This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) specifies a dynamometer test procedure to characterize wear rates of automotive service brake linings (brake shoes) and disc brake pads.

Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee

Wear Test Procedure on Inertia Dynamometer for Brake Friction Materials

J2707_202106-TEST-REC (Historical)06/10/2021

Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee

A Data-Based Modeling Approach for the Prediction of Front Impact (NCAP) Safety Performance of a Passenger Vehicle

2021-01-092304/06/2021

Designing a vehicle for superior crash safety performance in consumer rating tests such as US-NCAP is a compelling target in the design of passenger vehicles. In today’s context, there is also a high emphasis on making a vehicle as lightweight as possible which calls for an efficient design. In modern vehicle design, these objectives can only be achieved through Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) for which a detailed CAD (Computer-Aided Design) model of a vehicle is a pre-requisite. In the absence of the latter (i.e. a matured CAD model) at the initial and perhaps the most crucial phase of vehicle body design, a rational approach to design would be to resort to a knowledge-based methodology which can enable crash safety assessment of an assumed design using artificial intelligence techniques such as neural networks. In the current study, the implied objective is achieved by building a training database with the aid of US-NCAP simulations of validated real-world full vehicle finite

Krishna, Ragav, Deb, Anindya, Ramachandra, Sanketh, Chou, Clifford

Performance of the Ford Pre-Collision Assist with Automatic Emergency Braking System in Instrumented Tests

2021-01-089404/06/2021

Modern Ford vehicles can be manufactured with a system known as Pre-Collision Assist with Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB). The Pre-Collision Assist feature uses camera technology to detect a potential collision with a vehicle or pedestrian directly ahead. If a potential collision is detected, an alert sound is emitted, and a warning message displays in the vehicle’s message center. If the driver response is not sufficient, AEB will be pre-charged and brake-assist sensitivity will be increased to provide full responsiveness if the driver does brake. If there is no perceived corrective action and a collision is imminent, the vehicle’s brakes can apply automatically. By detecting the possible collision and actuating the braking system, it is possible to prevent some collisions and lessen the severity of others. Testing of this system was conducted using a 2020 Ford Explorer. During several tests, the instrumented Ford was driven at a simulated target vehicle or pedestrian dummy. Data

Vandiver, Wesley, Anderson, Robert

Occupant Restraint Dynamic System Evaluation - Frontal Impact Heavy Trucks

J2418_202011 (Current)

11/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting frontal impact restraint tests for heavy truck applications. Its purpose is to establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system testing for heavy trucks. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.

Truck Crashworthiness Committee

Maximum Sound Level Potential for Motorcycles

J47_202006 (Current)

06/05/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the test procedure, environment, and instrumentation for determining the maximum sound level potential for motorcycles under wide open throttle acceleration and closed throttle deceleration.

Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee

A Novel Velocity Planner for Autonomous Vehicle Considering Human Driver’s Habits

2020-01-013304/14/2020

In automatic driving application, the velocity planner can be considered as a key factor to ensure the safety and comfort. One of the most important tasks of the velocity planner is to simulate the velocity characteristics of human drivers. In this paper, two Driver In-the-Loop (DIL) experiments are designed to explain velocity characteristics of human drivers. In the first experiment, static obstacles are placed on both sides of the straight road to shorten the cross range that vehicles can driver across. Moreover, different cross ranges are set to study the influence of the steering wheel error. In the second experiment, velocity characteristics are investigated under the condition of different road widths and curvatures in a U-turn road contour. In both tests, different drivers’ preview behavior is analyzed through the operation of throttle, braking, and steering. From the results we could see the change of vehicle speed depends largely on the traffic environment at the driver’s

Cui, Zongwei, Guo, Xuexun, Pei, Xiaofei

A Smart Measuring System for Vehicle Dynamics Testing

2020-01-106604/14/2020

A fast measurement of the car handling performance is highly desirable to easily compare and assess different car setup, e.g. tires size and supplier, suspension settings, etc. Instead of the expensive professional equipment normally used by car manufacturers for vehicle testing, the authors propose a low-cost solution that is nevertheless accurate enough for comparative evaluations. The paper presents a novel measuring system for vehicle dynamics analysis, which is based uniquely on the sensors embedded in a smartphone and therefore completely independent on the signals available through vehicle CAN bus. Data from tri-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS and camera are jointly used to compute the typical quantities analyzed in vehicle dynamics applications. In addition to signals such as yaw rate, lateral and longitudinal acceleration, vehicle speed and trajectory, normally available when working with Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) equipped with GPS, in the presented application the

