This study aims to solve the problem of impact in a parallel hybrid electric system based on the continuously variable transmission (CVT) during switching from pure electric mode to engine-driven, power-generating mode. Taking into account the torque response characteristics of the engine and motor and the dynamic characteristics of the wet clutch hydraulic control system, the mode switching process is divided into six stages, namely, pure electric mode, wet-clutch free travel, engine start-up, engine speed synchronization, clutch combination, and engine intervention drive. A coordination control strategy is developed based on the model predictive control algorithm to ensure smooth mode switching. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified using Matlab/Simulink and the AMESim co-simulation platform. Results show that with the mode switching coordination control strategy, the components of the system work harmoniously. The maximum impact is reduced by 52.0% at the speed

Zeng, Xiaohua, Li, Xiaojian, Dong, Bingbing

A Power Split Hybrid Propulsion System for Vehicles with Gearbox

2020-37-001406/23/2020

New internal combustion engines (ICE) are characterised by increasing maximum efficiency, thanks to the adoption of strategies like Atkinson cycle, downsizing, cylinder deactivation, waste heat recovery and so on. However, the best performance is confined to a limited portion of the engine map. Moreover, electric driving in urban areas is an increasingly pressing request, but battery electric vehicles use cannot be easily widespread due to limited vehicle autonomy and recharging issues. Therefore, in order to reduce ICE vehicle fuel consumption, by decoupling the ICE running from road load, as well as permit energy recovery and electric driving, hybrid propulsion systems are under development. This paper analyses a new patent solution for power split hybrid propulsion system with gearbox. The system comprises an auxiliary power unit, adapted to store and/or release energy, and a planetary gear set which is interposed between the ICE and the gearbox. The system is characterized by a

De Simio, Luigi, Gambino, Michele, Iannaccone, Sabato

SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles

E-JOURNAL-1405/20/2020

Formerly SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains Editor-in-Chief: Simona Onori, Ph.D., Stanford University, USA Indexed in CNKI Engineering Village (Ei Compendex) ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index, Web of Science) IET Inspec JSTOR Sustainability Collection Scopus 2.7 2020CiteScore 62nd percentile Powered by Author Resources Call for Papers Library Recommendation Form Published Volumes for Electrified Vehicles Published Volumes for Alternative Powertrains Subscription Options Aims and Scope The SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles (formerly SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains) provides a forum for peer-reviewed scholarly publication of original research and survey papers that address novel modeling tools, control and optimization methods applied to components, systems, and technologies concerning electrified powertrains (hybrid or full electric)—ground, aerial, and naval. Topics of interest include battery—BMS, fast charging, aging

An Electric Motor Thermal Bus Cooling System for Vehicle Propulsion - Design and Test

2020-01-074504/14/2020

Automotive and truck manufacturers are introducing electric propulsion systems into their ground vehicles to reduce fossil fuel consumption and harmful tailpipe emissions. The mobility shift to electric motors requires a compact thermal management system that can accommodate heat dissipation demands with minimum energy consumption in a confined space. An innovative cooling system design, emphasizing passive cooling methods coupled with a small liquid system, using a thermal bus architecture has been explored. The laboratory experiment features an emulated electric motor interfaced to a thermal cradle and multiple heat rejection pathways to evaluate the transfer of generated heat to the ambient surroundings. The thermal response of passive (e.g., carbon fiber, high thermal conductivity material, thermosyphon) and active cooling systems are investigated for two operating scenarios. The test results demonstrate that up to 93% improvement can be achieved in cooling system energy

Shoai Naini, Shervin, Miller, Richard, Wagner, John, Rizzo, Denise, Sebeck, Katherine

Optimization of Diesel Engine and After-treatment Systems for a Series Hybrid Forklift Application

