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Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]R-367To be published on 03/22/2099
Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Segers, Jorge
Acoustic Assessment in a Small Displacement Diesel Engine2014-32-01291/30/2026
In the last years, the increasing concern for the environmental issues of IC engines has promoted the development of new strategies capable of reducing both pollutant emissions in atmosphere and noise radiation. Engines can produce different types of noise: 1) aerodynamic noise due to intake and exhaust systems and 2) surface radiated noise. Identification and analysis of noise sources are essential to evaluate the individual contribution (injection, combustion, piston slap, turbocharger, oil pump, valves) to the overall noise with the aim of selecting appropriate control strategies. Previous paper focused on the combustion related noise emission. The research activity aimed at diagnosing and controlling the combustion process via acoustic measurements. The optimal placement of the microphone was selected, where the signal was strongly correlated to the in-cylinder pressure development during the combustion process. Analysis and processing of the sound emission allowed the acoustic
Chiatti, Giancarlo, Recco, Erasmo, Chiavola, Ornella, Conforto, Silvia
Prediction of Trimmed BIW Noise transfer function based on BIW response using Machine Learning2026-26-06401/16/2026
This research focuses on the prediction of the Noise Transfer Function (NTF) in a trimmed Body-in-White (BIW) structure by leveraging machine learning technique considering BIW-level NTF, dynamic stiffness at engine mount attachment points, and Vibration Transfer Function (VTF). The study employs an iterative methodology, adjusting the thickness of various BIW panels to analyse their impact on noise transfer characteristics. Frequency response functions are generated at the BIW attachment points to assess the effectiveness of these modifications. By systematically increasing and decreasing panel thicknesses, and stiffness at the attachment point and trimmed BIW level responses the study aims to optimize the acoustic performance of the BIW structure. The findings provide critical insights into the relationship between structural modifications and noise transfer, offering valuable guidance for automotive design and engineering during early design stage to reduce the development time.
Kulkarni, Prasad Ramesh, Bijwe, Vilas, Kulkarni, Shirish, Sahu, Dilip, Inamdar, Pushpak
Modelling of Turbulent Combustion of Liquid Ammonia in Dual Fuel CI Engine2026-26-04421/16/2026
Combustion of fossil fuel results in CO2 emission which is considered to be a leading cause of global warming. Alternative fuels with little or no carbon foot is being actively considered. Direct combustion of ammonia is being actively investigated as it is considered to be a carbon neutral fuel that does not emit CO 2 . It is one of the largest industrially produced chemicals and is easy to store and transport with a well-established supply-chain system. Compared to conventional fuels, ammonia has inferior combustion properties like high ignition delay, low flame speed and a high propensity to produce NOx due to the availability of fuel bound nitrogen. This study uses numerical simulations and a chemical kinetic model to examine the combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel blend in a dual fuel compression ignition IC engine. Both liquid ammonia and diesel are directly injected into the cylinder, with ammonia as the primary fuel and diesel as a pilot to initiate combustion. An
Warghat, Ketan Vinayak, Prabhakaran, Dinesh, Banerjee, Sayak, kolhe, Pankaj, Banerjee, Raja
Analysis of the Indian Patent Landscape on Alternative Fuels with a focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2026-26-02621/16/2026
This paper presents an analysis of the Indian patent landscape concerning alternative fuels, with a specific focus on hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs). The study aims to provide insights into the innovation trends, key players, white spaces and technological advancements, in this evolving sector within the Indian context. The study is based on the granted patents and disclosures in the said area, and also focuses on the key problems and solutions. Based on a review of patent publications from January 2024 to March 2025, it was observed that a significant number of patent records pertain to the broader domain of hydrogen internal combustion engine disclosures. Specifically, 540 extended families patent publications were screened focusing on hydrogen internal combustion engine as a domain of disclosure. Further analysis revealed that greater 75 % of applicants were from the industry sector, indicating a strong commercial interest in these
Nikam, Mahesh Suresh, Sutavane, Ila, V, Ajay, Aghav, Yogesh
A 3D CFD Combustion Evaluation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Potential Alternate Fuel for the Future CI Engines2026-26-01131/16/2026
Transportation industry is facing the growing challenge to reduce its carbon footprint and utilize the carbon neutral, more environmentally sustainable fuels to comply with the goal of carbon neutrality. Implementation of carbon free fuels such as Hydrogen, Ammonia and low carbon fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, but these fuels are suitable for SI engine architecture due to their high-octane ratings. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the few fuel solutions available today with a high Cetane rating (70-80), that can be used as a drop-in fuel in the existing CI engines, with minimal modifications. The main constituent of HVO is pure alkane and it can be produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats and various wastes and by-products. A closed cycle 3-D CFD combustion simulation using a detailed chemistry-based solver was conducted with the HVO, on a three cylinder, naturally aspirated water-cooled CI engine at
Tripathi, Ayush, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
Simulation based optimization of the NVH characteristics in modern high speed engine during development phase2026-26-03261/16/2026
Engine noise mitigation is paramount in powertrain development for enhanced performance and occupant comfort. Identifying NVH problems at the prototype stage leads to costly and time-consuming redesigns and modifications, potentially delaying the product launch. NVH simulations facilitate identification of noise and vibration sources, informing design modifications prior to physical prototyping. Early detection and resolution of NVH problems through simulation can significantly shorten the overall development cycle and multiple physical prototypes and costly redesigns. During NVH simulations, predicting and optimizing valvetrain and timing drive noise necessitates transfer of bearing, valve spring, and contact forces to NVH simulation models. Traditional simulations, involved continuous force data export and NVH model evaluation for each design variant, pose efficiency challenges. In this paper, an approach for preliminary assessment of dB level reductions across design iterations is
