Browse Topic: Drive cycles

Items (793)

Novel Statistical Modelling-Based Approach for Exhaust Mass Flow Calculation in Motorcycles

2024-32-007204/18/2025

The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake

Schurl, Sebastian, Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland

A Power Split eCVT Hybrid for Sustainable Urban Mobility

2024-32-002904/18/2025

The main drivers for powertrain electrification of two-wheelers, motorcycles and ATVs are increasingly stringent emission and noise limitations as well as the upcoming demand for carbon neutrality. Two-wheeler applications face significantly different constraints, such as packaging and mass targets, limited charging infrastructure in urban areas and demanding cost targets. Battery electric two wheelers are the optimal choice for transient city driving with limited range requirements. Hybridization provides considerable advantages and extended operation limits. Beside efficiency improvement, silent and zero emission modes with solutions allowing fully electric driving, combined boosting enhances performance and transient response. In general, there are two different two-wheeler base categories for hybrid powertrains: motorcycles featuring frame-integrated internal combustion engine (ICE) and transmission units, coupled with secondary drives via chain or belt; and scooters equipped with

Schoeffmann, W., Fuckar, G., Hubmann, C., Gruber, M.

Engine Warm-up Prediction using Machine Learning Methodology.

2024-26-029501/16/2024

In the recent times, when emission & CO2 legislations are becoming more stringent, we need to adjust our simulation methods to the engine warm-up for better prediction. A typical fuel economy simulation for a WLTP drive cycle with and without considering warm-up effect differentiates up to 6-8%. Thus, there is a need to consider engine warm-up parameters for drive cycle simulations. The engine warm-up can be predicted in multiple ways but the most common way is detailed Physics based 1D modelling. These thermodynamic based models have a very good accuracy in temperature characteristics compared to actual test but take a lot of simulation time. The current requirement is to have models, which can do the same with 0.3 times real time so that these can be coupled with SiL simulation. The current paper will portrait a machine learning based methodology to predict Engine Oil & Coolant temperature based on driving profile and fuel consumption. ML model is trained by using data from one drive

Kelkar, Kshitij, Bensch, Simon, Gopalkrishnan, Suresh Kumar, Meissner, Ronny

Vehicle performance simulation of a 3-wheeler Cargo electric vehicle using model-based approach and Validation of drive cycle data

2024-26-010501/16/2024

Electric vehicle development is at the core of the next generation of last mile commercial vehicles. These vehicles will be used for delivery purposes over routine routes within a city. Realizing the performance requirement of such a vehicle involves concise choice of Battery capacity and Powertrain to deliver consistent performance with a desirable range for the end user. The model-based performance simulation helps in evaluating the performance characteristics of the vehicle in the early stage of development. The Product development process encounters various challenges in terms of product cost, design, and identification of the required specification for the Battery, Powertrain, and vehicle architecture. The model-based approach is used in this scenario for performing the foundational analysis to evaluate the range, acceleration, gradeability along with Component sizing to determine the optimum specification needed in the motor and Battery capacity to reach the specified targets

Manapadam Baskar, Bhushan

Regeneration Calibration for optimum Range and effective brakes performances in eSUV

2024-26-011001/16/2024

Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles (EVs) to extend their driving range. To enhance the braking performances and regenerative energy, regenerative braking control strategy based on multi objective optimisation is explained in this paper. This technical paper would be focusing on extracting optimum Range with effective brake performances without affecting drivability and performances in different drives modes. An extensive research study on public road driving patterns is done to understand the percentage utilisation of brakes at various (low-mid-high) speeds as per the customer driving behavior. Multi-Objective optimisation function with three vital factors is defined where output generated power, torque smoothness and current smoothness are selected as optimisation objective to improve the driving range, braking comfort, and battery lifetime respectively. Braking regeneration maps are calibrated along with optimised foundation brake hardware’s to get

KUMAR, Prabhakar, K, Rajakumar, Krishnan, Nandhakumar, Suhail, Mohammed thamjeed

Real-World Emissions of Motorcycles in Delhi-NCR Region, India

2022-28-043511/09/2022

This research quantifies the real-world emissions of motorcycles plying in Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), India covering the urban, rural and highway driving patterns. The emissions estimation by standard driving cycles in the laboratory does not represent the emissions factors estimated in real-world driving conditions experience on road. In the real-world driving conditions, the emissions of motorcycles were influenced by vehicle driving parameters, and traffic conditions. The time-speed data was collected using a BS VI motorcycle in Delhi-NCR during peak and non-peak hours on weekdays and weekends. The emissions factors were estimated by simulating the time-speed data on chassis dynamometer interfaced with 5-gas analyzer, and emissions factors were analyzed for traffic conditions. The average and maximum speed of 29 km/h and 60 km/h in urban, 33 km/h and 72 km/h in rural, and 47 km/h and 79 km/h in highway respectively were observed. The CO and HC emissions were higher during

Sithananthan, M., Kumar, Ravindra, Maheshwari, Mukul, Saxena, Deepak

Evaluating Class 6 Delivery Truck Fuel Economy and Emissions Using Vehicle System Simulations for Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains and Co Optima Fuel Blends

2022-01-115609/20/2022

The US Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Engine and Fuels Initiative (Co-Optima) investigated how unique properties of bio-blendstocks considered within Co-Optima help address emissions challenges with mixing controlled compression ignition (i.e., conventional diesel combustion) and enable advanced compression ignition modes suitable for implementation in a diesel engine. Additionally, the potential synergies of these Co-Optima technologies in hybrid vehicle applications in the medium- and heavy-duty sector was also investigated. In this work, vehicles system were simulated using the Autonomie software tool for quantifying the benefits of Co-Optima engine technologies for medium-duty trucks. A Class 6 delivery truck with a 6.7 L diesel engine was used for simulations over representative real-world and certification drive cycles with four different powertrains to investigate fuel economy, emissions, and well-to-wheel greenhouse gas performance. Comparisons were made between

Vijayagopal, Ram, Curran, Scott, Deter, Dean, Longman, DOUGLAS

Modelling and Simulation of Propulsion System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle in Simulink.

2022-26-116005/26/2022

Being a Concerned about the environment impact and pollution free surrounding, it is need of the world to shift the focus on electric vehicle and Hybrid electric vehicle which is key technology. The presented article considers the model of propulsion system in the hybrid vehicle along with it, important domain of electric vehicle i. e Vehicle dynamics is also simulated. The model for the same is created in the Simulink. While simulating the model parameters like resistive forces which mainly includes rolling resistance, drag force, tractive force along with it regenerative braking, battery performance are studied for a specific drive cycle. In this work the main goal is to increase range of HEV by studying vehicle dynamics. . PID is used to follow drive cycle and the effect of resistive forces on vehicle are shown using graphs which are then studied and optimised to get maximum efficiency. Author tried to achieve vehicle range of 300km in one full charge. Finally, all the values

Chirme, Omkar, Shetty, Tushar, Pise, Sushant, Phad, Arihant, Dorwat, Ajit

Combining DMDF and hybrid powertrains: a look on the effects of different battery modelling approaches

2022-01-079303/29/2022

Fleet electrification has been demonstrated as a feasible solution to decarbonize the heavy-duty transportation sectors. The combination of hybridization and advanced combustion concepts may provide further advantages by also introducing reductions on criteria pollutants. In this scenario, the interplay among the different energy paths must be understood and quantified to extract the full potential of the powertrain. One of the key devices in such powertrains is the battery which involves different aspects regarding operation and safety. Most of the models still rely on resistance-capacity models to describe the battery operation. These models may lead to practical results since the current flow is governed by limiters rather than physical laws. Additionally, phenomena related with battery degradation which decreases the nominal capacity and enhances the heat generation are also not considered. In this sense, this work investigates the potential of powertrain hybridization coupled with

Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Sari, Rafael, Martinez, Santiago

Design of rule-based controller and parameter optimization using a genetic algorithm for a dual motor heavy duty battery electric vehicle

2022-01-048903/29/2022

This paper designs a configuration and controller for dual motor battery electric vehicles (BEVs) using Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement (AMBER). A model with two electric motors is designed based on literature and current market search, where one is on the front axle and the other is on the rear axle. Based on the model, a rule-based control algorithm is designed for the new dual motor BEV and the control parameters are optimized by using a genetic algorithm (GA). The vehicle model is simulated in different driving cycles and grade-ability tests. The results have shown that there is a good agreement between the speed profile simulated by the model and that of the driving cycles. In addition, it is able to satisfy the grade-ability performance requirements of trucks. The simulation results are then compared with different model that use a single motor, which shows that the dual motor BEV model consumes less energy under the same load

yu, Kyungjin, Vijayagopal, Ram, Kim, Namdoo

Extending NREL's FASTSim to model catalyst transient warmup behavior

2022-01-057803/29/2022

A custom version of NREL's FASTSim was extended to include transient thermal models for engine and catalysts with the goal of understanding catalyst warmup dynamics during cold start for light duty vehicles representing a range of vehicle sizes, makes, and models, including a small sedan and multiple SUV or truck body types. The model was calibrated and separately validated for various each vehicle using dynamometer test data conducted over various regulatory drive cycles and a sweep of ambient and initial conditions ranging from -20°C to 40°C. The NSGA-II multi-objective-optimization algorithm in Python's PyMOO package was used to select calibration parameters to identify the Pareto minimal hyper-surface of time-weighted engine temperature, catalyst temperature, and fueling errors for each test data set. By scaling component parameters with respect to engine peak power, the model was then exercised over a nationally representative range of initial temperatures, ambient temperatures

Development of Vehicle Thermal Management Model for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle

2022-01-022603/29/2022

Recently, automobile manufacturers are interested in the development of battery electric vehicle (BEV) having a longer mileage to satisfy customer needs. The BEV with high efficiency depends on the temperature of the electric components. Hence it is important to study the effect of the cooling system in electric vehicle in order to optimize efficiency and performance. In this study, we present a 1-D vehicle thermal management (VTM) simulation model. The individual vehicle subsystems were modeled including cooling, power electric (PE), mechanical, and control components. Each component was integrated into a single VTM model and it would be used to calculate energy transfer among electrical, thermal, and mechanical energy. As a result, this simulation model predicts a plenty of information including the state of each component such as temperature, energy consumption, and operating point about electric vehicle depending on driving cycles and environmental conditions. The characteristic of

Hong, Seokbin, Kyoung, Song, Sung, Wonjune, Lee, Dongkyu, Choi, Kyungwook, Park, Minjung, Seo, Heung Seok, Park, Sunghoon, Jung, Young Ho

