Browse Topic: Drive cycles

Items (677)
Find
REPLACING DIESEL ENGINES WITH CNG ENGINES – IMPACT ON EMISSIONS, BASED ON CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER TESTS OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY BUSES2026-26-01271/16/2026
Abstract This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogen oxide emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Emissions measurements include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons including methane. Fuel consumption for liquid fuels is measured using weighing scales, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG. Experimental data from 20 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years is analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses but with the differently fueled
Iyer, Suresh
Drive Cycle Type Identification Using Data Driven Methodologies2026-26-06491/16/2026
Identifying the type of drive cycle is crucial for analyzing customer usage and optimizing vehicle performance and emission control. Methods that rely on geographical location are limited by varying driving conditions at the same location (e.g., heavy traffic during peak hours vs. free-flowing traffic at night). This paper proposes a methodology to identify the type of drive cycle (city, interurban, highway or others) using drive characteristics derived from vehicle data rather than geographical location. Real-world vehicle data from testing trucks is taken, whose drive profiles are already known. Initially, multiple characteristic features of the drive cycle are identified from literature surveys and domain experiences. These features, which can be extracted from basic signal data, include gear shifts, time spent in different driving modes (acceleration, cruise, standstill), velocity distributions, and an 'aggressiveness factor' representing overall driving style. Using ML based
REDDY, MALLANGI PRASHANTH, Gorain, Raju, Ganguly, Gourav
Parameterizing External Factors Influencing E-motor Consumption2026-26-01751/16/2026
In recent times, a standard drive cycle is an excellent way to measure the electric range of EVs. This process is standardized and repeatable; however, it has the drawback of testing in a controlled environment with a low content of active functions. This can cause a significant variation in predicted range between drive cycles and actual on-road tests. This problem can be addressed via on-road testing and by using customer-based velocity cycles which involve more active functions. While on-road tests provide a more accurate idea of real-world consumption, the repeatability of these tests is low due to excessive randomness. External factors such as ambient temperature, driver behavior, traffic, terrain, altitude, and load conditions affect the vehicle during on-road testing, making repeatability difficult. No two measurements can have the same consumption even if done on the same road with the same vehicle due to these factors. This paper presents a machine learning-based method to
Kelkar, Kshitij, Kanakannavar, Rohit
Digital Twin-Enhanced Chassis Dynamometer for EV Drivetrain Testing2026-26-03631/16/2026
Accurate prediction of drivetrain performance and energy efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs) remains a challenge due to the limitations of conventional chassis dynamometer testing, which often overlooks dynamic vehicle-roller interactions, suspension responses, and regenerative braking effects. This paper presents a novel digital twin-enabled testing framework using a compact, two-roller chassis dynamometer integrated with real-time multibody dynamics and electromechanical co-simulation. The physical test bench is coupled with a virtual model of the EV, including suspension geometry, rear-to-front axle load distribution, tire–roller contact mechanics, and motor-inverter dynamics. By enabling bi-directional data exchange between the physical and virtual domains, the system emulates real-world load shifts, torque demand variations, and energy recovery under standardized drive cycles. This integrated approach enhances simulation fidelity, supports certification-compliant testing, and
Kumar, Akhilesh, V, Yashvati
India WLTC vs MIDC: Comparative Analytical study on BEV Range & Energy Consumption as per AIS175 draft & AIS039/0402026-26-02441/16/2026
The Main Objective of WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure) was to standardize the Globally Harmonized Test Procedure for evaluating Emission/ FE/ Range of Light Duty Vehicles. Europe has already adopted the WLTP from 2018. WLTC is a global harmonized test cycle that provides realistic emissions/ Range estimation based on its aggressive driving patterns. In India, currently Continuous Full MIDC (Modified Indian Driving Cycle) used to declare the Range of BEV's. Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) released a AIS 175 draft report for development of WLTP regulation in India (iWLTC : India WLTC). The real road Range of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is observed 25% ~ 35% lower than declared Range of Full MIDC AER (All Electric Range). In Europe, real road range of BEV is 10% ~ 15% lower than declared range of WLTP AER. Analytical study performed on BEV Range/ EC as per AIS 175 draft & AIS 039/040 regulation to compare the impact of iWLTC vs MIDC cycle. The Range & Energy
Shiva Kumar, Mucharla, Tentu, Kavya
Migration from MIDC to WLTP in India: Challenges & Solutions for a Small Commercial Vehicle2026-26-02151/16/2026
In line with global peers (EU, Japan etc.), the Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) Committee in India has decided to adopt "World harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP)" for M and N category vehicles with GVW not exceeding 3500 kg. As a result, "World harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC )" is set to replace currently applicable "Modified Indian Drive Cycle (MIDC)" in the next couple of years. The draft CAFE III & CAFE IV norms for CO2 emission limits, which are set to be implemented in 2027 and 2032 respectively refer to a shift to WLTP from MIDC. This migration to WLTP is in sync with the demand for test procedures to replicate real driving conditions more appropriately. Further, with the Indian automotive sector growing at a robust CAGR of ~9%, the move to WLTP along with stricter emission norms is going to help the government take a major step towards India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. WLTC cycle being much more dynamic with higher
Emran, Ashraf, Sandhu, Rouble, Pawar, Bhushan, Berry, Sushil
Performance Evaluation of Battery Pack With E-Rickshaw on Chassis Dynamometer by Using In-House Developed Driving Cycle2026-26-01481/16/2026
The present work highlights a case-study that aims to determine the performance (power input/output) and battery temperature on in-house developed e-rickshaw battery pack. With the rise of e-rickshaws in Indian market, the demand for the batteries have also increased and being the largest state-run energy company of India, R&D Centre of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) has developed a chemically modified nanomaterial-based lead acid battery. The lab scale experiments, which are not presented in the study due to confidentiality and intellectual property obligations, indicated that the nanomaterial doped lead acid battery pack performs better than the control (reference) and leading commercial batteries in terms of lifecycle, capacity etc. Subsequently, this paper highlights the performance with IOC R&D Centre manufactured 12V/100AH chemically modified (nanomaterial) lead acid battery pack for e-rickshaw on duty cycle developed indigenously based on the city driving experiences. The