Rai, Ankur, Deshpande, Ajay Mahadeo, YADAV, RAKESH
Combustion dynamics and performance optimisation using higher HCNG blends for decarbonising the Gas Genset sector2026-26-02511/16/2026
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Dhar, Rit Prasad, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, Singh, Sauhard, Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Tule, Shubham, Aghav, Yogesh, Lakshminarasimhan, Krishna
Development of an Software Algorithm Based Semi-automated Data Acquisition System for Gasoline Vehicle Calibration on Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-05351/16/2026
Vehicle level testing is one of the crucial part of the calibration development. In this, chassis dynamometer is used to collect the vehicle level data. Different engine and vehicle level parameters are logged at various speed and load points covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition is a repetitive activity and covers over 30-40% of the total testing duration. This phase includes base calibration verification, transient development, and emissions-related calibrations, all of which follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and inefficiencies. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, crucial vehicle data acquisition activities are identified, mapped into detailed steps. The algorithm introduces a semi-automated, stepwise process for data acquisition during chassis
Kavekar, Pratap Chandrashekhar, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar, Shaikh, Wasim, Karadi, Subramanya
Battery Thermal Management Approach for 2-Wheeler Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case Study2026-26-01511/16/2026
India's electric 2-wheeler (E2W) market has witnessed fast growth, driven by lucrative government policies. Two-wheeler market captures 73% volume of total Indian automotive market, representing the largest segment (Greaves Electric Mobility Limited report 2024). Consequently, all manufacturers of 2-wheelers are developing new electric vehicles (EV) tailored for the Indian market. However, the Indian EV market has witnessed multiple fire accidents in recent years, raising safety concerns among consumers and industry stakeholders. These incidents highlight key weakness in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly during charging. Most existing E2W BTMS relies on passive air cooling, which has been associated with fire incidents due to its inefficiency in heat dissipation, particularly charging in India's high-temperature environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build thermally viable and economical BTMS for the growing E2W vehicles with fast charging capability. The
Emran, Ashraf, Sankhla, Harsh, Garg, Shivam, Raut PhD, Ankit, Hiremath, Vinodkumar, Berry, Sushil
Comparative Study of EV Transmission Performance used in Various Vehicle Segments2026-26-05841/16/2026
The transition to electric mobility has accelerated the evolution of drivetrain technologies, particularly in the design and performance of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs utilize simpler yet diverse transmission systems cater to specific performance, efficiency, and application requirements. The growing adoption of electric vehicles across diverse transportation sectors has intensified the need for optimized electric transmission systems as per vehicle requirements. This research presents a comparative study of electric transmission performance across various vehicle segments, including Passenger Cars, Small commercial Vehicle, Commercial three-wheelers and All-terrain vehicles. The study evaluates different transmission configurations namely single-speed and multi-speed, based on key performance metrics such as Drag loss and Efficiency. Through a combination of literature review, and performance benchmarking, the
Jain, Sankalp, P, EKHESH
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF CAM LOBE PHASING AND HYDRAULIC TENSIONER CHARACTERISTICS ON CHAIN DYNAMICS2026-26-00601/16/2026
The main objective of this study is to enhance the lifespan of a 2.2-litre automotive diesel engine that has faced challenges of extinction due to advancements in system technology, particularly the Fuel Injection Pump (FIP). Within this engine architecture, the FIP camshaft is linked with the FIP sprocket and driven by the crankshaft sprocket and chain system. The introduction of a new FIP, chosen based on drive ratios to meet fuel quantity requirements, presents a significant challenge in terms of increased chain load dynamics in the engine systems. To address this issue, two primary strategies are proposed: (i) reducing the FIP camshaft drive torque; and (ii) implementing adjustments to the hydraulic tensioner. Optimizing the FIP camshaft drive torque is an important factor for maintaining chain system performance and durability. Reductions in camshaft drive torque are achieved through strategic modifications to the cam lobe lift, phasing angle, and drive ratios. Simulation results
Dharan R, Bharani, KAWATKAR, AMIT, Loganathan, S
Optimization of Electric Drive Unit Mounting for Vibration Isolation in EV Powertrains Using Multibody Dynamics2026-26-00801/16/2026
With growing significance of electric vehicles (EVs), their powertrains—while naturally quieter than internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains—pose new NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) challenges. These are triggered mainly from high-frequency disturbances caused by electric motors and gear interactions. Isolation of such excitations is essential for securing cabin refinement and customer expectations for acoustic comfort. This paper offers a simulation-based approach to optimal placement of the electric drive unit (EDU), which houses the electric motor and gearbox, with the objective of reducing vibration transfer to the chassis of the vehicle. The methodology explores the effect of spatial mount repositioning under actual dynamic load conditions through multibody dynamics (MBD) modeling and integrated optimizer using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The suggested workflow helps in effective investigation of mount positioning within packaging
Mane, Prashant, Shah, Swapnil, Back PhD, Arthur, Pinjari, Abrar, Emran, Ashraf, Mane PhD, Shrikala
Adaptive Economy Drive Mode Algorithm Development for Fuel Efficient Operation in Light Commercial Vehicle2026-26-00631/16/2026