2020-01-065804/14/2020

This paper investigates an optimal design of a diesel engine and after-treatment systems for a series hybrid electric forklift application. A holistic modeling approach is developed in GT-Suite® to establish a model-based hardware definition for a diesel engine and an after-treatment system to accurately predict engine performance and emissions. The used engine model is validated with the experimental data. The engine design parameters including compression ratio, boost level, air-fuel ratio (AFR), injection timing, and injection pressure are optimized at a single operating point for the series hybrid electric vehicle, together with the performance of the after-treatment components. The engine and after-treatment models are then coupled with a series hybrid electric powertrain to evaluate the performance of the forklift in the standard VDI 2198 drive cycle. In addition, the thermal management strategies like retarding injection timing and late post-injection of fuel during cold start

Maharjan, Roman, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, Rezaei, Reza, Möllmann, Rico, Huang, Yinyan, Delebinski, Thaddaeus

Engine Calibration Using Global Optimization Methods with Customization

2020-01-027004/14/2020

The automotive industry is subject to stringent regulations in emissions and growing customer demands for better fuel consumption and vehicle performance. Engine calibration, a process that optimizes engine performance by tuning engine controls (actuators), becomes challenging nowadays due to significant increase of complexity of modern engines. The traditional sweep-based engine calibration method is no longer sustainable. To tackle the challenge, this work considers two powerful global optimization methods: genetic algorithm (GA) and Bayesian optimization for steady-state engine calibration for single speed-load point. GA is a branch of meta-heuristic methods that has shown a great potential on solving difficult problems in automotive engineering. Bayesian optimization is an efficient global optimization method that solves problems with computationally expensive testing such as hyperparameter tuning in deep neural network (DNN), engine testing, etc. In real engine testing platform

Zhu, Ling, Wang, Yan, Pal, Anuj, Zhu, Guoming

Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy Applied to the Control of Series/Parallel Hybrid Powertrain

2020-01-119304/14/2020

The optimal control of hybrid powertrains represents one of the most challenging tasks for the compliance with the legislation concerning CO2 and pollutant emission of vehicles. Most common off-line optimization strategies (Pontryagin minimum principle - PMP - or dynamic programming) allow to identify the optimal control along a predefined driving mission at the expense of a quite relevant computational effort. On-line strategies, suitable for on-vehicle implementation, involve a certain performance degradation depending on their degree of simplification and computational effort. In this work, a simplified control strategy is presented, where the conventional power-split logics, typical of the above-mentioned strategies, is here replaced with an alternative utilization of the thermal and electric units for the vehicle driving (Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy - ETESS). The choice between the units is realized at each time and is based on the comparison between the effective

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Malfi, Enrica, Tufano, Daniela, Bozza, Fabio

Power System for Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks

TBMG-3580401/01/2020

Heavy-duty trucks such as 18-wheelers are virtually all powered by diesel engines. They account for a significant portion of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions but little has been done to curb their climate-change-inducing exhaust.

Hyundai brings brave new tech to 2020 Sonata

20AUTP02_1301/01/2020

Amid a steadily contracting sedan universe, Hyundai has dug in its heels and thoroughly redesigned and engineered its Sonata for 2020. The eighth-generation model sports a shapely (to our eyes) exterior form slightly reminiscent of Audi's A7. It's underpinned by a new platform shared with its 2021 Kia Optima cousin that will serve multiple FWD/AWD passenger cars and crossovers, according to senior U.S. product-planning manager, Mike Evanoff. New technology applications include a “Digital Key” that allows Sonata drivers to unlock and start their cars via their smart phones, Hyundai's first continuously-variable valve duration system in the new 1.6-L turbo engine, and a solar array that extends driving range in a new hybrid propulsion option.