A High Efficiency Transmission Architecture for Electric Vehicles

2022-01-079203/29/2022

A Dual Epicyclic Electronic Continuously Variable Transmission (DE-ECVT) with an input-split, output coupled, split-power-path configuration is proposed for improving overall system efficiency and range for electric vehicles. By modulating the power split ratio between the mechanical (i.e. Planetary Gear Trains) and electrical drivelines (i.e. Motor Generator Units), a continuous range of gear ratios that facilitate a higher efficiency powertrain is obtained. The proposed concept leverages two power-split units that leads to significantly reduced power flow through the electrical drivelines (compared with single speed EV transmissions as well as single power-split E-CVTs) while providing the same overall ratio spread for transmission operation. A multi-layered optimization is performed, first on the operational control strategy to maximize the end-of-cycle SOC (State of Charge) of the battery for a given set of transmission design parameters, and then subsequently on the design

Swain, Anshuman, Gopalswamy, Swaminathan

An Estimation of the Effect of Turbulence from the Natural Wind and Traffic on the Cycle-Averaged-Drag Coefficient.

2022-01-107603/29/2022

A drag coefficient, which is representative of the drag of a car undergoing a particular drive cycle, known as the cycle-averaged-drag coefficient, has been previously developed. It was derived for different drive cycles using mean values for the natural wind. It assumed terrain dependent wind velocities based on the Weibull function, equi-probable wind direction and shear effects. It did not, however, include any effects of turbulence in the natural wind. Some recent research using active vanes in the wind tunnel to generate turbulence has suggested that the effect on drag can be evaluated from the quasi steady wind inputs. On this basis the effect of natural wind turbulence on the aerodynamic drag of a typical car has been obtained as a function of car velocity and both wind velocity and direction. For a particular combination of car and wind velocity the additional effects of turbulence are very sensitive to the wind angle and on the shape of the drag curve with yaw angle. The wind

Howell, Jeff, Passmore, Martin

Evaluation of Optimal State of Charge Planning for a Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle

2022-01-089503/29/2022

There is and continues to be a widespread adoption of Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicles. Seen by many as a staging technology for fully electric vehicles, hybrid technologies enable the reduction of noxious tailpipe emissions and conformance with ever-decreasing allowable homologation limits. The complexity of the hybrid powertrain technology can lead to an energy management problem with multiple energy sinks and sources comprising the system resulting in a high-dimensional time dependent problem for which many solutions have been proposed [1]. Methods that rely on accurate predictions of potential vehicle operations are demonstrably more optimal when compared to rule-based methodology. In this paper, a previously proposed energy management strategy based on an offline optimisation using dynamic programming is investigated. This work explores the effects of drive cycle segmentation on the optimality of the results and is then coupled with an online model predictive control strategy to

Jegede, Temi, Knowles, James, Steffen, Thomas, D'Amato, Marco, Maganga, Othman

Development of a Series Hybrid Electrified Powertrain for a High Speed Tracked Vehicle Based on Driving Cycle Simulation

2022-01-043703/29/2022

The abstract is under OPSEC review

Zhu, Qilun, Kumar, Asit, Sundar, Anirudh, Egan, Daniel, Mirzaei, Hamidreza, Chang, Da, Schmid, Matthias, Prucka, Robert, Lawler, Benjamin, Paredis, Chris

Mean-value exergy modeling of internal combustion engines: sensitivity analysis

2022-01-043103/29/2022

This work proposes the application of the mean-value exergy-based internal combustion engine model, recently developed by the authors, for the quantification of the exergy transfer and destruction phenomena over different driving conditions. A thorough sensitivity analysis with respect to different driving cycles, environmental temperatures, and exhaust gas recirculation rates is performed. This allows to assess how driving conditions and environment affect the exergetic behavior of the engine, providing insights on the availability transfer and destruction phenomena and, ultimately, inefficiency.

Pozzato, Gabriele, Rizzo, Denise, Onori, Simona

A constant equivalence ratio multi-zone approach for a detailed and fast prediction of performances and emissions in CI engines

2022-01-045503/29/2022

The paper illustrates and validates a novel predictive combustion model for the estimation of in-cylinder performances and pollutant production in CI engines. The numerical methodology was developed by the authors for near real-time and / or control-oriented applications, while aiming at an accurate description of the air mixing process by means of a multi-zone approach of the air-fuel mass. Charge stratification is estimated via a 2D representation of the fuel spray distribution that is numerically derived by an axial one-dimensional control-volume description of the direct injection. The radial coordinate of each control volume is reconstructed a posteriori by means of a local distribution function. Fuel mass clustered in each zone is further split in ‘liquid’, ‘unburnt’ and ‘burnt’ sub-zones, given the local properties of the fuel spray control volumes with respect to space-time location of modelled ignition delay, liquid length, and flame lift-off. Multiple injections are described

Tamborski, Matteo, D'Errico, Gianluca, Lucchini, Tommaso, Cerri, Tarcisio, Onorati, Angelo

Rule-based Power Management Strategy of Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles: Case Study of A Class 8 Heavy-Duty Truck

2022-01-090103/29/2022

Mobility in the automotive and transportation sector has been experiencing a period of unprecedented evolution. A growing need for efficient, clean and safe mobility has made a strong momentum toward sustainable technologies in this sector. Toward this end, battery electric vehicles have drawn keen interest and the market share is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, especially in light-duty applications such as passenger cars. Although battery electric vehicles feature high performance and zero emissions characteristics, economic and technical issues such as high battery cost, a short driving range, and limited infrastructure should be tackled. In particular, the low power density of battery electric vehicles limits their broad adoption in heavy-duty applications such as class 8 long haul trucks due to a size and weight of battery. In this work, motivated by the high power density and potential for improving energy efficiency through regenerative braking of a hydraulic

Yoon, Yongsoon, Romero, Giovanni, Nkemdilim-Dantzler, Emil, DelVescovo, Dan, Guessous, Laila

An Approach to Aggregate Finalization of Traction Motors and Controllers for 2 Wheeler Electric Vehicles.

2022-01-087503/29/2022

Electric two wheelers are fast growing segments in electric vehicles and the selection of Powertrain systems play key role in finalization of Vehicle design. The electric motor and controller are keeping its own design features which relates to vehicle performance.. In this paper, Motor and controller’s specification calculation with respect to the various scenario of Vehicle drive points have been investigated. Different drive point of Even and uneven roads, Hill climbing and down hills case results are discussed. The mathematical calculations and results are compared with Vehicle requirements. Key words – Electric Vehicle, Two wheeler, Motors, Controller and Vehicle drive cycle.

Neelakandan, Varatharaj, B, Prabakaran

Efficiency Improvement of Electric Motor Drives using Dynamic Motor Drive Technology

2022-01-089003/29/2022

Transitioning to battery electric vehicles is the largest opportunity available to the automotive industry today. Improving the vehicle’s range and reducing the vehicle’s production cost will help expedite that transition. To achieve acceptable range, most BEVs depend on highly efficient electric motors containing rare-earth permanent magnets (PM). However, rare-earth materials have supply chain issues that have caused price volatility and increased the risk of transportation electrification. To mitigate that supply concern, Tula Technology is working to increase the efficiency of alternative designs. It has developed a novel motor control strategy called Dynamic Motor Drive (DMD®), which is particularly suitable for rare-earth-free or reduced rare-earth permanent magnet-based electric motor drives. DMD reduces the light-load losses of electric motor drives by intermittently pulsing motor torque. As practical drive cycles and powertrain architectures frequently operate at light loads

Islam, Md Zakirul, Carvell, Paul, Tripathi, Adya, Younkins, Matthew, Chen PhD, Zhiqian, Phillips, Andrew, Leng PhD, Siyu, Singh, Amnish, Arvanitis, Anastasios

Evaluating Simulation Driver Model Performance using Dynamometer Test Criteria

2022-01-063803/29/2022

The influence of driver modeling and drive cycle target speed trace modification on vehicle dynamics within energy consumption simulations is studied. EPA dynamometer speed error criteria and the SAE J2951 standard are applied to simulation outputs as proposed components of simulation validation, providing guidelines for acceptable vehicle speed outputs and allowing comparison of simulation results to reported EPA dynamometer test statistics. The combined effect of driver model tuning and drive cycle interpolation methods is investigated for the UDDS, HwFET and US06 drive cycles, with EPA-specified linearly interpolated speed trace and PI controller driver as a baseline result. Additional benefits of driver tuning are presented including a reduction in unnecessarily-aggressive simulated accelerator and brake pedal actuation, resulting in a 50% or greater drop in simulated vehicle RMS jerk and peak jerk in each analyzed case compared to baseline. For the simulated vehicle, a “lazy

Legg, Thomas, Nelson, Douglas

Quantifying Repeatability of Real-World On-Road Driving Using Dynamic Time Warping

2022-01-031003/29/2022

There are numerous activities in the automotive industry in which a vehicle drives a pre-defined route multiple times, such as portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) testing or real-world electric vehicle range testing, in which the speed profile is not the same for each drive cycle due to uncontrollable real-world variables such as traffic, stoplights, stalled vehicles, or weather conditions. It sometimes can be difficult, then, to compare each run accurately. To this end, this paper presents a method to compare and quantify the repeatability of real-world on-road vehicle driving schedules using dynamic time warping (DTW). DTW is a well-developed computational algorithm which compares two different signals describing the same underlying phenomenon but occurring at different time scales. In this paper, DTW is applied to real-world on-road drive cycles, and metrics are developed to quantify how similar these drive cycles are to a common reference cycle. It goes on to explore the

Lobato, Peter, Rayno, Mars, Daily, Jeremy, Bradley, Thomas

Model the Propulsion System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle in Simulink

2022-01-090403/29/2022

As world is going towards the electric vehicle, India is also making its move in EV/HEV market, but biggest concern about EV is its range and lack of infra-structure. This study is about the system which establishing a model for HEV propulsion system. In this work the principle goal is to increase range of HEV by studying vehicle dynamics using MATLAB and SIMULINK. Effects of various resistive forces like rolling resistance, drag force, tractive force etc and regenerative braking, battery performance are studied for a specific drive cycle that has been assumed. Car model consists of DC brush motor, Lithium-ion battery with regenerative technology, car model weighs 4100 lbs, front area as 2.7m^2. Authors created various subsystems in Simulink. Proportional Integrate PID is implemented to follow drive cycle and the effect of resistive forces on vehicle which again consider for optimization to get maximum efficiency. Presented article tried to achieve vehicle range of 300 km in one full

