This specification covers the requirements for producing a continuous white layer with controlled extent of porosity by means of a gaseous process, automatically controlled to maintain set values of the nitriding and carburizing potentials that determine properties of the nitrocarburized surface. Automatic control is intended to ensure repeatability of nitrogen and carbon content of the white layer which influences properties such as wear and corrosion resistance, ductility and fatigue strength.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Detailed Approach for Pre-Chamber Heat Release Analysis for the HSASI Pre-Chamber Spark Plug Using a Pressure Sensor Glow Plug

2024-32-006304/18/2025

The hot surface-assisted spark ignition (HSASI) pre-chamber spark plug, which was developed at the Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, increases the dilution limit with excess air and the tolerance to residual gas in the pre-chamber compared to a conventional passive pre-chamber spark plug. In this study, the conventional glow plug which is integrated in the pre-chamber of the HSASI pre-chamber spark plug was replaced by a pressure sensor glow plug (PSG) from BERU. This allows for a detailed combustion analysis in the pre-chamber. The signal of the PSG was validated with a piezoelectric cylinder pressure sensor and a method to analyse the pre-chamber heat release was introduced. Experimental investigations were carried out on a single-cylinder gasoline engine. A series of operating points diluted with excess air and a variation in load were conducted. The gas flow rate through the orifices of the pre-chamber was calculated from the pressure difference between the pre-chamber and

Holzberger, Sascha, Kettner, Maurice, Kirchberger, Roland

Effect Analysis of Form Factor on Thermo-Electric Generator Performance

2024-26-038601/16/2024

One of the major contributor for the climate change and global warming is the residual thermal energy generated from automobiles as exhaust gases in IC engine powered vehicles and batteries and fuel cell heating in green vehicles. This waste heat or the thermal energy can be converted into useful electric energy using the thermos-electric generator (TEG). TEGs are devices that can generate electricity directly from temperature difference between two surfaces. They are manufactured using semiconductor materials that exhibit Seebeck effect, generating voltage due to temperature gradient across it terminals. These devices are compact, stable and more reliable electric power generators. The main setback of TEG is its low efficiency compared to other power generators. In this paper, form factor of TEG is studied in detail with its effect on figure of merit, for commercial vehicle applications. In addition, bottlenecks in implementing these TEGs in series production is discussed.

Bali, Gaurav, Mutagi, Megha Dharnendra, PONANGI, BABU RAO

Experimental analysis on development of algae based catalytic convertor for ecofriendly environment

2022-28-048111/18/2022

Due to increased use of automobiles in some of the major cities had resulted in serious concerns about urban air quality caused by engine exhaust gas emissions and also more harmful species derived from them via photochemical reactions. The three main exhaust gas pollutants derived from exhaust emissions are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Engine modifications are not alone sufficient to control them therefore the catalytic systems are introduced to do this. But the biggest limitation of regular catalytic convertor is the use of precious metals like platinum, titanium, palladium etc. in this article an algae based catalytic convertor is fabricated and experimentally tested. The conducted analysis and experiments shows that algae based catalytic convertor is indeed a best substitute to the regular catalytic convertor. The CO2 emission was reduced from 0.9 vol % to 0.2 vol % and the CO emission was reduced from 14.22 vol % to 0.68 vol%.

Lucas, Annagowsalya

Ultimate Breakage Load Calculation Method of Cold Gas Inflator Burst Disk

2022-01-093803/29/2022

For cold gas Inflator, high refinement of ultimate load forecast is one key of Inflator development. At beginning, two methods based on implicit algorithm, Zero Curvature method and RIKS method were used for burst disk hydro-burst test ultimate pressure load calculation. After considering the effect of bursting disk stamping process, comparing with results of real test, the refinement of the two methods were above 97% both. Studying the corresponding relations between displacement and stress matrix of the center point of burst disk by RISK method. It was found that under ultimate load, the third principal stress vs. displacement curve of the central node shown extreme point, and load step of the point was corresponding the one of maximum pressure load. This shown that after reaching the ultimate load, the center of the bursting disc lost stability in the direction of thickness. Based on the status of stress matrix analysis results of RIKS method, and for solving the nonlinear contact

Shan, Jinhui, Wang, Cheng

Characterizing shock waves induced by phase change of superheated liquid jets

2022-01-059403/29/2022

The under-expanded nature of flash-boiling spray was considered an important cause of spray collapse via some numerical investigation. However, due to the high optical thickness, the under-expanded nature in flash-boiling jet was difficult to observed by optical diagnosis. The main objective of this study is to prove the existence of under-expanded nature in the gasoline-like fuel (n-hexane) flash-boiling jet under the GDI engine condition, and further reveal the significant influence factors. The experimental examination was carried in a constant volume vessel with ambient pressure ranging from 0.1 bar to 1.0 bar and fuel temperatures from 30℃ to 170℃. In order to capture the flow details in the jet, a high-brightness light source was used in the optical imaging. The shock structure of under-expanded nature was observed in close nozzle region under those conditions above 130℃, and the shock structure was in good agreement with the previous simulation results under the same conditions

Li, Yanfei, Zhang, Jingyu, Ma, Xiao, Shuai, Shijin

Insulating Component, Molded, Electrical, Heat Shrinkable, Connector and Cable Accessory, Sealing Strain Relief, General Specification For

AS5258A (Current)10/13/2021

This specification covers connector and cable accessory heat shrinkable, electrical insulating, molded components fabricated from various polymer based compositions. These components are intended for use as connector and cable accessory components to provide strain relief, electrical insulation, and environmental sealing.

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Insulating Component, Molded, Electrical, Heat Shrinkable, Connector and Cable Accessory, Sealing Strain Relief, General Specification For

AS5258A-TEST-REC (Historical)10/13/2021

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Empowering the Brake Systems

2021-01-126110/11/2021

Some research shows that the transport system is one of the main responsible for the emission of pollutants in the atmosphere. The growing demand for automobiles contrasts directly with the scarcity of inputs, planet temperature increasing and air quality degradation in large cities. This counterpoint is explored and discussed a lot, demanding that studies would be conducted to find out sustainable solutions in the production to end-customers. Instead of use fossil resources, one of the options to reduce gas emissions is the use of vehicles powered by electricity. When converting part of the vehicle's kinetic energy into electrical one its reduces emissions in the production electricity - power plants - as well burning gases in transport. Technological advances allow us to use Electronic Stability Control to generate environmental and safety results in mobility for next years.

Batagini, Emerson

A New Catalyst Technology to overcome Diffusion and Transport Limitations

2021-26-021009/22/2021

The purification efficiency of exhaust gas catalysts depends on several factors. One of the most important factors is the diffusivity of the exhaust gases in the catalytic coating layer, especially at moderate to high temperature and space velocity conditions. Porous silica, γ-alumina, zirconia, carbons and many other porous crystalline materials that are commonly used as catalysts and catalyst supports are traversed by a labyrinth of tortuous micro and mesopores. If the connectivity is very low, the labyrinth of pores becomes more difficult to penetrate, increasing the overall “tortuosity” and slowing down the transportation of gas molecules within catalyst layers. A new approach to overcome these diffusion and transport limitations in an exhaust gas catalyst is to create an interconnected network of mesopores and macropores via increase in void fractions within the washcoat components and layers. In this study, various organic and inorganic pyrolyzable pore forming agents (PFAs) were

Gaur, Kanishka, Muthusamy, Vishnuvarthan, Mishra, Sushil, Kukreti, Sumit, Rajan, Bosco, Bartley, Gordon, Trigunayat, Alok

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Cummins Innovating Engines to Power the Global Food Economy

1315407/16/2021

Whether it's gas, electric or hydrogen-fueled, engines serving the agriculture industry are dynamic. Cummins engines power everything from the farm to the field to the future. Ann Schmelzer, General Manager, Global Ag Business for Cummins, is passionate about problem solving through the lens of technology. Building on Cummins' reputation of reliability, Schmelzer is leading the charge to get their engines into the growing demand of autonomous agriculture. Listen as she shares insights on the current economics of agriculture and ways Cummins is stepping up to meet the needs of the global food economy.

Hineman, Marcie

Aluminum Alloy Powder 4.6Cu - 3.4Ti - 1.4B - 0.75Ag - 0.27Mg

AMS7033 (Current)

06/22/2021

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of pre-alloyed powder.

AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals

Aluminum Alloy Powder 4.6Cu - 3.4Ti - 1.4B - 0.75Ag - 0.27Mg

AMS7033-TEST-REC (Historical)06/22/2021

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of pre-alloyed powder.

AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals

An Investigation of Emission Species over a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Using Flow Reversal Strategy

2021-01-060604/06/2021

With the increasing demand of emission reductions from the automotive industry, advanced after-treatment strategies have been investigated to overcome the challenges associated with meeting increasingly stringent emission regulations. Ongoing investigations on low temperature combustion (LTC) strategies are being researched to meet future emission regulations, however, the lowered exhaust temperature presents an even greater issue for exhaust after-treatment due to the change in combustion modes. Catalyst temperature is critical for the catalytic ability to maintain effective conversion efficiency of regulated emissions. The use of periodic flow reversal has shown benefits of maintaining catalyst temperature by alternating the exhaust flow direction through the catalytic converter, reducing the catalyst sensitivity to inlet gas temperature fluctuations. Cyclically alternating the exhaust flow direction can produce a thermal wave, elevating the central catalyst temperature above the

Hesketh, Cavan, Liang, Li, Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Han, Xiaoye, Wang, Meiping, Zheng, Ming

Investigating the Effect of Water and Oxygen Distributions on Consistency of Current Density Using a Quasi-Three-Dimensional Model of a PEM Fuel Cell

2021-01-073704/06/2021

Activation loss, mass transfer loss and ohmic loss are the three main voltage losses of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. While the former two types are relevant to concentration of oxygen in catalyst layer and the later one is associated with the water content in membrane. Distributions of water content and oxygen in a single cell are inconsistent which cause that current densities in each segment of the single cell are different. For the dry inlet gas, the water in the segments near the gas inlet channel will be carried to the segments near the gas outlet channel, which causes high ohmic loss of the segments near the gas inlet channel. In this work, a transfer non-isothermal quasi-three-dimensional model is developed to investigate inconsistency of current densities. Comprehensive physical and chemical phenomena inside the cell are included, especially the mass transfer of hydrogen, oxygen, vapor and liquid water in gas channels, gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer and

Wang, Xuhui, Lu, Yikang, Zhang, Baitao, Xu, Sichuan

Xenon Improves Properties of Maxillofacial and Orthopedic Implants

TBMG-3854602/01/2021

Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk Oblast, Russia

Chemical Identification by Magneto-Elastic Sensing (ChIMES)

TBMG-3848302/01/2021

A low-cost sensor technology, called Chemical Identification by Magneto-Elastic Sensing (ChIMES), uses target response materials (TRMs) as actuators in magneto-elastic (M-E) sensors (Figure 1).

Wearable, Stretchable Gas Sensor

TBMG-3850702/01/2021

A team has developed and tested a stretchable, wearable gas sensor for environmental sensing. It combines a newly developed laser-induced graphene foam material with a unique form of molybdenum disulfide and reduced-graphene oxide nanocomposites. The researchers were interested in seeing how different morphologies, or shapes, of the gas-sensitive nanocomposites affect the sensitivity of the material to detecting nitrogen dioxide molecules at very low concentration. To change the morphology, they packed a container with very finely ground salt crystals.

Electrocoat Compatibilities of Automotive Sealers

J1969_202101 (Current)

01/07/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice sets forth a method for determining the compatibility of automotive sealers with cathodic electrocoat primer.

Materials, Processes and Parts Council

E-Tongue Nanosensor Array

TBMG-3799511/01/2020

E-Tongue, a patent-pending technology, is comprised of a silicon-based interdigitated electrode (IDE) array with nanostructured materials that can detect biomolecules and chemical compounds in a liquid sample.

