Browse Topic: Coatings, colorants, and finishes

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Study of Style wheel rim failure Due to Rim and disc assembly interference2026-26-0541To be published on 01/16/2026
This study focuses on the investigation of wheel rim failures near weld zone during repeated cornering induced by interference between the rim and disc during the wheel manufacturing assembly process. Strain gauges were employed to capture real-time stress and strain distributions at critical zones during interference fitting. The experimental results revealed that improper interference levels lead to significant stress concentrations, often surpassing the material's elastic limit, initiating micro-crack formation and promoting fatigue failure. Detailed strain analysis indicated that both radial and axial stresses contribute to long-term structural degradation. The study highlights the critical role of dimensional tolerances, surface finishes, and assembly forces in minimizing stress-induced failures. Recommendations are provided for optimizing design and assembly practices to enhance the durability and reliability of automotive wheels.
P, Praveen, DEsigan, Lakshmipathy, K, CHANDRAMOHAN, C, Santhosh
The Impact of Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) on Automotive Headlights Performance and Driver Perception2026-26-0130To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive lighting has been evolved from simple incandescent lamps to advanced LED based AFS and ADB functions. These lighting play crucial role in road traffic enhancing better visibility and safety to driver as well as other road users. Today’s Automotive Headlights use different light sources viz., Halogen, HID (Xenon), LED, and Laser each emitting light at different correlated color temperatures (CCT), measured in Kelvin (K). Color temperature not only influences visibility but also impacts the amount and perception of glare experienced by other drivers. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of correlated color temperature of automotive headlamps on driver visibility and comfort during night driving conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment using headlamps with different CCTs ranging from 3000K to 6500K. Participants from various age groups and genders were involved to capture diverse perceptions. Studies confirm that both CCT and
Patil, Mahendra Govind, Kirve, Jyoti Kirve, Parlikar, Padmakumar
Virtual Paint Shop: Automotive E-coating Process2026-26-0365To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive paint shop is one of the most energy-intensive processes in vehicle manufacturing. This drives automotive OEMs to continuously improve production efficiency and reduce operational costs through digital twin technologies. Additionally, the push for shorter time-to-market emphasizes the need for simulation-based manufacturing processes—such as virtual testing and CAE simulations—to enable faster, data-driven decision-making early in the product development cycle, ultimately reducing cost and development time. Among the various stages in the paint shop, two of the most critical are: 1. Electro-dip coating (E-coating), also known as Electro-Deposition coating, which applies a corrosion-resistant primer to the Body-in-White (BIW). 2. Oven curing, which ensures the primer is properly bonded and cured for long-term protection and finish quality. To optimize these processes, a Dip-Drain-E-Coating simulation was developed using Siemens Simcenter STAR-CCM+. This simulation
Gundavarapu, V S Kumar, p, Vivekaanandan, Garg, Manish, Navelkar, Tanay, BS, Balachandran
Electric mobility and materials circularity - a study of recycled PET textiles for automotive interiors2026-26-0237To be published on 01/16/2026
The adoption of sustainability in electric mobility has made it crucial to investigate environmentally friendly materials. Polymer materials used in automotive application plays very important role in material circularity contributing significant value addition to the overall carbon footprint index. This study discloses the development of recycled polyester textiles from PET bottle waste, use for automotive interior parts and carbon footprint impact. The use of recycled textiles is directly helping the organization in scope 3 emissions to get the lower carbon footprint value by eliminating the use of fossil fuel resources in making the PET textiles. In this study, the development road map methodology adopted, and validation cycle of recycled polyester textiles (PET) were explained broadly with results of different constructions, color and finishes against automotive critical requirements such as sun load UV resistance, abrasion durability, color migrations, soiling resistance