In Commercial vehicles, during the transit of goods for delivery the vehicle is in laden condition and after delivery it returns in unladen condition. The engine is designed and calibrated to get good drivability in Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) of the vehicle. When the vehicle is driven at unladen condition or partially laden condition, the vehicle is accelerated very high due to higher torque available from engine, leading to excessive fuel consumption. In some commercial vehicle models, Economy Drive mode option is available, in which the maximum torque delivered by engine is tapered to one level down to achieve better fuel economy. But in GVW condition with Economy Drive mode the driver may not feel the acceleration response and he tend to switch to Power mode. This technical paper describes Adaptive Economy Drive Mode algorithm development which operates with sufficient acceleration using optimum fuel. In Adaptive Economy Drive mode, there are 3 phases. The first phase is to sense or
U B, Gokulraj, S, Rajagopal, V, Sriram, M, James Arokiaraj
Engine Management System Strategies for Mitigating Dual Mass Flywheel Resonance in Gasoline Powertrains2026-26-00521/16/2026
In today's fast paced and competitive automotive market meeting the customers expectations is the key to any OEM. This has led to development of downsized high performance engines with refinement as an important deliverable. However developing such high output engines do come with challenges of refinement, especially higher torsional vibrations leading to transmission noise issues. Hence, it becomes important to isolate the transmission system from these high torsional vibration input. To address this, one of the most common method is to adopt Dual Mass flywheel (DMF) as this component dampens torsional vibrations and isolates the transmission unit from the same. While Dual Mass Flywheel assemblies do great job in protecting the transmission units by not allowing the oscillations to pass through them, they do have their own natural resonance frequency band close to the engine idle (low) engine speeds, which must be avoided for a continuous operation otherwise it may lead to Dual Mass
Raiker, Rajan, viswanatha, Hosur C, Jadhav, Aashish, Jain, Ojase, Jadhav, Marisha
Optimizing Tire NVH Performance in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Approach Using Benchmarking, Simulation, and Validation2026-26-06051/16/2026
The electrification of mobility is becoming increasingly vital in meeting global zero carbon footprint targets, with nations setting ambitious goals to achieve by 2030. As part of this transformation, the development of Electric SUVs (E-SUVs) capable of navigating diverse terrains and road conditions presents a significant challenge, often extending vehicle development timelines. To address these demands, many Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are adopting a ‘Born-Electric’ platform approach, specifically tailored to the unique requirements of electric vehicles. However, this approach introduces several challenges, particularly in maintaining the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) levels expected by customers. The elimination of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powertrain has significantly shifted the NVH dynamics of E-SUVs, with tire road rolling noise becoming a dominant factor influencing in-cabin noise perception, Tire-induced noise and vibrations emerge as primary
Singh, Ram Krishnan, Deivasigamani Purushothaman, Balakrishnan, Paua, Ketan, ahire, Manoj, Adiga, Ganesh N
A Mathematical Modelling Approach Based on Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of Key Parameters in Internal Combustion Engine2026-26-06591/16/2026
In a conventional powertrain driven by Internal combustion (IC) engines, there are many key sensors such as intake manifold temperature sensor, exhaust temperature sensor, Nitrogen oxide (NOx) sensors etc. to monitor engine performance and emissions. For enabling various diagnostics strategies and engine monitoring, virtual sensors or modelled values of such sensors play an important role. Conventional strategies incorporate the use of regression models, map-based models and physics-based models. There are a few drawbacks with conventional models in terms of accuracy and model calibrations efforts. Data driven models or neural networks have fairly better accuracy and reliability for estimating complex parameters. Representing the neural network with a mathematics-based model would help to eliminate drawbacks associated with conventional modelling approach. The proposed methodology uses artificial intelligence technique called artificial neural network (ANN) for estimation, for example
Jagtap, Virendra Shashikant, Shejwal, Sanket, Mitra, Partha
Comprehensive Analysis and Mitigation Strategies to minimize torque Steer phenomenon for FWD vehicles during the vehicle development2026-26-00971/16/2026
Born Electric SUVs is gaining immense popularity due to enhanced ride and handling characteristics, advanced tech features elevating both performance and customer experience to an elite standard. Due to the platform constraints, the vehicle adopts a Front Wheel Drive (FWD) layout with a rear twist beam configuration, housing the electric motor at the front to deliver drive torque directly to the front wheels. Torque steer is a phenomenon often found in FWD cars, which can be unsettling to a driver where the steering wheel could be pulled hard to one side when there is aggressive throttle input potentially leading to deviation of the vehicle from its desired path. In contrast to internal combustion engines (ICEs), electric motors provide an instantaneous torque, something that can worsen torque steer if not well addressed. However, torque steer remains a key concern, with high torque output of electric motors especially for a front wheel drive vehicle. This paper introduces a
PRABHAKARA RAO, VAGEESH, Wankhade, Krishna, Thakur, Pragyesh, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam
Condition-Based Monitoring for Prompt Identification of Component Failures to Safeguard the Entire System.2026-26-05761/16/2026
Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has emerged as a transformative approach in predictive maintenance, enabling the proactive identification of potential component failures. It offers numerous advantages like Cost Savings, Increased Equipment Lifespan, RCA of failed parts, Optimized Resource Utilization, Reduced Disruptions, Enhanced Reliability and Safety and many more making it a vital approach for effective maintenance and operational efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for monitoring and analyzing vibration trends to predict and prevent the breakdown of critical components in IC Engine in its testing phase. The good part here is that this methodology is not just limited to IC Engine but can be applied across wide range of industries and mechanical systems as from the literature and past vibration data, it was observed that before any such failure engine vibration increases. If the engine is stopped at that moment, it can be preserved, allowing for further