Complex Assessment of Fuel Efficiency and Diesel Exhaust Toxicity

2020-01-218209/15/2020

Problems of reducing emissions of harmful substances and fuel consumption of the engine are interrelated, since they are mainly determined by the work process. Measures aimed to reducing fuel consumption cause changes, often upwards, toxic compound formation. The fuel and environmental criterion is proposed taking into account the engine operating conditions for a reasonable choice of technical solutions for the comprehensive improvement of fuel economy and toxic level indicators of the exhaust gases. This criterion allows assessing the effectiveness of solutions to improve combustion efficiency, the use of alternative fuels, exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, and other measures. Calculation and analysis of the comprehensive criterion calculation results allows determining the operation modes, for which the fuel cost and compensation for the environmental pollution damage are the most significant, purposefully develop measures aimed to improving the engine quality, evaluating

Parsadanov, Igor, Marchenko, Andrii, Tkachuk, Mykola, Kravchenko, Sergey, Polyvianchuk, Andrii, Strokov, Aleksandr, Gritsuk, Igor V., Rykova, Inna, Savchenkо, Anatolii, Smirnov, Oleh, Postol, Yulia, Savchuk, Volodymyr

The Use of Metallurgical Waste Gases as Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

2020-01-213609/15/2020

The article concerns the use of waste metallurgical gas as a fuel for an internal combustion engine. Since the metallurgical gas parameters exclude the possibility of its use as the only fuel supplying the combustion engine, the concept of the so-called co-combustion of metallurgical gas with a secondary fuel with better energy parameters, which was natural gas. The positive effect of this concept was the energetic use of metallurgical gas, which is waste gas and was normally utilized by burning on a flare, emitting heat and toxic exhaust components to the environment. Benefits were also obtained in the form of: electricity generation and heat generation from the engine cooling system and from the exhaust system, which were used in the processes of purifying metallurgical production waste.

Brzeżański, Marek, Sciążko, Marek, Iluk, Tomasz

New Methods and Systems for Monitoring the Functional Stability Parameters of Wheel Machines Power Units

2020-01-201409/15/2020

The methods and principles of monitoring and diagnosing the parameters of power units are generalized. They allow increasing the wheeled vehicles operational reliability. Systems for monitoring the functional stability parameters of the most sensitive to operating conditions systems and assemblies of machines have been developed on the example of a cylinder-piston engine group and steering. An improved method for diagnosing the steering of an articulated wheeled vehicle, which significantly affects the safety of its use, is proposed based on the use of angular accelerations of sections in the road plane as a diagnostic parameter. The dependence for determining the angular accelerations for the case of the random installation of two sensors of the mobile registration and measuring complex on the machine, which allows increasing the accuracy of measurements, is obtained. Experimental studies to diagnose the steering of wheeled vehicles with various operating times have been carried out

Podrigalo, Mikhail, Dubinin, Yevhen, MOLODAN, ANDRII, Polianskyi, Oleksandr, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Klets, Dmytro, Kholodov, Anton, Viktoriia, Zadorozhnia, KHVOROST, OLEKSANDR, Mykola, Potapov, Stepanov, Alex

Numerical Investigation on GDI Spray under High Injection Pressure up to 100 MPa

2020-01-210809/15/2020

In recent years, the increase of gasoline fuel injection pressure is a way to improve thermal efficiency and lower engine-out emissions in GDI homogenous combustion concept. The challenge of controlling particulate formation as well in mass and number concentrations imposed by emissions regulations can be pursued improving the mixture preparation process and avoiding mixture inhomogeneity with ultra-high injection pressure values up to 100 MPa. The increase of the fuel injection pressure in GDI homogeneous systems meets the demand for increased injector static flow, while simultaneously improves the spray atomization and mixing characteristics with consequent better combustion performance. Few studies quantify the effects of high injection pressure on transient gasoline spray evolution. The aim of this work was to simulate with OpenFOAM the spray morphology of a commercial gasoline injected in a constant volume vessel by a prototypal GDI injector. Different operating conditions were

Migliaccio, Marianna, Montanaro, Alessandro, Lucchini, Tommaso, Allocca, Luigi, Paredi, Davide

Simultaneous Negative PLIF and OH* Chemiluminescence Imaging of the Gas Exchange and Flame Jet from a Narrow Throat Pre-Chamber