Palaniappan, Elavarasan, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, Balaji, K V, Dodiya, Rohanbhai
Enhancing Factory Modelling: Integrating Drone Technology and Automated Post Processing Systems2026-26-0307To be published on 01/16/2026
The growing environmental, economic, and social challenges have spurred a demand for cleaner mobility solutions. In response to the transformative changes in the automotive sector, manufacturers must prioritize digital validation of products, manufacturing processes, and tools prior to mass production. This ensures efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. By utilizing 3D modeling of factory layouts, factory planners can digitally validate production line changes, substantially reducing costs when introducing new products. One key innovation involves creating 3D models using point cloud data from factory scans. Traditional factory scanning processes face limitations like blind spots and periodic scanning intervals. This research proposes using drones equipped with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology for 3D scanning, enabling real-time mapping, autonomous operation, and efficient data collection. Drones can navigate complex areas, access small spaces, and optimize factory
Narad, Akshay Maruti, C H, Ajheyasimha, Vijayasekaran, Vinothkumar, FASGE, ABHISHEK
Optimizing Stick Slip Performance in Automotive Interiors by Material Selection, Additives, and Design Strategies2026-26-0325To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is highly competitive, especially in terms of design and perceived quality. The use of hard plastics with a high gloss finish is driven by styling trends and the push towards zero gaps, making interfaces critical. In-cabin mood lighting is another feature being offered as a theme for interiors. Dashboard or cockpit designs often incorporate a significant amount of polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) and polycarbonate (PC). These materials provide strength and design flexibility but have the disadvantage of material incompatibility when used together, leading to stick-slip phenomena. Traditionally, felt tapes were used as interface isolation to solve this problem, but this increased manufacturing costs and assembly complications. The study focuses on the stick-slip phenomenon and material interface modifications. Specifically, it examines selecting the right surface finish on one side of the PC & PC-ABS interface to change adhesion and friction
Mohammed, Riyazuddin, R, Prasath, Rahman, Shafeeq
Optimized Panel Design for Reducing Seal Squeak and Chucking in Door & Body Seals2026-26-0341To be published on 01/16/2026
Quieter cabins in an automobile are the new era, they provide customers with pleasurable driving experience. Squeak and Rattle are spoil sport for any OEM that aim to improvise customer driving experience. Their nonlinear nature makes it difficult to formulate design frontloading methods. The issue of seals rubbing against the body & door interface is a clear sign of seal squeak & seal chucking. Seals are applied with anti-friction coatings to avoid stick slip phenomena between EPDM and painted panel. Primary root cause for seal squeak is coating erosion. The challenge lies in determining whether the body or the closure side contributes to the seal issue. This paper presents a distinctive approach for identifying the seal squeaking noise and enriches on the new modelling methods for seal interaction with door and body interfaces using FE software. The proposed method was able to highlight the locations along the door-body interface for squeak noise. The approach for reducing the
H, RAVISHANKAR, C M, MITHUN, MICHAEL STEPHAN, NAVIN ESTAC RAJA, Mohammed, Riyazuddin
Development and Qualification of Composite Landing GearsAIR5552A (Current)11/26/2025
This information report provides general guidance for the design considerations, qualification in endurance, strength and fatigue of landing gear using composite components as principle structural elements. The information discussed herein includes the development and evaluation of design data considering: the potential for imbedded manufacturing defects, manufacturing process variations, the component operating environment, potential damage threats in service, rework and overhaul, and inspection processes. This AIR mainly discusses the use of thick composites for landing gear structural components. Considerations and recommendations provided in this AIR may therefore differ greatly from considerations and recommendations found in widely accepted composite design references such as CMH-17 and Advisory Circulars such as AC 20-107(B).
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW
Steel Tubing, Seam-Free, Round, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130), 95.0 ksi (655 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6374F (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of round, non-welded tubing free from OD surface seams.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Rings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130) AMS6370S (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.8Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (4640) AMS6312L (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Corrosion Resistant, Bars and Wire, 19Cr - 10Ni (304), High Yield Strength, Solution Heat Treated and Cold WorkedAMS5857E (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of cold-worked bars and wire up to 1.750 inch (44.45 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides (see 8.4).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Alloy, Corrosion-Resistant, Round Bars, 20Cr - 35Ni - 35Co - 10Mo, Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted, Solution Heat Treated, Work Strengthened, and AgedAMS5845L (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy in the form of bar up to 1.75 inches (44.4 mm) in diameter (see 8.2 and 8.7).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Alloy, Corrosion-Resistant, Round Bars, 20Cr - 35Ni - 35Co - 10Mo, Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted, Solution Heat Treated and Work StrengthenedAMS5844K (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy in the form of bars up to 1.75 inches (44.4 mm) in diameter (see 8.2 and 8.7).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Iron Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Welding Wire, 31Fe - 21Cr - 20Ni - 20Co - 3.0Mo - 2.5W - 1.0Cb - 0.15N, AnnealedAMS5794G (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant iron alloy in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Welding Wire, 20Cr - 10Ni - 0.75Cb, High Ferrite GradeAMS5790F (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars and Forgings 15.5Cr - 4.5Ni - 2.9Mo - 0.10N Consumable Electrode Remelted Solution Heat Treated, Sub-Zero Cooled, Equalized, and Over-Tempered AMS5743L (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock. These products have been used typically for parts requiring oxidation resistance and high strength up to 800 °F (427 °C) and where such parts may require welding during fabrication, but usage is not limited to such applications.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion Resistant, Bars and Wire, 18Cr - 9Ni (303F), Free Machining, High Yield Strength, Solution Heat Treated and Cold WorkedAMS5738F (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a free-machining, corrosion-resistant steel in the form of cold-worked bars and wire up to 1.750 inches (44.45 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides (see 8.5).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extruded Wide Panel Profiles (7150-T77511), 6.4Zn - 2.4Mg - 2.2Cu - 0.12Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved, Straightened and OveragedAMS4325B (Current)11/21/2025
AMS4325A prohibits unauthorized exceptions (3.7), revises condition (3.2), properties (3.4.5), quality (3.5.1), reports (4.4.1), and identification (5.1.1), and results from a Five-Year Review and update of this specification.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions 4.5Cu - 0.85Si - 0.80Mn - 0.50Mg (2014-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4153N (Current)11/13/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 32 square inches (206 cm2) in area (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Plating, Brush, Cadmium Corrosion Protective, Low Hydrogen EmbrittlementAMS2451/4E (Current)11/10/2025
This specification establishes the requirements for brush plating of cadmium by electrodeposition.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymer-Coated Jute Fibers for Enhanced Automotive Parts2024-01-501902/12/2024
Automobile parts often require materials that offer high strength and durability. With the continuous push for environmentally friendly solutions, natural fibers such as jute have emerged as a potential alternative for synthetic fibers in automobile components. In this study, we aim to enhance the properties of jute fibers by coating them with different polymers and assessing their suitability for automotive applications. We treated jute fibers with various polymers—low-density polyethylene, polyester, and araldite epoxy. The performance of these treated fibers was compared using fiber tensile experimentation, differential calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical evaluation. Our findings reveal that the treated jute fibers exhibit a tensile strength of 598 MPa. However, when coated with polymers, there’s a variance in strength: polyethylene (263 MPa), polyester (191 MPa), and epoxy (281 MPa). Among these, epoxy-coated fibers displayed the least tensile strength, while polyethylene-coated
Natrayan, L., Kaliappan, Seeniappan, Balaji, N., Mahesh, V.
Application of Color Light-Emitting Diodes in Automotive Exterior Lighting2024-01-500301/15/2024
Trends in automotive lighting are moving toward vehicle exterior lights, which will communicate with drivers and surroundings. The small size, lower power consumption, high efficiency, and substantially long life make LEDs a leading light source in automotive lighting applications. Losses in optical power for InGaN-based LEDs can be reduced up to 45% compared to AlGaInP, and phosphor-converted color LEDs can contribute to stable light output over the lifetime. Color LEDs will fulfill different requirements such as uniformity in color and luminance. Additionally, the mixing of different colors with white will underline the exterior features and aesthetic design of vehicles.
Janeva Azdejkovic, Mersida, Denis, Xavier, Matsuyama, Yuji, Miyairi, Hiroshi
Achieving Desired Level of Wettability for Unlikely MaterialsTBMG-4691111/01/2022
Antimicrobial Coating for Orthopedic Implants Prevents Dangerous InfectionsTBMG-4691711/01/2022
Designing Lenses for Near-Infrared and Fluorescence EndoscopyTBMG-4593806/01/2022
Fluorescence endoscopy is becoming increasingly important in many medical diagnostic tests. Based on the molecular absorption of light, this technique works by revealing tissue abnormalities that are hidden from view under normal white light. Already, fluorescence endoscopy can improve the endoscopic detection of nonvisible malignant lesions or tumors, for example.
Optical Black Coatings On Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Sandwich Structure With Aluminum Honeycomb Core For Satellites Applications.2022-26-114105/26/2022
The composite sandwich structure has been in use in space applications as a result of its high strength to weight ratio coupled with excellent compressibility strength. In particular, there has been tremendous demand for honeycomb sandwich structures for satellite application in recent years. Currently, a major problem needs to be addressed concerning reflections from satellite structures which leads to capturing in-accurate data of celestial bodies by ground-based astronomy. In the light of the above, this paper focuses on the development of novel optical black coatings on Carbon fiber reinforced composite sandwich structures with aluminum honeycomb core. A thin layer of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes black coatings was developed on the surfaces of Carbon fiber reinforced composite laminate of the sandwich structure using Chemical Vapour Deposition technique, to provide low scattering and low reflective surface. Three-point bending test are performed for evaluating the Youngs modulus
CS PhD, Ramesh, J, Sudharshan, Chaurasia, P Harsh
Novel study on Elastic recuperation of Titanium (grade 5) alloy during machining2022-26-116705/26/2022
Machining is the process of removing material from a workpiece, in the form of chips, to obtain the final part in its desired shape and size. Various aerospace materials such as Aluminum, Steel, Titanium etc. can be mainly shaped through machining process. Titanium alloys also find larger adoption in areas like Bio-medical and Automotive mainly because of their inherent high specific strength and consistent corrosion resistance. Machining Ti-6Al-4V (grade 5) has been difficult due to a number of its characteristics like poor conductivity of heat, strong and undesirable chemical reactivity with cutting tool materials at operating/ cutting temperature, it’s work hardening characteristics and very low modulus of elasticity. Due to low modulus of elasticity, the elastic recovery or recuperation of thin-walled Titanium grade 5 parts that occur after machining is an important topic/issue to be addressed since it has greater effect on the work piece surface quality, cutting tool wear and the
Acharya, Nishanth R.
testprint7SAE-PP-0100104/27/2022
testprint7
Mutagaana, Festo
testprint6SAE-PP-0100004/27/2022
testprint6
Mutagaana, Festo
Investigation of Al2O3-Ni coated cast iron brake rotors under modified brake dynamometer test standards2022-01-030903/29/2022
Due to the reduced or less-frequent usages of the friction brakes and the lower brake rotor temperature on electrical vehicles (EV), corrosion would much likely occur on brake rotors. Using hard braking to clean the corroded rotor surfaces often leads to extra rotor surface wear. Improvement in corrosion and wear resistance is an important technological topic to brake rotors for EVs. Many original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and their suppliers are exploring surface treatments including laser cladding and thermal spray processes on cast iron rotors to combat the corrosion issues. However, mentioned surface coating processes increase the cost of brake rotors and there is a need to search for cost-effective coating processes. In this research, a new Al2O3-Ni composite coating was proposed for preparation of a commercial cast iron brake rotor using both plasma electrolytic aluminating (PEA) and electroless nickel plating (ENP) processes. The added nickel was to fit in the intrinsic
Cai, Ran, Sun, Jiayi, Zhang, Jingzeng, Tjong, Jimi, Foots, Sean, Lavelle, Mark, Nie, Xueyuan
IMPROVING AESTHETICS AND DURABILITY OF INTERIOR TRIMS WITH PU SOFT COATING2022-01-040203/29/2022
Low density plastic substrate significantly contributes to the vehicle weight reduction. It's a low-cost substrate because of mass production of moulded parts. So being a low-cost substrate and its low density properties, the use of plastic parts in automotive body construction, has been increased. But most of the plastic materials are not stable and durable in its color and gloss. Specific additives may help it to withstand, owning to the fact that whole bulk of plastic need not be loaded with these additives. Most plastic parts consist of thermoplastic polymers, have less resistance to chemicals, and solvents. This problem can be resolved using cross-linked and resistant coatings. With the importance of plastics, in automotive interior applications, study of coatings are required which improves performance, aesthetic effects, durability, and chemical resistance. PU based coating has much importance because of its versatile and unique properties. This paper is about Polyurethane based
Palliwar, Kanchan Raju
Electrical insulation property of an alumina coating on a bearing steel SAE 521002022-01-087903/29/2022
In recent years, bearing electrical failures have been a significant concern in electric cars, restricting electric engine life. The most frequent material used to make bearings is 52100 alloy steel. This work aims to introduce a coating approach for preventing electrical erosion on 52100 alloy steel samples. This paper summarizes the causes of shaft voltage and bearing currents. Meanwhile, the paper discusses standard electrical bearing failure mechanisms, such as morphological damages and lubrication failures. Alumina coatings are suitable for insulating the 52100 alloy steel samples because alumina coatings provide excellent insulation, hardness, and corrosion resistance, among other characteristics. Based on the research, this article briefly discusses employing plasma electrolytic aluminating to coat 52100 alloy steel samples, an eco-friendly and high-efficiency coating process. Coating experiments were conducted over different coating periods to determine the most appropriate
Deng, Dewei, Nie, Xueyuan
Modeling the Effects of Drop Impingement Frequency on Heated Walls at Engine Conditions2022-01-059203/29/2022
Understanding the fundamental details of drop/wall interactions is important to improving engine performance. Most of the drop-wall interactions studies are based on the impact of a single drop on the wall. To accurately mimic and model the real engine conditions, it is necessary to characterize spray/wall interactions with different impingement frequencies at a wide range of wall temperatures. In this study, a numerical method, based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), is used to simulate consecutive droplet impacts on a heated wall both below and above Leidenfrost temperature. Impact regimes are identified for various impact conditions by analyzing the time evolution of the post-impingement process of n-heptane drops at different impingement frequencies and wall surface temperatures. At low temperature, crown propagation and merging are dominant at low K-number whereas at high K-number there is significant splashing with the traces of liquid film on the surface. Around and
Subedi, Kshitiz Kumar, Kong, Song-Charng
Influences of Martensite Morphology and Precipitation on Bendability in Press-Hardened Steels2022-01-027203/29/2022
Performance evaluation of martensitic press-hardened steels by VDA 238-100 three-point bend testing has become commonplace. Significant influences on bending performance exist from both surface considerations related to both decarburization and substrate-coating interaction and base martensitic steel considerations such as structural heterogeneity, i.e., banding, prior austenite grain size, titanium nitride (TiN) dispersion, mobile hydrogen, and the extent of martensite tempering as result auto-tempering upon quenching or paint baking during vehicle manufacturing. Deconvolution of such effects is challenging in practice, but it is increasingly accepted that surface considerations play an outsized role in bending performance. For specified surface conditions, however, the base steel microstructure can greatly influence bending performance and associated crash ductility to meet safety and mass-efficiency targets. This study reports and elucidates the positive effect of prior austenite
Enloe, Charles M., Mohrbacher, Hardy
Wear and Friction of PTFE and PEEK Coated Cast Iron Piston Ring 2022-01-038003/29/2022
In engine 30% of the total energy is lost due to the friction between piston ring and cylinder liner due to their constant rubbing motion. A piston that reciprocates at high speeds has piston rings that constantly scrape against the wall leading to high frictional losses within the engine. The engine has to work against this resistance to provide the required power, and hence it will consume more fuel. For this reason, material used for these components is more crucial. Reduction of surface friction between moving parts in order to increase overall efficiency can be achieved by suitable coating. The most commonly used piston rings are coated with chromium layers that are electroplated which is being replaced by chrome plating. Low coefficient of friction (COF) and high wear resistance can be achieved by self-lubricating coating of PTFE and PEEK polymer-based composite coatings. Experimental results showed that the PEEK and PTFE coating performed better in terms of friction and wear
Rajendran, R.
Magnesium Sheet Component Development and Demonstration Project2022-01-028603/29/2022
Most of the applications of magnesium in lightweighting of commercial cars and trucks are die castings rather than sheet metal, and automotive applications of magnesium sheet have typically been experimental or low-volume serial production. The overarching objective of project was to develop new low-cost magnesium alloys, and demonstrate warm-stamping of magnesium sheet inner and outer door panels from a 2013 MY Ford Fusion at a fully accounted integrated component cost increase over conventional steel stamped components of no more than $2.50/lb. saved. The project demonstrated the computational design of new Mg alloys from atomistic levels, cast new experimental alloy ingots and explored thermo-mechanical rolling processes to produce thin Mg sheet of desired texture. A new commercial Mg alloy sheet material was sourced and pretreated with protective coil coatings, and its properties fully characterized. The Mg sheet was warm-formed using novel lubricants into intermediate size
Gerken, Randy T., Ghaffari, Bita, Sachdev, Anil K., Mehta, Manish, Carter, Jon T.
