This document will contain guidance and considerations for the use of composite materials on non-primary structure for landing gear systems. Content to include design considerations, conditions and applications where composites are feasible/beneficial, high-level descriptions of various manufacturing processes, and certification/validation considerations.

A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW

Development and Qualification of Composite Landing Gears

AIR5552A (Current)

11/26/2025

This information report provides general guidance for the design considerations, qualification in endurance, strength and fatigue of landing gear using composite components as principle structural elements. The information discussed herein includes the development and evaluation of design data considering: the potential for imbedded manufacturing defects, manufacturing process variations, the component operating environment, potential damage threats in service, rework and overhaul, and inspection processes. This AIR mainly discusses the use of thick composites for landing gear structural components. Considerations and recommendations provided in this AIR may therefore differ greatly from considerations and recommendations found in widely accepted composite design references such as CMH-17 and Advisory Circulars such as AC 20-107(B).

A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW

Hose Assemblies, Installed, Visual Inspection Guide For

ARP1658C (Current)

11/26/2025

This SAE Aerospae Recommended Practice (ARP) covers visible surface defects on aerospace hose assemblies which have been installed and are functioning within a working environment at the time of visual inspection. This document is intended to help those who are conducting periodic visual inspections of hose assemblies used in aerospace systems and ground servicing equipment to determine time for replacement by condition of hose assemblies at time of inspection. This practice is intended to augment existing procedures for replacement of hose assemblies based on service time. A constant surveillance of all hose assemblies for visible wear, defects, and/or damage shall be routine at all times of maintenance. When wear, defects, or damage to installed hose assemblies is detected, the hose assemblies shall be tagged or replaced in accordace with Section 4 of this document.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

High-Efficiency Hollow-Core Fiber Optic Cable

TBMG-5216112/01/2024

Researchers have designed a six-hole micro-structure antiresonant air-core fiber (AR-HCF) with a large core diameter of 78 μm. The researchers say it is the first time that 2.79 μm high energy pulsed laser has been transmitted with good efficiency at room temperature.

Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymer-Coated Jute Fibers for Enhanced Automotive Parts

2024-01-501902/12/2024

Automobile parts often require materials that offer high strength and durability. With the continuous push for environmentally friendly solutions, natural fibers such as jute have emerged as a potential alternative for synthetic fibers in automobile components. In this study, we aim to enhance the properties of jute fibers by coating them with different polymers and assessing their suitability for automotive applications. We treated jute fibers with various polymers—low-density polyethylene, polyester, and araldite epoxy. The performance of these treated fibers was compared using fiber tensile experimentation, differential calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical evaluation. Our findings reveal that the treated jute fibers exhibit a tensile strength of 598 MPa. However, when coated with polymers, there’s a variance in strength: polyethylene (263 MPa), polyester (191 MPa), and epoxy (281 MPa). Among these, epoxy-coated fibers displayed the least tensile strength, while polyethylene-coated

Natrayan, L., Kaliappan, Seeniappan, Balaji, N., Mahesh, V.

Acoustic Evaluation of Fiber Based Materials for Engine Bay Applications

2025-01-011505/05/2023

A newly formulated fiber-based material was developed to offer a cleaner, recyclable alternative to foam-based vehicle acoustic products. The fiber-based material was designed to be used in multiple vehicle acoustic applications, with different blends of the material available depending on the application. It performs well as an engine bay sound absorber due to its high heat tolerance and good absorption performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the sound absorption performance of this fiber-based material, specifically the engine bay blends, in comparison to that of current foam-based products. The results from this study show that the sound absorption performance of this new fiber-based material can match that of current foam-based materials while providing a recyclable product unlike the foam.

Krugh, Jack

Optimization of Buckling Load of Thin Hybrid Composite plate of Carbon/Glass Epoxy using Taguchi Approach

2022-28-050211/18/2022

The aim of the paper is to analyze the effect of the design factors on the buckling load of the thin hybrid laminated composite plate made of Carbon/Glass Epoxy fiber. The detailed investigation is done on the stacking sequence, stacking angle, cut-out orientation whose shape is elliptical and thickness of the plate. For optimization the Taguchi approach of Design for Experiments (DOE) is being considered. For obtaining the combinations L16 orthogonal array is implemented using MINITAB and analysis is carried using ANSYS software. Analysis of each factor is done and significance of each factor is decided based on the 0.05 confidence level. Normal Probability and Residual versus Fitted Values plot is being obtained. Based on the delta values rank for each factor which have four levels are given. The boundary condition of simply supported on all edges is considered during the simulation for calculating the critical buckling load.