Saroj, Shyamsher, Sithananthan, M, Kumar, Prashant, Arora, Ajay, Sundaram, P, Kalita, Mrinmoy
Clutch Thermal Adequacy Assessment in Repeat Restart Launch Condition on Gradient2026-26-04341/16/2026
The clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission from the engine to the wheels. It consists of the clutch disc assembly and cover assembly. The clutch disc, with friction material linings, is mounted on the transmission shaft and gets clamped between the flywheel and cover assembly to transmit power as required. However, wear and tear occur due to the differential speeds and slippage between the engine and transmission during operation. Clutch performance is assessed for its thermal behavior under repeat restart conditions on steep gradients, which is essential for the reliability and durability of commercial vehicle clutches. Repeat restart test is a key test to assess clutch performance on a 12% gradient. This test replicates real world scenarios, such as truck launches on hilly terrains under full load, where the clutch experiences significant slippage due to speed differences. This generates heat, and repeated engagements can cause the temperature to
Munisamy, Sathishkumar, Chollangi, Damodar, Mane, Sudhir
Virtual Powertrain Development and Calibration methodology: The Role of Model-in-the-Loop in Calibration and Testing of EV power Train integrated with real road simulation tools.2026-26-04721/16/2026
The automotive industry has witnessed significant advancements in powertrain development over recent years, with further evolution expected in the near future. Modern vehicle propulsion systems now encompass a broad spectrum, including fully electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid models, mild 48V hybrid powertrains, and traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This growing variety demands extensive engineering efforts for development and testing across different powertrain configurations. To facilitate the simultaneous advancement of multiple powertrain technologies while keeping costs manageable, optimizing calibration and testing processes is crucial. A combination of cutting-edge simulation techniques and state-of-the-art testing equipment offers an effective solution, introducing innovative testing methodologies that streamline the development of sophisticated propulsion architectures. This paper explores the implementation of Model-in-the-Loop (MIL) testing as a key methodology
Elumalai, Elakkia, P, SahayaSurendiraBabu, S, Sivashankar, J, Frederick Royston, S, Gowtham
Drive Cycle Based Energy Audit & Range Estimation for 4X2 Electric Truck2026-26-01631/16/2026
Transportation sector in India accounts for 18% of total energy consumption. Demand of energy consumption is being met by the imported crude oil, which makes transportation sector more vulnerable to fluctuating international crude oil prices. India is mindful of its commitment in 2016 Paris climate agreement to reduce GHG emissions by 35% by 2030 as compared to 2005 levels. To fast track the decarbonization of transportation sector, commercial vehicle manufacturers have been exploring other viable options such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a part of their fleet. As on today, BEV has its own challenges such as range anxiety & high total cost of ownership. Range anxiety can be certainly addressed by optimum sizing of electric powertrain, reduction in specific energy consumption (SEC) & use of effective regeneration strategies. Higher SEC can be more effectively addressed by doing vehicle energy audit thereby estimating the energy losses occurring at each powertrain component of
Gijare, Sumant, Karthick, K., Juttu, Simhachalam, Thipse, Sukrut S., A, Jothikumar, J, Frederick Royston, SR, Subasree, G, Harini, M, Senthil Kumar
Optimizing System Design performance and its accuracy using Feature Importance2026-26-04211/16/2026
With continuous improvements in model accuracy and computational performance, system simulation can be seamless integrated into development tools and methodologies as a "virtual test bed" in synergy with experimental tests. However, virtual vehicle and powertrain thermal models still face significant obstacles in realizing their full benefits. One common challenge is modeling accuracy and its anomalies, particularly in models provided by internal automotive companies and external suppliers. The models developed for vehicle thermal management and its systems have been created using specific software, making it difficult to verify the accuracy of the models across different systems and their performance. Integrating different systems in a Co-simulation environment has affected the overall accuracy of the Vehicle Simulation Platform model. This situation significantly reduces the return on investment in model development. To address these issues, we propose deploying feature importance
Srinivasan, Rangarajan, SARAPALLI RAMACHANDRAN, Raghuveeran, ASHOK BHARDE, Pooja, SARAVANAN, Vivek
CS Structure: New generation metallic catalyst substrate for 2- and 3-Wheeler applications2026-26-02201/16/2026
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three-wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level; and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. Especially, Metallic catalyst substrates from Emitec Technologies GmbH with structured foils like the Longitudinal StructureTM (LS) are fully compatible to this effort with more than 90% share of produced 2/3 Wheelers metallic catalyst substrates for the Indian customers in 2024. One decade after the market introduction of this LS structure, Emitec Technologies GmbH will introduce now a new generation of foil structure: the Crossversal StructureTM (CS) that improves further the affordability, the efficiency of metallic catalytic converters, keeping the durability at same level than previous substrate generation. The paper will briefly review the development of metallic substrates for 2/3 wheelers applications, especially the
Jayat, Francois
Impact of Electric Exhaust Heater Power Electronics unit (EHPE) and Energy Storage Systems on Economy and Performance of Heavy-Duty Mild Hybrid Vehicles2026-26-01841/16/2026
With stringent emission norms enforced by governments and public authorities, advancements in internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles have become crucial. Cold starts and low-temperature combustion contribute significantly to vehicle emissions and need to be addressed to comply with upcoming stringent emission norms. An electric exhaust heater is known to reduce emissions by maintaining optimal exhaust temperature. For efficient energy management, exhaust heaters are typically powered by an onboard Energy Storage System (ESS), charged by electric machines. These electric machines in hybrid architecture provide efficient energy management by utilizing the recuperated braking energy of vehicles. However, the addition of a 48V hybrid system increases overall vehicle weight, and the vehicle effectiveness depends significantly on the vehicle application and ESS type used. The focus of this study is to investigate the impact of mild hybrids on fuel economy and performance for
Sadaraboina, Vidyasagar, Mehta, Kavish, Patil, Lalit Murlidhar, Busdiecker, Matthew, Karrer, Ben