2020-01-208009/15/2020

Pre-chamber combustion (PCC) is a promising engine combustion concept capable of extending the lean limit at part load. The engine experiments in the literature showed that the PCC could achieve higher engine thermal efficiency and much lower NOx emission than the spark-ignition engine. Improved understanding of the detailed flow and combustion physics of PCC is important for optimizing the PCC combustion. In this study, we investigated the gas exchange and flame jet from a narrow throat pre-chamber (PC) by only fueling the PC with methane in an optical engine. Simultaneous negative acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging and OH* chemiluminescence imaging were applied to visualize the PC jet and flame jet from the PC, respectively. Results indicate a delay of the PC gas exchange relative to the built-up of the pressure difference (△ P) between PC and the main chamber (MC). This should be due to the gas inertia inside the PC and the resistance of the PC nozzle. The PC

Tang, Qinglong, Sampath, Ramgopal, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Hlaing, Ponnya, Sharma, Priybrat, Ben Houidi, Moez, Cenker, Emre, Chang, Junseok, Magnotti, Gaetano, Johansson, Bengt

Determination of Kinematic Parameters for the Combustion of Jatropha Based Bio-Diesel

2020-01-214809/15/2020

Laminar burning velocity is a fundamental measurement describing how a flame propagates into quiescent unburned mixture ahead of the flame at a specified pressure and temperature. Laminar burning velocity of bio-diesel air mixture has been studied in a spherical bomb, using the pressure - time records. Initial pressure, temperature is varied to cover a range from 1 bar - 4 bar and 443K-523K respectively. The range of measurements covered the equivalence ratio from 0.8 to 1.2. Pressure-time records have been used to calculate the flame velocity, burned gas fraction, flame position etc., using a simplified, two zone thermodynamic model, assuming equilibrium composition and homogenous mixture for the burned gases. It is also assumed frozen composition and isentropic compression for the unburned mixture. For each experimental run, instantaneous burning velocities are calculated in the range of 1.5 P0 to 0.75 Pmax and the laminar burning velocity values between the burned mass fraction of

Nain, Ajay

The Use of Gaseous Fuels with Variable Chemical Composition in the Internal Combustion Engine

2020-01-214009/15/2020

The publication contains the results and a summary of scientific and research work on the use of post-production gases to power the combustion engine. The work was focused on the problem of obtaining satisfactory values of the operation indicators of the internal combustion engine, in conditions of permanent variation of the chemical composition of the fuel. The publication also contains a description of: model studies of the combustion process of waste fuels, industrial research of engines fed with waste fuels, feeding system, ignition and control system.

Brzeżański, Marek, Mareczek, Michał, Papuga, Tadeusz, Marek, Wojciech

Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Biofuel Injection in an Optical Direct Injection Engine

2020-01-212109/15/2020

The air-fuel mixture formation in an optical direct-injection internal combustion engine is investigated by numerical simulations for the two biofuels Ethanol and 2-Butanone. The gas phase in the internal combustion (IC) engine is predicted by a large-eddy simulation, in which the fuel phase is determined by a spray model based on Lagrangian particle tracking. A hollow-cone injector is used for which the primary breakup is modeled by a series of small full-cone injections, while the Rosin-Rammler initial droplet size distribution is used. The secondary spray break-up is modeled by the Kelvin-Helmholtz-Rayleigh-Taylor (KHRT) model, and the evaporation of the fuel is determined by the Bellan-Harstad model. The gas phase simulation is based on a finite-volume method formulated for hierarchical Cartesian grids, in which the immersed moving boundaries are resolved using a multiple level-set/cut-cell approach. Characteristic boundary conditions are used to avoid artificial reflections at the

Berger, Sven, Wegmann, Tim, Meinke, Matthias, Schröder, Wolfgang

Technique Mass-Produces Cell-Sized Robots

TBMG-3765109/01/2020

A method was developed for massproducing tiny robots no bigger than a cell. The microscopic devices, called “syncells” (short for synthetic cells), might eventually be used to monitor conditions inside an oil or gas pipeline, or to search out disease while floating through the bloodstream.

New Coating Process Lights Porous Electronics and Sensors

TBMG-37364

08/01/2020

Researchers have shown how to coat glass and plastic with porous titanium dioxide. The fabrication process is straightforward, the materials are cheap, and the ceramic’s gas sensing performance is considerably improved compared with current devices.