The air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV) holds the potential to revolutionize global travel, enabling rapid transportation to low-Earth orbit and even space within the next few decades. This study focuses on investigating the nonlinear dynamic simulation, trim, and stability analysis of a three-degrees-of-freedom (3DOF) longitudinal model of a generic AHV for variable control surface deflection,and. A simulation is developed to analyze the burstiness of the AHV’s nonlinear longitudinal behavior, considering the complete flight envelope across a wide range of Mach numbers, from= 0 to 24, for selected stable. The presented simulation assesses trim analysis and explores the dynamic stability of the AHV through its flight envelope and bifurcation method analysis is carried out to gain insight and validate the dynamic stability using eigen value approach.

Singh, Ritesh, Prakash, Om, Joshi, Sudhir, Sharma, Rakesh Chandmal

Reduced Order Single Parameter Tuning using Dynamic Mode Decomposition: An Application in Vehicle Dynamics

2024-26-027401/16/2024

Vehicle design necessarily involves tuning various parameters to optimize automotive performance metrics like ride and handling. The tuning process is iterative and involves a trial-and-error approach to understand the influence of the input parameters on various output metrics. We develop tuning models and run many simulations to optimize various parameters, followed by validation. This process is computationally expensive and contingent on the output metrics. Alternatively, data-driven modelling could overcome shortcomings but requires extensive data sets to train, which may not be feasible in the initial design phase. In this work, we demonstrate how we can use Dynamic Mode Decomposition, commonly used in Fluid Mechanics, to create Reduced Order Single Parameter Tuning Models, which are computationally lightweight and can provide the output metrics as a function of one tuning parameter. It reduces the tuning time and also helps to understand the system better. We developed reduced

Budhi, Veerendra Harshal

Dual-Motor-BEV Controls Optimization

2024-26-024301/16/2024

In this paper we will discuss different techniques of controls optimization for a dual motor BEV model and look at the most optimal solution with an objective to minimize motor losses or maximize efficiency. In a dual motor model, torque split ratio plays a vital role in deciding the operating points for each motor and hence the losses or inefficiency in the system. It is important to find the optimal torque split ratio to improve range and performance. Four techniques covered in this paper includes ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, DP (Dynamic Programming), DOE (Design of Experiment) and Empirical relation-based approach. ECMS is a local optimization technique whereas DP is global optimization technique. DOE was used to perform a full factorial analysis with an eventual goal of creating a map which relates TSR (Torque Split Ratio) to the operating points in the form of vehicle acceleration and vehicle speed. A quadratic empirical relation between vehicle acceleration

Chopra, Ujjwal

Experimental Analysis of Multi-Link Rigid Axle Suspension Camber Variation with Vehicle Load

2024-26-005401/16/2024

Jani, Harshil, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Hussain, Inzamam, Asthana, Shivam, ahire, Manoj, Vellandi, Vikraman, Senniappan, Moorthy

HARMONIC VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF 2-WHEELER TAIL LAMP TO GET THE PARTICULAR RESPONSE ON THE CENTRE OF LENS AND CORRELATION WITH PHYSICAL TEST RESULTS

2024-26-028301/16/2024

Automotive components undergo various loadings in different conditions during operation. So, every component must be designed according to its assurance of withstanding the certain and uncertain loads as well. Tail lamp is one of the components which may not take any structural forces but must be designed precisely to resist the vibration coming from the engine and road. Harmonic simulation helps to verify the design of tail lamp for given excitation and fixed testing range of frequencies. Apart from this, OEM companies demand the testing of tail lamp to get the particular G level response on the center of lens of the assembly and accordingly the inputs have to be defined. This paper demonstrates the harmonic simulation of the 2-wheeler tail lamp to maintain the 15G acceleration response on the center of lens. For this, calculation of input acceleration for given frequency range is important. This is carried out by using response from the preliminary simulation where constant

Patne, Sachin

Achieving New Pass-By Noise Regulatory Norms R51.3 (Method B) - An Analysis of Acceleration and Noise Source Contribution