Simulation of EV range Estimation for different payload of vehicle.2026-26-03891/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is reshaping the automotive and logistics industries, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing an increasingly central role in passenger mobility and commercial operations. As EV adoption grows, the need for accurate range estimation becomes critical, particularly under varying operational conditions such as increased payload. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This study focuses on addressing the technical gap in predicting EV range with respect to different payload conditions. Traditional range estimation methods often fail to account for real-world variables like additional cargo weight, leading to suboptimal route planning, increased energy consumption, and unanticipated charging requirements. Payload-induced range degradation can result in up to some deviation in
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Heating City Electric Buses and Ways to Reduce It2026-26-01561/16/2026
For regions with cold climates, the driving range of electric buses becomes a significant obstacle to the broader adoption of this type of transport. The increased energy consumption affects not only the range of autonomous operation but also the lifespan of battery packs, the scheduling of bus departures, and the load on the charging infrastructure. In this context, finding ways to reduce the energy consumption of the climate control system is an actual issue. The aim of the presented research is to experimentally and computationally determine the energy consumption for heating the driver's cabin and passenger compartment of an electric bus during the autumn-winter operation period, as well as to identify and analyze ways to reduce this energy consumption. To determine the air temperature in the passenger compartment, a mathematical model based on heat balance equations was used. This model was validated using data from real-world tests. The research was conducted at a proving ground
Kozlov, Andrey, Terenchenko, Alexey, Stryapunin, Alexander
Representative Drive cycle velocity profiles Prediction using ML Algorithms for Energy Efficiency2026-26-06381/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and performance is a high priority for the automotive industry as customer expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable a considerable reduction in development lead times. Driving cycles act as standardized measurement procedures for certifying a vehicle's fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluation. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and energy
Kanakannavar, Rohit, Kelkar, Kshitij, Sadalge, Anand
Efficiency Enhancement of Electric Vehicle Drivetrains through Advanced Gearbox Strategies2026-26-00531/16/2026
In the pursuit of sustainable mobility solutions, optimizing drivetrain efficiency has emerged as a critical factor in enhancing the overall performance, reliability, and market acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs). This study specifically focuses on achieving efficiency improvements within the gearbox system of Electric Vehicles, a major contributor to mechanical losses in the drivetrain. Key technical strategies explored include the adoption of low-viscosity lubricants, utilization of low-friction bearings, incorporation of high-efficiency oil seals, and the application of low-loss gear designs. Collectively, these enhancements aim to reduce mechanical frictional losses, leading to tangible benefits such as increased vehicle driving range, reduced energy consumption, lower carbon emissions, and decreased long-term maintenance costs. In addition to component-level improvements, the study investigates the integration of a 2-speed gearbox within electric vehicles as a system-level
Agrawal, Devesh, Bhardwaj, Abhishek, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
Prediction of REESS factor for SOC correction in Hybrid Vehicles2026-26-04711/16/2026
The regulatory mechanisms to measure emissions from automobiles have evolved drastically over the years. Certification of CO2 emissions is one of them. It is not only critical for environmental protection but can also invite heavy fines to OEMs, if not complied with. In homologation test of a Hybrid Vehicle, it is necessary to correct the measured CO2 to account for deviations in measurement from failed Start-Stop phase and difference between start and end State of Charge (SOC) of battery. The correction methodology is also applicable for vehicle simulation in Software-in-Loop environment. The focus of this paper is on the correction of CO2 derived from SOC delta in Homologation cycle. The battery energy delta due to difference in SOC between start and end of drive cycle should be converted to corresponding fuel energy/CO2 expended from Internal Combustion Engine. The resulting correction factor is known as Rechargeable Electrical Energy Storage System (REESS) factor. To provide this
Gopinath, Shravanthi Poorigali, Khatod, Krishna
Model based design and numerical analysis of a downsized centrifugal pump for engine cooling applications2025-32-007811/3/2025
The water pump is the crucial component of the engine cooling system. It is usually designed using a roughly methodology based on the maximum power of the engine, and this results in an overdesign of the pump itself, if the real operating points during a driving mission is considered. An improper design can cause the engine to overheat or operate below optimal temperatures, or it can stress too much the control devices, negatively impact engine efficiency. Hence, designing an effective water pump is essential. In this work, a model based procedure to design the pump in a proper engine working point is considered. The procedure starts with an estimation of the engine thermal needs in different working conditions and on a driving cycle. Hence, a flow rate can be targeted, and a pressure drop of the cooling circuit estimated, in order to have the specifics of the design of the pump. The model is able to evaluate all the hydraulic losses of the pump in its impeller and volute. The geometry
Di Battista, Davide, Di Bartolomeo, Marco, Cipollone, Roberto, Di Prospero, Federico, Di Giovine, Giammarco, Fatigati, Fabio, DERISZADEH, Ali
Novel Statistical Modelling-Based Approach for Exhaust Mass Flow Calculation in Motorcycles2024-32-00724/18/2025
The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake
Schurl, Sebastian, Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
A Power Split eCVT Hybrid for Sustainable Urban Mobility2024-32-00294/18/2025
The main drivers for powertrain electrification of two-wheelers, motorcycles and ATVs are increasingly stringent emission and noise limitations as well as the upcoming demand for carbon neutrality. Two-wheeler applications face significantly different constraints, such as packaging and mass targets, limited charging infrastructure in urban areas and demanding cost targets. Battery electric two wheelers are the optimal choice for transient city driving with limited range requirements. Hybridization provides considerable advantages and extended operation limits. Beside efficiency improvement, silent and zero emission modes with solutions allowing fully electric driving, combined boosting enhances performance and transient response. In general, there are two different two-wheeler base categories for hybrid powertrains: motorcycles featuring frame-integrated internal combustion engine (ICE) and transmission units, coupled with secondary drives via chain or belt; and scooters equipped with
Schoeffmann, W., Fuckar, G., Hubmann, C., Gruber, M.
