodology to define position as well as orientation of control links, where-in multiple inter-related handling and comfort

Hussain, Inzamam, Jani, Harshil, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam, ahire, Manoj, Jadhav, Prashant, Lenka, Visweswara, Vellandi, Vikraman

A Study on Traction Battery Mounting Arrangements in Different EV Buses

2024-26-012101/16/2024

This paper provides an overview of the different types of traction battery mounting arrangements available in electric buses globally. The paper describes a key comparison of all the types of traction battery mounting strategies used in EV buses along with their dominance and limitations. In EV buses, bigger sized batteries are used which directly affect vehicle architecture, assembly & serviceability. On the other hand, larger-sized batteries are used in buses which carries heavy mass, which influences vehicle dynamics & performance characteristics such as vehicle ride, handling, braking & NVH. The most important consideration in EV vehicles is safety, which comes in first place, so this paper gives some ideas to carefully design battery mounting arrangements for EV bus applications. There has been seen a very positive adaptation of EV buses in the last few years due to the rise in Co2 and global warming. Many EV bus manufacturers have entered the market with their innovative ideas of

Jain, Gaurav, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang

A Study on Reduction of Gear Rattle Noise through Clutch Hysteresis Stabilization

2025-01-010005/05/2023

Reducing gear rattle noise within the passenger cabin is a crucial objective in vehicle development due to its direct impact on customer comfort and driving experience. Gear rattle occurs when free gears collide during meshing, primarily driven by high torsional vibrations generated by engine fluctuations. These vibrations are transmitted through the clutch system to the transmission, amplifying noise inside the cabin. To address this issue, this study focuses on optimizing the clutch by stabilizing its hysteresis, which helps in minimizing the torsional vibrations transferred to the transmission input shaft, thereby reducing gear rattle. The investigation centers on a case where significant gear rattle was observed at high vehicle speeds, particularly under high engine torque conditions. A thorough root cause analysis identified that the primary contributor to the noise was a drop in the clutch hysteresis value at elevated engine torques. This drop increased torsional vibrations in

Awasthi, Mradul, Dhankhar, Dinesh Singh, Khare, Devendra Kumar, Rana, Deepak, pandey, Anant

Application of AI/ML in Hydrobush Tuning to Enhance Overall Value Proposition

2025-01-013205/05/2023

In this intense market of the automotive industry, optimization of vehicle components for superior performance and customer satisfaction is paramount. Hydrobushes play an integral role in achieving this within vehicle suspension systems by absorbing vibrations and improving ride comfort. The methods traditionally used for tuning these components are not only time-consuming but also heavily reliant on extensive empirical testing. This paper explores the ever-growing field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the hydrobush tuning process. Leveraging AI/ML algorithms such as random forest, artificial neural network, and logistic regression to analyse vast datasets, identify patterns, and predict optimal configurations more efficiently than conventional methods. The stated approach accelerates the tuning process while also enhancing the precision of the outcomes, leading to superior ride quality and durability. Thus, the integration of AI/ML techniques in hydrobush

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava

Vibration refinement of two wheeler sub chassis and aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation forces

2025-01-011305/05/2023

Two wheelers are important and essential transportation mode in India. Designing a motorcycle with better riding comfort and minimal vibration are thus a major challenge for engineers now a day. Engine and road excitations are two sources of vibration acting on motor bike or scooter. These vibrations are transmitted to chassis, sub chassis, aesthetic parts and then to the rider and pillion. Unwanted vibrations will create discomfort to the rider/pillion as well as produces noises and hence needs to be minimized. This study is focused on diagnosis and control of output vibration responses of sub chassis/aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation forces. There are numerous parameters of motor bike/ scooter that govern the vibration responses of sub chassis/ aesthetic parts. Engine unbalanced inertia force characteristics and their transmission to rider and pillion has been studied and reported here. Environmental benefits demands for a complete NVH refinement for lesser

khare, saharash

Design approach on magnetic speed reduction of bikes while turning

2022-28-048011/18/2022

Turning two-wheelers (bikes) are, at times, risky and often disturbs the stability of the vehicle. The primary causes are excessive speed, severe acceleration, and over tilting. This work intends in making aid for a safer ride and improves turn ability. With the introduction of automatic speed reducers, the vehicle would be subjected to magnetic braking while making a turn. A Motion stabilizer (like Gimbals) is modeled in CATIA and fabricated using PVC material. This fabricated stabilizer is placed in the vehicle setup in between the arms which carry the magnet. Braking action is done automatically as the magnet gets closer to the rim while turning the setup. Three modes of operations such as test (i) under no load, no angle, (ii) under magnetic load at zero angles, and (iii) under magnetic load, at an angle on both lateral directions, have been tested. A spectrum analyzer has been used, which records the frequency correspondingly to the speed is calculated. The counterbalancing weight