Brooke, Lindsay

Optimal Energy Management for Variable Fuel Quality in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2019-01-221912/19/2019

Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) strongly depends on the implemented energy management strategy (EMS) that splits the drivers torque request onto internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric machine (EM). While in conventional vehicles overall efficiency decreases by using low quality fuel (in terms of octane rating), in HEV this effect can amplify itself. This is due to the restricted ICE operation to higher load areas, where the risk of engine-knock is increased. Since the EMS can set the ICE operation point flexible, the author suggests consideration of fuel quality (Research Octane Number RON) within the EMS to exploit the full fuel saving potential of HEV. This paper examines three different fuel qualities, with varying octane rating, on the engine test bench. Results show that the operation range of optimal ICE efficiency varies significantly between them. While high octane fuel allows a broader usable area for ICE operation in HEV, low octane fuel has a negative

Beyfuss, Bastian, Hofmann, Peter, Geringer, Bernhard

Design of a Hybrid Power Unit for Formula SAE Application: Packaging Optimization and Thermomechanical Design of the Electric Motor Case

2019-24-019709/09/2019

This paper presents the development of a parallel hybrid power unit for Formula SAE application. In particular, the system is made up of a brand new, single-cylinder 480 cc internal combustion engine developed on the basis of the Ducati “959 Superquadro” V90 2-cylinders engine. The thermal engine is assisted by a custom electric motor (30 kW), powered by a Li-Ion battery pack. The performance of the ICE has been optimized through CFD-1D simulation (a review of this activity is reported in a parallel paper). The main design goal is to get the maximum amount of mechanical energy from the fuel, considering the car typical usage: racing on a windy track. The Ducati “959 Superquadro” engine is chosen because of its high power-to-weight ratio, as well as for its V90 2-cylinder layout. In fact, the vertical engine head is removed and it is subsequently replaced by the electric motor directly engaged to the crankshaft using the original valvetrain transmission chain, thus achieving a very

Mangeruga, Valerio, Giacopini, Matteo, Barbieri, Saverio Giulio, Berni, Fabio, Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo

Inverted Brayton Cycle as an Option for Waste Energy Recovery in Turbocharged Diesel Engine

2019-24-006009/09/2019

Energy recovery in reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICE) is one of the most investigated options for the reduction of fuel consumption and GHG emissions saving in the transportation sector. In fact, the energy wasted in ICE is greater than that converted in mechanical form. The contribution associated with the exhaust gases is almost one third of the fuel energy, calling for an urgent need to be recovered into mechanical form. An extensive literature is oriented toward this opportunity, strongly oriented to ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle)-based power units. From a thermodynamic point of view, one option, not extensively explored, is certainly represented by the Inverted Brayton Cycle (IBC) concept and by the corresponding components which make possible this recovery. IBC is a thermodynamic (exhaust) gas cycle which considers an expansion (made by a turbine under the ambient pressure), an isobaric cooling and a compression in a sequence which restores the pressure which is needed

Di Battista, Davide, Cipollone, Roberto, Carapellucci, Roberto

Dual-Fuel Ethanol-Diesel Technology Applied in Mild and Full Hybrid Powertrains

2019-24-011509/09/2019

The increasingly stringent emissions regulations together with the demand of highly efficient vehicles from the customers, lead to rapid developments of distinct powertrain solutions, especially when the electrification is present in a certain degree. The combination of electric machines with conventional powertrains diversifies the powertrain architectures and brings the opportunity to save energy in greater extents. On the other hand, alternative combustion modes as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) have shown to provide simultaneous ultra-low NOx and soot emissions with similar or better thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion (CDC). In addition, it is necessary to introduce more renewable fuels as ethanol to reduce the total CO2 emitted to the atmosphere, also called well-to-wheel (WTW) emission, in the transport sector. Therefore, the combination of these two growing technologies with the use of ethanol (E85) could be a potential way to achieve clean

Benajes, Jesus, Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Martinez, Santiago

A Mild Hybrid SIDI Turbo Passenger Car Engine with Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery

2019-24-019409/09/2019

While striving for more fuel-efficient vehicles, all possible measures are considered to increase the efficiency of the combustion engine powertrain. 48V mild hybrid technology is one such measure, SIDI (Spark Ignited Direct Injection) engines with Miller technology are another, while recovering energy from the engine’s waste heat (WHR) is yet another option. In this paper, results will be published from an advanced engineering project at Volvo Cars including all of these components. An ethanol based Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) WHR-system was successfully built around a 4-cylinder, 2.0 litre SIDI-engine, including 48V mild hybrid technology, with vehicle packaging considered. A dedicated control system was also developed for the ORC system including communication between it and the engine. The ORC system uses the engine exhaust as the heat source, for which a purpose-built evaporator was designed and built to fit in the vehicle tunnel. The expansion of the ethanol vapour occurs in an

Ekström, Fredrik B., Rolandson, Ola, Eriksson, Soren, Odenmarck, Christer, Svensson, Mattias, Eriksson, Andreas, Olsen, Hans

Parameter Design of a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle Driving System Based on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy

2019-01-036804/02/2019

In this paper, hydraulic driving system parameters of a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle are designed based on the regenerative braking requirement. Torque, speed and power demands during typical driving cycles are analyzed. The braking control strategy is designed considering both the braking safety and braking energy recovery efficiency. The hydraulic braking torque is determined by the braking control strategy. The proportional relationship of hydraulic pump/ motor output torque and its working pressure is considered. Through simulation with typical city driving cycles, most braking energy can be recovered by the proposed hydraulic driving system and braking control strategy.

Zhou, Shilei, Walker, Paul, Tian, Yang, Zhang, Nong

Flex Fuel Gasoline-Alcohol Engine for Near Zero Emissions Plug-In Hybrid Long-Haul Trucks

2019-01-056504/02/2019

Internal combustion engines for plug-in hybrid heavy duty trucks, especially long haul trucks, could play an important role in facilitating use of battery power. Power from a low carbon electricity source could thereby be employed without an unattractive vehicle cost increase or range limitation. The ideal engine should be powered by a widely available affordable liquid fuel, should minimize air pollutant emissions, and should provide lower greenhouse gas emissions. Diesel engines could fall short in meeting these objectives, especially because of high emissions. In this paper we analyze the potential for a flex fuel gasoline-alcohol engine approach for a series hybrid powertrain. In this approach the engine would provide comparable (or possibly greater) efficiency than a diesel engine while also providing 90 around lower NOx emissions than present cleanest diesel engine vehicles. Ethanol or methanol would be employed to increase knock resistance. Engines that could be deployed in the

Cohn, Daniel, Bromberg, Leslie

Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for a Power Split Supercharger

2019-01-120704/02/2019

Low voltage hybridization (<60 V) supports engine start/stop, regenerative braking, and constrained torque assist/regeneration at a low cost. This work studies the potential benefits of a novel hybrid system, called a power split supercharger (PSS). A 9 kW motor is shared between boosting the engine or providing hybrid functionalities, allowing it to couple with a small engine and still support good acceleration. However, the PSS operation is limited to only one of the parallel hybrid or boosting modes at each time instance. In this work an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is developed to select the PSS mode and the motor torque during hybrid mode. The PSS operation is simulated over standard EPA drive cycles with an engine mean value model that captures detailed air path and PSS dynamics. The results show that on the combined cycle the PSS improves the vehicle fuel economy by around 20% compared to a vehicle with a turbocharged engine, which is more than 90% of the

Nazari, Shima, Middleton, Robert, Siegel, Jason, Stefanopoulou, Anna

Fuel Efficiency Technology Impact on Radiator Thermal Durability

2019-01-049804/02/2019

With the increasing stringency of emission regulations, auto makers are now improving vehicle fuel efficiency via all kinds of technologies, such as hybrid systems, turbocharged or supercharged engines, engine auto start/stop, active grille shutters, etc. By implementing a variety of technologies, the engine cooling module’s working environment and work load has changed. This paper will mainly focus on the impact to the thermal durability of the engine cooling module’s main radiator from active grille shutter and electric thermostat implementation. A 2017MY hybrid vehicle using the above technology is evaluated by a wind tunnel test at a variety of ambient temperatures and driving conditions. First, such technologies’ control logic is studied by the wind tunnel test, so that the evaluation condition for evaluating the radiator’s thermal stress can be properly chosen to represent the actual field usage. Then, a single variable method is used to understand the difference in thermal