2024-26-019901/16/2024

Worldwide automotive sector regulatory norms have changed and become more stringent and complex to control environmental noise and air pollution. To continue this trend, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport is going to impose new vehicle exterior pass-by noise regulatory norms R51.3 (Method B) in the upcoming year to control urban area noise pollution. This paper studies the synthesis of M1 category vehicle driving acceleration, dominant noise source, and frequency contribution in exterior PBN level. A vehicle acceleration analysis study was carried out to achieve an optimized PBN level based on the vehicle’s PMR ratio, reference, and measured test acceleration data. Based on the analysis, the test gear strategy and acceleration were changed to achieve a lower PBN level. Improved engine calibration resulted in a 20% increment of ith gear acceleration. This increased acceleration surpassed the upper limit of the reference acceleration range; hence, the vehicle was tested in a

kalsule cEng., Shrikant Balasaheb, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Jadhav, Kamalakar, Naidu, Sudhakara

Simulation methodology development for vibration test of Bus Body Structure code AIS 153:2018

2024-26-024901/16/2024

A bus is integral part of public transportation in both rural and urban areas. It is also used for scheduled transport, tourism, and school transport. Buses are common mode of transport all over the world. The growth in economy, the electrification of public transport, demand in shared transport, etc., is leading to a surge in the demand for buses and accelerating the overall growth of the bus industry. With increased number of buses, the issue of safety of passengers and the crew assumes special importance. The comfort of driver and passenger in the vehicle involves the vibration performance and therefore, the structural integrity of buses is critically important. The bus safety act depicts the safety and comfort of bus operations, management of safety risks, continuous improvement in bus safety management, and public confidence in the safety of bus transport, appropriate stakeholder involvement and the existence of a safety culture among bus service providers. In order to provide

Bijwe, Vilas B., Mahajan, Rahul, Vaidya, Rohit, Patel, Kaustubh, Hiwale, Diwakar, Walke, Abhijit Ashok

Adopting Pothole mitigation system for improved ride, handling and enhanced component life

2024-26-005901/16/2024

Potholes are a major cause of discomfort for riders and vehicle damage. The passive suspension systems which are used in the passenger vehicles are primarily reaction based. These can’t adapt to the changing road conditions which means the best ride quality and handling characteristics cannot be ensured for different driving situations. Passive suspension system also needs more maintenance due to its inability to reduce the impact of the road irregularities. In recent years, semi-active suspension systems have been developed to improve ride comfort and vehicle safety. Here, a semi-active suspension system with a road preview mechanism has been integrated with a TATA car model to investigate its impact on ride comfort, handling characteristics and component loads in digital domain. A quarter car vehicle model is used to compare different active damping control strategies. The best strategy is selected and integrated with a full vehicle model developed in a MBS tool to gain deeper

Mishra, Satyakam, PRASAD, TEJ, Maruenda Sanz, Javier

Effect of Lift Axle suspension design on Heavy Commercial Vehicle Handling performance

2024-26-004901/16/2024

The cost of fuels used for automobile are rising in India on account of high global crude oil prices. The fuel cost constitutes major portion of total cost of operation for Heavy commercial vehicles. Hence, the trend is to carry the goods transport through higher payload capacity rigid trucks that offer lower transportation cost per unit of goods transported. This is driving the design of multi-axle heavy trucks that have lift axles. In addition, improved network of highways and road infrastructure is leading to increase in average operating speed of heavy commercial vehicles. It has made increased focus on occupant as well as road safety while designing the heavy trucks. The load carried by lift axles is equivalent to the steered axle or drive axle. Hence, the analysis of lift axle suspension from the point of view of vehicle handling and stability is essential. There are two basic kinds of lift axle designs used in heavy commercial vehicles: caster steered lift axle having single

Vichare, Chaitanya Ashok, Raval, Chetan, Patil, Sudhir

SUV Multi-Link Rigid Axle Control Links Optimization for Ride and Handling Improvement

2024-26-004801/16/2024

In automotive world, role of suspension system is to absorb vibrations from the road, and to provide stability while vehicle is going over bumps or uneven roads, cornering, acceleration and braking etc. For body on frame SUVs which are typically characterized by high center of gravity, it is quite critical to find best balance in ensuring stability of the vehicle and having comfortable ride performance. Rigid axle rear suspension is quite typical choice in such vehicles, wherein lower and upper control links are two important components subjected to lateral, longitudinal, and vertical loads. These links allow the vehicle to move smoothly throughout the entire range of suspension travel. Kinematics and compliance optimization of these links is major factor in definition of ride-handling performance of the vehicle. The present study describes key challenges and methodology to define position as well as orientation of control links, where-in multiple inter-related handling and comfort

Hussain, Inzamam, Jani, Harshil, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam, ahire, Manoj, Jadhav, Prashant, Lenka, Visweswara, Vellandi, Vikraman

A Study on Traction Battery Mounting Arrangements in Different EV Buses

2024-26-012101/16/2024

This paper provides an overview of the different types of traction battery mounting arrangements available in electric buses globally. The paper describes a key comparison of all the types of traction battery mounting strategies used in EV buses along with their dominance and limitations. In EV buses, bigger sized batteries are used which directly affect vehicle architecture, assembly & serviceability. On the other hand, larger-sized batteries are used in buses which carries heavy mass, which influences vehicle dynamics & performance characteristics such as vehicle ride, handling, braking & NVH. The most important consideration in EV vehicles is safety, which comes in first place, so this paper gives some ideas to carefully design battery mounting arrangements for EV bus applications. There has been seen a very positive adaptation of EV buses in the last few years due to the rise in Co2 and global warming. Many EV bus manufacturers have entered the market with their innovative ideas of

Jain, Gaurav, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang

Virtual design validation of innovative High Ground Clearance Tractor kit

2024-26-006601/16/2024

An agricultural tractor is often modified for special farming applications such as horticulture where the standard design is not suitable or accessible. In such cases farm equipment manufacturers are demanded a frugal and cost effect Engineered farming solutions. One such design is the innovative High Ground Clearance Tractor (HGCT) kit offered to increase the Tractor height without damaging the crop. In this paper, author proposes a durability assessment method to evaluate the HGCT kit attachments to meet the durability criteria. Road load data acquisition is done to measure the acceleration and strain levels for various horticulture operations such as tillage, spraying and transportation. Actual operating conditions are simulated with the help of four poster durability setup inside the lab which helps to reduce the field testing for design iterations. Multi-body dynamics simulation (MBS) is used to front load the four poster lab testing in virtual and extract the loads on component

Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, A, Gokila, Kumar, Yuvaraj, Jaiswal, Sunny, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, Londhe, Abhijit, Mani, Suresh, Natarajan, Saravanan

Detection of unintended vehicle behaviour for driver safety

2024-26-010601/16/2024

The functional safety of electric vehicles has attracted a great deal of attention among automobile industries globally. A tricky yet necessary dual gamut of operational ease along with operational safety is something that cannot be ignored while using electric vehicles. Safety paired with vehicle reliability will go a long way in the market. Therefore, abnormal vehicle behavior due to factors such as unintended acceleration should not be kept in hind sight. Unintended acceleration is a phenomenon where the vehicle accelerates involuntarily without the knowledge of the driver which leads to accidents and fatal injuries. Thus, prior detection of unintended acceleration becomes mandatory for driver’s safety. Unintended acceleration is a result of various uncontrolled conditions like road driving conditions and system malfunction. This paper aims to estimate the load torque of a vehicle by utilizing the vehicle drive train model thereby ensuring the timely detection of unwanted

Ghube, Aditya Purushottam, Chauhan, Abhisha, Nidubrolu, Kranthi kumar

Motorcycle Engine Vibrations Prediction for Inertia Loads Using Multi Body Dynamics Calculations

2024-26-023201/16/2024

Motorcycles are a preferred means of transportation in most of the countries due to its economic factor and ease in travelling. Rider comfort is an important aspect while designing a vehicle. Rider comfort is often compromised by unwanted vibrations experienced at human interface points also called as tactile points. These unwanted vibrations also affect rider's motorcycle control and overall health. There are two major source of vibrations in a motorcycle that is engine & road inputs. In current study, a method is being explored to predict engine induced vibrations. Engine induced vibrations at various locations are simulated through multi body dynamics (MBD) and finite element (FE) simulation methods at vehicle level. Motorcycle model comprising of engine, frame and subassemblies are modeled in FE tool and then condensed to be used in MBD tool. Piston assembly, connecting rod, bearings and engine mounts are modeled in MBD tool. Vibration response resulting from unbalanced inertia

Kumar, Virender, Joshi, Gaurav, Garg, Ankit

Powertrain Mounting system NVH simulation methodology using transfer path analysis technique for Electric vehicles

2024-26-022501/16/2024

In comparison to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, Electric vehicles (EVs) development and adoption is driven by several factors such as zero emissions, higher performance, cost effective in maintenance, smoother and quieter ride. Global OEMs are competing to provide a reduced in-cab noise for ensuring a smooth and quiet driving experience. Short project timelines for EV demands quick design and development. In initial stages of project, input data availability of EV is limited and a simplified approach is necessary to accelerate the development of vehicle. This paper focuses on simulation methodology for predicting structure borne noise from powertrain deploying Transfer Path Analysis approach. Current simulation methodology involves full vehicle model with multiple flexible bodies and full BIW flexible model which leads to complex modelling and longer simulation times. The proposed transfer path analysis technique utilises, a simplified Multibody Dynamics EV powertrain model

Duraikannu, Dinesh, Iqbal, Shoaib

Impact of Toe and Thrust Angle Misalignment on Roll Behaviour of a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle

2024-26-005601/16/2024

Heavy Commercial Road Vehicles (HCRVs) may be more susceptible to rollover incidents due to their higher centre of gravity position than passenger vehicles, and rollover is one of the significant causes of HCRV accidents. Therefore, variation in vehicle roll behaviour becomes crucial to the safety of an HCRV. Toe misalignment is a commonly observed phenomenon in HCRVs, and studying its impact on roll behaviour is important. In this work, the impact of the symmetric toe and thrust misalignment on the roll behaviour of an HCRV is analysed using IPG TruckMaker®, a vehicle dynamics simulation software. A ramp steer manoeuvre was used for the simulations, and the toe misalignment on a wheel was chosen from the range [−0.21°, 0.21°]. Variation in roll behaviour was quantified using the steering wheel angle at which one-wheel lift-off (OWL) occurred (SWA_L). Additionally, an analytical model was formulated to predict OWL and the model predictions were compared with the results from IPG

Chandran, Amarchand, Grandhe, Roshan, Mukhopadhyay, Arko, Sharma, Mitanshu, Shankar Ram, C S

A novel approach for Combi Braking System design considering tire's nonlinear behavior

2024-26-005801/16/2024

The standard usage of Combined Braking System (CBS) in lower cc/power 2-wheeler vehicles serves to reduce stopping distance and improve braking stability. The CBS system achieves this by engaging both the front and rear wheel brakes, taking advantage of the high load transfer characteristic during 2-wheeler braking. However, the current design of the CBS system relies on linear system analysis, based on vehicle geometry, load distribution, and tire-road friction. This approach overlooks the non-linearities inherent in braking dynamics, such as tire behavior and dynamic Center of Gravity (CoG) location. Consequently, the current CBS design methodology exhibits limitations, particularly in extreme scenarios where wheel lock-up may occur, such as on low friction surfaces or during panic braking. This paper proposes the incorporation of tire non-linearities into the design of CBS systems using Pacejka's tire model. Initially, calculations are performed to optimize the braking

Khandekar, Piyush, Badiger, Kartik, Gautam, Ashish, Soni, Lokesh

Computational Investigation of a Flexible Airframe Taxiing Over an Uneven Runway for Aircraft Vibration Testing

01-17-02-0011

12/15/2023

Ground vibration testing (GVT) is an important phase of the development, or the structural modification of an aircraft program. The modes of vibration and their associated parameters extracted from the GVT are used to modify the structural model of the aircraft to make more reliable dynamics predictions to satisfy certification authorities. Due to the high cost and the extensive preparations for such tests, a new method of vibration testing called taxi vibration testing (TVT) rooted in operational modal analysis (OMA) was recently proposed and investigated by the German Institute for Aerospace Research (DLR) as alternative to conventional GVT. In this investigation, a computational framework based on fully coupled flexible multibody dynamics for TVT is presented to further investigate the applicability of the TVT to flexible airframes. The time domain decomposition (TDD) method for OMA was used to postprocess the response of the airframe during a TVT. The framework was then used to

Al-bess, Lohay, Khouli, Fidel

Assisted Steering Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles Based on Combination of Driving and Braking

2023-01-701210/30/2023

This paper presents a low-speed assisted steering control approach for distributed drive electric vehicles. When the vehicle is driven at low speed, the braking of the inner-rear wheel is combined with differential drive to reduce the turning radius. A hierarchical control structure has been designed to achieve comprehensive control. The upper-level controller tracks the expected yaw rate and vehicle side-slip angle through a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) algorithm. The desired yaw rate and vehicle side-slip angle are obtained according to the reference vehicle model, which can be regulated by the driver through the accelerator pedal. The lower-level controller uses a quadratic programming algorithm to distribute the yaw moment and driving moment to each wheel, aiming to minimize tire load rate variance. Simulation and real vehicle tests compare three steering modes: front-wheel steering only, front-wheel steering + differential drive assisted steering, and front-wheel steering

Wu, Dongmei, Wang, Cheng, Du, Changqing, Zhang, Yichao

Nonlinear Observer for Estimating Gravity Vector and Flight Path Angles of a High-Performance Aircraft

01-17-01-0007

08/14/2023

This paper proposes a nonlinear observer for the estimation of gravity vector and angles with respect to velocity vector (flight path angle, bank angle) of a high-performance aircraft. The technique is computationally simpler than the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and hence is suitable for onboard implementations when the digital flight control computer (DFCC) has computational burdens. Flight test data of a highly maneuvering flight such as wind-up turns and full rolls have been used to validate the technique.

Chandrasekaran, Kamali, Jain, Shikha

Design of a Model-Based Optimal Multivariable Control for the Individual Wheel Slip of a Two-Track Vehicle

2023-01-121906/26/2023

The concept of autonomous driving has become increasingly relevant. This is why innovative drive concepts for motor vehicles need to be developed. Therefore, a model-based optimal multivariable control for the wheel slip is presented in this paper. This allows to specify the slip, and thus the tire force, individually for each wheel. The plant model consists of a planar and stiff multibody two-track model of a vehicle, a complex tire model as well as a simple air resistance and motor model. In addition, the contact forces of the individual wheels are calculated dynamically. A special feature of the multibody model is that the vehicle's position variables are defined by integrating the velocity variables. The linearized model derived from the nonlinear model is used to design a linear optimal static state space controller (LQR) including reference and disturbance feedforward. The contact point velocities of the tires are defined as the controlled variables, since they are proportional

Irmer, Marcus, Rosenthal, Robert, Nüßgen, Alexander, Degen, René, Thomas PhD, Karin, Ruschitzka PhD, Margot

Subjective development of EV propulsion noise to drive product differentiation

2025-01-006705/05/2023

The frequency and amplitude content of powertrain noise is motor torque and speed dependent and tends to influence the driver’s subjective perception of the vehicle. This provides manufacturers with an opportunity to drive product differentiation through consideration of powertrain noise in early stages of the development cycles for electric vehicles (EVs). This paper focuses on evaluation of customer perception to acoustic feedback of motor design options based on targeted motor orders and expected wind and road masking during high acceleration maneuvers. A jury study is used to explore the customer feedback response to a two-stage gearbox design with AC permanent magnet motor order combinations. The subjective influence of order spacing, dominant frequency content and the number of audible tones is studied to understand aural perspective product differentiation opportunities.

Joodi, Benjamin, Jayakumar, Vignesh, Conklin, Chris, Pilz, Fernando, Iyengar, Shashank, Weilnau, Kelby, Hodgkins, Jeffrey

Comprehensive EV Sound Design project from Marketing Requirements to Series

2025-01-001805/05/2023

This paper presents the results of a project to design new comprehensive sound sets for several electric vehicle models having each specific branding expectations. This was achieved thanks to a close collaboration between one major Chinese electric vehicle manufacturer and an acoustic software provider, relying on shared experience, knowledge, and tools to meet the initial requirements set. Firstly, a scenarized journey and brand-related symbolism were defined and served as a basis for creating meaningful sketches of sound design in a cross-team effort (designers, NVH, production, audio system, etc.). Various sound functions were considered for exterior sounds, such as AVAS, and interior sounds, such as ambiance, HMI, and alarms. A special care was dedicated to the so-called Active Sound Design aiming at providing speed and acceleration feedback to the driver, in the absence of a clearly audible engine noise. A listening test was then conducted in order to assess how the proposed

LI, Yanhao, Minard, Antoine, Boussard, Patrick, Zhang, Charles

Indirect blocked force measurement of a hydraulic power pack for structural vibration transmission into an airframe

2025-01-005205/05/2023

Centralization of electrically driven hydraulic power packs into the body of aircraft have increased the attention on the noise and vibration characteristics of the system. A hydraulic power pack consists of a pump coupled to an electrical motor, accumulator, reservoir, and associated filter manifolds. In previous studies, the characteristics of the radiated acoustic noise and fluid borne noise were studied. In this paper, we focus on the structure borne forces generated by the hydraulic pump characterized through blocked force measurements. The blocked force of the pump was determined experimentally using an indirect measurement method. The indirect method required operation with part under test fixed to an instrumented receiver structure. Measured operational accelerations on the receiver plate were used in conjunction with transfer function measurements to predict the blocked forces. Blocked forces were validated by comparing directly measured accelerations to predicted