Gupta, Gaurav, Verma, Vivek
Electromagnetically levitated engine mount2026-26-03421/16/2026
Nowadays, the highly competitive automotive business industry requires manufacturers to pay more attention to passenger comfort and riding quality. Apart from suspension, engine mounts plays major role in vehicle NVH. Engine mounts is used to support weight of powertrain & to isolate unbalanced engine disturbance forces from vehicle body. Engine mounts are designed in such a way that no metal to metal contact is remained in between powertrain & rest of the vehicle. This idea presents the solution to completely isolate the powertrain from body so that no engine vibrations can be transferred, which will eventually increase the life of Engine mount
Hazra, Sandip, Naik, Sarang Pramod, more, Vishwas
Misfires Detection in Bi-fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-01201/16/2026
Misfire detection in bi-fuel engines operating on compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline mode presents significant challenges due to inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties. Accurate detection is essential for minimizing the emissions, engine performance, and ensuring regulatory compliance. A fundamental parameter in crankshaft speed fluctuation-based misfire detection is segment time selection, which directly influences detection fidelity, false positives, and false negatives. Given CNG’s slower combustion kinetics and delayed flame propagation, it necessitates a delayed segment initiation and an extended segment duration, whereas gasoline characterized by faster combustion, permits earlier segment initiation and a reduced segment duration. Optimal segment timing is determined by analyzing engine roughness, minimizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and eliminating cylinder overlap, while also incorporating flywheel manufacturing
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
Innovative Multi-Axial Testing approach for Enhanced Reliability of Cooling Modules in Commercial Vehicles2026-26-05301/16/2026
This paper presents an innovative in-lab accelerated testing approach for chassis-mounted components, with a particular focus on the cooling module of commercial vehicles. The proposed method simulates real-time data acquired from field operations and replicates all critical chassis modes, including torsion. Additionally, real-time coolant circulation at specified pressure and temperature maintenance are feasible during durability testing, enhancing the realism of the test environment. The cooling modules, comprising the radiator, intercooler, and charge air cooler (CAC), often experience failures due to various multi-axial inputs and chassis modes. This paper introduces an innovative methodology for replicating field conditions in the lab, utilizing seven servo-hydraulic actuators to simulate multi-axial inputs. The accuracy of in-lab simulation for the acceleration levels at input and response locations of the cooling module exceeds 90%. This makes it a preferred choice for test
V Dhage, Yogesh, Satale, Sunil
Comprehensive Technology Framework for effective and early leveraging of test assets2026-26-05271/16/2026
The automotive industry is going through a tremendous technological change and its impact on the way we test the functionalities that we offer to the end consumer is continually evolving. This includes the ever-growing need to embed software-based functions to support more and more end user functionality, while at the same time retaining existing and well-established functions, all within short development timelines. This presents both opportunities and challenges, with greater potential for reuse or leverage of test assets, although the actual percentage of leverage on real world projects is practically less than anticipated for a multitude of reasons. As part of paper, we collate the various factors which effect the practical leverage of test assets from one project to another, including various workflows and the interaction across components amongst applications lifecycle management systems. Through this paper, we would describe the current practices of basis analysis in isolation
Venkata, Parameswaran, Kulkarni, Apoorva, RAJARAM, Saravanan, Ganesh, Chamarthi
Strategic & Frugal technology approach meet the stringent CPCB-IV+ Emission norms2026-26-00591/16/2026
In CPCB-IV+ Emissions regulations NOx & PM are reduced by 90% from CPCB-II limits in the power band 56 <kW ≤ 560. Obvious technology approach adopted by industry to meet this requirement is, introduction of CRDI fuel injection system & DOC+SCR+ASC aftertreatment technology, leading to substantial modifications at both engine & genset level. It results into huge development expenditure as well as high incremental product cost, timelines and increased in the total cost of ownership. This paper describes the frugal technology approach to keep development cost, product cost, development time to the minimum using electronically governed, high pressure mechanical fuel injection equipment while comfortably achieving target CPCB-IV+ emission levels. 1D-thermodynamic & 3D-combustion simulation approach was adopted to predict the engine out emissions and to optimize combustion hardware. This was followed by Virtual Test Bench (VTB) or closed loop HiL system simulation to integrate the engine
Arde, Vasundhara, Juttu, Simachalam, Kadam, Atit, Kumar, Dinesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Karthick, K, Vandana, Suryanarayana, Thipse, S
Virtual Prototyping: Accelerating Traction Motor Development for Commercial Electric Vehicles2026-26-01521/16/2026
This paper presents the virtual prototyping of traction motor in commercial EV to make an early prediction of the performance parameters of the machine without spending an enormous cost in building a physical structure. A 48/8 slot-pole configuration of IPMSM is used to demonstrate the electromagnetic and thermal co-simulation in ANSYS MotorCad. The key dimensions were calculated on the basis of the permanent-magnet field theory, and the 2D finite element method (FEM) model of the IPM motor using Ansys MotorCad electromagnetic simulation tool. The influence of geometrical parameters on the performances of traction motor are evaluated based on FEM. The temperature distribution of the motor under rated operating condition and the condition of maximum speed were also analyzed. Alongside, the effects of saturation, demagnetization analysis, and the impact of PM flux linkage on inductances are also considered in this paper. At last, the simulation and analytical results of the IPMSM motor
Murty, V. Shirish, Rathod, Sagarkumar, Gandhi, Nikita, Tendulkar, Swati, Kumar, Kundan, Thakar, Dhruv, Sethy, Amanraj
Thermal Management Control strategy for Primary & Secondary Drive Cooling Hybrid Electric Tractor2026-26-00691/16/2026
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, Sunil, Makana, Mohan, Natarajan, Saravanan, K, MALA