Tian, Yilin

Reforming-Controlled Compression Ignition - A Method Combining Benefits of Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition and High-Pressure Thermochemical Recuperation

2019-01-096404/02/2019

The paper describes the principles and benefits of a novel approach aimed at homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine control with simultaneous waste heat recovery (WHR) and onboard hydrogen production. This approach is called Reforming-Controlled Compression Ignition (RefCCI) and has unique advantages compared to known HCCI control methods. The suggested RefCCI concept is analyzed using a dedicated computational model that simulates joint operation of the engine and the reformer in their mutual relationship. A kinetic model for predicting the chemical kinetics was applied in the reformer part of the computational routine and a reduced mechanism was applied for the HCCI combustion simulation. A first law analysis was performed to assess the existence of sufficient available energy for the reforming process. The reforming-controlled fuel reactivity modification enhances combustion control at various operation regimes. The achieved efficiency improvement due to waste heat

Eyal, Amnon, Tartakovsky, Leonid

SUPPLIER EYE

19AUTP03_0803/01/2019

We can debate how quickly the electrified, connected and autonomous future will arrive. But there is no questioning how profoundly its changes will impact the entire mobility ecosystem-OEMs, suppliers, dealers, finance, energy and road infrastructures, and customers. Few chapters of past automotive history-including the growing regulatory landscape, the rise of the postwar Japanese industry and its manufacturing investment in North America, the 2009 GM and Chrysler bankruptcies, and the emergence of Tesla-can compare with the disruption that's beginning to unfold. OEMs must establish new business models to fund, nurture, and profit from the technological and ideological changes. Suppliers up and down the tiers must decide how, where, when-and whether or not-they aim to participate.

Robinet, Michael

Supplemental Propulsion System Performance Station Designation

AIR6508 (Current)01/03/2019

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) supplements the AS755 performance station designation system for complex or unconventional propulsion cycles and their derivatives. The station numbering conventions presented herein are for use in all communications concerning propulsion system performance such as computer programs, data reduction, design activities, and published documents. They are intended to facilitate calculations by the program user without unduly restricting the method of calculation used by the program supplier. The contents of this document will follow AS755 and AS6502 where applicable. The list of symbols presented herein will be used for identification of input and output parameters. These symbols are not required to be used as internal parameter names within the engine subprogram.

S-15 Gas Turbine Perf Simulation Nomenclature and Interfaces

Ford engineers a tech barrage with 2020 Lincoln Aviator

19AUTP01_1601/01/2019

Ford Motor Co. officially launched its 2020 Lincoln Aviator at the 2018 Los Angeles auto show, with the all-new three-row midsized luxury SUV featuring a barrage of equally new and significant technologies. Production is slated for 3Q 2019 at Ford's Chicago assembly complex. Aviator debuts Ford's first RWD/AWD vehicle platform, coded CD6, that was engineered from a clean sheet to support both conventional gasoline-ICE and plug-in hybrid models. It also features the much-anticipated electrified variant of Ford's 10R 10-speed automatic transmission, which will also be used to “hybridize” the F-Series pickup. Known internally as MHT (modular hybrid transmission), the electrified 10R packages the e-motor on the input side, between the engine and gearset. It retains its torque converter. Non-hybrid Aviators will use the conventional 10R60 unit.

Brooke, Lindsay

Low-Temperature Coolant Circuit Nomenclature and Applications

J3136_201811 (Current)

11/08/2018

The document provides clarity related to multiple temperature coolant circuits used in on- and off-highway, gasoline, and light- to heavy-duty diesel engine cooling systems. Out of scope are the terms and definitions of thermal flow control valves used in either low- or high-temperature coolant circuits. This subject is covered in SAE J3142.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee