Browse Topic: Vehicle acceleration

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Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0328To be published on 01/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra
Adaptive Economy Drive Mode Algorithm Development for Fuel Efficient Operation in Light Commercial Vehicle2026-26-0063To be published on 01/16/2026
In Commercial vehicles, during the transit of goods for delivery the vehicle is in laden condition and after delivery it returns in unladen condition. The engine is designed and calibrated to get good drivability in Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) of the vehicle. When the vehicle is driven at unladen condition or partially laden condition, the vehicle is accelerated very high due to higher torque available from engine, leading to excessive fuel consumption. In some commercial vehicle models, Economy Drive mode option is available, in which the maximum torque delivered by engine is tapered to one level down to achieve better fuel economy. But in GVW condition with Economy Drive mode the driver may not feel the acceleration response and he tend to switch to Power mode. This technical paper describes Adaptive Economy Drive Mode algorithm development which operates with sufficient acceleration using optimum fuel. In Adaptive Economy Drive mode, there are 3 phases. The first phase is to sense or
U B, Gokulraj, S, Rajagopal, V, Sriram, M, James Arokiaraj
Risk assessment of cold side components using quick modal analysis correlation technique.2026-26-0441To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract: Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of component with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis corelation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis corelation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-0667To be published on 01/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
Development of a High-Fidelity Vehicle Dynamics Model with Rear-Wheel Active Roll Control for Improved Stability2026-26-0093To be published on 01/16/2026
This work introduces a unified vehicle dynamics framework that combines detailed modeling and active control to enhance ride comfort and handling stability. A full 12-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is developed to simulate dynamic responses across a range of driving conditions. Unlike conventional approaches, this model incorporates both linear and nonlinear tire behavior, enabling more accurate prediction of vehicle motion. To further improve performance, an active roll control mechanism is proposed, utilizing rear-wheel suspension actuators to counteract undesired body roll and yaw instabilities. A novel co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control strategies with high-fidelity multibody dynamics from ADAMS Car. The model is calibrated and validated using experimental data from an instrumented test vehicle. Results show that the integrated control system significantly reduces critical parameters such as roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and
Duraikannu, Dinesh, DUMPALA, GANGI REDDY
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-0085To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analysing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behaviour. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behaviour using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The evaluation is done using standard ISO test manoeuvres, including Constant Radius turn test (ISO 4138), Sine Steer test (ISO 8725) and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification (as per
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
DC Link Capacitor Size Reduction Using Phase-Shifted PWM Techniques for Pole Phase Modulated Induction Machine Drive2026-26-0170To be published on 01/16/2026
Multiphase machines i.e. electrical machines with more than three phases have many advantages compared to the three-phase machines for high power density applications. The major advantages of multiphase machines include lower space harmonics thereby reduced losses and improved efficiency, reduced torque pulsations leading to lesser vibrations and acoustical noise, higher fault tolerance which retains the self-starting ability with minimum deration in the output power in case of fault in one or more phases and enhancement of torque density by adding higher order harmonic currents into the stator currents. Requirement of power electronic switches with reduced rating compared three phase motor drives for a given power rating is another important advantage which supports employing multiphase machines in high power applications. Wider speed and torque ranges are other important requirements of a drive for high power traction and propulsion application. Conventional machines need to be over
A, Rajeshwari
Impact of Ordinal Proximity of Frequency Components on the Auditory Perception of Engine Knocking2024-32-003204/18/2025
This study examines the acoustic properties of engine-knocking sounds in gasoline engines, arising from misfires during spark ignition that negatively affect driving performance. The aim was to understand the frequency characteristics of acceleration sounds and their connection to the proximity of the order components. The study also explores “booming,” where two different frequencies of sounds occur simultaneously, potentially linked to the unpleasant nature of engine knocking. Using a sinusoidal model, we generated engine acceleration sound models with 5th-, 10th-, and 15th-order components, including engine knocking. Two types of sound stimuli were created: one with the original amplitude (OA) and one with a constant amplitude (CA) for each component order, emphasizing the order-component proximity in CA sounds. Aural experiments with 10 participants in an anechoic room using headphones and the MUSHRA method revealed an inverse relationship between OA and CA ratings as the component
Suzuki, Ryuhei, Ishimitsu, Shunsuke, Nitta, Misaki, Sakakibara, Mika, Hakozaki, Tomoyuki, Fujikawa, Satoshi, Iwata, Kiyoaki, Matsumoto, Mitsunori, Kikuchi, Masakazu
Identification of Input Force and Contribution for Electric Power UnitUtilizing Virtual Point2024-32-001504/18/2025
In this study, vibration characteristics inside an electric power unit at gravity center where direct measurement is impossible were estimated by using virtual point transformation to consider guideline for effective countermeasures to the structure or generated force characteristics inside the power source. Vibration acceleration, transfer function and the generated force in operation at the gravity center of the electrical power source were obtained by vibration characteristics at around the power source which can be measured directly. In addition, the transfer functions from the gravity center to the power source attachment points on the product were also estimated. And then, the contribution from the gravity center to the power unit attachment point was obtained by multiplying generated force with the transfer function. As results, the obtained total contribution was almost same with the actual measured vibration at the attachment point. Furthermore, the rotational contribution
Kubo, Ryoma, Hara, Kenta, Yoshida, Junji
GPS-BASED MOBILITY POWER ANALYSIS OF MILITARY VEHICLES2024-01-331111/15/2024
ABSTRACT Determining the required power for the tractive elements of off-road vehicles has always been a critical aspect of the design process for military vehicles. In recent years, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve stealth capabilities. The electric motors that power the wheel or tracks require an accurate estimation of the power and duty cycle for a vehicle during certain operating conditions. To meet this demand, a GPS-based mobility power model was developed to predict the duty cycle and energy requirements of off-road vehicles. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces developed during locomotion are determined from the GPS data, and these forces include the following: the gravitational, acceleration, motion resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drawbar forces. Initial application of the mobility power concept began when three U.S. military’s Stryker vehicles were equipped with GPS receivers while conducting a
Ayers, Paul, Bozdech, George
Impact of Toe and Thrust Angle Misalignment on Roll Behaviour of a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle2024-26-005601/16/2024
Heavy Commercial Road Vehicles (HCRVs) may be more susceptible to rollover incidents due to their higher centre of gravity position than passenger vehicles, and rollover is one of the significant causes of HCRV accidents. Therefore, variation in vehicle roll behaviour becomes crucial to the safety of an HCRV. Toe misalignment is a commonly observed phenomenon in HCRVs, and studying its impact on roll behaviour is important. In this work, the impact of the symmetric toe and thrust misalignment on the roll behaviour of an HCRV is analysed using IPG TruckMaker®, a vehicle dynamics simulation software. A ramp steer manoeuvre was used for the simulations, and the toe misalignment on a wheel was chosen from the range [−0.21°, 0.21°]. Variation in roll behaviour was quantified using the steering wheel angle at which one-wheel lift-off (OWL) occurred (SWA_L). Additionally, an analytical model was formulated to predict OWL and the model predictions were compared with the results from IPG
Chandran, Amarchand, Grandhe, Roshan, Mukhopadhyay, Arko, Sharma, Mitanshu, Shankar Ram, C S
Regeneration Calibration for optimum Range and effective brakes performances in eSUV2024-26-011001/16/2024
Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles (EVs) to extend their driving range. To enhance the braking performances and regenerative energy, regenerative braking control strategy based on multi objective optimisation is explained in this paper. This technical paper would be focusing on extracting optimum Range with effective brake performances without affecting drivability and performances in different drives modes. An extensive research study on public road driving patterns is done to understand the percentage utilisation of brakes at various (low-mid-high) speeds as per the customer driving behavior. Multi-Objective optimisation function with three vital factors is defined where output generated power, torque smoothness and current smoothness are selected as optimisation objective to improve the driving range, braking comfort, and battery lifetime respectively. Braking regeneration maps are calibrated along with optimised foundation brake hardware’s to get
KUMAR, Prabhakar, K, Rajakumar, Krishnan, Nandhakumar, Suhail, Mohammed thamjeed
Cab RLDA using VI & MI approach: A Co-Simulation of ADAMS & FEMFAT Lab VI/MI2024-26-005101/16/2024
The current approach of hybrid RLDA is typically incapable of providing accurate dynamic loads coming on cab at chassis-to-cab load transfer locations, primarily due to following two reasons. Firstly, all of the model parameters of the vehicle, which is put on the four post, are not known. Secondly, MBS (Multi-body System) Cab model is multi degree of freedom with rigid bodies, flex bodies, contacts and non-linear force elements. Therefore, if the system identification is to be performed manually it becomes an arduous and humanly impossible task. Towards generating an accurate dynamic loads on cab, an approach using FEMFAT LAB - VI & MI has been developed which involves a two-step process: a) Generating MBS excitation by back calculating from measured frame response - VI (Virtual iterations). b) Fine tuning modelling parameters to match measured cab response - MI (Model Improvement). To execute the VI & MI approach for calculating dynamic loads on cab through 4-poster & 7-poster
Singh, Prempal, PRASAD, TEJ
Achieving New Pass-By Noise Regulatory Norms R51.3 (Method B) - An Analysis of Acceleration and Noise Source Contribution2024-26-019901/16/2024
Worldwide automotive sector regulatory norms have changed and become more stringent and complex to control environmental noise and air pollution. To continue this trend, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport is going to impose new vehicle exterior pass-by noise regulatory norms R51.3 (Method B) in the upcoming year to control urban area noise pollution. This paper studies the synthesis of M1 category vehicle driving acceleration, dominant noise source, and frequency contribution in exterior PBN level. A vehicle acceleration analysis study was carried out to achieve an optimized PBN level based on the vehicle’s PMR ratio, reference, and measured test acceleration data. Based on the analysis, the test gear strategy and acceleration were changed to achieve a lower PBN level. Improved engine calibration resulted in a 20% increment of ith gear acceleration. This increased acceleration surpassed the upper limit of the reference acceleration range; hence, the vehicle was tested in a
kalsule cEng., Shrikant Balasaheb, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Jadhav, Kamalakar, Naidu, Sudhakara
SUV Multi-Link Rigid Axle Control Links Optimization for Ride and Handling Improvement2024-26-004801/16/2024
In automotive world, role of suspension system is to absorb vibrations from the road, and to provide stability while vehicle is going over bumps or uneven roads, cornering, acceleration and braking etc. For body on frame SUVs which are typically characterized by high center of gravity, it is quite critical to find best balance in ensuring stability of the vehicle and having comfortable ride performance. Rigid axle rear suspension is quite typical choice in such vehicles, wherein lower and upper control links are two important components subjected to lateral, longitudinal, and vertical loads. These links allow the vehicle to move smoothly throughout the entire range of suspension travel. Kinematics and compliance optimization of these links is major factor in definition of ride-handling performance of the vehicle. The present study describes key challenges and methodology to define position as well as orientation of control links, where-in multiple inter-related handling and comfort
Hussain, Inzamam, Jani, Harshil, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam, ahire, Manoj, Jadhav, Prashant, Lenka, Visweswara, Vellandi, Vikraman
Dual-Motor-BEV Controls Optimization2024-26-024301/16/2024
In this paper we will discuss different techniques of controls optimization for a dual motor BEV model and look at the most optimal solution with an objective to minimize motor losses or maximize efficiency. In a dual motor model, torque split ratio plays a vital role in deciding the operating points for each motor and hence the losses or inefficiency in the system. It is important to find the optimal torque split ratio to improve range and performance. Four techniques covered in this paper includes ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, DP (Dynamic Programming), DOE (Design of Experiment) and Empirical relation-based approach. ECMS is a local optimization technique whereas DP is global optimization technique. DOE was used to perform a full factorial analysis with an eventual goal of creating a map which relates TSR (Torque Split Ratio) to the operating points in the form of vehicle acceleration and vehicle speed. A quadratic empirical relation between vehicle acceleration
Chopra, Ujjwal
HARMONIC VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF 2-WHEELER TAIL LAMP TO GET THE PARTICULAR RESPONSE ON THE CENTRE OF LENS AND CORRELATION WITH PHYSICAL TEST RESULTS2024-26-028301/16/2024
Automotive components undergo various loadings in different conditions during operation. So, every component must be designed according to its assurance of withstanding the certain and uncertain loads as well. Tail lamp is one of the components which may not take any structural forces but must be designed precisely to resist the vibration coming from the engine and road. Harmonic simulation helps to verify the design of tail lamp for given excitation and fixed testing range of frequencies. Apart from this, OEM companies demand the testing of tail lamp to get the particular G level response on the center of lens of the assembly and accordingly the inputs have to be defined. This paper demonstrates the harmonic simulation of the 2-wheeler tail lamp to maintain the 15G acceleration response on the center of lens. For this, calculation of input acceleration for given frequency range is important. This is carried out by using response from the preliminary simulation where constant
Patne, Sachin
Detection of unintended vehicle behaviour for driver safety2024-26-010601/16/2024
The functional safety of electric vehicles has attracted a great deal of attention among automobile industries globally. A tricky yet necessary dual gamut of operational ease along with operational safety is something that cannot be ignored while using electric vehicles. Safety paired with vehicle reliability will go a long way in the market. Therefore, abnormal vehicle behavior due to factors such as unintended acceleration should not be kept in hind sight. Unintended acceleration is a phenomenon where the vehicle accelerates involuntarily without the knowledge of the driver which leads to accidents and fatal injuries. Thus, prior detection of unintended acceleration becomes mandatory for driver’s safety. Unintended acceleration is a result of various uncontrolled conditions like road driving conditions and system malfunction. This paper aims to estimate the load torque of a vehicle by utilizing the vehicle drive train model thereby ensuring the timely detection of unwanted
Ghube, Aditya Purushottam, Chauhan, Abhisha, Nidubrolu, Kranthi kumar
Calibration of an Inertial Measurement Unit and its Impact on Antilock Braking System Performance2024-26-001401/16/2024
An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) provides vehicle acceleration that can be used in Active Vehicle Safety Systems (AVSSs). However, the signal output from an IMU is affected by changes in its position in the vehicle and alignment, which may lead to degradation in AVSS performance. Investigators have employed physics and data-based models for countering the impact of sensor misalignment, and the effects of gravity on acceleration measurements. While physics-based methods utilize parameters varying dynamically with vehicle motion, data-based methods require an extensive number of parameters making them computationally expensive. These factors make the above-explored methods practically challenging to implement on production vehicles. This study considers a 6-axis IMU and evaluates its impact on Antilock Braking System (ABS) performance by considering the IMU signal obtained with different mounting orientations, and positions on a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle (HCRV). It then develops a
Dixit, Chitrartha, Gaurkar, Pavel, Ramakrishnan, Rajesh, Shankar Ram, C S, Vivekanandan, Gunasekaran, Sivaram, Sriram
Virtual design validation of innovative High Ground Clearance Tractor kit2024-26-006601/16/2024
An agricultural tractor is often modified for special farming applications such as horticulture where the standard design is not suitable or accessible. In such cases farm equipment manufacturers are demanded a frugal and cost effect Engineered farming solutions. One such design is the innovative High Ground Clearance Tractor (HGCT) kit offered to increase the Tractor height without damaging the crop. In this paper, author proposes a durability assessment method to evaluate the HGCT kit attachments to meet the durability criteria. Road load data acquisition is done to measure the acceleration and strain levels for various horticulture operations such as tillage, spraying and transportation. Actual operating conditions are simulated with the help of four poster durability setup inside the lab which helps to reduce the field testing for design iterations. Multi-body dynamics simulation (MBS) is used to front load the four poster lab testing in virtual and extract the loads on component
Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, A, Gokila, Kumar, Yuvaraj, Jaiswal, Sunny, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, Londhe, Abhijit, Mani, Suresh, Natarajan, Saravanan
Adopting Pothole mitigation system for improved ride, handling and enhanced component life2024-26-005901/16/2024
Potholes are a major cause of discomfort for riders and vehicle damage. The passive suspension systems which are used in the passenger vehicles are primarily reaction based. These can’t adapt to the changing road conditions which means the best ride quality and handling characteristics cannot be ensured for different driving situations. Passive suspension system also needs more maintenance due to its inability to reduce the impact of the road irregularities. In recent years, semi-active suspension systems have been developed to improve ride comfort and vehicle safety. Here, a semi-active suspension system with a road preview mechanism has been integrated with a TATA car model to investigate its impact on ride comfort, handling characteristics and component loads in digital domain. A quarter car vehicle model is used to compare different active damping control strategies. The best strategy is selected and integrated with a full vehicle model developed in a MBS tool to gain deeper
Mishra, Satyakam, PRASAD, TEJ, Maruenda Sanz, Javier
Emergency Obstacle Avoidance Trajectory Planning Method of Intelligent Vehicles Based on Improved Hybrid A*10-08-01-000111/14/2023
Abstract In this article, we present a spatiotemporal trajectory planning algorithm for emergency obstacle avoidance. Utilizing obstacle and driving environment data from the sensing module, we construct a 3D spatiotemporal grid map. This informs our improved hybrid A* algorithm, which identifies collision-safe, dynamically feasible trajectories. The traditional hybrid A* algorithm is enhanced in three significant ways to make the search practical and feasible: (1) optimizing search efficiency with motion primitives based on child node acceleration, (2) integrating collision risk into the heuristic function to reduce ineffective node exploration, and (3) introducing a One-Shot search based on the Optimal Boundary Value Problem (OBVP) to improve goal state searches. Finally, the algorithm is tested in two scenarios: (1) a vehicle cut-in from an adjacent lane and (2) a pedestrian crossing. Simulation results indicate that our proposed emergency obstacle avoidance trajectory planning
Chen, Guoying, Yao, Jun, Gao, Zhenhai, Gao, Zheng, Zhao, Xuanming, Xu, Nan, Hua, Min
Subjective development of EV propulsion noise to drive product differentiation2025-01-006705/05/2023
The frequency and amplitude content of powertrain noise is motor torque and speed dependent and tends to influence the driver’s subjective perception of the vehicle. This provides manufacturers with an opportunity to drive product differentiation through consideration of powertrain noise in early stages of the development cycles for electric vehicles (EVs). This paper focuses on evaluation of customer perception to acoustic feedback of motor design options based on targeted motor orders and expected wind and road masking during high acceleration maneuvers. A jury study is used to explore the customer feedback response to a two-stage gearbox design with AC permanent magnet motor order combinations. The subjective influence of order spacing, dominant frequency content and the number of audible tones is studied to understand aural perspective product differentiation opportunities.
Joodi, Benjamin, Jayakumar, Vignesh, Conklin, Chris, Pilz, Fernando, Iyengar, Shashank, Weilnau, Kelby, Hodgkins, Jeffrey
Comprehensive EV Sound Design project from Marketing Requirements to Series2025-01-001805/05/2023
This paper presents the results of a project to design new comprehensive sound sets for several electric vehicle models having each specific branding expectations. This was achieved thanks to a close collaboration between one major Chinese electric vehicle manufacturer and an acoustic software provider, relying on shared experience, knowledge, and tools to meet the initial requirements set. Firstly, a scenarized journey and brand-related symbolism were defined and served as a basis for creating meaningful sketches of sound design in a cross-team effort (designers, NVH, production, audio system, etc.). Various sound functions were considered for exterior sounds, such as AVAS, and interior sounds, such as ambiance, HMI, and alarms. A special care was dedicated to the so-called Active Sound Design aiming at providing speed and acceleration feedback to the driver, in the absence of a clearly audible engine noise. A listening test was then conducted in order to assess how the proposed
LI, Yanhao, Minard, Antoine, Boussard, Patrick, Zhang, Charles
Indirect blocked force measurement of a hydraulic power pack for structural vibration transmission into an airframe2025-01-005205/05/2023
Centralization of electrically driven hydraulic power packs into the body of aircraft have increased the attention on the noise and vibration characteristics of the system. A hydraulic power pack consists of a pump coupled to an electrical motor, accumulator, reservoir, and associated filter manifolds. In previous studies, the characteristics of the radiated acoustic noise and fluid borne noise were studied. In this paper, we focus on the structure borne forces generated by the hydraulic pump characterized through blocked force measurements. The blocked force of the pump was determined experimentally using an indirect measurement method. The indirect method required operation with part under test fixed to an instrumented receiver structure. Measured operational accelerations on the receiver plate were used in conjunction with transfer function measurements to predict the blocked forces. Blocked forces were validated by comparing directly measured accelerations to predicted
Smither, Matthew, Tuyls, Zachary, Patel, Pratik, Yan, Xin, Herrin, David
Design of the Evaluation Model of Acceleration Sound Quality of Automobile Based on MLP2025-01-003705/05/2023
The acceleration vibe of a car's engine can be enhanced and a brand-specific auditory identity can be created via active sound design. Currently, experienced engineers were desperately required when the active sound design for car acceleration roar was processing, which consumed substantial time and human resources.Therefore, it is critical to conduct a research on the evaluation model for estimating car acceleration sound quality to improve sound design efficiency and reducing costs.1,000 acceleration roars samples of common cars were collected from the market in this paper, all of which could be commonly heard by the road. Nine psychoacoustic objective parameters, such as loudness, sharpness, and roughness, were calculated through Artemis Suite software, establishing a database for the sound quality of car acceleration sounds.Moreover, subjective evaluations of sound playback and objective data analysis were conducted to obtain the ratings of acceleration sounds.An evaluation and
xiong, Chenggang, Xie, Liping, Liu, Zhien, Shi, Weijie, Qian, Yushu
Research on the control strategy of active gear shifting sound quality in the vehicle2025-01-001905/05/2023
The active sound synthesis system of electric vehicles plays an important role in improving the sound perception and transmission of working condition information inside the vehicle. Nowadays, the active sound synthesis system inside the vehicle has become standard in electric vehicles of major Major automobile manufacturing plants to meet the user groups' demand for driving and riding experience. Starting from the existing in-vehicle active sound synthesis algorithm, this paper designs a gear shift control strategy suitable for all working conditions. During acceleration, in order to achieve the gear shifting effect, the motor speed signal is obtained to bias the speed at the shift point. During deceleration, in order to prevent a sudden increase at the shift point, the speed of the deceleration condition is linearly interpolated to make the shifting process of the deceleration condition smoother. During acceleration after deceleration, in order to avoid the uneven sound jump at the
xilong, zhou, Liu, Zhien, Xie, Liping, Lu, Chihua, Yu, Shangbo, GAO, XIANG, yongsheng, wang
Design approach on magnetic speed reduction of bikes while turning2022-28-048011/18/2022
Turning two-wheelers (bikes) are, at times, risky and often disturbs the stability of the vehicle. The primary causes are excessive speed, severe acceleration, and over tilting. This work intends in making aid for a safer ride and improves turn ability. With the introduction of automatic speed reducers, the vehicle would be subjected to magnetic braking while making a turn. A Motion stabilizer (like Gimbals) is modeled in CATIA and fabricated using PVC material. This fabricated stabilizer is placed in the vehicle setup in between the arms which carry the magnet. Braking action is done automatically as the magnet gets closer to the rim while turning the setup. Three modes of operations such as test (i) under no load, no angle, (ii) under magnetic load at zero angles, and (iii) under magnetic load, at an angle on both lateral directions, have been tested. A spectrum analyzer has been used, which records the frequency correspondingly to the speed is calculated. The counterbalancing weight
S, Ragul
Performance Enhancement of Semi-active Continuous Skyhook Control Using Chaotic Map Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Stability Augmentation System15-16-01-000209/16/2022
Abstract Enhancing the performance of a ride-oriented algorithm to provide ride comfort and vehicle stability throughout different terrains is a challenging task. This article aims to improve the performance of the state-of-the-art continuous skyhook algorithm in coupled motion modes with an optimally tuned stability augmentation system (SAS). The tuning process is carried out using a chaotic map-initialized particle swarm optimization (C-PSO) approach with ride comfort and roll stability as a performance index. A large van model built-in CarSim is co-simulated with a C-PSO algorithm and control system designed in MATLAB. To realize the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, a software-in-loop test is conducted on five complex ride terrains with different dominant vehicle body motion modes. The test results are compared against the passive system, four corner continuous skyhook control, and four corner type-1 fuzzy control. The test results confirm the effectiveness of
Rajasekharan Unnithan, Anand Raj, Subramaniam, Senthilkumar
Performance Enhancement of Semi-active Continuous Skyhook Control Using Chaotic Map Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Stability Augmentation System15-16-01-0002-TEST-REC09/16/2022
Abstract Enhancing the performance of a ride-oriented algorithm to provide ride comfort and vehicle stability throughout different terrains is a challenging task. This article aims to improve the performance of the state-of-the-art continuous skyhook algorithm in coupled motion modes with an optimally tuned stability augmentation system (SAS). The tuning process is carried out using a chaotic map-initialized particle swarm optimization (C-PSO) approach with ride comfort and roll stability as a performance index. A large van model built-in CarSim is co-simulated with a C-PSO algorithm and control system designed in MATLAB. To realize the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, a software-in-loop test is conducted on five complex ride terrains with different dominant vehicle body motion modes. The test results are compared against the passive system, four corner continuous skyhook control, and four corner type-1 fuzzy control. The test results confirm the effectiveness of
Rajasekharan Unnithan, Anand Raj, Subramaniam, Senthilkumar
A Naturalist Study of Vehicle Acceleration and Deceleration at an Intersection2022-01-100003/29/2022
Approaching an intersection and braking to a stop, as well as accelerating from a stop, is a common occurrence in daily life. While the experience is routine, the actual rate of deceleration and acceleration has not been quantified in a naturalistic study. This paper examines the behavior of drivers at two separate controlled intersections to determine the rate at which they slow down to a stop and the rate at which they accelerate through the intersection after a signal change. The study analyzes a total of 219 vehicles decelerating and 186 accelerating. The paper will also address the acceleration rate differences of vehicles who are first to reach the intersection, compared to those that are directly behind another vehicle, as well as the lag in reaction between vehicles as they begin to accelerate from a stop.
Danaher, David, McDonough, Sean, Donaldson, Andrew, Cochran, Reece
Anticipation-Based Autonomous Platoon Control Strategy with Minimum Parameter Learning Adaptive Radial Basis Function Neural Network (MPL-ARBF-NN) Sliding Mode Control 2022-01-034803/29/2022
Human-driver is stochastic in nature and usually difficult to predict. In car following scene, where an autonomous vehicle platoon follows a human-driven vehicle having a complex acceleration behavior therefore needs greater attention for smooth traffic flow. To guarantee a string stable platoon operation, an efficient vehicle controller must be developed for fast convergence, adaptation simplicity, ease of design and real-time performance. The research proposed an adaptive fuzzy system-based compound variable exponential power reaching law (CVEPRL) sliding mode control in a backstepping design framework. The fuzzy system employs an efficient adaptation to minimize computational burden in real-time operation of the platoon. The ease of controller development arise from the backstepping control design and robustness of the controller can be inherited from sliding mode control (SMC). The autonomous vehicle can be modeled as a third order nonlinear plant with a varying disturbance term
Negash, Natnael M., Yang, James
Research on Brake Comfort Based on Brake-by-Wire system Control2022-01-111303/29/2022
The vehicle will produce certain shock and vibration during the braking process, which will affect the driving experience of the driver. Aiming at the problems of pitch vibration, longitudinal vibration and shock during the braking process, this paper proposes a planning and following control method for target longitudinal acceleration in post-braking phase, and designs control trigger and termination strategies. Target longitudinal acceleration planning takes minimizing longitudinal shock as the design goal. The following control takes the brake pressure as the control object, and adopts the "feedforward +PID feedback" method to follow the target longitudinal acceleration. Based on Carsim and Simulink software, the simulation model of straight-line braking is established. In this model, the control target is longitudinal acceleration and the control object is four-wheel braking pressure. The results of straight-line braking simulation show that the proposed longitudinal acceleration
Xiong, Wei, Wang, Weiwei, Jiang, Kaihong, Hou, Liming, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Active control of Camber and Toe angles to improve vehicle Ride Comfort2022-01-112003/29/2022
This paper is part of the European OWHEEL project. It proposes a method to improve the comfort of a vehicle by adaptively controlling the Camber and Toe angles of a rear suspension. The purpose is achieved through two actuators for each wheel, one that allows to change the Camber angle and the other the Toe angle. The control action is dynamically determined based on the error between the reference angle and the actual angles. The reference angles are not fixed over time but dynamically vary during the manoeuvre. The references vary with the aim of maintaining a Camber angle close to zero and a Toe angle that follows the trajectory of the vehicle during the curve. This improves the contact of the tire with the road. This solution allows the control system to be used flexibly for the different types of manoeuvres that the vehicle could perform. An experimentally validated sports vehicle was used to carry out the simulations. The original rear suspension is a Trailing-arm suspension. It
Marotta, Raffaele, Strano, Salvatore, Terzo, Mario, Tordela, Ciro, Ivanov, Valentin
A study on editing method of road load spectrum of automobile rubber isolator using time-frequency domain methods2022-01-031403/29/2022
In order to enhance the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) method and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force which is acquired by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on the accumulative power spectral density, the threshold value was proposed to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and then the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the already existed time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to edit the force load spectrum to shorten the length of the spectrum, and the editing effects of the
Zhu, Xijun, Shi, Wei, Qian, Xuepeng, Wang , Fei
Positional Accuracy of Portable GPS Devices during Different Ride Stages2022-01-099203/29/2022
GPS devices can produce a wealth of data about cyclists’, scooterists’, and other riders’ road paths and route usage. However, prior research has demonstrated that GPS positional accuracy is less reliable for more nuanced roadway positioning, such as which lane a vehicle occupies, as well as within-lane movements, such as acceleration and deceleration⁠. This limitation presents a substantial challenge for crash reconstructionists that may have access to GPS data and require second-by-second positional accuracy to determine such nuanced maneuvers and vehicle positioning in their analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine the positional accuracy of several GPS units during three different ride stages: acceleration, deceleration, and constant speed. The same devices were also tested for stationary accuracy, power cut-off, and simulated impact scenarios. To obtain precise data from GPS units, tests were performed with an electric scooter ridden in rural landscapes with clear skies
Desai, Elvis, Suway, Jeff, Engleman, Krystina, Vega, Henry
Quasi-1D analysis of n-dodecane split injection processes2022-01-060003/29/2022
Split injection processes have been analyzed by means of a Quasi-1D spray model that has been recently coupled to a tabulated unsteady-flamelet progress-variable combustion model. The modelling approach can predict ignition delay and lift-off for long injection profiles, and it is now extended to a two-pulse injection scheme. ECN recommended operating conditions with a recent parametric study on split injection dwell and first injection duration have been investigated. In spite of the simplicity of the approach, as well as the transient injection profile, some important metrics such as tip penetration are adequately reproduced. In particular, the faster penetration of the second injection pulse compared to the first one is captured by the model both under inert and reacting conditions. While dwell has a clear effect on this acceleration, penetration of the second pulse does not seem to be affected by the first injection pulse duration. Local phenomena due to the interaction between
Garcia-Oliver, Jose M, Novella, Ricardo, Pastor, Jose, Cao, Jiawei
Field Safety Performance of Micro-mobility Devices2022-01-103103/29/2022
Micro-mobility devices, such as E-scooters and E-bikes, have become a prominent mode of transportation in urban environments. Even in a single location, a variety of suppliers, each with a different design, may be available for use. When new, the safety performance of the devices should be consistent for a given make, however, over time, braking performance may diminish. Acceleration characteristics may vary between suppliers, and could diminish over the life of the device, or possibly be dependent on the current state of charge of the device. Since the rider does not own or maintain the device, they would have limited understanding of the performance of a particular device in emergency conditions. A sample of publicly available E-scooters and E-bikes were tested to determine whether differences in acceleration and hard braking capabilities may be expected. The condition of the device tires and controls, and the battery state of charge, were inspected and documented. The findings are
Larson, Robert, Kuzel, Michael
Wheel Torque-based Control: Transmission Input Torque Determination and Inertia Compensation2022-01-089703/29/2022
Traditionally, production vehicles have interpreted the driver pedal request as a transmission input torque demand. However, with the advent of electrified vehicles, where actuators are located at different positions in the drivetrain, and of autonomous vehicles, which are self-driving, there is a requirement to interpret the demand (either human or virtual) in the vehicle acceleration domain. To address this requirement, we develop a Wheel Torque-based longitudinal Control (WTC) framework, wherein the desired vehicle acceleration is first expressed as a wheel torque demand and then transformed into each actuator’s torque domain. For powertrains with a step-ratio transmission and a torque converter (TC), a key challenge of the WTC framework is the determination of the torque request in the transmission input domain, especially during open or slipping TC operation. This determination needs to take into account the Inertia Compensation Torque (ICT), i.e., the torque required to spin up
Roy, Judhajit, Ravichandran, Maruthi, Meyer, Jason, Zhao, Yanan
The Study of Time-frequency Domain Accelerated Editing Method for Road Load Spectrum of Automobile Rubber Isolator2022-01-073803/29/2022
In order to improve the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) theory and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force collected by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on this, the threshold value was set to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the existing time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to accelerate the editing of the force load spectrum, and the editing effects of the three time-frequency domain editing methods were compared and analyzed from four
Zhu, Xijun
Loading classification for fatigue design applied to automotive time-series2022-01-029903/29/2022
This study focuses on variable amplitude loadings applied to automotive chassis parts experiencing carmaker’s specific proving grounds. They are measured with respect to time at the wheel centres and composed of the six forces and torques at each wheel, within the standard vehicle reference frame. In the scope of high cycle fatigue, the loadings considered are supposedly acting under the structure yield stress. Among the loadings encountered during the vehicle lifetime, two classes stand out: • Driven Road: loads measured during the vehicle manoeuvre (cornering, braking). • Random Road: random loads mainly coming from the road asperity. To separate both effects, a frequency decomposition method is proposed before applying any lifetime assessment methods. The usual rainflow counting method is applied to the Driven Road signal. These loadings, depending on the vehicle dynamic, are time-correlated. Thus, the load spectra is set only thanks to the vehicle accelerations time-measurement
Bellec, Enora, Doudard, Cédric, Facchinetti, Matteo, Calloch, Sylvain, Moyne, Sylvain
Research on Trajectory Planning and Tracking Strategy of Lane-changing and Overtaking based on PI-MPC Dual Controllers2021-01-126210/11/2021
Aiming at the problem of poor robustness after the combination of lateral kinematics control and lateral dynamics control when an autonomous vehicle decelerates and changes lanes to overtake at a certain distance. This paper proposes a trajectory determination and tracking control method based on a PI-MPC dual algorithm controller. To describe the longitudinal deceleration that satisfies the lateral acceleration limit during a certain distance of lane change, firstly, a fifth-order polynomial and a uniform deceleration motion formula are established to express the lateral and longitudinal displacements, and a model prediction controller (MPC) is used to output the front wheel rotation angle. Through the dynamic formula and the speed proportional-integral (PI) controller to control and adjust the brake pressure. Based on simulation to optimize the best lane change completion time coefficient at different longitudinal lane change speeds, the relationship between the vehicle collision
Yin, Jian, Chen, Xu Jia, Zu, Bingfeng, Xu, Yuliang, Zhou, Jianwei
Necessity of damper for Hydrostatic Transmission (HST) Tractors2021-26-027809/22/2021
In a modern world, the tractor customer demands are increasing for more comfortable, new technology, fuel efficient and quieter vehicle. The customer’s expectation for NVH refinement often challenges the limitations for tractor designs. For smaller tractors Hydrostatic Transmission (HST) is need due to higher demand for fuel efficiency, lightweight powertrain, and the operation will become easy in the field. With the Hydrostatic Transmission (HST) tractor without damper, there is a technical challenge like withstanding of the sudden impacts from the implements which are connected to PTO during field operations. The NVH behavior in driveline is critical phenomena which can cause the discomfort to end users and structural failure of driveline parts. During gear engagement due to sudden variation in torque the driveline parts are tends to clash each other because of lashes which will create high level of angular acceleration and noise. Practical measurement study has been done to identify
Rajendran, Ashok Kumar, Bagadekar, Vijaykumar, Alavilli, Satya Pavan
Idle Vibration Robustness Analysis of An I3 Engine Without Balance Shaft2021-01-102308/31/2021
I3 engine has its unique advantage in helping OEM meeting the ever-increasing government regulations in emission and fuel consumptions. Its small size, low friction, and light weight provide OEM the opportunity in lowering the costs, reducing fuel consumption, and emissions. ISH predicts that the I3 engine will count for 38% of IC engine volume in 2025 in Chinese Auto Market. One of biggest issues of the I3 engine is its higher vibration levels, especially in idle conditions. This is primarily due to two reasons. First is that I3 engine cylinder layout results in 1st order inertia moments. Second is that I3 engine combustion produces higher combustion excitation torque with lower frequency (1.5th engine order). To compensate the 1st order inertia moments, a balance shaft is typically added to cancel these 1st order inertia moments. While the balance shaft reduces the vibration levels, it adds significant cost and weight in the I3 engine applications. In this paper, a study is carried
Teng, Charlie, Zhao, Ke, Shi, Daiyun, Shen, Lianjun
Speed Limiter Using Disturbance Observer2021-01-010204/06/2021
This paper suggests disturbance observer which improves performance of speed limit assist control. The nonlinear disturbance observer was designed so that disturbance caused by parameter and load uncertainties is able to be estimated exponentially. With the contribution of the observer, feed-forward and integral controllers can be omitted while improving steady-state error elimination and overshoot reduction. The acceleration observer is also designed to reduce the effect of wheel slip and changing slope. The performance of the controllers has been verified not only on flat roads, but also on wave road and rapidly changing ramps.