Effect of Decoration on Windshield Impact Resistance and Novel Decoration Solution Compatible with Chemical Strengthening2022-01-030403/29/2022
Ball bearing impact tests were performed to evaluate impact resistance of laminates with different decoration configurations. Test results showed that laminates made with enamel decorative frit only on Surface 4, significantly outperformed laminates that had enamel on Surface 2. Furthermore, it was found that hybrid laminates, consisting of a standard annealed outer-ply and a thin, chemically strengthened inner-ply with a specially formulated decorative frit which is compatible with the ion-exchange chemical strengthening process, resulted in impact resistance levels that were three times greater than conventional laminates. Details follow.
Cleary, Thomas, Huten, Timothy, Lehuede, Philippe, Joubaud, Laurent, Friske, Mark
Silver surface treatment applicable to bolts for motorcycles2022-32-004101/09/2022
In motorcycles, the exposed mechanical parts play important roles in the styling design. The bolts that fasten these parts a good appearance in addition to the fastening function. Since many parts of a motorcycle are designed so as to appeal the mechanical and metallic beauty, needs are higher for silver-color bolts. Motorcycle bolts are exposed to the external environment, so they are required to have also cosmetic durability. Though there is a surface treatment having a higher cosmetic durability such as the chromium plating, due to its metallic gloss like a mirror, chrome-plated bolts are applicable only to specific models and parts. In this study, we developed a surface treatment that enhance the appearance and cosmetic durability required of bolts for motorcycles. The layer of developed surface treatment is dip coating with thin film polyorganosiloxane material on zinc plating. Clarified a zone where both the appearance and the cosmetic durability are attainable through the
Hirayama, Hiroshi, Inoue, Manabu, Koike, Takeshi
Procedure for Visual Evaluation of Interior and Exterior Automotive TrimJ361_20211212/30/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to parts and materials used in vehicle manufacture which are intended to be acceptable color matches to a specified standard. This document is intended for use with parts or materials which are opaque or nearly so. Materials covered by this document include topcoat paint finishes, interior soft trim, interior and exterior hard trim, and exterior film and flexible trim. This practice requires judgments by observers with a minimum of normal color vision and preferably superior as rated with the FM-100 Hue Test as specified in ASTM E1499, Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 0.50Cr - 0.12Mo (0.89 - 1.01C)AMS6476F (Current)11/09/2021
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging or tubing stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
CRIMPING TOOLS, TERMINAL, HAND, WIRE TERMINATION; FOR CRIMP TYPE REMOVABLE CONTACTS, ELECTRIC CONNECTORSAS22520/17A (Current)11/09/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 0.50Cr - 0.12Mo (0.89 - 1.01C)AMS6476F-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging or tubing stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Test Method and Limits for Bow Height of Aluminum Sheet Samples After Chemical MillingAS6507 (Current)11/02/2021
The results of this test are intended to be a useful indication of the resistance to distortion of bare or two-side Alclad, flat sheet aluminum used in chemical milling applications.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extruded Profiles (2065-T84) 4.2Cu - 1.2Li - 0.52Mg - 0.32Mn - 0.32Ag - 0.1Zr Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching and Artificially AgedAMS4366A (Current)10/28/2021
This specification covers an aluminum-lithium alloy in the form of extruded profiles with a maximum cross-sectional area of 19 in2 (123 cm2) and a maximum circle size of 11 inches (279 mm) from 0.040 to 0.499 inch (1.00 to 12.50 mm) in thickness (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extruded Profiles (2065-T84) 4.2Cu - 1.2Li - 0.52Mg - 0.32Mn - 0.32Ag - 0.1Zr Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching and Artificially AgedAMS4366A-TEST-REC (Historical)10/28/2021
This specification covers an aluminum-lithium alloy in the form of extruded profiles with a maximum cross-sectional area of 19 in2 (123 cm2) and a maximum circle size of 11 inches (279 mm) from 0.040 to 0.499 inch (1.00 to 12.50 mm) in thickness (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.2Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.12Mo (0.07 - 0.13C) (9310) Electroslag Remelted or Consumable Electrode Vacuum RemeltedAMS6267K (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Low-Alloy Steel, Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock 0.95Cr - 0.55Mo - 0.30V (0.40 - 0.50C)AMS6304N (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy, heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
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