Galvagno, Enrico, Mauro, Stefano, Pastorelli, Stefano, Tota, Antonio

An Experimental Methodology for Measuring Resistance Forces of Light-Duty Vehicles under Real-World Conditions and the Impact on Fuel Consumption

2020-01-038304/14/2020

A vital element of any vehicle-certification test is the use of representative values for the vehicle resistance forces. In most certification procedures, including the WLTP recently adopted by the EU, the latter is achieved mainly through coast down tests. Subsequently, the resistance values measured are used for setting up the chassis-dyno resistances applied during the laboratory measurements. These reference values are obtained under controlled conditions, while a series of corrections are applied to make the test procedure more repeatable and reproducible. In real driving, the actual vehicle road loads are influenced by a series of factors leading to a divergence between the certified fuel consumption values, and the real-world ones. An approach of calculating representative road loads during on-road tests can help to obtain a more unobstructed view of vehicle efficiency and, when needed, confirm the officially declared road loads. This approach is also essential for validating

Komnos, Dimitrios, Fontaras, Georgios, Ntziachristos, Leonidas, Pavlovic, Jelica, Ciuffo, Biagio

Simulation of Curved Road Collision Prevention Warning System of Automobile Based on V2X

2020-01-070704/14/2020

Li, Xuanhe, Wu, Jian, He, Rui, Zhu, Bing, Zhao, Jian, Zhou, Hang

Quantifying Engine Braking for Various Common Street Motorcycles

2020-01-088004/14/2020

Motorcycle engine braking was measured in each forward gear for a cross-section of typical street motorcycles. Using GPS data acquisition and video, deceleration relative to speed was examined. Motorcycle characteristics included various engine displacements and types of motorcycle. The data acquired will give more insight into the extent which engine braking is a factor for deceleration, a topic which has not been addressed in a peer-reviewed journal article to this date.

Jansen, Henricus, LeBlanc, Beau, Wilhelm, Christopher, Shaw, Tyler, Lowi, Alvin

Optimization of Braking Strategy for Automatic Emergency Braking System in Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents

07-12-02-000903/23/2020

Braking strategy is the core of the automatic emergency braking (AEB) system. How to make the braking strategy of the AEB system more suitable for real traffic conditions and more acceptable to drivers is a very important research. This article carries out the braking strategy optimization for the AEB system. From the vehicle-pedestrian accidents collected by the National Automobile Accident In-depth Investigation System (NAIS) of Songjiang Station, this article selects typical cases equipped with event data recorder (EDR) and then analyzes the EDR data. On this basis, the strategy for the optimization of the AEB system is formed. The optimized strategy is simulated in the test scenario specified in the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro-NCAP) and compared with the real vehicle test results. The result illustrates that the optimized braking strategy is more effective to avoid or mitigate collisions.

Qian, Yubin, Yang, Xueyan, Xiao, Lingyun, Zhu, Yican

More than a brake

2019-36-002001/13/2020

The automotive world is battling every day to provide innovation and product development without compromising the environment. The electrification of the engines can be a factor that divides eras into the market. The conventional brake system links the act of apply the brake pedal with the stop or deceleration of the vehicle. This is now possible thanks to the long-term use of the vacuum generated by the combustion engine or by auxiliary equipment (vacuum pump). New brake system technologies provides, without a vacuum source, more efficient and safer braking than the current power brake system. Embedded in technological developments, these systems interacts with other vehicle components (cameras, radars, ABS, ESC) bringing the driver advanced safety conditions.

Batagini, Emerson

Braking Control Strategy Based on Electronically Controlled Braking System and Intelligent Network Technology

2019-01-503811/04/2019

In order to solve the coupling problems between braking safety, economical efficiency of braking and the comfort of drivers, a braking control strategy based on Electronically Controlled Braking System (EBS) and intelligent network technology under non-emergency braking conditions is proposed. The controller utilizes the intelligent network technology’s characteristics of the workshop communication to obtain the driving environment information of the current vehicle firstly, and then calculate the optimal braking deceleration of the vehicle based on optimal control method. The strategy will distribute the braking force according to the ideal braking force distribution condition based on the EBS according to the braking deceleration; the braking force will be converted to braking pressure according to brake characteristics. Computer co-simulations of the proposed strategy are performed, the strategy is verified under different initial speeds. The results show that the strategy enables

Zheng, Hongyu, Li, Rui

Information on Brake-By-Wire (BBW) Brake Control Systems

AIR5372A (Current)10/25/2019

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the design approaches used for current applications of aircraft Brake-by-Wire (BBW) control systems. The document also discusses the experience gained during service, and covers system, ergonomic, hardware, and development aspects. The document includes the lessons that have been learned during application of the technology. Although there are a variety of approaches that have been used in the design of BBW systems, the main focus of this document is on the current state of the art systems.

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

Research on Integrated Performance Design for the Braking System

2019-01-212009/15/2019

Medium or higher commercial vehicles weight will be increased by 5 to 6 times compared to kerb weight depending on their load carrying capacity. Therefore, a pneumatic braking device is used that produces a greater braking force than hydraulic pressure. Pneumatic braking system is a device that performs mechanical braking using air pressure and shall be designed to an appropriate level, taking into account the multi-physics of air and mechanical phenomena. In addition, the dynamics of the vehicle during braking should be considered due to different vehicle behavior depending on the load carrying capacity. This study utilizes SIL(Software In the Loop) for a comprehensive review of the pneumatic braking performance of vehicles.

Han, Wookhyun, Yang, Kee-Young

Study on Vehicle Spin Tendency during Braking on Differential mu Surfaces in Four Wheeled Automobile Vehicle

2019-01-211409/15/2019

A four-wheeled automobile during braking event in which left and right wheels of the vehicle are on different mu surfaces, has high chances of experiencing spin, which may lead to stability issues on vehicle. This paper intends to provide a mathematical approach to predict the deceleration at which vehicle will spin during braking in a differential mu surface, and determine the effect of influencing parameters on the extent of the vehicle spin tendency. This paper also provides a correlation between theoretical vs actual decelerations for vehicles to exhibit vehicle spin tendency. This paper helps in providing sufficient aid/tool for system designer to predetermine the vehicle spin at early level of system designs and make necessary amendments at initial stage of prototype development rather than late changes, to create a product which gives safe driving experience.

Nedunuri, Kartheek, K, Rajakumar, Lalasure, Santosh

Probabilistic Method for Assessing the Stability of Multi-Axle Vehicles When Braking

2019-01-214609/15/2019

The solution to the problem of stability of a multi-axle vehicle during braking is connected with the determination of the dynamic distribution of normal road reactions between the axles. To assess the stability of the vehicle is used as an indicator of the stability factor representing the ratio of the stabilizing moment to moment, the perturbing skid. When the values of the stability coefficient is greater than or equal to unity, the movement is stable, and otherwise it is unstable. For a multi-axle vehicle, determining the dynamic normal road reactions on the axles is possible after disclosing the static uncertainty of the physical model of the car, which is a multi-support beam. The solution to this problem involves the use of the "three sigma" rule. The maximum possible value of the stability coefficient is realized with the most favorable distribution of the total normal road reactions between the axles, ensuring the maximum value of the stabilizing moment and the minimum value

Podrigalo, Mikhail, Klets, Dmytro, Yatsenko, Kostiantyn, Abramov, Dmytrii, Kurenko, Oleksandr, Rohozin, Ihor, Abramova, Tetyana, Rudzinskyi, Volodymyr, Rudzinska, Olha, Voskobiinyk, Olena

Brake Rotor Corrosion and Friction Cleaning Effect on Vehicle Judder Performance

2019-01-211509/15/2019

Brake disc corrosion has emerged as an important field of study within the automotive industry due to the wide range of lining materials that are currently used worldwide, and their inherent rust-cleaning properties. The presence of oxide layers irregularly deposited on the cast iron disc surfaces usually leads to a forced, braking-induced vibration that can reach the driver’s position as a pronounced annoyance. Hence, the friction material composition directly impacts on the judder performance during the early corrosion-removal stage. This study incorporates both dynamometer and vehicle tests into the definition of a predictive methodology that allows corrosion-induced vibrations to be investigated at both system and vehicle levels. The oxide film is artificially generated by means of a salt spray chamber under steady-state climate conditions in order to guarantee a repetitive and robust procedure. The vibration response of the system is objectively evaluated in the form of caliper