Chirme, Omkar Shashikumar, Pise, Sushant, Shetty, Tushar, Phad, Arihant, Dorwat, Ajit

Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS)

2022-01-089403/29/2022

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping vehicle (car) manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a new challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are proposed: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in

Giardiello, Giovanni, Gimelli, Alfredo, de Nola, Francesco, Pipicelli, Michele, Parascandolo, Francesco, Santoro, Dario, Sessa, Bernardo, Troiano, Antonio

Multiple Heat Exchangers for Automotive Systems – A Design Tool

2022-01-020503/29/2022

A single radiator cooling system architecture has been widely applied in ground vehicles for safe equipment (e.g., engine block, electronics, and motors) temperature control. The introduction of multiple smaller heat exchangers provides additional energy management features and alternate pathways for continued operation in case of critical subsystem failure. Although cooling performance is often designed for maximum thermal loads, systems typically operate at a fraction of the peak values for most of their life cycle. In this project, a two-radiator configuration with variable flow rates and valve positions has been mathematically modelled and experimentally validated to study its performance feasibility. A multi-node resistance-capacitance thermal model was derived using the ε-NTU approach with accompanying convective and conductive heat transfer pathways within the system. This engineering model provides an analytical description of the system behavior that can be leveraged for

Syed, Zaker, Miller, Richard, Wagner, John

Modelling Transient Control of a Turbogenerator on a Drive Cycle

2022-01-049503/29/2022

GTDI engines are becoming more efficient, whether individually or part of a HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) powertrain. For the latter, this efficiency manifests itself as increase in zero emissions vehicle mileage. An ideal device for energy recovery is a turbogenerator (TG), and, when placed downstream the conventional turbine it has minimal impact on catalyst light-off and can be used as a bolt-on aftermarket device. A Ricardo WAVE model of a representative GTDI engine was adapted to include a TG (Turbogenerator) and TBV (Turbine Bypass Valve) with the TG in a mechanical turbocompounding configuration, calibrated using steady state mapping data. This was integrated into a co-simulation environment with a SISO (Single-Input, Single-Output) dynamic controller developed in SIMULINK for the actuator control (with BMEP, manifold air pressure and TG pressure ratio as the controlled variables). Transient verification with WAVE-RT was conducted on WLTP and NEDC drive cycles, estimating

Petrovich, Simon, Ebrahimi, Kambiz, Mason, Byron, Watson, Andrew

Evaluation of the Impact of Driving Cycle and Driving Habits on the Fuel Consumption of Commercial Vehicles

2022-01-064003/29/2022

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of driving cycle and various driving habits on fuel efficiency. The track tests were conducted based on the SAE J 1321 Fuel Consumption Test Procedure-Type II, with various vehicles in various loading states. Several duty cycles were replicated on the track, such as a local delivery cycle developed based on the operational data, urban school bus cycle, and an aggressive stop-and-go cycle. Drivers were allowed to accelerate and decelerate according to their assigned driving techniques. Therefore, the drivers using moderate driving techniques followed the drive cycle, while the drivers using aggressive and eco-friendly techniques used the speed steps as targets, with varying acceleration and deceleration profiles. For some tests, the drivers noted that for the tests with loaded vehicles, it was difficult to simulate the aggressive technique, the acceleration pedal was not responding well, and there were delays in engaging the gears. The

Surcel, Marius-Dorin

Physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics for Prediction of Vehicle Cabin Occupant Thermal Comfort

2022-01-018003/29/2022

Thermal cabin comfort is the largest consumer of battery energy second only to propulsion in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s). Accurate prediction of thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin with fast turnaround times will allow engineers to study the impact of various thermal comfort technologies and develop energy efficient Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this study a novel data-driven model based on physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy) method was developed to predict Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature (EHT), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and cabin air temperature under transient conditions and drive cycles. EHT is a recognized measure of the total heat loss from the human body that can be used to characterize highly non-uniform thermal environments such as a vehicle cabin. The SINDy model was trained on drive cycle data from Climatic Wind Tunnel (CWT) for a representative Battery Electric Vehicle. The performance of the

Warey, Alok, Kaushik, Shailendra, Han, Taeyoung

A Method for the Estimation of Cooling System and Driving Performance for Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on Customer Fleet Data

14-11-02-001610/28/2021

An efficient vehicle thermal management is essential to fulfil the requirements of fuel consumption and passenger comfort. Therefore, the design and dimensioning of the cooling system is under high scrutiny in new vehicle architectures. With increasing electrification, no longer just the load peaks define the design frame but also the dynamics of thermal loading and recovery. Consequently, electrified vehicle architectures such as plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles demand for alternative approaches regarding the design of cooling systems and the definition of the decisive criteria. This article presents a new methodology for designing the cooling system related to its demands in customer operation. The recorded fleet data is first filtered for high load driving, using the so-called thermal load integral (LI) as a filter criterion. Application of the Markov Approach generates representative driving cycles out of the chosen driving sections, reducing the amount of data many times over

Gilles, Tim, Peissner, Simon

DESIGN & VALIDATION OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE FOUR-WHEELER THROUGH SIMULATION BASED APPROACH