Mobility Boundaries for the Wheel Normal Reaction

2022-01-042103/29/2022

When a vehicle moves over uneven ground, motion of the sprung and unsprung masses causes dynamic shifting in the load transmitted to the ground, making the normal reaction in the tire-soil patch a continuously changing wheel parameter that may affect vehicle performance. At high loads, sinkage of the wheel can become high as the wheel digs into the soil. At low loads, the wheel can have difficulty acquiring sufficient traction. Additionally, steerability of the wheel can be diminished at very low loads. Controlling the damping forces in the suspension that is usually used to improve ride quality and stabilize motion of the sprung mass can result in an increase in the dynamic variation of the wheel normal reaction and cause vehicle performance deterioration. In this paper, a method is developed to establish boundary constraints on the dynamic normal reaction to maintain reasonable tire-terrain mobility characteristics. Using an inverse dynamics approach, a time history of the dynamic

Paldan, Jesse, Vantsevich, Vladimir, Gorsich, David, Singh, Amandeep, Goryca, Jill, Moradi, Lee

Research on vehicle ride comfort and suspension parameter optimization based on Modeling and simulation

2022-01-033103/29/2022

Vehicle ride comfort is mainly to keep the impact of vibration and impact environment on occupant comfort within a certain limit.Therefore, ride comfort is mainly evaluated according to the subjective comfort of passengers.The most basic evaluation method is weighted root mean square acceleration to evaluate the impact of vibration on human comfort and health.The main influencing factors on vehicle ride comfort include the excitation of road surface and the parameters of vehicle suspension itself.Firstly, the vehicle is simplified as a mass system, and the human body seat system is added to the existing general simplified system to analyze the influencing factors of ride comfort.Then the pavement excitation modeling is carried out. The model acquisition method adopts the filtered white noise method with small amount of calculation and high efficiency. To explore the impact of road incentive on vehicle ride comfort.Then the dynamic model of vehicle vibration is established. The

Ding, Shousheng, Wang, Chu, Ji, Yun Xiao

Positional Accuracy of Portable GPS Devices during Different Ride Stages

2022-01-099203/29/2022

GPS devices can produce a wealth of data about cyclists’, scooterists’, and other riders’ road paths and route usage. However, prior research has demonstrated that GPS positional accuracy is less reliable for more nuanced roadway positioning, such as which lane a vehicle occupies, as well as within-lane movements, such as acceleration and deceleration⁠. This limitation presents a substantial challenge for crash reconstructionists that may have access to GPS data and require second-by-second positional accuracy to determine such nuanced maneuvers and vehicle positioning in their analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine the positional accuracy of several GPS units during three different ride stages: acceleration, deceleration, and constant speed. The same devices were also tested for stationary accuracy, power cut-off, and simulated impact scenarios. To obtain precise data from GPS units, tests were performed with an electric scooter ridden in rural landscapes with clear skies

Desai, Elvis, Suway, Jeff, Engleman, Krystina, Vega, Henry

Observer-Based Torque Vector Control of a Four In-wheel Motor-driven Electric Vehicles Considering with Unbalanced Electric Magnetic Field

2022-01-110703/29/2022

The accuracy and range of chassis control for a four in-wheel motor (IWM)-driven electric vehicles (EVs), especially in observer-based EVs control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the IWM-driven vehicle system. Due to the high fatality rate caused by inaccurate state-based control algorithm, how to precisely acquire movement state and chose the reasonable observer-based control algorithm for IWM-driven EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. Simultaneously, uncertainty is always existing, e.g., varying road excitation, variable system parameters or nonlinear structure. Meanwhile, the coupling effects between the non-ideal IWM actuator and vehicle are ignored under the assumption of an ideal actuator. To deal with the above mentioned, the paper presents an observer-based control approach, which combines Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy observer and torque vector control algorithm, to further improve the chassis performance for IWM-driven EVs

Wang, Zhenfeng, li, xin, Zhu, Yugang, Evans, Sally

Dynamic Analysis and Optimization of Electric All-Terrain Vehicle

2022-01-111403/29/2022

A Vehicle Dynamics Analysis of an electric All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) was conducted and has been presented in the following paper. Having analyzed the performance and understood the reasons behind the shortcomings, solutions to optimize the vehicle design were implemented. These optimizations were tested and results were compared with the pre-existing model and planned to be validated by conducting physical trials on the actual model. The tests were conducted on a Multi-Body Dynamics tool: MSC Adams Software and results obtained from the tests have been put forth in theoretical as well as graphical manner to get a clearer view. This research involved a thorough study of Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics of the ATV. Trends in dynamic parameters like the ride quality, pitch response, roll stability, yaw response, camber gain and other important parameters of the vehicle were studied and its correlation with the feedback obtained from the driver was established. Key features of the vehicle

Shetty, Kartik, Mache, Ashok, Joshi, Akshay, Kulkarni, Manas, Chitnis, Shreeya, Kulkarni, Shirish

Development of high damping powertrain mount using thixotropic fluid

2022-01-073403/29/2022

Vibration isolation performance and damping performance of powertrain mount are important for improving NV and ride comfort performances of the vehicle, respectively. In this research, based on the principle of liquid sealed mounts, we focused on the fact that the ideal fluid viscosity differs depending on the input frequency. By combining the liquid resonance phenomenon and thixotropic fluid, we developed a technology that balances a high level between low dynamic spring rate and high damping, which are trade-off items for liquid sealed mounts. The thixotropic fluid was blended with ethylene glycol aqueous solution as a base solution and smectite nano-cray as a thixotropic agent. From the view point of the viscosity corresponding to the shear rate and the viscosity at the high shear point, the optimum concentration of smectite was shown to be 1.5 wt%. As a result of measuring the dynamic characteristics of the mount unit using this thixotropic fluid, the damping coefficient increased

Takaesu, Keita, Sogawa, Naoki, Kuwahara, Hiroki, HAYAKAWA, SEIJI

Control strategy for ISD suspension considering dynamic vibration absorber of wheel motor

2022-01-033203/29/2022

Vehicles driven by in-wheel motors have the advantages of compact structure and high transmission efficiency, which is one of the most ideal energy-saving, environmentally friendly and safe driving forms in the future. However, the addition of the in-wheel motor significantly increases the unsprung mass of the vehicle, resulting in a decrease in the mass ratio of the vehicle body to the wheel, which will deteriorate the ride comfort and safety of the vehicle. To improve the vibration performance of in-wheel motor vehicles, a semi-active inerter-spring-damping(ISD) suspension based on in-wheel motor vibration absorption is proposed in this paper. Firstly, mounting elements are applied to the wheel to provide elastic isolation between the in-wheel motors and the tyre, which converts the in-wheel motor mass into a vibration absorber to suppress the high-frequency vibration of the unsprung mass. Secondly, an ISD suspension is used to improve the low and mid-frequency characteristics of the

Zhang, Kaidi, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing

Active control of Camber and Toe angles to improve vehicle Ride Comfort

2022-01-112003/29/2022

This paper is part of the European OWHEEL project. It proposes a method to improve the comfort of a vehicle by adaptively controlling the Camber and Toe angles of a rear suspension. The purpose is achieved through two actuators for each wheel, one that allows to change the Camber angle and the other the Toe angle. The control action is dynamically determined based on the error between the reference angle and the actual angles. The reference angles are not fixed over time but dynamically vary during the manoeuvre. The references vary with the aim of maintaining a Camber angle close to zero and a Toe angle that follows the trajectory of the vehicle during the curve. This improves the contact of the tire with the road. This solution allows the control system to be used flexibly for the different types of manoeuvres that the vehicle could perform. An experimentally validated sports vehicle was used to carry out the simulations. The original rear suspension is a Trailing-arm suspension. It

Marotta, Raffaele, Strano, Salvatore, Terzo, Mario, Tordela, Ciro, Ivanov, Valentin

One Systematic Design Method and Control Performance Evaluation of Heading Control System in Pleasure Boats

2022-32-008601/09/2022

The pleasure boat intended in this paper is an outboard motor boat equipped with an outboard motor operating a propeller thrust and a steering angle. Outboard motor boats have a wide variation in the number of outboard motors to be equipped with depending on the size and a shape of the boat itself, and the environmental disturbances peculiar to a boat such as tidal currents and winds greatly influences the heading control performance. Therefore, it is necessary to realize a robust heading control response to environmental disturbances regardless of the variation of boats. There are two challenges for realizing such heading control response. One challenge is ensuring the stability of the control system in the entire speed region from the low-speed region for fishing applications to the high-speed region for mobile applications to which the autopilot function is applied. The other one is the suppression of the deviation in the response time of the heading control response. In response to

Imamura, Naoki, Sakaguchi, Ryo

A Detailed Concept Selection Strategy for Rear Suspension Design Entailing Comparison of H-Arm and Trailing-arm Geometries for ATV Application.

2021-28-024510/01/2021

Choice of suspension geometry is an integral part of an ATV design. It directly affects the ride comfort and vehicle-dynamic characteristics, the most prominent one being the unsprung mass. In the rear, teams often face the decision to select either a Trailing-Arm suspension design or an H-Arm design. Teams must take into account their existing parameters to rightly decide which geometry will suit their application. In this paper, a concept selection strategy is proposed. This strategy combines the conventional way of analyzing mechanical systems and machines with product design aspects. We analyze several characteristics of the geometry and assign a criteria weight to each of these. These criteria include the cost to manufacture, unsprung mass, load handling capacity, acceleration gain ratio during bumps, ease of manufacturing, and ergonomics of the design. Further, using concept selection methods such as weighted decision matrix and analytical hierarchy process, we arrive at the

Gandhi, Om, Nagar, Tanay

Bump steer and Brake steer optimization in steering linkages through TAGUCHI method DOE analysis

2021-26-007909/22/2021

Due to recent infrastructural development and emerging competitive automotive markets in India, there is seen a huge shift in customer’s demand and vehicle drivability pattern in commercial vehicle industry. Now apart from ensuring better vehicle durability and best in class tyre life and fuel mileage, a vehicle manufacturer also has to focus on other key attributes like driver’s safety and ride comfort. Thus, for ensuring enhanced drivability, key parameters for ensuring better vehicle handling includes optimization of bump steer and brake steer. Both bump steer and brake steer are vehicle’s undesirable phenomenon where a driver is forced to constantly make steering wheel correction in order to safely maneuver the vehicle in the desired path. Since both bump steer and brake steer are caused due to the interactions of several vehicle parameters such as – drop arm and steering arm hard point, suspension stiffness, suspension eye and shackle position, caster angle, draglink length etc

Chopra, Nitin, P, Mahadevan

Virtual tuning and optimization of two wheeler suspension through MBD simulations

2021-26-034809/22/2021

The design and tuning of stiffness and damping parameters of the suspension system is an essential step in arriving at the optimal riding comfort for a two wheeler. The conventional method of suspension design involves selecting baseline values of suspension parameters through bench-marking of similar vehicles, followed by extensive real life tests to tune these parameters over different load, speed and track conditions. This conventional approach is often time consuming and heavily dependent on physical prototypes of suspension. With the advent of tools to run optimization on Multi-Body Dynamic (MBD) simulations, a near complete tuning of suspension parameters can be performed entirely in the simulation domain. This paper presents an integrated approach towards the design and tuning of suspension stiffness and damping parameters using MBD simulations, by employing fully parameterized suspension stiffness and damping curves in the optimization process. The optimization is performed on

PK, Ram Kumar, Mishra, Ashish

Design & Development of Partial Engine Encapsulation for Interior Noise Reduction in Commercial Vehicles

2021-26-028309/22/2021

This paper focuses on partial encapsulation technique for reducing air-borne noise from the rocker cover of a commercial vehicle diesel engine. Due to increasing awareness, customers demand for improvised NVH-Noise Vibration and Harshness performance in modern day vehicles. Better NVH performance implies better comfort for passengers as well as vehicle operator. This further increases the driver up time due to reduced driver fatigue. In order to improve NVH performance of existing vehicle and observe different noise and vibration zones, detailed noise and vibration mapping was carried out on one of our vehicle platform. It is observed that engine noise is one of the major contributors for interior noise, apart from road inputs etc. There are well established methods to reduce the inherent noise of the engine, but the same might affect other performance parameters including fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions, which are pain areas of major automotive industries due to stringent

Jadhav, Sourabh, Saxena, Saahil

Influence of Asymmetrical Design Parameter on Vehicle Pull During Brake Application

2021-26-035409/22/2021

Abstract: The steering system of commercial vehicle is asymmetrical to left side and right side, this causes vehicle pull during braking application. This directly affects the safety of the driver and vehicle ride & handling performance. In a similar way, the asymmetrical suspension parameter unintentionally set during vehicle assembly are also major contributors for creating a vehicle pull. After application of brake force, the tire contact patch creates a moment about the kingpin axis. However, this moment generated is different on left and right-side due to asymmetrical design parameters resulting in vehicle deviation from its intended path. A large deviation may lead to on road accidents. Some of the major factors which are responsible for the vehicle pulling phenomenon are the asymmetrical steering system compliance, asymmetrical suspension geometry, tire, braking system, road camber etc. The present work is useful to analyze the effect of change (left to right side) in the

Dethe, Sachin, Khandekar, Dhiraj, Dhawad, Ashwin, Tiwari, Chaitanya

Customer-Centric Subjective Vehicle Evaluation by Assigning Weights to Attribute Parameters using Analytic Hierarchy Process

2021-26-049209/22/2021

Subjective vehicle evaluation is a critical and established method to validate, engineer, and refine vehicle attributes. Organizations have an array of products catering to different customer requirements and expectations. To achieve better customer centricity and focused vehicle product attribute targets, weightage factoring of its corresponding parameters is essential. Subjective evaluations by vehicle evaluators comprise of providing ratings and feedback about attributes during different development stages of the product. All attribute parameters are presumed to have equal significance to the end customer. At times the end customers have different preferences for different vehicle attribute parameters. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to obtain the weightage factors for attribute parameters. Conventional method to obtain an overall attribute subjective rating is a simple mathematical average of the parameter ratings. The

Jayakumar, Gautham, Mahajan, Pushkar

Motorcycle jump test dynamics and durability analysis

2021-26-041709/22/2021

Structural durability and ride comfort are two of the main aspects that determine the reliability of a motorcycle. Simulations in the CAE environment are extensively used to carry out those analyses. Jump test and drop test are widely adopted methods used to analyse the offroad capability of motorcycles. For jump test motorcycles run at a constant speed and are made to take a jump from a ramp of a specific height, so that the vehicle will land on the rear wheel after the flight. During the drop test, the vehicle is made to fall from a height which is equal to the maximum height achieved by the vehicle during the jump test flight. Correlation studies are conducted between the jump test and drop test so that the physical test set-up could be evaluated. Simulation of the jump test of a motorcycle is carried out for the suspension assessment, ride comfort and chassis durability analysis. Simulation is carried out using Dassault Systèmes Simulia suite software tools, Simpack for MBD. Using

Joseph, Aju, Krishnamurthy, G S, S, Karthik, Giles, Rod

Ride and Comfort Measurements - A Challenge of Subjective & Objective Correlation

2021-26-044509/22/2021

Traditionally, vehicle ride and comfort is evaluated, subjectively as well as objectively. Based on the outcome of subjective and objective tests, it is refined by optimizing primary suspension system, secondary suspension system, seating system, rubber bushings, frame and BIW for mass, stiffness, damping, geometry etc. Many a times, the subjective assessment results stands in contradiction to the objective assessment results; emphasizing need for having good correlation between subjective and objective test results. In such cases, it is ambiguous to decide suitable design refinement action and can lead to no improvement situation. Hence, it is very much essential to have concurring test procedures for subjective and objective ride evaluation. This paper describes a novel methodology to address the above said challenge. There are defined set of test events and measurement data points to be used in subjective and objective testing. The subjective assessment is performed using clearly

GHANWAT, HEMANT, Gosavi, Santosh, chasker Sr, Mithun, Bagal, Vikram, Hagawane, Rahul

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Tap to Ride: How Cybersource is Revolutionizing Global Transportation

1315106/25/2021

Getting from Point A to Point B has never been easier, thanks to the technology behind Cybersource, A Visa Solution. Fernando Souza, Global Head of Cybersource Travel and Transit Solutions, sat down with us to talk about the surge in contactless payments as a result of COVID-19, the ease and safety benefits, and how open loop payments are the future of public transportation. Already adopted in more than 190 countries, digital payment management is making a major impact on travel around the world through mass transit, tolls, micromobility and more! Contact Visa to learn more about their global urban mobility solutions.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Virgin Galactic Blasts Off with Commercial Space Tourism

1301104/17/2021

Pushing boundaries to open space travel to everyone is a goal of Virgin Galactic. On this episode, Beth Moses, Astronaut and Chief Astronaut Instructor for Virgin Galactic, takes our conversation into orbit to discuss her interest in space as a young girl, the "pure magic" of time stopping in the atmosphere and the future of commercial space tourism. Buckle up for a brilliant ride!

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Why Passengers' Boredom Is a Good Thing with Intel Corporation

1293202/26/2021

Will there ever be a world with no incidents on the road? From major crashes to fender benders, driving comes with risk, but what happens when the driving is left to the machine? In this episode we spoke with Jack Weast, Intel Fellow at Intel Corporation, to examine the safety of driving from all angles and how we can eradicate most driving incidents on the road with autonomous technology. Whether it's how Intel Corporation is crowd-sourcing to accurately map cities or how it's using Responsibility-Sensitive Safety (RSS) to bake in reasonable assumptions and decipher what is safe while driving, Jack explains the steps taken to make every passengers' ride safe and boring.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Micromobility for the Masses With Swiftmile

1292802/05/2021

What if your commute to work was fun, fast and convenient? Swiftmile is answering the call, building the infrastructures that cities and businesses need to enable large scale adoption of micromobility. On this episode, Keith Moravick, CTO and VP of Engineering and Product at Swiftmile, joins us to share how his experience researching and riding light electric vehicles (LEVs) enables continuous innovation in the world of electric and solar bikes, scooters and more. Swiftmile is making micromobility accessible and efficient across cities. From developing charging stations and racks for removing the clutter of scooters on streets to adding more transportation options in convenient urban areas, Swiftmile is meeting the needs of commuters, businesses and cities. Discover how "playing" with LEVs has led Keith and Swiftmile to lead the way, enabling micromobility accessibility for all.

Hineman, Marcie

Active roll stabilization introduced for Audi's large crossovers

20AUTP10_0810/01/2020

Audi is fitting its largest crossover models with a new, active anti-roll system that the company said enhances cornering capability and reduces body roll without sacrificing ride comfort. Unlike other active anti-roll systems, Audi's electromechanical roll stabilization (eAWS) doesn't rely on hydraulics and is claimed to be “virtually maintenance-free.” Large crossovers and SUVs can be challenging to engineer with assertive vehicle dynamics because their weight and higher center of gravity typically mitigate against sporty cornering unless the suspension is uncomfortably stiff. But the powered anti-roll bars at each axle in the eAWS system permit a comparatively soft tune for the base suspension, firming cornering dynamics only when required.

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: All Things Ridesharing

1289807/16/2020

The Rideshare Guy, Harry Campbell, hails a ride on this week's episode to share his firsthand expertise on ridesharing and food delivery with host Grayson Brulte. How does one go from being a structural engineer to a finance blogger to one of the leading voices in ridesharing? Harry shares the winding road that led to his blogging venture and the on-the-ground lessons he has learned to help others working in the industry maximize their opportunities. Harry and Grayson step into the political realm as they explore the impacts of California's AB5 on the rideshare economy. How do drivers feel about this bill? What are the benefits and drawbacks to drivers? How will AB5 impact the ridesharing businesses themselves? And how might a Democratic Vice President candidate elevate this California issue to the national stage? The conversation shifts to the future of food delivery services as Harry and Grayson discuss whether or not consolidations and acquisitions are inevitable, if the industry's

Hineman, Marcie

Sliding Mode Controlled Half Car Suspension System with Magnetorheological Damper

2020-01-154006/03/2020

Attenuation of vibrations caused by the road undulance conditions are tedious and very much related to human health and vehicle handling problems. One of the promised approaches to solving these problems in a vehicle suspension system is the use of effective controllers. In this paper, the sliding mode controller (SMC) is designed and used to control the magnetorheological (MR) damper. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by incorporating the controller in a half car vehicle suspension model. In a suspension damper design, Modified Bouc-Wen model is used to characterize the hysteretic behaviour of MR damper parameters. The voltage control algorithm is used to convert the desired force into the varied voltage input to the MR damper. The fail-proof advantage of MR damper is analysed by comparing the results of uncontrolled MR suspension with a passive system. In order to limit the pitch angle and to achieve the improved ride comfort and stability of the vehicle, the

SOOSAIRAJ, AROCKIA SUTHAN, K, ARUNACHALAM

Simulating and Optimizing the Dynamic Chassis Forces of the Audi e-tron

2020-01-152106/03/2020

With battery electric vehicles (BEV), due to the absence of the combustion process, the rolling noise comes even more into play. The BEV technology also leads to different concepts of how to mount the electric engine in the car. Commonly, also applied with the Audi e-tron, the rear engine is mounted on a subframe, which again is connected to the body structure. This concept leads to a better insulation in the high frequency range, yet it bears some problems in designing the mounts for ride comfort (up to 20Hz) or body boom (up to 70Hz). Commonly engine mounts are laid-out based on driving comfort (up to 20Hz). The current paper presents a new method to find an optimal mount design (concerning the stiffness) in order to reduce the dynamic chassis forces which are transferred to the body up to 100Hz. This directly comes along with a reduction of the sound pressure level for the ‘body boom’ phenomena. Here we use multibody simulation along with a sophisticated tire model in the time

Real-Time Capable Wind and Rolling Noise Synthesis for a More Realistic Vehicle Simulator Experience

2020-01-154606/03/2020

Nowadays a large proportion of the overall acoustic vehicle development takes place within virtual phases. Increasingly, projects require the auralization of virtual developed acoustics measures, e.g. from the disciplines of electro-acoustic, ride comfort, rolling noise or passive acoustic on dynamic or static driving simulators. In practice it turns out that in addition to engine noise also a realistic reproduction of rolling and wind noise is important. In this article, approaches to synthetic rolling and wind noise generators are discussed. We developed such real-time capable sound generators that are parametrizable according to arbitrary driving conditions. Furthermore, spacial reproduction of the driving sounds is achieved for binaural headphone, as well as for other arbitrary loudspeaker setups, like often found in driving simulators. Derived models and parametrization are based on measurements and recordings from several real vehicles. In order to facilitate the adjustment on

Koch, Julian, Bartosch, Thorsten, Sontacchi, Alois, Reinalter, Werner

Enhancement of Occupant Ride Comfort by GA Optimized PID Control Active Suspension System

2020-01-153206/03/2020

The main objective of this work is to enhance the occupant ride comfort. Ride comfort is quantified in terms of measuring distinct accelerations like sprung mass, seat and occupant head. For this theoretical evaluation, a 7- degrees of freedom (DOF) human-vehicle-road model was established and the system investigation was limited to vertical motion. Besides, this work also focused to guarantee other vehicle performance indices like suspension working space and tire deflection. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was introduced in the vehicle model and optimized with the aid of the genetic algorithm (GA). Actuator dynamics is incorporated into the system. The objective function for PID optimization was carried out using root mean square error (RMSE) concept. The severity of various suspension indices and biomechanics responses of the developed model under proposed approach were theoretically analyzed using various road profiles and compared with conventional passive

Anandan, Arivazhagan, K, Arunachalam

Research on the Subjective Rating Prediction Method for the Ride Comfort with Deep Learning

2020-01-156606/03/2020

Suspension is an important chassis part which is vital to ride comfort. However, it is difficult to achieve our targeted comfortability level in a short time. Therefore, improving efficiency of damper development is our primary challenge. We have launched a project which aims to reduce the workload on developing dampers by introducing analytical approaches to the improvement of ride comfort. To be more specific, we have been putting effort into developing subjective rating prediction, vehicle dynamics prediction, the damping force prediction. This paper describes the subjective rating prediction method which output a subjective rating corresponding to the physical value of the vehicle dynamics with Deep Learning. As a result of verifying with the unlearning data, DNN(Deep Neural Network) prediction method could almost predict the subjective rating of the expert driver.

Akai, Akihito, Ichimaru, Nobuyuki, Hirao, Ryusuke, Ichimaru, Nobuyuki, Hirao, Ryusuke

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

20AUTP06_0806/01/2020

Four regular-sized adults onboard, I'm estimating 575 lbs (261 kg). A steep but abrupt grade of maybe 1.5 miles. One-third of the way up, a passing lane is available and there's our chance to get past a dawdler. Pin the 2020 Honda CR-V Hybrid's accelerator and from somewhere centered ahead of the firewall comes a raucous grumble-blare not all that different from opening up a big outboard motor. The sheer volume and tortured tenor cause everyone in the cabin to look at one another: “What the hell?” The CR-V Hybrid's “two-motor” system (already used to good effect in the Accord) is comprised of an AC synchronous motor dedicated to propulsion and geared in tandem with the 2.0-L 4-cylinder, both clutched to the differential. Another AC motor-generator is geared directly with the differential and largely charges the small 1.4-kWh lithium-ion battery. The setup is meant to bias the propulsion job to the 181-hp propulsion motor, with the engine providing electricity to the traction motor and