Son, Huiun, Jo, Kyuhwan, Kim, Sangjoon, Cho, Jinkyeom, Jeon, Sungbae
Aging Simulation of Electric Vehicle Battery Cell Using Experimental Data2021-01-076304/06/2021
The adoption of lithium-ion batteries in vehicle electrification is fast growing due to high power and energy demand on hybrid and electric vehicles. However, the battery overall performance changes with time through the vehicle life. This paper investigates the electric vehicle battery cell aging under different usages. Battery cell experimental data including open circuit voltage and internal resistance is utilized to build a typical electric vehicle model in the AVL-Cruise platform. Four driving cycles (WLTP, UDDS, HWFET, and US06) with different ambient temperatures are simulated to acquire the battery cell terminal currents. These battery cell terminal current data are inputs to the MATLAB/Simulink battery aging model. Simulation results show that battery degrades quickly in high ambient temperatures. After 15,000 hours usage in 50 degrees Celsius ambient temperature, the usable cell capacity is reduced up to 25%. Driving cycle simulations indicate that aggressive acceleration and
Liu, Yiqun, Liao, Y. Gene, Lai, Ming-Chia
A Multi-Objective Power Component Optimal Sizing Model for Battery Electric Vehicles2021-01-072404/06/2021
With recent advances in electric vehicles, there is a plethora of powertrain topologies and components available in the market. Thus, the performance of electric vehicles is highly sensitive to the choice of various powertrain components. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model that can optimally select component sizes for batteries, supercapacitors, and motors in regular passenger battery-electric vehicles (BEVs). The BEV topology presented here is a hybrid BEV which consists of both a battery pack and a supercapacitor bank. Focus is placed on optimal selection of the battery pack, motor, and supercapacitor combination, from a set of commercially available options, that minimizes the capital cost of the selected power components, the fuel cost over the vehicle lifespan, and the 0-60 mph acceleration time. Available batteries, supercapacitors, and motors are from a market survey. The considered lifespan is taken as 10 years, and the traveling distance is estimated at
Shinde, Akash, Kshirsagar, Kunal, Arshad, Saad Bin, Patil, Unmesh, Zhang, Jiangfeng
Typical Acceleration Profiles for Left-Turn Maneuvers Based on SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Data2021-01-088904/06/2021
The goal of this study was to use naturalistic driving data to characterize the longitudinal and lateral accelerations of vehicles making a left turn from a stop at signalized intersections. Left turn maneuvers at 15 intersections were extracted from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) database. A subset of 420 traversals for lead vehicles that were initially stopped and negotiated their left turns unimpeded by oncoming traffic was used for the analysis. For each traversal, we extracted information regarding the driver’s sex and age, the vehicle type, the vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral acceleration, and on-board forward-facing video. From the video, we further extracted information about whether the road was dry/wet and if it was day/night, and from aerial photographs of the intersections we extracted the radius of each left turn path through the intersection. From pooled data across all intersections, we identified a 3-phase longitudinal-acceleration profile
Flynn, Thomas I., McAllister, Arianna J., Wilkinson, Craig, Siegmund, Gunter P.
AV and ADAS Testing from Out of the Box20AVEP11_1011/01/2020
A new tool from Foretellix guides engineers through virtual systems testing to minimize the risk of getting dangerous predeployment bugs. For self-driving vehicle systems to gain the full confidence of the public, the mobility industry and government regulators, OEMs have to prove that AVs (and those equipped with enhanced SAE Level 2 automated-driving systems) are safer being driven by software than by humans. But a recent string of unfortunate events in 2020 involving automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems is causing concerns. Early in the year, Volvo recalled 750,000 cars from 2019 and 2020 production over a fault in its AEB. Engineers discovered a software glitch that prohibited the system from activating under certain temperatures. Then in June, in Taiwan, a Tesla Model 3 operating in Autopilot mode slammed into an overturned tractor-trailer rig at 70 mph, reportedly due to software issues related to the car's forward-facing sensor array and an AEB that failed to react. This
Brooke, Lindsay
Investigation of Driving Style Impact on the Ecological Indicators of a Diesel Multiple Unit (SAE Paper 2020-01-2213)2020-01-221309/15/2020
The topics covered in the publication are consistent with the global trends that are aimed at reducing the negative environmental impact of human activities, which are implemented simultaneously in two areas: approval and operation. The article presents issues related to the impact of diesel multiple unit operation on the exhaust emission of harmful and toxic components and fuel consumption. Research trials concerned different driving styles and acceleration patterns of the tested vehicle, which can be considered a part of the eco-driving trend. These tests were carried out on a closed track designated for testing rail vehicles with the use of mobile measuring apparatus, intended for testing vehicles in real conditions of their operation. The vehicle selected for testing - the diesel multiple unit technically classed as a rail motor coach, belongs to one of the most numerous groups of rail vehicles used in regional transport, used on routes where passengers are transported over short
Andrzejewski, Maciej, Nowak, Mateusz, Gallas, Dawid, Świechowicz, Robert
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