Molina Montasell, Narcís, Ferrer, Bernat

Research on Constant Speed Control Strategy of Water Medium Retarders for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2019-01-130404/02/2019

Hydraulic retarders are extensively used in heavy-duty vehicles because of their advantages, such as their large braking torque and long continuous operating hours. They can reduce the vehicle velocity by converting the kinetic energy of a traveling vehicle to the thermal energy of the working fluid. The water medium retarder is a new type of hydraulic retarder with the characteristics of high power density and simple structure. It uses the engine's coolant as the working medium, and the heat is directly taken away by the vehicle cooling system. Therefore, the heavy-duty vehicle can achieve long-term continuous braking during the downhill process. One of the main functions of water medium retarder is driving downhill at a constant speed which determines whether the vehicle drives stably and safely. Therefore, studying the constant-speed control strategy during downhill driving is particularly important. In this paper, the structure and working principle of water medium retarder and the

Lei, Yulong, Song, Pengxiang, Fu, Yao, Wang, Yuhai, Zhang, Yuchen

Learning from Human Naturalistic Driving Behavior at Stop Signs for Autonomous Vehicles

2019-01-102104/02/2019

Despite public expectations that autonomous vehicles should be able to avoid most accidents, the existing fleet of autonomous test vehicles has demonstrated this is simply not the case. An explanation for some of these accidents has been that these vehicles do not drive like humans and therefore do not exhibit certain driving patterns expected by human drivers. With the high likelihood of a gradual integration of autonomous vehicles into our traffic system in the future, there will be a need for such vehicles to adapt to, and mimic, human driving. Although much work has been done to understand human behavior and performance in driving, it has been mostly geared towards defining human capabilities and limitations. Little work has been done on the interactions between human-driven and autonomous vehicles. In previously published work, we described a large-scale, on-road eye tracking study conducted in instrumented test vehicles to understand and assess human behavior in a naturalistic

Tavassoli, Abtine, Cymbalist, Niccolo, Dunning, Amber, Krauss, David

Model-Based Pitch Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle

2019-01-045104/02/2019

On the dual-motor electric vehicle, which is driven by two electric motors mounted on the front and rear axles respectively, longitudinal dynamic control and electro-dynamic braking can be achieved by controlling the torque of front and rear axle motors respectively. Suspension displacement is related to the wheel torque, thus the pitch of vehicle body can be influenced by changing the torque distribution ratio. The pitch of the body has a great influence on the vehicle comfort, which occurs mainly during acceleration and braking progress. Traditionally active suspension is adopted to control the pitch of body. Instead, in this paper an ideal torque distribution strategy is developed to limit the pitch during acceleration and braking progress. This paper first explores the relationship between the torque distribution and the body pitch through the real vehicle test, which reveals the feasibility of the vehicle comfort promotion by optimizing the torque distribution coefficient. A two

Yu, Yize, Xiong, Lu, Yu, Zhuoping, Yang, Xing, Hou, Yuye, Leng, Bo

Optimized Braking System Sizing by Means of a Parametric 1D Brake Model

2019-26-035501/09/2019

This paper presents a methodology that incorporates a 1D (non-geometric) brake model, together with conventional vehicle tests, into the solution of problems associated with the sizing of a braking system. The 1D tool is aimed at predicting the main braking attributes, such as pedal feel or thermal capacity under repeated snubs, and the fulfilment of the legislative requirements -service, emergency and parking brake performance. The model recreates a parametric brake system, and thus allows engineers to understand the impact a parameter (e.g. a specification) might have on the overall performance when it is altered. This calculation provides valuable assistance when sizing a braking system. The methodology presented succeeds in reducing the number of vehicle test iterations throughout the brake sizing stage, thus being more cost-effective and less time-consuming than the usual trial and error approach to select the off-the-shelf components available from suppliers.

