Browse Topic: Fabrics and textiles

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A method of selectively elevating a Seamless Switch Integrated in Fabric2026-26-05961/16/2026
This research presents the construction and working principle of Selectively Elevated Seamless Fabric Switch technology aimed at advancing automotive interior design through enhanced aesthetics, functionality, and user experience by providing a tactile surface that is available for operation only during the activated, elevated state. Traditional mechanical switches often suffer from issues such as dust and water ingress, accidental activation, and a fragmented visual profile. The proposed system integrates concealed controls sandwiched with a fabric surface, with switches selectively elevated only upon user interaction. The design incorporates conductive fabric layers and electromagnetic actuation to achieve seamless integration with vehicle interiors while maintaining responsive tactile feedback. The input provided for activating the switch can be a signal such as gesture or proximity of the user’s finger. Upon activation the switch is selectively elevated and ready for operation due
Mohunta, Sanjay, Panchal, Girish, Puthran, Shaunak
Electric mobility and materials circularity - a study of recycled PET textiles for automotive interiors2026-26-02371/16/2026
The adoption of sustainability in electric mobility has made it crucial to investigate environmentally friendly materials. Polymer materials used in automotive application plays very important role in material circularity contributing significant value addition to the overall carbon footprint index. This study discloses the development of recycled polyester textiles from PET bottle waste, use for automotive interior parts and carbon footprint impact. The use of recycled textiles is directly helping the organization in scope 3 emissions to get the lower carbon footprint value by eliminating the use of fossil fuel resources in making the PET textiles. In this study, the development road map methodology adopted, and validation cycle of recycled polyester textiles (PET) were explained broadly with results of different constructions, color and finishes against automotive critical requirements such as sun load UV resistance, abrasion durability, color migrations, soiling resistance
Palaniappan, Elavarasan, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, Balaji, K V, Dodiya, Rohanbhai
Development of Sustainable Textile Solutions Using Recycled and Bio-Based Materials for Automotive Soft Trims2026-26-02361/16/2026
The shift towards sustainable and circular practices in the automotive industry is driving the development of eco-friendly materials for soft trims. This research explores the development and integration of sustainable textile solutions using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) from post-consumer waste and bio-based fibers such as banana and bamboo in various fabric forms—woven, knitted, and non-woven. Applications studied include seat fabrics, headliners, parcel shelves, and wheel arch liners. rPET textiles demonstrated promising strength, aesthetic appeal, and durability performance, while significantly reducing carbon footprint. Blends of rPET and virgin PET were optimized to balance properties with sustainability targets. Banana fibre, an agricultural by-product abundantly available in India, was explored for headliner substrates and parcel shelves, offering biodegradability and regional sourcing advantages. Bamboo fabrics, known for their natural antimicrobial properties
Deshpande, Sanjana, BORGAONKAR, Subodh
Hose Assemblies, Installed, Visual Inspection Guide ForARP1658C (Current)11/26/2025
This SAE Aerospae Recommended Practice (ARP) covers visible surface defects on aerospace hose assemblies which have been installed and are functioning within a working environment at the time of visual inspection. This document is intended to help those who are conducting periodic visual inspections of hose assemblies used in aerospace systems and ground servicing equipment to determine time for replacement by condition of hose assemblies at time of inspection. This practice is intended to augment existing procedures for replacement of hose assemblies based on service time. A constant surveillance of all hose assemblies for visible wear, defects, and/or damage shall be routine at all times of maintenance. When wear, defects, or damage to installed hose assemblies is detected, the hose assemblies shall be tagged or replaced in accordace with Section 4 of this document.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Manufacturing of Thermoplastic Composite Parts with Press Forming TechnologyF-0080-2024-13625/7/2024
Thermoplastic composites are serious competitor for classic epoxy composites. They have comparable properties to epoxy composites, but characterize much lower processing costs. There are several methods of manufacturing the components from thermoplastic composites. One of the most interesting method in terms of efficiency is thermoforming on a press. This technology allows to product of the aircraft parts such as: ribs, brackets, covers, stiffeners. Thermoplastic composites are resistant to most solvents such as grease, oil and aviation fuel. They are also non-flammable and heat-resistant. This all makes them suitable for use in aircraft as upholstery, casing or elements around the tank. PZL Mielec has been developing press thermoforming technologies since 2016 and is the owner of the several patents in this area.