Gore, Renuka, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reinventing the Wheel with Carbon Fiber

1323808/05/2022

The team at Carbon Revolution is going against some age-old advice -they're reinventing the wheel. And they're seeing results. Back in 2004, Dr. Ashley Denmead, Chief Technology Officer and Founder of Carbon Revolution, was part of the Formula SAE team at Deakin University in Australia. After building a too-heavy car the year prior, Ashley and his engineering team looked to save weight in the wheels. Their idea? Build them out of carbon fiber. Thus, the journey of Carbon Revolution began. Today, the company designs and manufactures some of the world's most technically advanced and highest performing wheels on the planet, and one of the most advanced lightweight technologies on any car. There are more than 50,000 Carbon Revolution wheels on the road today, including on vehicles such as the Ford GT and the Ferrari F8 Spider. From four guys in a garage to 550 people in a 10,000 square-foot facility with Ford, Ferrari and General Motors among its customers, Carbon Revolution proves

Hineman, Marcie

Optical Black Coatings On Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Sandwich Structure With Aluminum Honeycomb Core For Satellites Applications.

2022-26-114105/26/2022

The composite sandwich structure has been in use in space applications as a result of its high strength to weight ratio coupled with excellent compressibility strength. In particular, there has been tremendous demand for honeycomb sandwich structures for satellite application in recent years. Currently, a major problem needs to be addressed concerning reflections from satellite structures which leads to capturing in-accurate data of celestial bodies by ground-based astronomy. In the light of the above, this paper focuses on the development of novel optical black coatings on Carbon fiber reinforced composite sandwich structures with aluminum honeycomb core. A thin layer of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes black coatings was developed on the surfaces of Carbon fiber reinforced composite laminate of the sandwich structure using Chemical Vapour Deposition technique, to provide low scattering and low reflective surface. Three-point bending test are performed for evaluating the Youngs modulus

CS PhD, Ramesh, J, Sudharshan, Chaurasia, P Harsh

Bird strike analysis on nanocomposite materials for aerospace applications

2022-26-114505/26/2022

Over the years, bird strike has become a serious threat as it is inevitable and can be catastrophic. Several accidents occur due to the bird collision with wing leading edges, causing serious structural damage that may be permanent. Therefore, the failure induced by birds on the leading edge has persuaded much research interest. To heighten the impact resistance during bird strike with the leading edge of the wing, nanocomposite materials are proposed as it has improved characteristics like high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced mechanical properties like high ductility, fracture toughness with no decrease of strength in structure. In order to achieve material constants of the nanocomposites, the finite-element method (FEM) and representative volume element (RVE) which is a micromechanical analysis approach will be considered. A comparative study will be done on different volume fractions of nanofillers impregnated with the composite material to find the optimum material properties

Neigapula, Keerthana, Anand, Sumit, Devi, Monisha, Tiwari, Anawil, Kumar, Siddharth

A comparative study between Flax-Fiber Reinforced Polymer and Balsa wood for Aero-structure applications.

2022-26-119905/26/2022

When air flows over a wing, a pressure difference is generated between the upper and lower camber of the wing. This pressure difference is responsible for lift generation. Since the wing is the primary lifting surface of all aircraft, the structure itself must be capable of handling all the loads imposed upon it. This study aims to perform a trade-off between Balsa wood and a natural fiber composite namely Flax Fiber Reinforced Polymer and evaluating their performance using ANSYS. Balsa wood is the most common material used for building homebuilt remote-controlled aircraft. This makes the aircraft light but restricts its performance as it cannot handle cyclic loads over a period of the cycle. Thus, a natural fiber composite is being chosen as a substitute for the conventional Balsa wood. The wing is modeled using SOLIDWORKS 2018 and includes 5 ribs and a rectangular spar at the maximum thickness/chord %. The composite material is built using ANSYS ACP wherein all the laminates and

Phatarphod, Soham, Swain, Prasant Kumar, Sharma, Narayan, Maiti PhD, Dipak Kumar

An Integrated Approach for Simulation of the RTM Process

2022-01-038703/29/2022

In the preform preparation stage of the RTM process, the fabric is draped on the mold along the geometry. Before the filling and warpage analysis, the draping analysis will be performed to get the fabric orientation. Due to the anisotropy of the fabric material, the main direction of the material has a significant influence on the overall flow behavior and warpage of the product. In this study, the advanced simulation approach for the RTM process is demonstrated. The filling and warpage analysis integrate with the draping simulation result from AniForm. The influences of fabric shearing and fiber orientation on the resin flow and warpage in RTM process is studied. With more accurate fabric orientation prediction methods, the accuracy of predicting fabric ply orientation is improved and more accurate infusion and product warpage simulation results can be obtained.

Bora, Anand

Parts Consolidation of Automotive Front Subframe: From Two-Piece CFRP Design to One-Piece Design

2022-01-041003/29/2022

As demand for fuel efficiency rises, an increasing number of automotive companies are replacing their existing metal designs with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) redesigns. Due to the handling and manufacturing processes associated with CFRP materials, engineers have more design freedom to create complex, light-weight designs, which would be infeasible to manufacture using metal. Additionally, it is likely that by redesigning with CFRP, many steel assemblies can be consolidated to significantly fewer parts, simplifying or potentially eliminating the assembly process. When designing a subframe using CFRP materials, designers often aim for a two-piece design (top and bottom), while utilizing reinforcement material where needed. The joining of these two pieces is typically accomplished with many mechanical fasteners and adhesives, significantly increasing the part count and the manufacturing complexity. The objective of this research project is to redesign a CFRP front subframe

Krsikapa, Daniel, Jalayer, Shayan, Dossett, Wesley, Lee, Young Min, Ko, Kwang Un, Huh, Mong Young, Choi, Byeung Hyeun, Ku, Ja Won, Lee, Keon Chul, Kim, Il Yong

Simultaneous free-size, gauge, and composite optimization for automotive chassis design: A practical case study with CFRP crossmember

2022-01-094303/29/2022

Rising gas prices and increasingly stringent vehicle emissions standards have pushed automakers to increase fuel economy. Mass reduction is the most practical method to increase fuel economy of a vehicle. New materials and CAE technology allow for lightweight automotive components to be designed and manufactured, which outperform traditional component designs. Topology optimization and other design optimization techniques are widely used by designers to create lightweight structural automotive parts. Other design optimization techniques include free-size, gauge, and size optimization. These optimization techniques are typically used in sequence or independently during the design process. Performing various types of design optimization simultaneously is only practical in certain cases, where different parts of the structure have different manufacturing constraints. This paper presents a case where this simultaneous optimization approach is used to redesign an automotive front

Jalayer, Shayan, Dossett, Wesley, Krsikapa, Daniel, Lee, Young Min, Ko, Kwang Un, Huh, Mong Young, Choi, Byeung Hyeun, Ku, Ja Won, Lee, Keon Chul, Kim, Il Yong

Selection of suitable lightweight materials for various Automotive Vehicles and their components through Advanced Computational Investigations

2022-01-040703/29/2022

Generally, most of the fractions are occurred because of a lack of resistivity knowledge in internal structure level at abnormal loading conditions such as shock load, impact load, aerodynamic load, etc. Aforesaid loads drastically affect the structural performance of a component. The detailed pre-defined study about aforesaid loading environments and their side effects can provide the details of withstanding capability at peak loading conditions. This work examined the behavior of composite materials, which are subjected to sudden loading conditions at different real-time applications. Automotive vehicles and their components such as four-wheeler bumper, main bike stand, and automotive passenger bus are predominantly imposed these comprehensive investigations. The three primary different composites such as CFRP [Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer], GFRP [Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer], and KFRP [Kevlar Fiber Reinforced Polymer] are selected and implemented under crash analysis with the

R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar, Kulandaiyappan, Naveen Kumar, Raji, Arul Prakash, Madasamy, Senthil Kumar, Kesavan, Kandasamy, Subramaniam, Indira Prasanth

Variable axial composite light weight automotive parts using anisotropic topology optimization and tailored fiber placement

2022-01-040803/29/2022

Continuous fiber composites are an important material for realization of lightweight structures. In the last decade, there has been great progress in fabricating continuous fiber composite parts in terms of local fiber orientation control by robotics and the additive manufacturing technologies. These technologies include continuous fiber printing (CFP), tailored fiber placement (TFP) and automated fiber placement (AFP). One common challenge of these technologies resides in the design method. These methods can fabricate local orientation-controlled composites, so called variable axial composites (VACs), which show great performance improvement when appropriately designed for given loading conditions; however, they may not be as robust as conventional quasi-isotopic composites due to misalignment of load path and fiber path. Therefore, design of both structure and fiber orientation considering load conditions is highly critical and demands high engineering skills. To address this

Nomura, Tsuyoshi, Iwano, Yoshihiro, Kawamoto, Atsushi, Yoshikawa, Katsuharu, Spickenheuer, Axel

Development of In Mold Coating Clear Coat Paint for Carbon Fiber Sheet Molding Compound Roof.

2022-01-041203/29/2022

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) is superior in the specific tensile strength and the specific rigidity which used for various products in aerospace and sports industry. With increasing attention to Carbon Neutral (CN) in the world, the vehicle electrification and the lightweight are expanding. As a result, the application of CFRP to luxury cars, electric cars and sports cars, is increasing. It is also applied by Lexus LC, RC-F and Toyota 86 GRMN. However, there are two technical concerns. First is the durability which caused by CFRP resin characteristic. Second is poor appearance which is caused by CFRP surface pinholes. In order to secure the good durability and surface appearance, CFRP must be required pre-treatment before painting (putty applying a filler for the plastics surface coverage and surface sanding) and the multiple painting. Current painted CFRP is not suitable for the mass production due to long and complicated process. As a result, the applied vehicle is limited

Ito, Katsunori

Moisture absorption behavior and hygrothermal aging life prediction for CFRP adhesive-bonded joints

2022-01-038903/29/2022

Effects of moisture absorption on the strength degradation, energy absorption and failure mechanism of CFRP laminates and the adhesive-bonded joints in hygrothermal environment were investigated in this work. Experiments of accelerated moisture absorption, uniaxial tension and three-point bending were performed. SEM observations on the CFRP laminates and the fracture surfaces of the CFRP bonded joints were conducted. Strength degradation and failure mechanism induced by moisture absorption were discussed in detail. The results showed that the strength degradation in tension and in three-point bending of the CFRP laminate due to moisture absorption reached 7.4% and 17.1%, respectively. Different response of CFRP laminate and adhesive layer to the moisture determined the failure mode of the adhesive-bonded joints. Suitable match of CFRP laminate and adhesive was very important to make the failure mode of the joint under control.

Xu, Xianghe, Yu, HaiYan, Xing, Ping

Design and Optimization of an Electric Car Chassis and Body using Structural Analysis and CFD

2022-01-033903/29/2022

The transition from traditional gasoline-powered automobiles to electric vehicles (EVs) has taken time, two major challenges of engine- powered vehicles are greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy. Electric cars require less maintenance. A lot of money can be saved while also helping the environment. In today's world, working with lightweight materials have emerged as a key area for improvement in the automotive industry. The most efficient method for increasing power output is to reduce the weight of vehicle components. Composite materials have benefited greatly from research and development because they are stronger, more recyclable, and easier to integrate into vehicles. The primary goal of this research is to design the body and chassis frame of a two-seater electric car. A CFD analysis was performed to determine the drag coefficient of the body along with structural analysis to obtain the frontal impact and torsional rigidity of the chassis to develop an effective electric car

Aiyan, Mohammed, Raghav S, Sanjay, Sagar, S Sumanth

Performance Optimisation of an Exhaust System for 4 Cylinder Engine by Implementation of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Acoustic and Thermal Analysis

2022-01-067703/29/2022

The engine system requirements have changed from being focused only on delivering engine power to now having to meet environmental emission standards. The exhaust system collects exhaust gases from the combustion cylinders, eliminates dangerous pollutants, decreases noise, and discharges the purified exhaust gases at a safe distance from the vehicle's occupants. Designs of lightweight models for exhausts were always aimed at using newer lighter materials. As the design of an exhaust is more or less fixed, this approach is hardly profitable anymore. The most important components of an exhaust system are the exhaust manifold, the catalytic converter, the muffler, the resonator and connecting all of them together are connecting exhaust pipes. In this paper, the optimization of the various elements of 4 cylinder 1.8L engine exhaust system is carried out with the help of analysis software ANSYS 19.2 workbench, by performing ‘Steady State Thermal Analysis’, ‘Acoustic Analysis’ and simulating

Aiyan, Mohammed, Raghav S, Sanjay, Sagar, S Sumanth

Residual Stress Prediction of a Thermoformed Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Structure Through a Novel Manufacturing to Response Pathway

2022-01-032103/29/2022

Thermoforming of thermoplastic-based continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) offers major advantage in reducing cycle times for large scale productions, but it inevitably induces certain undesirable effects in the formed parts. One such effect is residual stress. For a complex CFRP structure, the magnitude and state (tension/compression) of the residual stress could vary at different locations on the part. Several researchers have developed a number of techniques to experimentally measure the magnitude of these residual stresses, which have shown that these residual stresses could have considerable impact on the mechanical performance of complex CFRP structures, especially developed using thick laminates. However, the degree of impact of the residual stresses on the structural performance of the part still represents a knowledge gap. Experimental investigations could be performed to study the impact of residual stresses on mechanical performance but they are tedious and time

Limaye, Madhura, Pradeep, Sai Aditya, Kothari, Anmol, Agha, Akshat, Li, Gang

Decoding Genuine Ceramic Pad Formulations- Materials and Processing

2021-01-127710/11/2021

The need to develop genuine ceramic composites for PV applications arose to overcome the challenges associated with traditional semi-metallic pads. The main focus is to achieve better performance, low noise, better pad and rotor wear, and low dust compared to semi- metallic pads. In general, brake pads convert kinetic energy to thermal energy through friction, and operating temperature in semi-metallic brake pads is higher due to the presence of steel having high thermal conductivity. Over the last decade, the customer preference has moved over to ceramic pads due to light coloured pad surface, low rotor and pad wear and low dust compared to semi-metallic pads. The traditional steel has been replaced by Aramid, engineered ceramic fibre, potassium titanate (TISMO D), lapinus fibre (RB 250) to impart similar/better performance. The current work investigates the characterisation of genuine ceramic and semi-metallic composites. Three genuine ceramic and one semi-met composite have been

Tomar, Bharat, Ali, Sharafat, Ellis, Keith, Choudhary, Yogesh

Effect of Material Anisotropy on Thermal-Mechanical Instabilities in Metal-Free Friction Materials

2021-01-128910/11/2021

An anisotropic ceramic matrix composite (CMC), which consists of a silicon carbide (SiC) based ceramic matrix reinforced with carbon (C) fibers, is considered as a metal-free friction material replacement in brake and clutch applications. The fibers are assumed to have a circular cross-section, arranged unidirectionally and packed in a rectangular array without the presence of voids. The rule of mixture showed the C-SiC composite to be transversely isotropic with the circumferential plane as the plane of isotropy. A set of parametric studies have been performed to computationally investigate the dominant parameters that affect thermal-mechanical instabilities. It is found that the chance of thermal buckling in the friction disc can be minimized by reducing the elastic moduli in the radial and circumferential directions, or by reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion in the same directions. Meanwhile, the material properties in the axial direction do not have a significant effect

Shaahu, Joseph-shaahu, Koranteng, Kingsford, Yi, Yun-Bo

Mechanical property optimization of tamarind fruit fiber for lightweight structural composites applications