2021-26-014809/22/2021

From last few years, many Auto OEMs are started shifting towards Electric Vehicle development from their regular conventional vehicle development As the main conventional power source engine is changed to an electric motor, many research and developments going on design and validating the E-Motor performance through test and simulation approaches by the majority of Auto OEMs and electric motor manufacturers The design approach of motors for electric vehicle (EV) application satisfying the high torque, high power, Less weight and less torque ripples are important aspects, but also the efficiency for full driving cycle, temperature, noise, and vibrations are very critical for suitability of the vehicle This paper is focused on calculating the power requirement for an electric vehicle using empirical formulas. Permanent magnet synchronous motor topology designed based on the duty cycle requirements and validate the Electromagnetic & Thermal performance by simulation tools. When compared

Potarlanka, Srinivasarao, Gumma, Muralidhar, Ramagiri, Sandeep

Smart and Compact Simulation Tool for Electric Vehicle Component Sizing

2021-26-041909/22/2021

Electric Vehicles (EVs), with its inherent advantage of zero tailpipe emissions, are gaining importance because of aggressive push from government not only to reduce air pollution but also to reduce dependency of fossil fuel. EVs and necessary charging infrastructure along with ‘connected’ technology is redefining mobility. Considering the fast growing EV market, it becomes important for an EV Powertrain Architect to design and develop a powertrain solution having low engineering efforts at the same time satisfying business, market and regulatory requirements at a competitive price. This paper presents a compact, flexible, convenient and smart featured simulation tool for an EV Powertrain Architect for estimating the specifications of key powertrain components such as traction battery and electric motor. The proposed tool takes into consideration the end-user as well as the regulatory requirements of range, maximum speed, acceleration and gradeability. 1. The proposed tool is compactly

Pandit, Sachin, Mittal, Nikhil

EV System Modelling And Co-simulation With Integrated HVAC And Auxiliary Models

2021-26-017209/22/2021

The current simulation models of EV and ICE Vehicles are well known in industry for their use in estimating the fuel economy or Range benefits because of controller calibrations and component sizing. However, there is a gap in understanding the behavior of accessories such as HVAC, power steering and other such auxiliary loads and the energy losses associated with them. Impact of thermal behavior of electronics on vehicle range also needs to be studied in detail. These kinds of studies help OEM and tier 1 manufactures in improving their design concepts significantly with minimum cost and development time. Hence, the focus of this study is on building simulation models of thermal, electrical, traction and control circuits of a typical electric vehicle. These models are then integrated, and analysis is performed to understand vehicle system level performance metrics. Individual models have been built for HVAC and thermal circuit of on EV in AMESim, HV and LV electrical power distribution

Sadaraboina, Moses Vidya Sagar, Joshi, Parth, Negi, Aditya, Zulkefli PhD, Mohd Azrin

Automatic Torque Mode Selection Based on Vehicle Load for Commercial Electric Vehicles

2021-26-014109/22/2021

Range of an electric vehicle is one of the most prominent decisive factors for a person willing to buy an electric vehicle. In this paper an algorithm is developed to estimate the load carried by the truck or passengers in case of a bus and accordingly switch between ECO, ECO+, Normal, Power, and Power+ modes. This is similar to the ECO/Power switches available in the vehicles, but here auto switching is done to reduce driver dependability and allow vehicle to operate in 5 different modes without driver intervention. Optimum utilization of available torque is done for efficient operation of the vehicle in all load and road conditions. The model based software development using MATLAB Simulink is used to develop an algorithm which will switch to Power or Power+ torque mode if the vehicle is fully laden or if the vehicle is going on a steep hill, whereas the algorithm will switch to ECO+ or ECO mode if the vehicle is empty or carrying less load. These torque mode shifts can occur

Nesamani, Kevin, Pandey, Ramakant, Jain, Rajesh

Three-way catalyst model development using physical and machine learning methods for engine control design purposes

2021-01-122109/21/2021

Gasoline engine control strategies ensure a combustion control around stoichiometry. That is because the three-way catalytic converter allows CO and HC oxidation under lean operating conditions while ensuring NOx reduction for rich mixtures. In case of engine malfunction, the controller must adapt to compensate for potential torque losse and other critical attributes, potentially leading to significant deviation of the fuel-air mixture richness from stoichiometry and larger emission levels. Therefore, during development of the engine fault diagnostics the impact on the pollutant emissions must be considered. In this paper, a model-based development process is proposed. It is based on system simulation modelling techniques, where a complete exhaust line is represented in order to predict tail-pipe emissions under stoichiometric, lean and rich conditions, for engine control design purposes. Two different modelling approaches are applied and evaluated in this paper. First, a physics-based

LOUSSAIEF, Sana, Akhmetov, Yerlan, GROISIL, Melanie, Takahashi, Daisuke, Kuhara, Masaki, Isobe, Yoshiki, Mas, Peter

Regional Market Effects on Opportunities for Emerging Engine and Powertrain Technologies

2021-01-124709/21/2021

This paper examines the benefit achievable with advanced engine technologies as “drop-in” substitutions for existing engines, as well as the opportunity for increased electric hybridization of the powertrain, for several major markets. This study evaluates key segments of light duty vehicles for several markets including US, China, EU, Japan, and India. Representative vehicles for each market were simulated using advanced vehicle modeling tools. For each market, the local regulatory cycles are employed to quantify the fuel economy benefits. This study aims to identify the powertrain and engine technology combination that is best suited for each market and vehicle segment. The focus of this paper is to estimate the fuel economy benefits that can be achieved with these technologies, while maintaining the typical performance requirements observed in each market. Additionally, to understand the potential impact of regional and seasonal variations in ambient temperature, a simple assessment

Costanzo, Vincent, Vijayagopal, Ram, Nieto Prada, Daniela

Numerical Simulation of Electric Powertrain for Examining Real-World Performance of EVs at Sub-Zero Temperatures

2021-01-124509/21/2021

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are considered to be a worthy alternative to automobiles powered by internal combustion engines to achieve the goal of sustainable transportation. For their many known advantages, Li-ion cells are considered to be the most practical energy storage solution for the purpose of EVs propulsion currently. Li-ion cells suffer from extreme power losses and significant drop in their capability to produce energy in extreme cold weather which is one of the primary reasons for EVs degraded performance in sub-zero temperatures. The present work proposes a novel approach to use numerical simulation technique to build an EV model based on BMW i3 using GT Suite at sub-zero temperatures. The model is validated against experimental data of the BMW i3 EV obtained from Argonne National Laboratory for US06, HWY and UDDS legislative drive cycles. A representative real-world drive cycle developed for Oxford, United Kingdom is used for evaluating the effect of cold temperatures on the

Tahir Baig, Mohammad, Samuel, Stephen

At the Convergence of the Mobility Trends: Eco-Friendly Connected Automated Vehicles (CAV) and the Energy Efficiency of their Perception System

2021-24-011309/05/2021

The four major mobility trends: Electrification, Automation, Connectivity and Ride Sharing drive technological and societal implications, resulting in the emergence of a new ecosystem that could offer faster, cheaper, cleaner, safer, more efficient transportation. Connectivity and Automation capitalize on the merits of the Electrified vehicle platforms. The potential safety related benefits of Connected Automated Vehicles (CAV) are relatively well quantified and accepted, but there is high uncertainty related to their Energy Consumption and Emissions implications, justifying continuous in-depth analysis. SAE International defined five levels of automation, requiring the vehicle to perform specific Advanced Driver Assist System (ADAS) functionality based on the inputs from a complex sensor suite. The CAV energy and efficiency analysis methodology follows the same general approach as for conventional vehicles but includes several specific aspects. In a CAV, the sensor suite and compute

Gradu, Mircea, Heeren, David

Fitting End, Bulkhead Flared Tube, for Seal Ring, Standard Dimensions for, Design Standard

AS1099D05/31/2021

No scope available.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Arrangement and Control Method of Cooperative Vehicle Platoon

04/06/2021

With the development of cellular communication technology and for the sake of reducing drag resistance, the multi-lane platoon technology will be more prosperous in the future. In this article, the cooperative vehicle platoon method on the public road is represented. The method’s architecture is mainly composed of the following parts: decision-making, path planning and control command generation. The decision-making uses the finite state machine to make decision and judgment on the cooperative lane change of vehicles, and starts to execute the lane change step when the lane change requirements are met. In terms of path planning, with the goal of ensuring comfort, the continuity of the vehicle state and no collision between vehicles, a fifth-order polynomial is used to fit every vehicle trajectory. In terms of control command generation module, a model predictive control algorithm is used to solve the multi-vehicle centralized optimization control problem. We use the two DOF vehicle

Chen, Guosheng, Wu, Jian, Li, Shuai, Zhang, Jinghua, Du, Zhiqiang, Wang, Guojun, Chen, Zhicheng

Synthesis and Validation of Multidimensional Driving Cycles

04/06/2021

Driving cycles are usually defined by vehicle speed as a function of time and they are typically used to estimate fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Currently, certification driving cycles are mainly used for this purpose. Since they are artificially generated, the resulting estimates and analyzes can generally be biased. In order to address these shortcomings, recent research efforts have been directed towards development of statistically representative synthetic driving cycles derived from recorded real-world data. To this end, this paper focuses on synthesis of multidimensional driving cycles using the Markov chain-based method and particularly on their validation. The synthesis is based on Markov chain of fourth order, where the road slope is accounted, as well. The corresponding transition probability matrix is implemented in the form of a sparse matrix parameterized with a rich set of recorded city bus driving cycles. A wide collection of statistical features, including

Topić, Jakov, Škugor, Branimir, Deur, Joško

Developing Prediction Based Algorithms for Energy and Exergy Flow

2021-01-025804/06/2021

The future battlefield will include multiple dissimilar manned and unmanned aerial, ground, sea, and space vehicles working in concert with each other to support fires, logistics, maneuvers, communication, and coordination-based missions. Mission effectiveness and efficiency are often at odds, and due to the distributed and dissimilar energy flows inherent in Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) there is a need to understand, identify, and characterize the energy flows. The ability to analyze the energy flows and effectively maintain adequate energy reserves could provide strategic capabilities to the warfighters, permitting energy informed operations to maximize mission effectiveness and efficiency, while mitigating vulnerabilities. This research focuses on developing energy and exergy characterization through development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for assessing and analyzing performance of a platform. These types of tools

Jane, Robert, Kim, CDT Tae, James, LTC Corey

FITTING ASSEMBLY, TEE, MALE FLARELESS ON THE RUN, AXIALLY SWAGED ON THE RUN AND THE BRANCH, HYDRAULIC, 3000 PSI

AS5810C (Current)03/17/2021

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

FITTING ASSEMBLY, TEE, AXIALLY SWAGED ON THE RUN, MALE FLARELESS ON THE BRANCH HYDRAULIC, 3000 PSI

AS5807C (Current)03/13/2021

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Multidisciplinary Investigation of Truck Platooning