Głodzik, Marcin, Wojtuszewski, Radosław, Farbaniec, Konrad, Sienicki, Jarosław, Banaś, Aleksander, Gałaczyński, Tomasz
A Holistic Comparison of a Trailing Edge Rib Demonstrator Made with Three Different PEEK Thermoplastic Composite Form Factors: Unidirectional, Fabric and BraidF-0079-2023-181015/16/2023
Lopez, Alfonso, Kariyawasam, Supun, Postera, Richard, Carrol, Brennan, Spangler, Joe, Seneviratne, Waruna, Leach, David, Wood, Billy
Cairene Car-Culture: How are Automobility and Social Behavior Linked to The Development of The Soundscape and Urban Fabric of Cairo.2025-01-00695/5/2023
Cairo’s soundscape has witnessed changes due to the ongoing urban structure developments that accommodate the number of vehicles passing through the city. The soundscape produced by this growing automobility is affected not only by vehicles but also by their owners' behavior. Cairenes use their cars as a communication tool and an extension of private space. By viewing the vehicle as a component of the soundscape as well as a space that filters it, this study examines the synergy between social behavior, automobility, urban structure, and their interdependent relationship on the soundscape of Cairo. The study responds to literature elaborating on acoustic ecology, car culture, urban structure, and social behavior. The methodology applied in this study follows practice-based phenomenological research while documenting and reflecting on car cultural practices in Cairo from an aural perspective. Grounded theory contextualizes the analysis of archived audio and video material, semi
Abd El Naby, Abla Mohamed
Sensors Integrated in Clothing Monitor Heart RateTBMG-455334/1/2022
Stretchable, bendable “smart” textiles are poised to reshape clothes of all kinds, creating new opportunities for integrating advanced monitoring technologies into everyday items. Researchers are applying neuroscience and psychophysiology to build responsive technologies like those integrated in smart textiles. They found that wearable sensor systems don't seem to perform as well in monitoring heart rates as traditional electrodes.
SintzUSER, Jeneane
An Integrated Approach for Simulation of the RTM Process2022-01-03873/29/2022
In the preform preparation stage of the RTM process, the fabric is draped on the mold along the geometry. Before the filling and warpage analysis, the draping analysis will be performed to get the fabric orientation. Due to the anisotropy of the fabric material, the main direction of the material has a significant influence on the overall flow behavior and warpage of the product. In this study, the advanced simulation approach for the RTM process is demonstrated. The filling and warpage analysis integrate with the draping simulation result from AniForm. The influences of fabric shearing and fiber orientation on the resin flow and warpage in RTM process is studied. With more accurate fabric orientation prediction methods, the accuracy of predicting fabric ply orientation is improved and more accurate infusion and product warpage simulation results can be obtained.
Bora, Anand
Instrumental Color Difference Measurement for Exterior Finishes, Textiles, and Colored TrimJ1545_20211212/30/2021
The practice applies to parts and materials used in vehicle manufacture which are intended to be acceptable color matches to a specified color standard. This practice is intended for use with parts or materials that are opaque or nearly so and does not apply to transparent materials. Materials covered by this practice include topcoat paint finishes, interior soft trim, interior and exterior hard trim, and exterior film.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Carbon Fiber Fabric and Epoxy Resin Wet Lay-Up Repair Material Part 5 - Carbon Fiber Fabrics, Plain Weave, 193 g/m2, and Epoxy ResinAMS2980/5A (Current)9/24/2021
This Material Specification defines the requirements of carbon fiber fabric and epoxy resin systems used for wet lay-up repair of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy structures, qualified according to AMS2980/1 and AMS2980/2. Unless otherwise specified by the drawing, the order or the inspection schedule, the present specification shall be used in conjunction with the referenced documents.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Test Method for Determining Cold Cracking of Flexible Plastic MaterialsJ323_202109 (Current)9/15/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable for determining the cold characteristics of flexible plastic materials, as applicable. It consists of three different methods for determining low-temperature properties of materials depending on type of material and end use. The method used shall be as specified by the contractual parties.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Clamp, Loop Style, Cushioned, With Wedge, High Temperature, MetricMA2150/3A8/18/2021
SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Carbon Fiber and Fiberglass Epoxy/Prepreg Products with 350 °F (177 °C) Cure for Aerospace Applications: Type 34, Class 4, Grade 294, Style 7781AMS6891/3 (Current)3/10/2021
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of the material listed on the QPL and, therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the quality assurance section of this base specification, AMS6891.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Carbon Fiber and Fiberglass Epoxy/Prepreg Products with 350 °F (177 °C) Cure for Aerospace Applications: Type 42, Class 4, Grade 48, Style 108AMS6891/4 (Current)3/10/2021
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of the material listed on the QPL and, therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the Quality Assurance section of this base specification, AMS6891.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
3D Printing with Wood-Based InkTBMG-384742/1/2021
The way in which wood grows is controlled by its genetic code, which gives it unique properties in terms of porosity, toughness, and torsional strength. But wood has limitations when it comes to processing. Unlike metals and plastics, it cannot be melted and easily reshaped, and instead must be sawed, planed, or curved. Processes that involve conversion — to make products such as paper, cards, and textiles — destroy the underlying ultrastructure, or architecture, of the wood cells.
Smart Fabric Detects and Collects Space DustTBMG-385092/1/2021
Researchers have developed an acoustic fabric so sensitive to vibrations that it can detect impacts from microscopic high-velocity space particles. A terrestrial application of these fabrics could be for blast detection and in the future, to act as sensitive microphones for directional gunshot detection.
Easier Printing of Circuitry on Wearable FabricsTBMG-383271/1/2021
Electronic shirts that keep the wearer comfortably warm or cool, as well as medical fabrics that deliver drugs, monitor the condition of a wound, and perform other tasks, may one day be manufactured more efficiently thanks to a key advance in ink.
Carbon Fiber and Fiberglass Epoxy Prepreg Products with 350 °F (177 °C) Cure for Aerospace ApplicationsAMS6891 (Current)12/30/2020
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of carbon fiber and fiberglass epoxy prepreg products with 350 °F (177 °C) cure for aerospace applications; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the production quality assurance section (4.3) of this base specification, AMS6891.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Carbon Fiber and Fiberglass Epoxy Prepreg Products with 350 °F (177 °C) Cure for Aerospace ApplicationsAMS6891-TEST-REC (Historical)12/30/2020
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of carbon fiber and fiberglass epoxy prepreg products with 350 °F (177 °C) cure for aerospace applications; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the production quality assurance section (4.3) of this base specification, AMS6891.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Carbon Fiber and Fiberglass Epoxy/Prepreg Products with 350 °F (177 °C) Cure for Aerospace Applications: Type 40, Class 1, Grade 196, Style 6K-PWAMS6891/2 (Current)12/29/2020
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of the material listed on the QPL; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the Quality Assurance section of this base specification, AMS6891.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Wool-Like Material Remembers and Changes ShapeTBMG-3796511/1/2020
Researchers have developed a biocompatible material that can be 3D-printed into any shape and pre-programmed with reversible shape memory. The material is made using keratin, a fibrous protein found in hair, nails, and shells. The researchers extracted the keratin from leftover Agora wool used in textile manufacturing.
Mixing Silk with Polymers Could Lead to Better Biomedical ImplantsTBMG-3785710/1/2020
By combining silk, which is safe for use in the human body, with synthetic compounds, one research team is getting closer to developing new implantable composite materials with the best properties of both. Potential applications could include structures that hold bone in place after surgery or replacements for the cartilage cushions in the knee.
Method of Testing Resistance to Scuffing of Trim MaterialsJ365_202009 (Current)9/18/2020
This test can be used to determine the resistance to scuffing of test specimens such as fiberboards, fabrics, vinyl-coated fabrics, leathers, and similar trim materials.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Thermally Conductive, Stretchable Rubber MaterialTBMG-376499/1/2020
A thermally conductive rubber material was developed that represents a breakthrough for creating soft, stretchable machines and electronics. The new material, nicknamed “thubber,” is an electrically insulating composite that exhibits a combination of metal-like thermal conductivity and elasticity similar to soft, biological tissue that can stretch more than six times its initial length.
Smart Fabrics with Bioactive Inks Monitor the Body by Changing ColorTBMG-376299/1/2020
Biomaterial-based inks have been developed that respond to chemicals released from the body (e.g. in sweat) by changing color. The inks can be screenprinted onto textiles such as clothes, shoes, or even face masks in complex patterns and at high resolution, providing a detailed map of human response or exposure. The technology could simultaneously detect and quantify a wide range of biological conditions, molecules, and possibly pathogens over the surface of the body using conventional garments and uniforms.
Breathable Electronics for Wearable TechnologiesTBMG-376289/1/2020
Engineering researchers have created ultrathin, stretchable electronic material that is gas-permeable, allowing the material to “breathe” and making it more comfortable for users — especially for long-term wear.
Process Creates Soft Actuated Objects Using Commercial Knitting MachinesTBMG-373848/1/2020
Computationally controlled commercial knitting machines were used to create knitted objects that are actuated by tendons. New software makes it possible for the objects to emerge from the knitting machines in their desired shapes and with tendons already embedded. They can then be stuffed and the tendons attached to motors as necessary.
Smart Textiles Powered by Soft Transmission LinesTBMG-373568/1/2020
EPFL researchers have developed electronic fibers that, when embedded in textiles, can collect a wealth of information about our bodies by measuring subtle and complex fabric deformations. Their technology relies on transmission line theory and offers a host of applications, such as in healthcare and robotics.
Smart Fabrics Monitor Body by Changing ColorTBMG-373488/1/2020
Researchers have developed biomaterial-based inks that respond to and quantify chemicals released from the body (e.g., in sweat and potentially other biofluids) or in the surrounding environment by changing color. The inks can be screen printed onto textiles such as clothes, shoes, or even face masks in complex patterns and at high resolution, providing a detailed map of human response or exposure.
Graphene Smart Textiles for Heat-Adaptive ClothingTBMG-374568/1/2020
Scientists have created a prototype garment to demonstrate dynamic thermal radiation control within a piece of clothing by utilizing the thermal properties and flexibility of graphene. The development also opens the door to new applications such as interactive infrared displays and covert infrared communication on textiles.
Fabric Allows Wearers to Control Electronic Devices Through ClothingTBMG-370456/1/2020
A new technique transforms existing cloth items or textiles into self-powered e-textiles containing sensors, music players, or illumination displays using simple embroidery without the need for expensive fabrication processes requiring complex steps or expensive equipment. The fabric also keeps the wearer safe from viruses and bacteria.
Wearable Air ConditioningTBMG-368445/1/2020
One day, soldiers could cool down on the military battlefield — preventing heat stroke or exhaustion — by using wearable air conditioning, an on-skin device that offers numerous human healthcare applications such as the ability to monitor blood pressure, electrical activity of the heart, and the level of skin hydration.
Phenolic SMC for Automotive Fire Resistance2020-01-07714/14/2020
Phenolic resins that meet REACH compliance and contain lower free-formaldehyde are safer to handle, compound, and mold. These resin systems do not contain any styrene or require any fillers to achieve their rated fire resistance. A commercial phenolic sheet-molding compound (SMC) is presented that achieves a 2-minute cycle time and addresses the unique requirements in an electrified vehicle architecture. This new SMC material includes all the industrially relevant considerations including material processing, shelf life, and surface finish. Other topics such as material hybridization and comparison to incumbent materials also discussed. The resin system uses a water-based phenolic resole which is acid-cured. This chemistry presents several unique challenges and opportunities for the industry such as managing formulation pH and appropriate methods for quality control. A demonstrator battery cover highlights the superior fire performance, impact resistance, and light weighting that is
Swentek, Ian, Ball, Cedric A., Greydanus, Stephen, Nara, Kameswara Rao
Deformation Sensing in Soft Bio-Surrogate Materials20AERP04_084/1/2020
Accurate measurement of deformations occurring within or on soft materials has recently generated interest for its benefits to the fields of soft robotics and wearable biomedical sensors. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC Deformation sensing in and on soft materials has garnered increased interest with the advancement of emerging technologies such as soft robotics, wearable computing, and biomedical applications. These applications have a need for quantification of stretching-contraction deformations along a single-axis as well as multi-directional deformation quantifications (i.e. bending, pressure, membrane stretch, planar and torsional shear). These measurement devices must conform to the movements of the device or component under test, which can be complex, involving multiple degrees-of-freedom and dynamic rates, while closely matching the mechanical properties of the system they are embedded in, such as skin, tissue, textiles, and soft actuators. For example, soft
Effects of Helical Carbon Nanotubes on Mechanical Performance of Laminated Composites and Bonded Joints2020-01-00293/10/2020
Most composite assemblies and structures generally fail due to weak interlaminar properties and poor performance of their bonded joints that are assembled together with an adhesive layer. Adhesive failure and cohesive failure are among the most commonly observed failure modes in composite bonded joint assemblies. These failure modes occur due to the lack of reinforcement within the adhesive layer in transverse direction. In addition, the laminated composites fail due to the same reason that is the lack of reinforcement through the thickness direction between the laminae. The overall performance of any composite structures and assemblies largely depends on the interlaminar properties and the performance of its bonded joints. Various techniques and processes were developed in recent years to improve mechanical performance of the composite structures and assemblies, one of which includes the use of nanoscale reinforcements in between the laminae and within the adhesive layer. However
Sritharan, Ramanan, Askari, Davood
Leading Women in Engineering & Science: Yolita Wildman Nugent, Director, Advanced Soft Systems Integration, FlexTBMG-362503/1/2020
Threads Detect Gases When Woven into ClothingTBMG-359892/1/2020
A fabrication method was developed to create dyed threads that change color when they detect a variety of gases. The threads can be read visually or even more precisely by use of a smartphone camera, to detect changes of color due to analytes as low as 50 parts per million. Woven into clothing, the gas-detecting threads could provide a reusable, washable, and affordable safety asset in medical, workplace, military, and rescue environments.
‘Hyper Glue’ Could Be Used for Medical ImplantsTBMG-360152/1/2020
Researchers hope to make everything from protective clothing to medical implants stronger and more corrosion resistant thanks to a newly developed hyper glue formula. The team of chemists and composite materials researchers discovered a broadly applicable method of bonding plastics and synthetic fibers at the molecular level in a procedure called cross-linking. The cross-linking takes effect when the adhesive is exposed to heat or long-wave UV light making strong connections that are both impact-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Even with a minimal amount of cross linking, the materials are tightly bonded.
Q&A: Electrically Conductive Coated Yarn for Wearable, Washable FabricsTBMG-359822/1/2020
Professor Genevieve Dion, Director of Drexel University's (Philadelphia, PA) Center for Functional Fabrics, is collaborating with other experts to coat yarn with the highly conductive, two-dimensional material MXene. They demonstrated that the yarn could be used with standard textile manufacturing techniques to create wearable conductive fabric.
Washable Sensor Can Be Woven Into MaterialsTBMG-3572612/1/2019
A low-cost sensor was developed that can be interlaced into textiles and composite materials, paving the way for smart clothing that can monitor human movement. The embedded microscopic sensor is able to recognize local motion through the stretching of woven yarns treated with graphene nanoplatelets that can read the body's activity.
Bioresorbable Patch Offers New Alternative for Arterial HealingTBMG-3563212/1/2019
When a patient experiences 70 percent or greater stenosis in the carotid artery — a condition that can cause lack of cerebral blood flow, stroke, and in some cases, death — surgeons perform a procedure known as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) to remove the plaque causing the artery stenosis.1,2 The procedure consists of a longitudinal incision made from the common to the internal carotid artery, allowing for removal of the plaque that deposits in the bifurcation.
Novel Applications of Electrospinning Could Improve DevicesTBMG-3563612/1/2019
When you visit Andrew Steckl’s lab at the University of Cincinnati, you see a nondescript glass box that weaves together different fibers. He sees endless possibility.
New Silk Materials Can Wrinkle into Detailed Patterns, Then Unwrinkle to Be “Reprinted”TBMG-3562012/1/2019
Researchers at Tufts University School of Engineering have developed silk materials that can wrinkle into highly detailed patterns — including words, textures, and images as intricate as a QR code or a fingerprint. The patterns take about one second to form, are stable, but can be erased by flooding the surface of the silk with vapor, allowing the researchers to “reverse” the printing and start again. In an article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers demonstrate examples of the silk wrinkle patterns, and envision a wide range of potential applications for optical electronic devices.1
Toughening Stretchable Fibers Using a Metallic CoreTBMG-3543811/1/2019
Researchers have developed a fiber that combines the elasticity of rubber with the strength of a metal, resulting in a tougher material. The fibers consist of a gallium metal core surrounded by an elastic polymer sheath. When placed under stress, the fiber has the strength of the metal core. But when the metal breaks, the fiber doesn’t fail. Instead, the polymer sheath absorbs the strain between the breaks in the metal and transfers the stress back to the metal core. This response is similar to the way human tissue holds together broken bones.
Flexible Sensor Mimics Human Finger SkinTBMG-3550311/1/2019
Artificial skin tactile sensors can feel the similar pressure and vibration felt by human skin. The new sensors can detect more sensitive tactile than the existing ones. The skin-based sensor detects both pressure and vibration at the same time and effectively measures textile. The new sensors also convert the surface roughness of a matter into electrical signals to identify physical stimulations with more sensitivity and accuracy.
Wheel and Wheel Trim Weathering Testing for Paint CoatingsJ2633_201910 (Current)10/21/2019
This SAE lab test procedure should be used when performing the following specialized weathering tests for wheels; Florida Exposure, QUV, Xenon and Carbon Weatherometer. In addition to these procedures, some additional post-weathering tests may be specified. Please refer to customer specifications for these requirements.
Wheel Standards Committee
Primer, Anodic Electrodeposition for Aircraft ApplicationsAMS3144A (Current)10/17/2019
This specification establishes the requirements for a waterborne, corrosion inhibiting, chemical and solvent resistant, anodic electrodeposition epoxy primer capable of curing at 200 to 210 °F (93 to 99 °C).
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Shallow Cryogenically Treated EN19 Alloy Steel2019-28-010010/11/2019
Tensile and axial fatigue tests were conducted on shallow cryogenically treated EN19 medium carbon alloy steel to investigate its mechanical behavior. The test samples were conventionally heat treated then oil quenched at room temperature. Followed by the samples were kept for shallow cryogenic treatment to -80°C for 8 hours using liquid nitrogen. Then the samples were tempered in a muffle furnace to relieve the induced residual stresses. Tensile and axial fatigue test were carried out on both treated and non-treated samples to measure its tensile strength and fatigue behavior respectively. Microscopic examination also had done to compare the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment on its microstructure. The results exposed that there is an increase in the tensile strength and reduction in fatigue life of shallow cryogenically treated samples over base metal and improved wear resistance.
Sekar, Loganathan, Raj, Rajendran, Arasan, Tamil
Natural and Artificial Weathering of Automotive Leather, Leatherette and Textile2019-28-009110/11/2019
This paper presents the natural and artificial weathering behavior of different soft skin materials such as leather, leatherette and textiles used for automotive seat cover applications. The objective of this study was to understand the physical and aesthetical changes occurring at these flexible materials under sun UV light and heat exposure. The natural weathering study under glass exposure was carried out as per ASTM G 24 at natural weathering site location and artificial weathering as per SAE J2412 at lab. The material was observed for surface changes such as color, texture, crack and physical changes like flexibility and hardness during the exposure. The sample exposed at natural weathering data for every 15 days were recorded, and artificial weathering for every 100 hours were recorded. Light and dark color materials were tested to understand the effect of color and UV light resistance as well as various textures were studied to understand the effect of various texture and
Palaniappan, Elavarasan
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