2021-28-027010/01/2021

Natural fibers are dominating many composite industries due to their unique properties such as reusability, biodegradability, and environmental safety. Tamarind fruit fiber (TFF) stands out among the various fruit fibers and has been discovered in large quantities being discarded from the food processing industries. However, many natural fibers are extracted from their sources, which results in deforestation and environmental degradation. As a result, in today's world, recycling waste into new useful products is the primary concern in any field of engineering. In light of this, the current study used TFF obtained from agro industries and processed into fibers, which were then mixed with an unsaturated polyester matrix to create a natural composite material. Furthermore, by considering process parameters and their levels for conducting experiments, an orthogonal array has been achieved using Taguchi's design approach. The effect of different fiber diameters in relation to various gauge

Joseph Selvi, Binoj, Natarajan PhD, Manikandan, Pattipati Chinna PhD, Krishnamachary, Karu Clement PhD, Varaprasad, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Justin Abraham Baby PhD, Sajin

Evaluating the mechanical behavior of fused deposition modeling parameters of Raster angle and Layer thickness effects on as-built and annealed polymer associated composites

2021-28-028310/01/2021

Fused deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the 3D techniques which are mainly used to fabricate the three-dimensional object directly and it is more economical method. The objective of this investigation is to primarily as-build and annealed polymer associated composites of carbon fiber Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (CF-PETG) material by FDM with the effect of different raster angle and layer thickness were consider for the prime parameters. The test specimen was prepared by FDM process with different raster angle (00/900, -450, +450, -450+450) and layer thickness (100, 400 microns) with other parameters were kept constant. The study of the mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile and impact test of the as-built and annealed CF-PETG were studied. The best results obtained for annealed specimens printed with raster angle of 00/900 and layer thickness of 100 microns produced more influence in all the mechanical properties. The high strength printed samples were suggested for

Ari Gowder Ravi Kumar, Sivanesh, R, Soundararajan, Dorai, Arivazhakan, Suresh Kumar, Gopinath, Ramesh, Aravind Kumar

Experimental Studies on the performances of Hybrid- Natural Fiber / Powder Strengthened Polymer Composite Structure

2021-28-027610/01/2021

This research paper affords the practical investigation of the fabrication of eco based composites. The banana fiber is used as primary and powdered coconut shell is utilized as secondary reinforcements with epoxy resin to structure hybrid composite samples. The fiber weight proportion was kept as constant and the powder weight proportion was varied with five different proportions. Composite laminates were fabricated by hand lay-up method followed by compression moulding process. The manufactured composites had been examined as per the standards of ASTM to estimate the mechanical behaviors such as flexural , tensile, shear and impact strengths. Also the effect of water immersion on the mechanical properties are evaluated in each manufactured sample. The results of the tests show that under mechanical loads, the hybrid composite with coconut shell powder outperforms the unfilled fiber reinforced composite.

Rangasamy, Ramamoorthi, Rengaraj, Jeyakumar, Kaliyaperumal, Balasubramanian, Subramanian, Vignesh, R, Soundararajan

Physio – Mechanical and Chemical Behaviors of Surface Modified Coconut Inflorescence Fiber

2021-28-027510/01/2021

The need for bio-friendly composite has triggered researchers to explore several natural lignocellulose fibers. The promising properties of the fibers resulted in natural fibers to be used as potential alternate for synthetic man-made fibers. The present work deals with exploration of physical, chemical and mechanical properties of coconut inflorescence fibers. The coconut inflorescence fibers are extracted by the process of retting and then the fibers are subjected to surface modification with KOH. The amorphous constituents present in the fibers were eroded and significant improvements in properties of the fibers were observed. XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed the removal of functional groups and crystallinity improvement were also observed. Single fiber tensile test confronted the improvement in tensile properties of the fibers. Increase in fiber diameter was also observed as a result of surface modifications done on the fiber surfaces. Finally SEM analysis confirmed the removal of

Soundarrajan, Karthik, R, Soundararajan, A, Sathishkumar

Effect of various synthetic and natural fibers for the production of copper-free automotive brake pads

2021-28-027410/01/2021

In recent years, asbestos and copper free brake pads have attracted researchers due to its adverse environmental risks which make it mandatory for the manufacturers to look for a reliable replacement. It is essential to identify new combination of synthetic and natural fibers for the potential automotive brake pads. Experiments were planned to produce various frictional composites (1) glass fiber (2) carbon fiber (3) basalt fiber (4) hemp fiber with standard additional materials through hot pressing technique. The developed form of brake pads were tested as per ASTM and industrial standard practices like hardness, wear and friction. Also worn surface analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope. Most noteworthy tribometric operating parameters like load (10-40N), sliding velocity (1-5m/s) were being considered and wear mechanism for various types of composites and their performances are being discussed. In order to prove the application suitability, recovering synthetic

R, Soundararajan, Soundarrajan, Karthik, Rengaraj, Jeyakumar, gopal, Shanthosh

Flexural behavior of hybrid layered composites suitable for automotive structural applications

2021-28-021010/01/2021

Electric vehicle is the current trend in automotive industry. A light weight material at affordable cost is preferred for these types of vehicles. Composite is a suitable material for this due to their attractive strength-to-weight ratio. Even though carbon fiber reinforced composites provide very good strength and modulus its usage is limited because of their higher price. Hybrid laminates stacked with glass/carbon/kevlar fiber layer shall provide good strength at lower cost. This work focus on the flexural behaviour of glass fiber reinforced laminates stacked with carbon and kevlar fiber as outer layer. Laminates were prepared by hand lay-up method. Three-point bending test was conducted as per ASTM standard. A significant improvement in flexural modulus and bending resistance was observed for the glass/carbon-epoxy hybrid laminates when compared with the glass-epoxy laminate. The micrographs of the failed specimens are also studied.

A, Arockia Julias, Ponniah Daniel, Jeyakumar, Manohar, D Murali, Muthiah, Thirumurugan, R, Sathish Kumar

Mechanical studies on polycaprolactone based green composite

2021-28-024210/01/2021

In the last decade, there was growing interest in the use of green composites because of their environment friendly nature, improvement in mechanical & chemical properties, better process ability and low cost. In this work, short sisal fiber is reinforced in (PCL) matrix to produce a green composite that is degradable. This work aims to reduce the plastic waste and extend the life span of biodegradable products used in our routine life. This experimental study on mechanical properties of PCL based composites is focused on testing the tensile, impact, and hardness behavior of the material with different weight fractions. These tests were conducted as per standards. The data obtained are compared to identify the best possible composition of PCL and sisal. This PCL based composites shall find applications in packaging industry and consumer goods that have less service temperature.

A, Arockia Julias, Kareem, Abdul, A, Ganesh Raman, Ponniah Daniel, Jeyakumar, Krishnasamy, Prabu

Tribological evaluation of organic frictional composites filled with various nano- solid lubricants

2021-28-025910/01/2021

Incorporation of organic fibers originate from plants in polymer composite is not new as they provide eco-friendly lighter composite and it have gained attention over a period of time because of the specific applications. The augmenting demanded by automotive sectors for wear and frictional areas where the conservation of energy is concerned is expected one with the addition of nano – solid lubricants. Our aim is to highlight the possibility of organic basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites along with three possible combination of nano – solid lubricants like graphite/graphene/ molybdenum disulfide was chosen and to fabricate tribo-materials through hot press technique. The outcome of the tribological tests (by varying load and sliding velocity) indicates that the responses of these three organic fiber based polymer composites have been effectively modified by nano-solid lubricants leading to significant enhancement as tribo materials is highlighted in higher level of load and

R, Soundararajan, Javid Firnas, Sait, Naveen raj, Nandakumar, pradeep s, sabapathy

Tribological Behavior of Thermal and Mechanical Composite Reinforced Sisal Characteristics and Influence SiC Filling Material

2021-28-027710/01/2021

In order to investigate the possible use of normal capital, we have tried by hand to manufacture sisal fibre polymer composites. Natural fibre composites are reusable, low-cost and biodegradable. Simple source, lesser compactness, superior basic property, lower quality, acceptable physical and mechanical properties, non acidic in environment, make them a good-looking biological substitute for glass, carbon or other artificial fibres. The outcome of SiC on the physical and mechanical properties of organic sisal composite materials is studied in this work. The composite was manufactured with and without SiC, mixing natural sisal fibre with polyester as a reinforcement medium. The investigational results showed that the tensile force of the mixture with 12 % SiC was 2.52 times better than that of the composite devoid of SiC. The collision strength of the 12% SiC merged is 1.72 times higher than that of the SiC pure polyester composite. The physical properties deliberate include thermal