2020-37-002806/23/2020

In the age of environmental challenges and with it, the demand for increasing energy efficiency of commercial vehicles, truck platooning is discussed as a promising approach. The idea is several trucks forming an automated convoy – with the lead truck sending out acceleration, braking and steering signals for the following trucks to react accordingly. The benefits address fuel savings, traffic capacity, safety requirements and convenience. In our study, we will motivate why platooning requires a multidisciplinary approach in the sense of connecting different modeling and simulation methods. The simulation topics covered are aerodynamic analysis, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, radar antenna placement and virtual drive cycle test for the energetic evaluation of a truck platoon in comparison to a single truck. Aerodynamic analyses are conducted using a transient Lattice Boltzmann approach on GPUs capturing the complex vehicle wake interactions for different platooning distances

Schnepf, Bastian, Kehrer, Christian, Maeurer, Christoph

Motorcycle and Motor Driven Cycle Electrical System Maintenance of Design Voltage

J392_202005 (Current)

05/26/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to electrical systems of motorcycles both with and without batteries.

Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee

A Lumped-Parameter Thermal Model for System Level Simulation of Hybrid Vehicles

2020-01-015004/14/2020

Commercial vehicle electrification is a path to meeting stringent fuel consumption and emission targets. Considering extended operations in different applications, the powertrain components need to be selected and sized together with the cooling system to ensure consistent performance and longer product life. In order to maintain the interactions between subsystems in the optimization routines, multi-physics models should be utilized. A simplified thermal network model is developed in this work for hybrid powertrain cooling systems based on the analogy between heat transfer and current flow equations. The assumption of a lumped system is valid for these components as the conductive heat transfer is much higher than convective heat transfer (Biot number <0.1). The energy equations are solved to calculate component temperatures in state space form, whereas, in literatures, detailed object-oriented 1-D models are mainly used for this purpose. This approach reduces simulation setup time

Caicedo Parra, Dina, Ramakrishnan, Kesavan, Farrell, Lisa, Narula, Manik, Sill, Patrick, Benjamin, Jithin

Effect of Driving Cycles on Emissions from On-Road Motorcycles

2020-01-037704/14/2020

The effects of driving cycles and fuel composition on emissions from on-road motorcycles were studied with the objectives of understanding the effects of established drive cycles, quantifying the emissions from a more rigorous drive cycle, and determining the emission differences between various certification test fuels. Chassis dynamometer emissions testing was conducted on three motorcycles with engine displacements of 300 cc, 750 cc and 1200 cc. All of the motorcycles were Class II North American certified motorcycles with fuel injection and three-way catalysts. The motorcycles were tested using the North American certification cycle, also known as the Federal Test Procedure (FTP); the World Motorcycle Transit Cycle (WMTC); and a trial cycle based on real-world motorcycle driving, informally named the ‘Real World Driving Cycle’ (RWDC). Per cycle exhaust emissions characterization included the following: carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, total

Rosenblatt, Debbie, Stokes, Jonathan, Caffrey, Cheryl, Brown, Kevin F.

Energy, Fuels, and Cost Analyses for the M1A2 Tank: A Weight Reduction Case Study

2020-01-017304/14/2020

Reducing the weight of the M1A2 tank by lightweighting hull, suspension, and track results in 5.1%, 1.3%, and 0.6% tank mass reductions, respectively. The impact of retrofitting with lightweight components is evaluated through primary energy demand (PED), cost, and fuel consumption (FC). Life cycle stages included are preproduction (design, prototype, and testing), material production, part fabrication, and operation. Metrics for lightweight components are expressed as ratios comparing lightweighted and unmodified tanks. Army-defined drive cycles were employed and an FC vs. mass elasticity of 0.55 was used. Depending on the distance traveled, cost to retrofit and operate a tank with a lightweighted hull is 3.5 to 19 times the cost for just operating an unmodified tank over the same distance. PED values for the lightweight hull are 1.1 to 2 times the unmodified tank. Cost and PED ratios decrease with increasing distance. Fuel savings from lightweighting do not offset lightweight part

Sullivan, John L., Lewis, Geoffrey M., Keoleian, Gregory A., Hart, Rob

Construction and Simulation Analysis of Driving Cycle of Urban Electric Logistic Vehicles

2020-01-104204/14/2020

In order to reflect the actual power consumption of logistics electric vehicles in a city, sample real vehicle road data. After preprocessing, the short-stroke analysis method is used to divide it into working blocks of no less than 20 seconds. Based on principal component analysis, three of the 12 characteristic parameters were selected as the most expressive. K-means clustering algorithm is adopted to obtain the proportions of various short strokes, according to the proportion, select the short stroke with small deviation degree to combine, and construct the driving cycle, it has the characteristics of low average speed, high idle speed ratio and short driving distance. AVL-cruise software builds the vehicle model and runs the driving cycle of urban logistic EV. Compared with WLTC, the difference in power consumption is 34.3%, which is closer to the actual power consumption, the areas with the highest motor speed utilization are concentrated only in the idle area. Therefore, the

Qian, Cheng, Wang, Liangmo, Zou, Xiaojun, Yuan, Liu-kai

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