Molina Montasell, Narcís, Santosh, Raunak

Performance and Comfort Optimization from ABS/CBS/Motor Regenerative Braking in an Electric Two Wheeler during Heavy and Mild Braking Respectively

2019-26-012201/09/2019

Reducing the number of traffic accidents is a declared target of most governments leading to mandating Combined Braking System (CBS) or Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) in two wheelers. Traditional friction braking torque and motor braking torque can be used in braking for electric 2wheeler. Use of CBS and ABS helps in active control of vehicle braking leading to better deceleration, prevention of tire locking, control on vehicle pitch etc. A braking model (friction braking + motor regenerative braking) along with battery dynamics is developed in Matlab/Simulink and validated with real vehicle response. This paper presents an analysis on vehicle braking separately for heavy and mild braking in various vehicle load conditions. During heavy braking a feedback control algorithm is used to maintain optimal slip ratio both at the front and rear tire, active control on CBS and ABS+Regen is done and performance is compared. Similarly, during mild braking rider’s comfort is addressed by

Soni, Lokesh, Venkateswaran, Shivaram, Ramachandran, Vijeta

Analysis of Changes in Disc-Brake Squeal Characteristic due to Regenerative Braking Simulation on Brake-Inertia-Dynamometer

2019-26-020301/09/2019

Brake is very crucial functional part of automobile, therefore need a robust testing for validation in order to ensure its failsafe functionality under harsh circumstances. For performance testing and foundation brake system design optimization purpose Brake-Inertia-Dynamometer (BID) being used extensively since its inception, and from last two decades for optimization of brake Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance too. In brake NVH the major issue is brake squeal or squeak generation, which is very difficult to predict its occurrences and standardized its prerequisite conditions. Since, brake is the only device which is designed for power absorption in automobile and therefore the regenerative braking concept come to the picture for energy conservation. The loss of energy in braking in case of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) is more crucial and hence implementation of regenerative-braking is more discernible in HEVs and EVs to enhance the efficiency

Chilbule, Chaitanya, Weiss, Dieter

FMVSS 105 Inertia Brake Dynamometer Test Procedure for Vehicles Above 4540 kg GVWR

J2684_201812 (Current)12/05/2018

Truck and Bus Hydraulic Brake Committee

Comparison of Different Variable Braking Force Systems

2018-01-186510/05/2018

An automobile braking system has a crucial role in the safety of the passengers and riding quality of the vehicle. The braking force mainly depends on the normal reaction on the wheel and the coefficient of adhesion between the tire and the road surface. The required braking force for a vehicle varies with the load on the vehicle. If the applied braking force is greater than the required brake force, wheel gets locked which results in increased stopping distance. In order to prevent the wheel lock at low load conditions or deficient braking force at extremely high load conditions, a variable braking force system is developed. Whenever a motorcycle is loaded, the normal reaction on the rear wheel is increased. Thus, the amount of braking force required to halt the motorcycle with minimum stopping distance and stability of the motorcycle is based on the pillion load on the motorcycle. Hence, the amount of braking force developed between the road surface and the tire is varied in the

Subramanian, Chidambaram, Vinayaga Sundaram, Ganesh

Coordinated Control under Transitional Conditions in Hybrid Braking of Electric Vehicle

2018-01-186910/05/2018

In the hybrid brake system of electric vehicle, due to the limitation of the motor braking force when the motor is at high speed and the failure of the regenerative braking force when the motor is at low speed, there are three transitional conditions in hybrid braking: the hydraulic brake system intervenes the braking, the hydraulic brake system withdraws the braking and the regenerative braking force withdraws the braking. Due to the response speed of the hydraulic system is slower than that of the motor, there is a large braking impact (the derivative of braking deceleration) in the transitional conditions of hybrid braking, which deteriorates the smoothness and comfort in braking. Aiming at the impact caused by the poor cooperation between the hydraulic braking force and the motor braking force, a coordinated strategy of double closed-loop feedback and motor force correction is proposed in this paper. The double closed-loop feedback strategy relies on the motor force to compensate

Yu, Zhuoping, Shi, Biaofei, Xiong, Lu, Han, Wei

A Mathematical Model of the Braking Dynamics of a Car

2018-01-189310/05/2018

The braking efficiency of a vehicle is its most important operational property. However, in practice, researchers utilize simplistic physical-mathematical models for the process of vehicle braking that leads to accuracy reduction of these models predictions. The literature data show that the error in assessing braking efficiency can reach 30%. One of the main indicators of the efficiency of a braking system is deceleration. Most accurately, this value can be determined by experimental measurements. However, this is not always possible due to various technical reasons. The existing models typically ignore the impact of the car design and its speed on deceleration. They also either neglect air resistance completely or account only for its horizontal component. This paper presents an improved mathematical model written in the differential form that takes into account the impact of the lifting or downforce components of the aerodynamic forces. The proposed model accounts for the dependence

Saraiev, Olexii, Gorb, Yuliya

Cementitious-Based Brake Pads Technology: Performance, Low Energy Consumption, Emission Drop

2018-01-186710/05/2018

Brake pads employing innovative hydraulic inorganic binders in place of common state-of-the-art thermosetting phenolic resins have been produced by means of a unique prototypal equipment and a distinctive manufacturing process. The unicity of the process enables us to exclude completely any thermal cycle in the manufacturing steps, with a considerable positive energy balance compared to the standard counterpart. Realized brake pads have indeed been successfully tuned to meet the braking performances of phenolic counterparts. In the present work our latest efforts in this field are illustrated, focusing our attention to three main areas of interest: performance, energy consumption, volatile organic emissions. One selected exponent of our cementitious-based material is reported, demonstrating its capability of matching both standard OE and AM braking performances (investigated through a full scale brake dynamometer by SAE J2522 procedure), and its feasibility to be released as an actual

Sanguineti, Alessandro, Samela, Alessandro, Rampinelli, Flavio, Bottalico, Luca, Ranza, Luigi, Romeo, Marco, Bonfanti, Andrea

Inertia Calculation for Single-Ended Inertia-Dynamometer Testing

J2789_201809 (Historical)09/26/2018

This procedure provides methods to determine the appropriate inertia values for all passenger cars and light trucks up to 4540 kg of GVWR. For the same vehicle application and axle (front or rear), different tests sections or brake applications may use different inertia values to reflect the duty-cycle and loading conditions indicated on the specific test.

Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee

Sizing of anti-lock braking system for Formula SAE vehicles

2018-36-020109/03/2018

The anti-lock braking system (ABS) has the purpose of controlling the wheel slip, in order to maintain steering and stability during braking. Due to the increasing search for safety and performance in competition vehicles, it is sought to minimize braking distances for the purpose of reduce track time. It is known that a slip control task is not trivial, where one of the main reasons is the high amount of uncertainties involved. Thus, the present paper aims to simulate a SAE vehicle with and without ABS using reliable experimental data of friction interfaces. The performance of the system is evaluated by a longitudinal vehicle model, supported by principles of vehicular dynamics, dynamometric test and track data. The model has a feedback control system with two proportional, integral, derivative (PID) loops. A sensor monitors wheel slip and feed it to the controller. This, actuates the hydraulic modulator operated by the opening or closing of the valves, with the objective of maintain

Boere, Lucas Dickow, Silva, André Luis da

Commercial Truck and Bus SAE Recommended Procedure for Vehicle Performance Prediction and Charting

J2188_201807 (Current)07/25/2018

Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee

Considerations for ISO 26262 ASIL Hazard Classification

J2980_201804 (Historical)

04/28/2018

This SAE Recommended Practice presents a method and example results for determining the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) for automotive motion control electrical and electronic (E/E) systems. The ASIL determination activity is required by ISO 26262-3:2011 [1], and it is intended that the process and results herein are consistent with ISO 26262:2011 [1]. The technical focus of this document is on vehicle motion control systems. It is limited to passenger cars weighing up to 3.5 metric tons. Furthermore, the scope of this recommended practice is limited to collision-related hazards associated with motion control systems. The recommended practice focused on motion control systems since the hazards they can create generally have higher ASIL ratings, as compared to the hazards non-motion control systems can create. Because of this, the Functional Safety Committee decided to give motion control systems a higher priority and focus exclusively on them in the SAE J2980 recommended

Functional Safety Committee