Hybrid Fuzzy-PID Control Development for a Truck Air Suspension System

05/11/2020

A hybrid fuzzy and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is proposed for roll angle handling of a three-axle truck with an active air suspension system. The conventional truck suspension system has four air springs for the rear wheels and two leaf springs for the front wheels, which cannot properly control the pitch angle, and here in this study is upgraded into front air springs. Therefore in the full air suspension system, the pitch angle is controlled by the active suspension system. Roll reduction of a heavy vehicle can improve the ride comfort and rollover tendency of the truck, simultaneously. The relation of air spring pressures and vehicle dynamics is developed in a simple and accurate model. Using this comprehensive model, it is possible to control the variables of vehicle dynamics such as roll, pitch, and height of the truck. The truck air suspension system is examined in step steering, fishhook, and asymmetric rough road (types E and G power spectral density [PSD

Nazemian, Hossein, Masih-Tehrani, Masoud

Study on Impact of SUV chassis stiffness on vehicle dynamics through CAE

2020-01-100404/14/2020

Now a day’s automotive industry is a highly competitive market where continuous innovation in design and production of vehicles is required to gain market share and survive in the market. This resulted in the reduction of the life cycle of the design process and design tools. Identifying, understanding and refining these details is significant to develop sustainable cars. Body and Chassis stiffness are important specifications of a passenger car which affects handling, steering and ride characteristics of the vehicle. It has been proved that torsional, lateral and local chassis stiffness can play a role in giving the customer a premium feeling by affecting key metrics in the vehicle dynamics behaviour of a passenger car. In this paper, the effect of chassis stiffness on vehicle dynamics performance is studied using CAE. Different attributes of vehicle dynamics like vehicle handling, On-Center feel and vehicle ride are considered as performance characteristics. The chassis stiffness is

Lenka, Visweswara, Anthonysamy, Baskar, N, BALARAMAKRISHNA, Londhe, Abhijit

An Image Recognition Application Method for Vertical Movement of Vehicles

2020-01-073304/14/2020

In ITS, image processing technology is applied to a wide variety of areas such as visual-based intelligent vehicle navigation, visual-based traffic monitoring and visual-based traffic management. In the identification system of the vehicle body characteristics, most of the recognition is the license plate and the car emblem, etc. This paper proposes an image recognition application method for the vertical motion of the car while driving, mainly including vertical height detection and vertical displacement velocity acceleration recognition. The edge detection model of the image object is established by using the gray image to obtain the car motion segmentation image. At the same time, an image length and actual length coordinate conversion model is established, which can calculate an arbitrary actual length of the image object. In this paper, the Yuejin Shangjun X500 van is selected as the test vehicle. Using camera capture the video data and the height of the vehicle is recognized for

Li, Ming, Tan, Gangfeng, Wang, Zhenyu, Wang, Haoyu, Jiang, Yifeng, Guo, Donghua, Feng, Jiaming

Study of Tire contribution to Vehicle Noise, Ride and Handling performance using DOE (Design of Experiments) Techniques.

2020-01-123804/14/2020

Automotive Industry has always kept the customer in focus and strived for their delight using innovative technologies and meticulous engineering. From a vehicle dynamics point of view, the customer’s performance expectations have diversified over the last decade. To meet these expectations, there have been significant developments in the system and subsystem engineering of chassis elements. One such contributing element is the tire as it can synergize with vehicle noise, ride and handling performance irrespective of propulsion energies. These critical customer touchpoints, they need to be optimized and tuned to meet stringent OEM targets. The objective of this paper is to understand the aspects of tire design, structure and tread compound on vehicle noise, ride and handling performance using a full factorial DOE (Design of Experiment) approach. The traditional iterative method of tire tuning is time-intensive and cannot quantify the interdependence within the tire. Since tire

Thomas, Juban, Kirtane, Kaustubh, Cherian, Thomas, Sanghani, Rahul R., Loganathan, Subramaniam, Suhalka, Kamal

Human Response to Vibrations and Its Contribution to The Overall Ride Comfort in Automotive Vehicles – A Literature Review

2020-01-108504/14/2020

The various factors that affect ride comfort have been in focus in many research studies due to an increasing demand in ride comfort in the automotive industry. Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) and the human response to NVH has been highlighted as an important contribution to assess and predict overall ride comfort. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to explain ride comfort with respect to vibration for the seated occupant based on a systematic literature review of previous fundamental research and to relate these results to the application in the contemporary automotive industry. The results from the literature study show that numerous research studies have determined how vibration frequency, magnitude, direction, duration affect human response to vibration. Also, the studies have highlighted how body posture, age, gender and anthropometry affect the human perception of comfort. An analysis was made of the consistency and inconsistency of the results obtained in

Wang, Xiaojuan, Osvalder, Anna-Lisa, Höstmad, Patrik, Johansson, Ingemar

Customer Perception of Road-Induced Structural Feel

2020-01-108004/14/2020

Structural feel, or “vehicle feels solidly built” is a subjective measure that traditionally has been assessed by technical experts and executives. Vehicle programs’ timing and viability can be affected by these assessments. Objective measures would improve the vehicle development process. The first step in developing objective measures is to assess whether road-induced structural feel can be sensed by the customer. To this end, an internal drive clinic was conducted and proved to be an effective approach for obtaining customer perception of structural feel. Vehicles that spanned a range of excellent to poor structural feel were chosen by experts as part of the experimental design. The non-expert participants rank-ordered the vehicles’ structural feel performance in the order determined a priori by the experts. Results also indicate that the question “vehicle feels solidly built” is a good overall question for assessing structural feel.