Regeneration Calibration for optimum Range and effective brakes performances in eSUV2024-26-01101/16/2024
Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles (EVs) to extend their driving range. To enhance the braking performances and regenerative energy, regenerative braking control strategy based on multi objective optimisation is explained in this paper. This technical paper would be focusing on extracting optimum Range with effective brake performances without affecting drivability and performances in different drives modes. An extensive research study on public road driving patterns is done to understand the percentage utilisation of brakes at various (low-mid-high) speeds as per the customer driving behavior. Multi-Objective optimisation function with three vital factors is defined where output generated power, torque smoothness and current smoothness are selected as optimisation objective to improve the driving range, braking comfort, and battery lifetime respectively. Braking regeneration maps are calibrated along with optimised foundation brake hardware’s to get
KUMAR, Prabhakar, K, Rajakumar, Krishnan, Nandhakumar, Suhail, Mohammed thamjeed
Vehicle performance simulation of a 3-wheeler Cargo electric vehicle using model-based approach and Validation of drive cycle data2024-26-01051/16/2024
Electric vehicle development is at the core of the next generation of last mile commercial vehicles. These vehicles will be used for delivery purposes over routine routes within a city. Realizing the performance requirement of such a vehicle involves concise choice of Battery capacity and Powertrain to deliver consistent performance with a desirable range for the end user. The model-based performance simulation helps in evaluating the performance characteristics of the vehicle in the early stage of development. The Product development process encounters various challenges in terms of product cost, design, and identification of the required specification for the Battery, Powertrain, and vehicle architecture. The model-based approach is used in this scenario for performing the foundational analysis to evaluate the range, acceleration, gradeability along with Component sizing to determine the optimum specification needed in the motor and Battery capacity to reach the specified targets
Manapadam Baskar, Bhushan
Assessing the Potential of CBG as an Alternative Fuel: An Experimental Study on Vehicle Performance and Emissions in BS VI Compliant Three-Wheeler and Passenger Car2024-26-00761/16/2024
India's natural gas consumption reached 60.3 billion cubic meters (BCM) in the year 2022-23, with imports accounting for 44.2% of the total consumption. As India targets 15% of primary energy consumption from gas by 2030, the demand for natural gas is expected to grow significantly. In this context, CBG, which can reduce dependence on imported natural gas, has emerged as a viable alternative to CNG. The government's SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) initiative encourages entrepreneurs to establish CBG plants and supply CBG to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for use as automotive and industrial fuels. As of April 2023, 47 CBG plants have been set up, and 117 retail outlets in India are selling CBG as a transportation fuel. The quality requirements of CBG are governed by IS 16087, aligning with the specifications for automotive CNG defined in IS 15958. To assess the impact of CBG on vehicle performance and emissions, an experimental study was conducted
P, Sakthivel, Mittal, Neeraj, sinha, Prabhakar, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul
Engine Warm-up Prediction using Machine Learning Methodology.2024-26-02951/16/2024
In the recent times, when emission & CO2 legislations are becoming more stringent, we need to adjust our simulation methods to the engine warm-up for better prediction. A typical fuel economy simulation for a WLTP drive cycle with and without considering warm-up effect differentiates up to 6-8%. Thus, there is a need to consider engine warm-up parameters for drive cycle simulations. The engine warm-up can be predicted in multiple ways but the most common way is detailed Physics based 1D modelling. These thermodynamic based models have a very good accuracy in temperature characteristics compared to actual test but take a lot of simulation time. The current requirement is to have models, which can do the same with 0.3 times real time so that these can be coupled with SiL simulation. The current paper will portrait a machine learning based methodology to predict Engine Oil & Coolant temperature based on driving profile and fuel consumption. ML model is trained by using data from one drive
Kelkar, Kshitij, Bensch, Simon, Gopalkrishnan, Suresh Kumar, Meissner, Ronny
After-treatment Improvement in Mahindra BS6.1 to BS6.22024-26-01481/16/2024
Effective 1st April 2023, India's automotive emissions regulation has moved from BS6.1 to BS6.2 standard the after-treatment systems need to demonstrate robust performance not just on the cycle, but also to demonstrate emissions for on-road driving (RDEs) conditions. A stringent OBD strategy to monitor the real-time emission levels along with compliance On Road Driving Emissions (RDEs) are focus areas for BS6.2 emission legislation. The max speed on MIDC is 90km/h in BS6.1, DOC+SCRF® was meeting legislation at the lab and now with iRDE cycle max speed of the vehicles under M1 category will have the max permitted legal limit shall surpass 100 km/h for not greater than 3% of the time duration in the Phase-3 driving cycle for which max speed is up to 120 km/h. The monitoring window intended for BS6.2 with higher operating temperatures and higher space velocity plays a major role and adds a challenge to tackling the emission on the road. In this article, Mahindra and Johnson Matthey will
Vediappan, Sudhagar, Mandla, Manoj, Ragunathan, Santhosh Kumar, Kumar, Uday, O'Connell, Tim, Harris, Matthew, Green, Alexander, Sharma, Prashant, V, Suryanarayanan, MALATHKAR, Prakash Rao, Sharma, Vinay
Real-World Emissions of Motorcycles in Delhi-NCR Region, India2022-28-043511/9/2022
This research quantifies the real-world emissions of motorcycles plying in Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), India covering the urban, rural and highway driving patterns. The emissions estimation by standard driving cycles in the laboratory does not represent the emissions factors estimated in real-world driving conditions experience on road. In the real-world driving conditions, the emissions of motorcycles were influenced by vehicle driving parameters, and traffic conditions. The time-speed data was collected using a BS VI motorcycle in Delhi-NCR during peak and non-peak hours on weekdays and weekends. The emissions factors were estimated by simulating the time-speed data on chassis dynamometer interfaced with 5-gas analyzer, and emissions factors were analyzed for traffic conditions. The average and maximum speed of 29 km/h and 60 km/h in urban, 33 km/h and 72 km/h in rural, and 47 km/h and 79 km/h in highway respectively were observed. The CO and HC emissions were higher during
Sithananthan, M., Kumar, Ravindra, Maheshwari, Mukul, Saxena, Deepak
Utilizing Machine Learning Algorithms in a Data-Driven Approach to the Prediction of Vehicle Battery State of Charge with BMW i3 Datasets2022-01-508810/17/2022
The state of charge (SoC) in an electric vehicle must be assessed and projected for any scenario, using the array of data points that can be extracted from a vehicle. In this paper, we explored the utility of data-driven approaches to SoC prediction that do not rely upon any internal or equation-based understanding of the device operation. We leveraged three unique machine learning algorithms to predict the battery SoC using data from other features of electric vehicles. We leveraged a publicly available dataset describing vehicle parameters and trip details for 70 trips in EV BMW™ i3 (60 ah) vehicles and evaluated aforementioned machine learning algorithms for predicting SoC percentage. We utilized a data processing technique (delta and stagger) to extract different perspectives from each trip record and demonstrated that machine learning techniques can be effectively used to predict battery SoC for a wide range of driving conditions and trip parameters.
Puri, Shreya
Evaluating Class 6 Delivery Truck Fuel Economy and Emissions Using Vehicle System Simulations for Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains and Co Optima Fuel Blends2022-01-11569/20/2022
The US Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Engine and Fuels Initiative (Co-Optima) investigated how unique properties of bio-blendstocks considered within Co-Optima help address emissions challenges with mixing controlled compression ignition (i.e., conventional diesel combustion) and enable advanced compression ignition modes suitable for implementation in a diesel engine. Additionally, the potential synergies of these Co-Optima technologies in hybrid vehicle applications in the medium- and heavy-duty sector was also investigated. In this work, vehicles system were simulated using the Autonomie software tool for quantifying the benefits of Co-Optima engine technologies for medium-duty trucks. A Class 6 delivery truck with a 6.7 L diesel engine was used for simulations over representative real-world and certification drive cycles with four different powertrains to investigate fuel economy, emissions, and well-to-wheel greenhouse gas performance. Comparisons were made between
Vijayagopal, Ram, Curran, Scott, Deter, Dean, Longman, DOUGLAS
Modelling and Simulation of Propulsion System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle in Simulink. 2022-26-11605/26/2022
Being a Concerned about the environment impact and pollution free surrounding, it is need of the world to shift the focus on electric vehicle and Hybrid electric vehicle which is key technology. The presented article considers the model of propulsion system in the hybrid vehicle along with it, important domain of electric vehicle i. e Vehicle dynamics is also simulated. The model for the same is created in the Simulink. While simulating the model parameters like resistive forces which mainly includes rolling resistance, drag force, tractive force along with it regenerative braking, battery performance are studied for a specific drive cycle. In this work the main goal is to increase range of HEV by studying vehicle dynamics. . PID is used to follow drive cycle and the effect of resistive forces on vehicle are shown using graphs which are then studied and optimised to get maximum efficiency. Author tried to achieve vehicle range of 300km in one full charge. Finally, all the values
Chirme, Omkar, Shetty, Tushar, Pise, Sushant, Phad, Arihant, Dorwat, Ajit
Rule-based Power Management Strategy of Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles: Case Study of A Class 8 Heavy-Duty Truck2022-01-09013/29/2022
Mobility in the automotive and transportation sector has been experiencing a period of unprecedented evolution. A growing need for efficient, clean and safe mobility has made a strong momentum toward sustainable technologies in this sector. Toward this end, battery electric vehicles have drawn keen interest and the market share is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, especially in light-duty applications such as passenger cars. Although battery electric vehicles feature high performance and zero emissions characteristics, economic and technical issues such as high battery cost, a short driving range, and limited infrastructure should be tackled. In particular, the low power density of battery electric vehicles limits their broad adoption in heavy-duty applications such as class 8 long haul trucks due to a size and weight of battery. In this work, motivated by the high power density and potential for improving energy efficiency through regenerative braking of a hydraulic
Yoon, Yongsoon, Romero, Giovanni, Nkemdilim-Dantzler, Emil, DelVescovo, Dan, Guessous, Laila
A constant equivalence ratio multi-zone approach for a detailed and fast prediction of performances and emissions in CI engines2022-01-04553/29/2022
The paper illustrates and validates a novel predictive combustion model for the estimation of in-cylinder performances and pollutant production in CI engines. The numerical methodology was developed by the authors for near real-time and / or control-oriented applications, while aiming at an accurate description of the air mixing process by means of a multi-zone approach of the air-fuel mass. Charge stratification is estimated via a 2D representation of the fuel spray distribution that is numerically derived by an axial one-dimensional control-volume description of the direct injection. The radial coordinate of each control volume is reconstructed a posteriori by means of a local distribution function. Fuel mass clustered in each zone is further split in ‘liquid’, ‘unburnt’ and ‘burnt’ sub-zones, given the local properties of the fuel spray control volumes with respect to space-time location of modelled ignition delay, liquid length, and flame lift-off. Multiple injections are described
Tamborski, Matteo, D'Errico, Gianluca, Lucchini, Tommaso, Cerri, Tarcisio, Onorati, Angelo
Demonstration of energy consumption reduction in class 8 trucks using eco-driving algorithm based on on-road testing2022-01-01573/29/2022
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication has enabled on-board access to the information from other vehicles and infrastructure. This information, traditionally used for safety applications, is increasingly being used for improving fuel economy of the vehicles [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This work aims at demonstrating energy consumption reduction in heavy/medium duty vehicles using the eco-driving algorithm. The algorithm is enabled by V2X communication and uses data contained in basic safety messages (BSMs) and signal phase and timing (SPaT) to generate an energy-efficient velocity trajectory for the vehicle to follow. A ~25.7 km (16-mi) urban corridor in Bexar County, Texas, was modeled in a microscopic traffic simulation package and calibrated to match real-world conditions. For the trucks using this algorithm, a nominal reduction of 7% in energy consumption and 6% in trip time was observed in simulation. This was validated by on-track testing of a pair of velocity profiles. The track testing
Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Frazier, Cole, Rengarajan, Sankar, Warden, Rebecca, Brown, Michael, Sarlashkar, Jayant
High-Fidelity Heavy-Duty Vehicle Modeling Using Sparse Telematics Data 2022-01-06353/29/2022
Heavy-duty commercial vehicles tend to have poor energy efficiency due to relatively high mass, poor aerodynamic characteristics, and high auxiliary power loads. These factors lead directly to high fuel cost per mile, perpetuate domestic dependence on imported oil, and contribute to climate change and environmental damage in the form of air pollution. The optimization of energy efficiency in these vehicles presents a way to reduce industry expenses while also taking action on the growing issue of climate change. Vehicle modeling provides a path for energy efficiency improvement by allowing rapid experimentation of different vehicle characteristics on fuel consumption. This research focused on creating higher fidelity models using real-world, sparsely collected telematics data from a large fleet of heavy-duty vehicles. The largest challenge encountered in this research was the use of sparse data, where samples are sporadically collected, leading to infrequent sampling rate and
Carow, Kyle, Cantwell, Nathaniel, Ivanco, Andrej, Holden, Jacob, Baker, Chad, Miller, Eric, Asher, Zachary
Physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics for Prediction of Vehicle Cabin Occupant Thermal Comfort2022-01-01803/29/2022
Thermal cabin comfort is the largest consumer of battery energy second only to propulsion in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s). Accurate prediction of thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin with fast turnaround times will allow engineers to study the impact of various thermal comfort technologies and develop energy efficient Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this study a novel data-driven model based on physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy) method was developed to predict Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature (EHT), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and cabin air temperature under transient conditions and drive cycles. EHT is a recognized measure of the total heat loss from the human body that can be used to characterize highly non-uniform thermal environments such as a vehicle cabin. The SINDy model was trained on drive cycle data from Climatic Wind Tunnel (CWT) for a representative Battery Electric Vehicle. The performance of the
Warey, Alok, Kaushik, Shailendra, Han, Taeyoung
Evaluating Simulation Driver Model Performance using Dynamometer Test Criteria2022-01-06383/29/2022
The influence of driver modeling and drive cycle target speed trace modification on vehicle dynamics within energy consumption simulations is studied. EPA dynamometer speed error criteria and the SAE J2951 standard are applied to simulation outputs as proposed components of simulation validation, providing guidelines for acceptable vehicle speed outputs and allowing comparison of simulation results to reported EPA dynamometer test statistics. The combined effect of driver model tuning and drive cycle interpolation methods is investigated for the UDDS, HwFET and US06 drive cycles, with EPA-specified linearly interpolated speed trace and PI controller driver as a baseline result. Additional benefits of driver tuning are presented including a reduction in unnecessarily-aggressive simulated accelerator and brake pedal actuation, resulting in a 50% or greater drop in simulated vehicle RMS jerk and peak jerk in each analyzed case compared to baseline. For the simulated vehicle, a “lazy
Legg, Thomas, Nelson, Douglas
Development of Vehicle Thermal Management Model for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle2022-01-02263/29/2022
Recently, automobile manufacturers are interested in the development of battery electric vehicle (BEV) having a longer mileage to satisfy customer needs. The BEV with high efficiency depends on the temperature of the electric components. Hence it is important to study the effect of the cooling system in electric vehicle in order to optimize efficiency and performance. In this study, we present a 1-D vehicle thermal management (VTM) simulation model. The individual vehicle subsystems were modeled including cooling, power electric (PE), mechanical, and control components. Each component was integrated into a single VTM model and it would be used to calculate energy transfer among electrical, thermal, and mechanical energy. As a result, this simulation model predicts a plenty of information including the state of each component such as temperature, energy consumption, and operating point about electric vehicle depending on driving cycles and environmental conditions. The characteristic of
Hong, Seokbin, Kyoung, Song, Sung, Wonjune, Lee, Dongkyu, Choi, Kyungwook, Park, Minjung, Seo, Heung Seok, Park, Sunghoon, Jung, Young Ho
A High Efficiency Transmission Architecture for Electric Vehicles2022-01-07923/29/2022
A Dual Epicyclic Electronic Continuously Variable Transmission (DE-ECVT) with an input-split, output coupled, split-power-path configuration is proposed for improving overall system efficiency and range for electric vehicles. By modulating the power split ratio between the mechanical (i.e. Planetary Gear Trains) and electrical drivelines (i.e. Motor Generator Units), a continuous range of gear ratios that facilitate a higher efficiency powertrain is obtained. The proposed concept leverages two power-split units that leads to significantly reduced power flow through the electrical drivelines (compared with single speed EV transmissions as well as single power-split E-CVTs) while providing the same overall ratio spread for transmission operation. A multi-layered optimization is performed, first on the operational control strategy to maximize the end-of-cycle SOC (State of Charge) of the battery for a given set of transmission design parameters, and then subsequently on the design
Swain, Anshuman, Gopalswamy, Swaminathan
An Estimation of the Effect of Turbulence from the Natural Wind and Traffic on the Cycle-Averaged-Drag Coefficient. 2022-01-10763/29/2022
A drag coefficient, which is representative of the drag of a car undergoing a particular drive cycle, known as the cycle-averaged-drag coefficient, has been previously developed. It was derived for different drive cycles using mean values for the natural wind. It assumed terrain dependent wind velocities based on the Weibull function, equi-probable wind direction and shear effects. It did not, however, include any effects of turbulence in the natural wind. Some recent research using active vanes in the wind tunnel to generate turbulence has suggested that the effect on drag can be evaluated from the quasi steady wind inputs. On this basis the effect of natural wind turbulence on the aerodynamic drag of a typical car has been obtained as a function of car velocity and both wind velocity and direction. For a particular combination of car and wind velocity the additional effects of turbulence are very sensitive to the wind angle and on the shape of the drag curve with yaw angle. The wind
Howell, Jeff, Passmore, Martin
Mean-value exergy modeling of internal combustion engines: sensitivity analysis2022-01-04313/29/2022
This work proposes the application of the mean-value exergy-based internal combustion engine model, recently developed by the authors, for the quantification of the exergy transfer and destruction phenomena over different driving conditions. A thorough sensitivity analysis with respect to different driving cycles, environmental temperatures, and exhaust gas recirculation rates is performed. This allows to assess how driving conditions and environment affect the exergetic behavior of the engine, providing insights on the availability transfer and destruction phenomena and, ultimately, inefficiency.
Pozzato, Gabriele, Rizzo, Denise, Onori, Simona
Quantifying Repeatability of Real-World On-Road Driving Using Dynamic Time Warping2022-01-03103/29/2022
There are numerous activities in the automotive industry in which a vehicle drives a pre-defined route multiple times, such as portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) testing or real-world electric vehicle range testing, in which the speed profile is not the same for each drive cycle due to uncontrollable real-world variables such as traffic, stoplights, stalled vehicles, or weather conditions. It sometimes can be difficult, then, to compare each run accurately. To this end, this paper presents a method to compare and quantify the repeatability of real-world on-road vehicle driving schedules using dynamic time warping (DTW). DTW is a well-developed computational algorithm which compares two different signals describing the same underlying phenomenon but occurring at different time scales. In this paper, DTW is applied to real-world on-road drive cycles, and metrics are developed to quantify how similar these drive cycles are to a common reference cycle. It goes on to explore the
Lobato, Peter, Rayno, Mars, Daily, Jeremy, Bradley, Thomas
Combining DMDF and hybrid powertrains: a look on the effects of different battery modelling approaches2022-01-07933/29/2022
Fleet electrification has been demonstrated as a feasible solution to decarbonize the heavy-duty transportation sectors. The combination of hybridization and advanced combustion concepts may provide further advantages by also introducing reductions on criteria pollutants. In this scenario, the interplay among the different energy paths must be understood and quantified to extract the full potential of the powertrain. One of the key devices in such powertrains is the battery which involves different aspects regarding operation and safety. Most of the models still rely on resistance-capacity models to describe the battery operation. These models may lead to practical results since the current flow is governed by limiters rather than physical laws. Additionally, phenomena related with battery degradation which decreases the nominal capacity and enhances the heat generation are also not considered. In this sense, this work investigates the potential of powertrain hybridization coupled with
Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Sari, Rafael, Martinez, Santiago
Evaluation of Optimal State of Charge Planning for a Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle2022-01-08953/29/2022
There is and continues to be a widespread adoption of Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicles. Seen by many as a staging technology for fully electric vehicles, hybrid technologies enable the reduction of noxious tailpipe emissions and conformance with ever-decreasing allowable homologation limits. The complexity of the hybrid powertrain technology can lead to an energy management problem with multiple energy sinks and sources comprising the system resulting in a high-dimensional time dependent problem for which many solutions have been proposed [1]. Methods that rely on accurate predictions of potential vehicle operations are demonstrably more optimal when compared to rule-based methodology. In this paper, a previously proposed energy management strategy based on an offline optimisation using dynamic programming is investigated. This work explores the effects of drive cycle segmentation on the optimality of the results and is then coupled with an online model predictive control strategy to
Jegede, Temi, Knowles, James, Steffen, Thomas, D'Amato, Marco, Maganga, Othman
Model the Propulsion System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle in Simulink2022-01-09043/29/2022
As world is going towards the electric vehicle, India is also making its move in EV/HEV market, but biggest concern about EV is its range and lack of infra-structure. This study is about the system which establishing a model for HEV propulsion system. In this work the principle goal is to increase range of HEV by studying vehicle dynamics using MATLAB and SIMULINK. Effects of various resistive forces like rolling resistance, drag force, tractive force etc and regenerative braking, battery performance are studied for a specific drive cycle that has been assumed. Car model consists of DC brush motor, Lithium-ion battery with regenerative technology, car model weighs 4100 lbs, front area as 2.7m^2. Authors created various subsystems in Simulink. Proportional Integrate PID is implemented to follow drive cycle and the effect of resistive forces on vehicle which again consider for optimization to get maximum efficiency. Presented article tried to achieve vehicle range of 300 km in one full
Chirme, Omkar Shashikumar, Pise, Sushant, Shetty, Tushar, Phad, Arihant, Dorwat, Ajit
Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS)2022-01-08943/29/2022
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping vehicle (car) manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a new challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are proposed: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in
Giardiello, Giovanni, Gimelli, Alfredo, de Nola, Francesco, Pipicelli, Michele, Parascandolo, Francesco, Santoro, Dario, Sessa, Bernardo, Troiano, Antonio
Development of a Series Hybrid Electrified Powertrain for a High Speed Tracked Vehicle Based on Driving Cycle Simulation2022-01-04373/29/2022
The abstract is under OPSEC review
Zhu, Qilun, Kumar, Asit, Sundar, Anirudh, Egan, Daniel, Mirzaei, Hamidreza, Chang, Da, Schmid, Matthias, Prucka, Robert, Lawler, Benjamin, Paredis, Chris
An Approach to Aggregate Finalization of Traction Motors and Controllers for 2 Wheeler Electric Vehicles.2022-01-08753/29/2022
Electric two wheelers are fast growing segments in electric vehicles and the selection of Powertrain systems play key role in finalization of Vehicle design. The electric motor and controller are keeping its own design features which relates to vehicle performance.. In this paper, Motor and controller’s specification calculation with respect to the various scenario of Vehicle drive points have been investigated. Different drive point of Even and uneven roads, Hill climbing and down hills case results are discussed. The mathematical calculations and results are compared with Vehicle requirements. Key words – Electric Vehicle, Two wheeler, Motors, Controller and Vehicle drive cycle.
Neelakandan, Varatharaj, B, Prabakaran
Efficiency Improvement of Electric Motor Drives using Dynamic Motor Drive Technology2022-01-08903/29/2022
Transitioning to battery electric vehicles is the largest opportunity available to the automotive industry today. Improving the vehicle’s range and reducing the vehicle’s production cost will help expedite that transition. To achieve acceptable range, most BEVs depend on highly efficient electric motors containing rare-earth permanent magnets (PM). However, rare-earth materials have supply chain issues that have caused price volatility and increased the risk of transportation electrification. To mitigate that supply concern, Tula Technology is working to increase the efficiency of alternative designs. It has developed a novel motor control strategy called Dynamic Motor Drive (DMD®), which is particularly suitable for rare-earth-free or reduced rare-earth permanent magnet-based electric motor drives. DMD reduces the light-load losses of electric motor drives by intermittently pulsing motor torque. As practical drive cycles and powertrain architectures frequently operate at light loads
Islam, Md Zakirul, Carvell, Paul, Tripathi, Adya, Younkins, Matthew, Chen PhD, Zhiqian, Phillips, Andrew, Leng PhD, Siyu, Singh, Amnish, Arvanitis, Anastasios
Multiple Heat Exchangers for Automotive Systems – A Design Tool2022-01-02053/29/2022
A single radiator cooling system architecture has been widely applied in ground vehicles for safe equipment (e.g., engine block, electronics, and motors) temperature control. The introduction of multiple smaller heat exchangers provides additional energy management features and alternate pathways for continued operation in case of critical subsystem failure. Although cooling performance is often designed for maximum thermal loads, systems typically operate at a fraction of the peak values for most of their life cycle. In this project, a two-radiator configuration with variable flow rates and valve positions has been mathematically modelled and experimentally validated to study its performance feasibility. A multi-node resistance-capacitance thermal model was derived using the ε-NTU approach with accompanying convective and conductive heat transfer pathways within the system. This engineering model provides an analytical description of the system behavior that can be leveraged for
Syed, Zaker, Miller, Richard, Wagner, John
Modelling Transient Control of a Turbogenerator on a Drive Cycle2022-01-04953/29/2022
GTDI engines are becoming more efficient, whether individually or part of a HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) powertrain. For the latter, this efficiency manifests itself as increase in zero emissions vehicle mileage. An ideal device for energy recovery is a turbogenerator (TG), and, when placed downstream the conventional turbine it has minimal impact on catalyst light-off and can be used as a bolt-on aftermarket device. A Ricardo WAVE model of a representative GTDI engine was adapted to include a TG (Turbogenerator) and TBV (Turbine Bypass Valve) with the TG in a mechanical turbocompounding configuration, calibrated using steady state mapping data. This was integrated into a co-simulation environment with a SISO (Single-Input, Single-Output) dynamic controller developed in SIMULINK for the actuator control (with BMEP, manifold air pressure and TG pressure ratio as the controlled variables). Transient verification with WAVE-RT was conducted on WLTP and NEDC drive cycles, estimating
Petrovich, Simon, Ebrahimi, Kambiz, Mason, Byron, Watson, Andrew
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 677