AI-Driven Stress and Fatigue Life Prediction of Engine Connecting Rods using Geometric Deep Learning2026-26-06331/16/2026
The connecting rod is one of the critical components of the engine which is subjected to complex cyclic loading, demanding precise evaluation of stress distribution and fatigue life. Conventional Finite Element Method (FEM)-based simulations, while accurate, are computationally expensive and time-intensive—especially when iterating through multiple design variations. To address this, we present an AI/ML-based predictive framework using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and Geometric Deep Learning (GDL) techniques to efficiently predict stress and fatigue life of the connecting rod. The methodology involves representing FEM mesh data as graph structures, where nodes and edges capture geometric and physical relationships. GNN architectures, including MeshCNN and PointNet++, are trained on historical simulation data to learn spatial dependencies and nonlinear mappings between geometry, load conditions, and resulting stress/life outputs. The framework significantly reduces computation time
Pathan, Mohammed Shakil, K, Karthikeyan, pilla, sashanka, S Kangde, Suhas
Structural analysis and Design optimization of Cylinder Head of Cummins Light duty Engine for Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck2026-26-04951/16/2026
This paper presents the design, structural analysis, and risk assessment done by Cummins to evaluate the structural integrity of Light Duty engine cylinder head for a Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck. Initially, Cummins used F2.5L (4-cylinder) engine that has 154hp, but rising market demands for more power, fuel efficiency, lower cost and weight, and future emission compliance led to customer requirements for 177hp (Drive New F2.5L, 15% uprate) and 197hp+ (Drive New F3.0L, 22% uprate) from the same base engine. The increase in power requirement possesses challenges on critical components, especially cylinder heads in terms of thermal and structural limits. This paper addresses the challenges and risks in current cylinder head design driven by new power demands, specifically reduced fatigue margins in the water jacket area and increased temperatures on the combustion face under high thermomechanical loads. It explores the design modifications made to the cylinder head design to
Pathak, Arun Jyoti, Adiverekar, Vaidehi, Singh, Rahul, Biyani, Mayur
Engine compartment front end module layout placements to achieve maximum volumetric efficiency2026-26-05881/16/2026
The increasing demand for electric vehicles has led to design considerations prioritizing visual brand consistency across both electric vehicles (EV) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Front grille is one such area where efforts are taken to have similar looking features between both EV and ICE. This has lead to low front grille opening and low air flow through the front. A critical consequence of this design trend: the suboptimal thermal performance, high engine bay and air intake temperatures of snorkel-type air intake systems in ICE vehicles when paired with front grille designs intended to mimic EV aesthetics. Factors such as snorkel positioning, airflow patterns must be optimized to maintain cooler intake air. Effective system design ensures that the engine receives air at an optimal temperature, improving combustion efficiency, throttle response, and reducing the likelihood of knock. This paper emphasizes the importance of controlling intake air temperature through
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Kolhe, Vivek M, Singh, Nil Kanth
"Exploring the Effects of Oil Cooler Deletion on Tractor Engine Operation"2026-26-05471/16/2026
Cost reduction remains a significant challenge for engine manufacturers, particularly for off-highway application vehicles. An optimal engine lubrication system, encompassing engine oil and an oil cooler, is critical for thermal management and minimizing frictional losses. This system ensures adequate lubrication and cooling of engine components, thereby maintaining optimal performance. This study investigates the implications of oil cooler removal in a 45HP inline engine tractor. Various validation trials were conducted, including high ambient temperature tests under worst-case conditions, high coolant temperature scenarios, and a rigorous tractor killer test. In the latter, the tractor underwent 100 hours of operation on a PTO bench at maximum engine RPMs. Despite an observable increase in lubricant oil temperature during these tests, the tractor did not exhibit any component seizure or failure. The findings aim to determine whether the inclusion of an oil cooler is essential for the
Gupta, Deepak, Kumar, Pankaj, Singh, Manjinder, Singh, Gagandeep, Kumar, Munish, SINGH, HARPREET, Singh, Maninder
Design Optimization of Hydrogen Engine Vanity Cover for PSHA Compliance using CFD leakage analysis2026-26-02631/16/2026
Abstract: The integration of hydrogen (H2) as a fuel source in internal combustion engines (ICE) necessitates stringent design measures to mitigate leakage risks and ensure operational safety. This study focuses on the design optimization of vanity cover for hydrogen engines which only serves the purpose for hiding fuel system, wire harness & engine aesthetic else there is no engineering function like sealing, load factor associated with it. This paper addresses the challenges and risks of using Vanity cover on Internal combustion engines, if fuel joints inside the cover start leaking and forms hydrogen cloud which if not ventilated or diluted properly will have safety risk considering low ignition of hydrogen. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out to assess and control hydrogen leakage through fuel rail connections, injector interfaces and associated high pressure fuel system components. Detailed modelling of hydrogen flow behavior, diffusion characteristics of
Veerbhadra, Swati Ashvinkumar, Sahu, Abhay Kumar, Singh, Rahul
A Performance-driven Numerical Approach for Optimizing the Plenum Opening Area of Cowl Box2026-26-04611/16/2026
There is a scarcity of research in literature regarding the determination of Plenum Opening Area of cowl box. The area of the plenum opening in the cowl box significantly affects the airflow rate in fresh airflow modes, such as face and defrost modes, as well as issues related to water ingress. Primarily, the size of the plenum opening is determined by the necessary HVAC airflow rate. This study aims to investigate how the plenum opening area impacts both airflow discharge and the water ingress issue in the HVAC module. A novel approach is introduced in this research to determine the optimal plenum opening area of the cowl box, taking into account both airflow rate and water ingress concerns. The ANSYS FLUENT software is utilized to analyze airflow discharge in both face and defrost modes, while the SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) based Preonlab tool is employed for water ingress analysis. Airflow discharge is evaluated for various plenum opening sizes in both modes, and the area
Baskar, Subramaniyan, A Sr, Mahesh, Gopinathan, Nagarajan
Enhancing SCR Nox conversion Efficiency and avoid Sulphur poising failures through virtual mechanism for Diesel engines2026-26-02271/16/2026
The transition to BS VI standards has emphasized the importance of maintaining Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems to effectively reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. One of the primary concerns in achieving optimal SCR performance is the potential for SCR poisoning due to excessive Sulphur content in low-quality diesel fuel. Sulphur deposits can accumulate on the catalyst surface over time, significantly compromising its efficiency and leading to increased emissions. To combat this issue, an advanced software system has been integrated into the SCR framework, employing a comprehensive monitoring strategy that assesses idle states, temperature, and mass flow conditions. When the system identifies conditions that may lead to Sulphur poisoning, it activates a desulfation (DeSOx) process designed to remove accumulated Sulphur deposits. This proactive fault detection mechanism is crucial; by initiating regeneration before hardware failure occurs, the system ensures the SCR
K, Sabareeswaran, Raju, Manikandan, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar
Applicability of EMC Validation for EV powertrain components2026-26-01971/16/2026
The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. An electric vehicle is a complex and dynamic system consisting of numerous components interacting with each other. With increase in number of EVs on Indian roads, EV makers to produce innovative and pragmatic concept of electric vehicle features. Considering all these, EMC Testing of all power train components with real case scenarios is utmost important. This paper will put a light on applicability of various EMC tests for EV components like Traction Battery, Traction Motor and Inverter, DC to DC Converter, 3 in 1 Unit, 4 in Unit, BTMS unit, HVAC system, On Board Charger etc. With ICE vehicles, all components were connected to only 12/24V battery but with the EV era, Components are getting connected to HV battery or LV battery or sometimes both. With this change, all ISO and CISPR standards were undergone with major revisions. It is important to consider these changes while performing EMC test. This paper
Yeola, Mayur, Murumkar, Aditya, Mulay, Abhijit B
Impact of Electric Exhaust Heater Power Electronics unit (EHPE) and Energy Storage Systems on Economy and Performance of Heavy-Duty Mild Hybrid Vehicles2026-26-01841/16/2026
With stringent emission norms enforced by governments and public authorities, advancements in internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles have become crucial. Cold starts and low-temperature combustion contribute significantly to vehicle emissions and need to be addressed to comply with upcoming stringent emission norms. An electric exhaust heater is known to reduce emissions by maintaining optimal exhaust temperature. For efficient energy management, exhaust heaters are typically powered by an onboard Energy Storage System (ESS), charged by electric machines. These electric machines in hybrid architecture provide efficient energy management by utilizing the recuperated braking energy of vehicles. However, the addition of a 48V hybrid system increases overall vehicle weight, and the vehicle effectiveness depends significantly on the vehicle application and ESS type used. The focus of this study is to investigate the impact of mild hybrids on fuel economy and performance for
Sadaraboina, Vidyasagar, Mehta, Kavish, Patil, Lalit Murlidhar, Busdiecker, Matthew, Karrer, Ben
Evaluating the Environmental Footprint of Electric Vehicles: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach for Sustainable Mobility in India2026-26-02351/16/2026
Road transport contributes 12% of India's energy-related CO2 emissions and is a major source of urban air pollution. These emissions have tripled since 1990, driven by rapid urbanization and the growing demand for private vehicles. Without a shift away from fossil fuels, these trends will intensify climate and air quality challenges. Among sustainable alternatives, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution. However, a comprehensive understanding of their environmental performance, particularly in the Indian context, is essential for informed decision-making. This study employs a Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of typical passenger vehicle with a ICE engine compared to its EV powertrain. Key life cycle stages-manufacturing, transportation, distribution, maintenance, and end-of-life-are analysed using real-world data wherever feasible. To capture the evolving energy landscape, the study incorporates India's projected
Sonawane, Nayan, Sathaye, Asmita, Gode, Abhishek, Deshpande, Ashish, Shinde, Harshavardhan, Kothe, Anjali
EV Transmission efficiency estimation using Simulation X2026-26-04531/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmission efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy use and enhancing performance. It minimizes power losses during energy transfer from the motor to the wheels, directly impacting the vehicle's range and battery life. High efficiency ensures smoother acceleration and better driving dynamics, improving the overall user experience. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) transmissions, EV transmissions often employ simpler, single-speed systems, reducing complexity and energy loss. Efficient transmissions help reduce energy usage, lower costs, and minimize environmental impact. As a result, transmission efficiency plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainability and reliability of EV designs. This paper proposes a simulation model based methodology to estimate EV transmission efficiency based on modelica models developed on simulation X. A single speed EV model is developed which contains whole transmission layout discretized into simple components which
Sutar, Suresh, Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral
A LOW PRESSURE PUMPLESS DEF DOSING SYSTEM BY USING COMPRESSED AIR AND AN AIR ASSISTED DEF INJECTION NOZZLE2026-26-02191/16/2026
This study emphasizes on development of Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing system specifically used in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of diesel engine for emission control ,where a low pressure pumpless DEF dosing system is developed, utilizing compressed air for pressurizing the DEF tank and discharging DEF through air assisted DEF injection nozzle. SCR systems utilize Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) to convert harmful NOx emissions from diesel engines into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. Factors such as improper storage, handling, or refilling practices can lead to DEF contamination which pose significant operational challenges for SCR systems. Traditional piston-type, diaphragm-type, or gear-type pumps in DEF dosing systems are prone to mechanical failures leading to frequent maintenance, repairs, and costly downtimes for vehicles. To overcome the existing challenges and to create a more reliable and simple DEF delivery mechanism the pumpless DEF Dosing system is developed. The
M, Hareni, Giridharan, Jyothivel, A.l, Suresh, v, yuvaraj, Rajan, Bharath
A fluid-structure- interaction based methodology to evaluate aero-thermal performance of deformable air guides2026-26-03641/16/2026
An air guide in a car directs fresh air onto the Heat Exchangers (HXs) to facilitate efficient thermal management. It is of paramount importance that the air guide creates a proper sealing and prevents any leakage of the incoming fresh air. It is achieved in two ways – 1) In the design condition, the air guide is manufactured in a way so that it overlaps/intersects with the surrounding components 2) the air-guide is made flexible with a highly elastic rubber seal at the edge. When the air-guide is assembled, the rubber portion of the air-guide deforms to produce a proper fit leading to a sealed air-intake pathway. At high-speed condition as well as high airflow conditions by the radiator fan during idling/stationary, like DC charging – incase of BEV, etc., the air guide encounters high pressure. Being elastic and flexible, these conditions make the air guide susceptible to deformation with potential leakage of incoming air. Digital evaluation of the air guide deformation at different
GADASU, RAVISHASTRI, CHOUDHURY, SATYAJIT, Umesh, Acharya Vaibhav, Kumar, Saravanan, Yenugu, Srinivasa, Zander, Daniel, Beesetti, Siva, Hattarke, Mallikarjun
Risk assessment of cold side components using quick modal analysis correlation technique.2026-26-04411/16/2026
Abstract: Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of component with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis corelation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis corelation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Investigation of Low Frequency Interior Noise due to Tyre-Road Interaction2026-26-03511/16/2026
Unlike internal combustion engine (IC Engine) vehicles, the rapidly growing electric vehicle (EV) market demands tyres with superior yet often conflicting performance characteristics. The increased weight of EVs, due to their heavy batteries, necessitates robust tyres with reinforcement and higher inflation pressure. Conversely, increased wear due to higher initial torque and the need for lower rolling resistance to extend range, combined with the requirement for better grip for improved handling, call for advanced compound and tread pattern designs. EV tyres need to be stiffer, lighter, and less dampened, making it very hard to reduce low-frequency (20-200 Hz) interior noise that was previously hidden by engine noise. This study investigates the low-frequency (20-200 Hz) structural-borne interior noise performance of EV tyres using both experimental and simulation tools. By wisely tuning the tyre's stiffness, mass, and damping properties, the necessary noise targets can be met. These
Subbian, Jaiganesh, M, Saravanan
Acoustic Challenges in Electric Vehicles: A Comparative Study of HVAC Noise in EVs and ICE Vehicles2026-26-03531/16/2026
With the transition from ICE vehicles to EV’s, the dominant noise sources within the vehicle cabin have shifted from engine noise to auxiliary systems, especially HVAC systems. In conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE), engine noise tends to mask auxiliary noises. However, in electric vehicles (EVs), the lack of engine noise causes these auxiliary noises, such as those from the HVAC system, to become more prominent and potentially uncomfortable for occupants. The primary objective is to understand how the absence of engine noise in EVs influences the perceived HVAC noises. The research methodology involves static and on-road testing of both electric and ICE vehicle having common platform, conducted under similar testing conditions. The study aims to quantify and compare the acoustic characteristic differences of HVAC noise between ICEs and EVs, primarily focusing on cabin airflow noise, refrigerant flow noise, and AC compressor engagement/disengagement noise
Patra, Subhashree, Joshi, Rishi, Sharma, Rachit, lingampelly, Rajaprasad, Neupane, Manoj
Cabin modelling approach in 1D simulation for studying the impact of partial recirculation in warmup for BEV at extreme cold ambient conditions2026-26-04501/16/2026
The inclusion of the cabin in HVAC simulations gained more importance with the introduction of BEV’s. Thermal management and efficiency being in the forefront, exploration for the possible opportunities to reduce the energy consumption for meeting the comfort of passengers gained importance. The energy consumed by the Electric coolant or air heaters for heating the cabin at extreme cold ambient temperatures to deliver similar comfort to that of an ICE version is 2 to 3 times that of the energy required for cooling the cabin in a high ambient condition. Even during the sizing of HVAC system, if traditional method of ambient or fresh air conditions is considered for calculating the requirements, the result is we would require a product which will have unrealistic performance demand. Hence to explore different possibilities for studying the system, usage of recirculation air was considered as one of the options. This paper talks about the approach followed in creating the cabin model in
Veerla, Eswar, Subramanian, Karthik
Methodology to Accelerate BEV Range Testing Using Shortened Cycle Maintaining High Testing Reliability and Accuracy.2026-26-04441/16/2026
In the era of Electric Vehicles (EVs), range is a critical factor for market success. To mitigate range anxiety, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are equipping vehicles with larger battery packs. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, where fuel economy can be determined with a single legislative cycle run, EVs require a full battery discharge to calculate their range. These tests typically take around 10 hours, and this time increases as battery pack sizes grow. A shortened testing cycle has been developed that reduces the testing time to approximately 4-5 hours, leading to significant savings in time, effort, and cost. The shortened cycle consists of three phases: Dynamic Segment1, Constant Speed, and Dynamic Segment2. Despite variations in battery size and powertrain configurations, the testing duration remains consistent. A key challenge in actual testing is accurately determining the start and end points of Dynamic Segment 2 (DS2), which is an iterative process
T, LAKSHMI PRASAD BEKAL, Krishnan, Karthikeyan N., S, VIVEK
Low-speed steering returnability analysis and improvements through mathematical modeling and CAE simulation for SUV2026-26-05731/16/2026
In driving, steering serves as the input mechanism to control the vehicle's direction. The driver adjusts the steering input to guide the vehicle along the desired path. During maneuvers such as parking or U-turns, the steering wheel is often turned fully from lock to lock and then released. It is expected that the steering wheel quickly returns to its original position. Steering returnability is defined as the ratio of the difference between the steering wheel position at lock to lock and the steering wheel angle after 3 seconds of release, to the steering wheel angle at the lock position, under steady-state cornering conditions at 10 km/h. Industry standards dictate that the steering system should achieve 75% returnability under these conditions within 3 seconds. Achieving proper steering returnability characteristics is a critical aspect of vehicle design. Vehicles equipped with Electric Power-Assisted Steering (EPS) systems can more easily meet returnability targets since the
Singh, Ram Krishnan, ahire, Manoj, JAIN, PRIYA, Vellandi, Vikraman, SUNDARAM, RAGHUPATHI, Paua, Ketan
Analysis and identification of discrepancies between test data and simulation results using an automated EV range analysis tool2026-26-04701/16/2026
With growing consumer interest in electric vehicles due to their advantages over traditional internal combustion engine cars, including instant torque and enhanced safety, comprehensive testing of these vehicles has become crucial. Engineers are faced with the challenge of managing the large amounts of data generated during testing. This work aims to develop an automated framework for data processing and simulation of on-road test data and generate reports to monitor inconsistencies. To achieve this, range tests were conducted across various regions and each test data was processed using the EV range analysis tool to check for inconsistencies if any. It was observed that there was a mismatch between the tested and simulated range at expressways. This was due to the unrealistic extrapolation of the vehicle’s coastdown forces above 120 kmph. Hence, tests were conducted to measure the coastdown forces of the vehicle above 120 kmph which was then used in simulation to estimate the range
S, VIVEK, T, LAKSHMI PRASAD BEKAL, Krishnan, Karthikeyan N.
A numerical approach to optimize the flow characteristics for the enhancement of casting soundness of Al 6061 alloy die-casting2026-26-02841/16/2026
The optimization of flow characteristics such as filling time, flow velocity, viscosity and temperature play a vital role in the die-casting to enhance the casting soundness. Experimental trial and error methods for optimizing the flow characteristics of mold filling are costlier and time-consuming methods. A digital approach could significantly minimize the cost and time for the prediction of the flow characteristics of the casting. Z-Cast Pro is the casting simulation software used for simulating the whole casting process such as filling, solidification etc. This software basically utilizes the finite difference and finite volume approximation techniques to numerically unravel the molten metal flow and solidification equations. In this study, A 3D model of the valve housing is used to analyze the mold-filling behavior through high and low-speed plunger movement of the molten Al 6061 alloy using Z-Cast Pro software version 24. Higher-speed plunger movement required a total mold
Choudhary, Chandan, Subramaniam, Anand, Karle, Manish, Karle, Ujjwala
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis control Strategies for Electric & hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-04231/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in Torque Management with several ADAS features being integral part of the EV's/xHEV's. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric-chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, Steering Assist, powertrain and validate using 0D-1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through the co-simulation. Co-Simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicle that requires detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
A Physics-Guided Neural Network Approach for EGR Cooler Temperature Estimation: Addressing ECU Model Discrepancies2026-26-04351/16/2026
As the automotive industry explores alternative powertrain options to curb emissions, it is pertinent to refine existing technologies to improve efficiency. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is a pivotal component in emission control strategies for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The EGR cooler is crucial in thermal management strategies, as it lowers the temperature of recirculated exhaust gases before feeding it along with fresh air, thereby reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Precise estimation of the EGR cooler outlet temperature is crucial for effective emission control. However, conventional Engine Control Unit (ECU) models fall short, as they often show discrepancies when compared to real-world test data. These models rely on empirical relationships that struggle to capture, transient effect, and real time variation in operating conditions. Consequently, ECU-based estimations of EGR Cooler outlet temperature frequently deviate from actual values, leading to
Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Raman, Manojdharan, Arjungopal, Challa, Krishna, Kramer, Markus
Validation of 0D-1D Co-Simulation Strategies in Cold Climate for ‘Full EV Digital Vehicle’2026-26-04481/16/2026
Electric Vehicles is embedded with increased software algorithms coupled with several physical systems. It demands the efficacy of components which are linked together to build a system. The digital models reviewed in this paper are at system-level and full vehicle-level, comprising several components and control design, analysis, and optimization. Systems pertaining to each functionality such as, AC loop, E-Powertrain, HEVC, Cooling system, Battery Management System, Vehicle control system etc. together make an 'Integrated Digital Vehicle'. Fidelity of Intersystem co-simulation [AMESIM + SIMULINK] is key to validate the thermal and energy management strategies. This paper elucidates the correlation of Digital Vehicle compared to Test for Thermal Strategy in different driving scenarios and Energy management. Validation of Digital vehicle with 52kWh, 40kWh High Voltage Battery for Intercity Travel of Customer usage and WLTP for Cold condition of -7degC). Also, to evaluate range
Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Srinivasan, Rangarajan, Saravanan, Vivek, Dutta, Souham, Pichon, Martin, Leclerc, Cedric, Guemene, Alexis-Scott
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