Smither, Matthew, Tuyls, Zachary, Patel, Pratik, Yan, Xin, Herrin, David

Modeling and Validation of Acoustic Emissions in Bent-Axis Pumps

2025-01-005605/05/2023

This work presents a comprehensive NVH workflow for modeling the acoustic emissions of mechanical systems, using a bent-axis pump as a case study. The workflow integrates multibody dynamics (MBD), harmonic structural analysis, and acoustic solvers. By employing these simulation tools, we capture the dynamic response of the pump and the vibration response of the enclosure's surface, enabling the estimation of equivalent radiated power (ERP) and the prediction of sound pressure level (SPL). To validate the simulation outcomes, experimental investigations were conducted in a semi-anechoic chamber, where data was collected with a microphone placed at a specific distance from the pump. At the time of this abstract, preliminary correlations between the simulation model and real-world measurements demonstrate promising accuracy and reliability. These findings are significant, offering advantages for pump manufacturers, including improved product quality, adherence to noise regulations, and

Kwarta, Michael, Banerjee, Bhaskar, Abdel Mallak, Zuher, Vallebrant, Per-Ola, Wiklund Lång, Marcus, Kayani, Omer

Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications

2025-01-005505/05/2023

Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this

Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije

Experimental Investigation into Modulated Aeroacoustic Cabin Noise arising from Unsteady Flow Conditions

2025-01-002905/05/2023

The unsteady wind conditions experienced by a vehicle whilst driving on the road are different to those typically experienced in the steady-flow wind tunnel development environment, due to turbulence in the natural wind, moving through the unsteady wakes of other road vehicles and travelling through the stationary wakes generated by roadside obstacles. This paper presents the use of experimental approach using an SUV-shaped vehicle to assess the effect of unsteady wind on the modulated noise performance, commonly used to evaluate unsteady wind noise characteristics. The approach is extended to assess the pressure distribution on the front side glass of the vehicle, caused by the aerodynamic interactions of the turbulent inflow, to provide insight into the noise generation mechanisms and differences in behaviour between the two environments. The vehicle response to unsteady wind conditions was assessed using two approaches: a dynamic upstream unsteady flow the using active side wind

Jamaluddin, Nur Syafiqah, Oettle, Nicholas, Staron, Domenic

Design of the Evaluation Model of Acceleration Sound Quality of Automobile Based on MLP

2025-01-003705/05/2023

The acceleration vibe of a car's engine can be enhanced and a brand-specific auditory identity can be created via active sound design. Currently, experienced engineers were desperately required when the active sound design for car acceleration roar was processing, which consumed substantial time and human resources.Therefore, it is critical to conduct a research on the evaluation model for estimating car acceleration sound quality to improve sound design efficiency and reducing costs.1,000 acceleration roars samples of common cars were collected from the market in this paper, all of which could be commonly heard by the road. Nine psychoacoustic objective parameters, such as loudness, sharpness, and roughness, were calculated through Artemis Suite software, establishing a database for the sound quality of car acceleration sounds.Moreover, subjective evaluations of sound playback and objective data analysis were conducted to obtain the ratings of acceleration sounds.An evaluation and

xiong, Chenggang, Xie, Liping, Liu, Zhien, Shi, Weijie, Qian, Yushu

Evaluating Powertrain Mount Decoupling: Insights from Simulation, Experimental Results, and Analytical Calculations

2025-01-002205/05/2023

This study presents a thorough examination of engine mount decoupling by integrating virtual simulations, physical testing, and analytical calculations. Engine mounts are crucial for isolating vibrations and enhancing vehicle comfort and performance, making their dynamic behavior vital for effective design. In our approach, we employ multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulations to model the interactions within engine mounts. By adjusting the bush stiffness parameters in the MBD framework, we can predict decoupling frequencies and analyze kinetic energy distribution. The bush stiffness values used in simulations are then applied in physical testing, ensuring consistency in the results for decoupling frequencies and kinetic energy distribution. This alignment between virtual and empirical data significantly enhances the reliability of our findings. Moreover, we conduct analytical calculations that correspond with the results from both the simulations and physical tests. This comprehensive

Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Rane, Vishesh, Hingade, Nikhil

Research on the control strategy of active gear shifting sound quality in the vehicle

2025-01-001905/05/2023

The active sound synthesis system of electric vehicles plays an important role in improving the sound perception and transmission of working condition information inside the vehicle. Nowadays, the active sound synthesis system inside the vehicle has become standard in electric vehicles of major Major automobile manufacturing plants to meet the user groups' demand for driving and riding experience. Starting from the existing in-vehicle active sound synthesis algorithm, this paper designs a gear shift control strategy suitable for all working conditions. During acceleration, in order to achieve the gear shifting effect, the motor speed signal is obtained to bias the speed at the shift point. During deceleration, in order to prevent a sudden increase at the shift point, the speed of the deceleration condition is linearly interpolated to make the shifting process of the deceleration condition smoother. During acceleration after deceleration, in order to avoid the uneven sound jump at the

xilong, zhou, Liu, Zhien, Xie, Liping, Lu, Chihua, Yu, Shangbo, GAO, XIANG, yongsheng, wang

Development of Offline Simulation Software for Active Sound Design in Electric Vehicles

2025-01-001705/05/2023

With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), Active Sound Design (ASD) has emerged as a crucial method to enhance both the sound quality and driving experience, addressing the lack of distinctive engine sounds present in internal combustion vehicles. This paper presents an ASD offline simulation software developed on the MATLAB platform to address these challenges. The software integrates a vehicle dynamics model with three key sound synthesis algorithms: order synthesis, pitch shifting, and granular synthesis, allowing for comprehensive control strategy development, real-time sound playback, and rapid adjustment. The software consists of several functional modules, including configuration, order generator, pitch shifting, and granular synthesis interfaces, which support user-friendly operation and flexible sound parameter adjustments. Users can simulate different driving conditions and evaluate the acoustic performance of the ASD system in real time. The system also allows

Qian, Yushu, Liu, Zhien, xiong, chenggang

Asymmetric Gear Blank Optimization to Reduce Gear Noise for Electric Drive Units

2025-01-007905/05/2023

Gear whine has emerged as a significant challenge for electric vehicles (EVs) in the absence of engine masking noise. The demand from customers for premium EVs with high speed and high torque density introduces additional NVH risks. Conventional gear design strategies to reduce the pitch-line velocity and increase contact ratio may impact EV torque capacitor or its efficiency. Furthermore, microgeometry optimization has limited design space to reduce gear noise over a wide range of torque loads. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of transfer gear blanks in a single-speed two-stage FDW electric drive unit (EDU) with the objective of reducing both mass and noise. A detailed multi-body dynamics (MBD) model is constructed for the entire EDU system using a finite-element-based time-domain solver. This investigation focuses on the analysis and optimization of asymmetric gear blank design features with three-slot patterns. A DOE methodology is employed to

He, Song, Bahk, Cheonjae, Li, Bo, Du, Isaac, Patruni, Pavan Kumar, Baladhandapani, Dhanasekar

Mode Shape Identification Using Graph Neural Networks for Vehicle Structure Design

2025-01-013105/05/2023

This paper introduces a novel, automated approach for identifying and classifying full vehicle mode shapes using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), a deep learning model for graph-structured data. Mode shape identification and naming refers to classifying deformation patterns in structures vibrating at natural frequencies with systematic naming based on the movement or deformation type. Many times, these mode shapes are named based on the type of movement or deformation involved. The systematic naming of mode shapes and their frequencies is essential for understanding structural dynamics and “Modal Alignment” or “Modal Separation” charts used in NVH analysis. Current methods are manual, time-consuming, and rely on expert judgment. The integration of GNNs into mode shape classification represents a significant advancement in vehicle modal identification and structure design. Results demonstrate that GNNs offer superior accuracy and efficiency compared to current labor intensive manual modes

Tohmuang, Sitthichart, Swayze, James L., Fard, Mohammad, Fayek PhD, Haytham, Marzocca, Piergiovanni, Bhide, Sanjay, Huber, John

An Aerodynamic Equation of State—Part II: Applications to Flapping Flight

01-17-01-0002

04/19/2023

Part I introduced the aerodynamic equation of state. This Part II introduces the aerodynamic equation of state for lift and induced drag of flapping wings and applies it to a hovering and forward-flying bumblebee and a mosquito. Two- and three-dimensional graphical representations of the state space are introduced and explored for engineered subsonic flyers, biological fliers, and sports balls.

Burgers, Phillip

Design approach on magnetic speed reduction of bikes while turning

2022-28-048011/18/2022

Turning two-wheelers (bikes) are, at times, risky and often disturbs the stability of the vehicle. The primary causes are excessive speed, severe acceleration, and over tilting. This work intends in making aid for a safer ride and improves turn ability. With the introduction of automatic speed reducers, the vehicle would be subjected to magnetic braking while making a turn. A Motion stabilizer (like Gimbals) is modeled in CATIA and fabricated using PVC material. This fabricated stabilizer is placed in the vehicle setup in between the arms which carry the magnet. Braking action is done automatically as the magnet gets closer to the rim while turning the setup. Three modes of operations such as test (i) under no load, no angle, (ii) under magnetic load at zero angles, and (iii) under magnetic load, at an angle on both lateral directions, have been tested. A spectrum analyzer has been used, which records the frequency correspondingly to the speed is calculated. The counterbalancing weight

S, Ragul

Effect of anti-dive suspension geometry on braking stability

2022-01-117209/19/2022

Suspension plays a crucial role in stabilizing, comfort, and performance of a vehicle. During vehicle braking operation, load transfer happens from rear axle to front axle resulting in shifting of vehicle’s center of gravity towards vehicle front for a momentarily duration, this phenomenon is called diving. This leads to dropping of traction at rear wheel end, resulting in lifting of rear axle with front wheel as pivot causing increase in front to rear weight ratio of vehicle system and moreover, compromising driver safety due to skidding and locking of rear. To minimize this phenomenon’s affect, optimum anti-dive suspension geometry is used to have better rear wheel end traction resulting in improved braking stability. This paper provides methodology for establishing coherence between braking and suspension geometry by providing mathematical model with various suspension geometry and its reaction force on vehicle under braking condition for predicting traction lose at rear wheel end

Patel, Sahil, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi, Umbare, Deepak

Estimation parameters of braking of vehicles category M1 at definition of circumstances road accidents

2022-01-116609/19/2022

The study of the distribution of the deceleration of vehicles of category M1 when performing various maneuvers is intended to develop methods for assessing the parameters of maneuvering of cars in the study of the circumstances of the occurrence of road accidents. Experimental studies were carried out on passenger cars, which are equipped with automated braking force control systems, for various driving styles. M1 category vehicles were maneuvered on dry asphalt pavement in the range of speeds from 11 to 25 m / s, which is typical for most road traffic accidents. It was found that when braking a vehicle of category M1, longitudinal deceleration increase according to a second-order polynomial dependence in the range of deceleration variation from 1.39 to 5.86 m/s2. This fact is well explained by the peculiarities of the operation of automated brake force control systems that are equipped a vehicle , and the psychological behavior of the driver, who carries out the process of braking the

Kashkanov, Andrii, Kashkanova, Anastasiia, Podrigalo, Mikhail, Klets, Dmytro, Saraiev, Oleksii, Mikhalevich PhD, Mykola, Andrey, Korobko

Investigation and Analysis of Brake Factor variation and its relation with Brake Pulling.

2022-01-117109/19/2022

Vehicles pull during braking can be defined as the deviation of vehicle travel from intended path of the vehicle by a margin of half a wheel track or more. It is a dynamic phenomenon with very complex inter-dependencies among the combined functioning of various aggregates such as steering system, suspension system, axles, brakes. The problem is aggravated with shorter wheelbase & higher CG (Centre of Gravity) height, where the instantaneous load transfers are sudden and of relatively high magnitude which can lead to a combination of forces that are responsible for vehicle drifting or pulling to anyone side of center-line travel. Vehicle with shorter wheelbases, high GVW and high CG heights are more prone to this unstable behavior due to sudden change in dynamic forces acting on the tires while turning and braking. Although these vehicles have some disadvantages, they are required for important applications such as stage and intercity operations and hence cannot be stopped producing due

Pandey, Prashant, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi

Performance Enhancement of Semi-active Continuous Skyhook Control Using Chaotic Map Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Stability Augmentation System

15-16-01-0002

09/16/2022

Abstract Enhancing the performance of a ride-oriented algorithm to provide ride comfort and vehicle stability throughout different terrains is a challenging task. This article aims to improve the performance of the state-of-the-art continuous skyhook algorithm in coupled motion modes with an optimally tuned stability augmentation system (SAS). The tuning process is carried out using a chaotic map-initialized particle swarm optimization (C-PSO) approach with ride comfort and roll stability as a performance index. A large van model built-in CarSim is co-simulated with a C-PSO algorithm and control system designed in MATLAB. To realize the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, a software-in-loop test is conducted on five complex ride terrains with different dominant vehicle body motion modes. The test results are compared against the passive system, four corner continuous skyhook control, and four corner type-1 fuzzy control. The test results confirm the effectiveness of

Rajasekharan Unnithan, Anand Raj, Subramaniam, Senthilkumar