Stebbins, Mark, Cafeo, John, Beltramo, Mark

Fluid-Structure Interaction of a Spring-Mounted Symmetrical Rigid Wing for Drag Reduction of Cars at Higher Wind Velocities

2020-01-503703/10/2020

This paper details an aeroelastic concept for an adaptive and passive wing, which is primarily aimed for use within the automotive sector to reduce drag and fuel emissions. The work will also be of interest in the motorsport sector to improve performance and also some applications within the aerospace and renewable energy sectors. The wind tunnel testing of a spring-mounted symmetrical NACA 0012 wing in freestream is studied over 0° to 40° angles of incidence. General operation of the concept is verified at low angles in the pre-stall region with that of a theoretical estimation using finite and infinite wings. Three distinct regions are identified, pre-stall, near-stall, and post-stall. The transient limitations associated in the near-stall region with variations in spring loading and flow velocities are discovered. It is identified as a periodic self-sustained oscillation with nondimensional reduced frequencies in the range from 0.14 to 0.22. Furthermore, performance in the post

Knight, Jason, Fels, Simon, Haritos, George, Carolus, Thomas

Multi-Objective Flight Control Optimization Framework

TBMG-3620103/01/2020

Composite materials are used in aerospace design because of their high strength-to-weight ratio. On modern airplanes, composite wings offer a greater degree of aerodynamic efficiency due to weight savings but at the same time introduce more structural flexibility than their aluminum counterparts. Under off-design flight conditions, changes in the wing shape due to structural flexibility cause the wing aerodynamics to be non-optimal. This effect could offset any weight-saving benefits realized by the composite wings. Structural flexibility could also cause adverse interactions with flight control and structural vibration that can compromise aircraft stability, pilot handling qualities, and passenger ride quality.

Control Performance of Damping and Air Spring of Heavy Truck Air Suspension System with Optimal Fuzzy Control

10-04-02-001302/28/2020

The air suspension system of heavy trucks not only improves the vehicle’s ride comfort but also reduces the negative impact on the road surface. In order to evaluate the performance of the control damping (CD) and the control air spring (CAS) of the vehicle air suspension system on the ride comfort and the road friendliness, a three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear dynamic model with 14 degrees of freedom (DOF) of the heavy trucks and optimal fuzzy control (OFC) with control rules optimized by the genetic algorithm (GA) are proposed in this study. The root mean square (RMS) acceleration response of the tractor and the dynamic load coefficient (DLC) at the wheel axles are chosen as objective functions under the various operating conditions. Contrastive analysis of the RMS and DLC values with the passive (P), CD, and CAS methods of the air suspension system is carried out respectively. The research result shows that both the CD and CAS methods remarkably improve the ride comfort and road

Nguyen, Vanliem, Jiao, Renqiang, Zhang, Jianrun

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Design Technology with Children in Mind

1288902/11/2020

Hospitals aren't often associated with mobility innovation. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's (CHOP) Center for Injury Research and Prevention (CIRP) shifts that thinking. Valentina Graci, Ph.D., a research scientist at CIRP/CHOP, sits down with host Grayson Brulte at SAE's Government/Industry Meeting to discuss all things child safety in vehicles, including her research efforts on automotive safety, autonomous vehicles warnings, safe seat design and position, seatbelts and why AV designs should consider the current and future unique safety needs of children. Valentina details why CHOP is focusing on AV research, discusses the proper use of booster seats for keeping children safe and looks to when children might ride in an AV without a parent.

Hineman, Marcie

Caterpillar launches next-gen mini hydraulic excavator, skid steer and compact track loaders

19TOFHP12_1212/01/2019

Covering about 2.5 million ft2 and including roughly 2,800 exhibitors, the triennial ConExpo-Con/Agg event boasts an evenlarger footprint for 2020 with the addition of the Festival Grounds. As one of the major exhibitors at North America's largest construction tradeshow, taking place March 10-14 in Las Vegas, Caterpillar will have a fairly significant footprint of its own, filled with new equipment featuring the company's latest technology developments. A few of the machines likely to be on display were revealed at an October 2019 press event in Clayton, NC. Responding to the voice of the customer and dealer feedback, Caterpillar's next-generation 306 mini hydraulic excavator is the company's entry in the 6-ton class. The new mini excavator features heavy-duty main structures, a fuel-efficient C2.4 turbodiesel, load-sensing hydraulics, spacious cab and the Cat Stick Steer system. It shares a similar controls layout and common components with the full line of Cat Next Generation mini

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

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