RAJU, GANESAMOORTHY, NATARAJAN, Balaji, Chakaravarthy, Ezilarasan, Samikannu, Poovaragan, R, Soundararajan

Carbon Fiber Fabric and Epoxy Resin Wet Lay-Up Repair Material Part 5 - Carbon Fiber Fabrics, Plain Weave, 193 g/m2, and Epoxy Resin

AMS2980/5A (Current)09/24/2021

This Material Specification defines the requirements of carbon fiber fabric and epoxy resin systems used for wet lay-up repair of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy structures, qualified according to AMS2980/1 and AMS2980/2. Unless otherwise specified by the drawing, the order or the inspection schedule, the present specification shall be used in conjunction with the referenced documents.

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

Carbon Fiber Fabric and Epoxy Resin Wet Lay-Up Repair Material Part 0 - Introduction

AMS2980B (Current)09/23/2021

This document (Technical Specification) gives information about qualification rules and the relation between the different specification parts involved, such as Technical Specification (TS), Material Specification (MS), and Purchasing Specification (PS). The link to material qualification and qualified products is presented.

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

Effects of Environmental Factors on Flexural Properties of Long Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite

2021-26-025709/22/2021

Environmental regulation, operating cost reduction and meeting stringent safety norms are the predominant challenges for the automotive sector today. Automotive OEMs are facing equally aggressive challenges to meet high fuel efficiency, superior performance, low cost and weight with enhanced durability and reliability. One of the key technologies which enable light weighting and cost optimization is the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite in automotive chassis systems. FRP composites have high specific strength, corrosion and fatigue resistance with additional advantage of complex near net shape manufacturing and tailor made properties. These advantages makes FRPs an ideal choice for replacing conventional steel chassis automotive components. However, FRP’s face challenges from operating environment, in particular temperature and moisture. In the present study, the effect of environmental variables like temperature, moisture on properties of FRP was studied on epoxy based E

Polisetti, Venkata Sumanth, Shende, Deodatta Anil, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, Ponkshe, Shripadraj

Stable, Efficient, Anode-Free Sodium Battery

TBMG-3960508/01/2021

The challenges of energy storage — which require the capacity to bank an intermittent and seasonally variable supply of solar energy — have kept the technology from being economically competitive. Researchers have used low-cost materials to create rechargeable batteries that will make energy storage more affordable. These materials could also provide a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to lithium-ion batteries that currently dominate the market but are slow to charge and have a knack for catching fire.

Bar, Rod, and Shapes Produced from 30% Glass Fiber Filled Polyamide-Imide (PAI) Material

AMS3670/4D (Current)05/19/2021

This specification covers molded or extruded bar, rod, and shapes produced from a polyamide-imide (PAI) polymer filled with 30% glass fiber. This is designated as Grade 4 material per AMS3670.

AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee

Bars, Rods, and Shapes Produced from 30% Carbon Fiber Filled Polyamide-Imide (PAI) Material

AMS3670/5D (Current)05/19/2021

This specification covers molded or extruded bar, rod, and shapes produced from a polyamide-imide polymer filled with 30% carbon fiber. This is designated as Grade 5 material per AMS3670.

AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee

Remover, Acid Activated, For Amine-Cured Epoxy Coating Systems

AMSR81903A (Current)

05/06/2021

This specification covers the requirements for removers used on amine-cured epoxy coating systems (see 6.1).

AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee

Remover, Acid Activated, For Amine-Cured Epoxy Coating Systems

AMSR81903A-TEST-REC (Historical)05/06/2021

This specification covers the requirements for removers used on amine-cured epoxy coating systems (see 6.1).

AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee

Hose Characteristics and Selection Chart

AIR797F (Current)

04/30/2021

This document lists military and industry specifications and standards which are used in aerospace systems and for ground servicing equipment. The characteristic limitations of the hose, which are of major importance to designers, and the sizes in which the hoses are standard are shown. Revisions and amendments, which are current for these specifications and standards, are not listed.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies