Browse Topic: Hybrid engines

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Infrastructure Design Criteria for Accommodating Hydrogen Electric Vertical and Takeoff Landing (H 2 eVTOL) Aircraft Technologies at VertiportsF-0081-2025-03865/20/2025
Hydrogen-electric vertical takeoff and landing (H2eVTOL) (or fuel cell-electric VTOL) aircraft technologies are poised to emerge in the next coming decades and start operating from existing heliports and new vertiports. This paper assesses how key H2eVTOL design features interact with the ground infrastructure and how facility designers can address H2eVTOL specific facility requirements–especially the supply of hydrogen to the aircraft. Vertiport design should maximize compatibility are important to facilitate the accommodation of hydrogen technologies, minimize the need for extensive capital investments, and promote safety and operational efficiency. Considerations should be given to factors such as general aircraft configuration, electric and hybrid propulsion systems, and refueling infrastructure. The definition of notional aircraft concepts representing the evolution of critical VTOL aircraft over the next coming decades can help aviation facility planners and designers understand the type of vehicles they need to account for and also evaluate the future hydrogen demand. The lack of aviation-specific standards, especially when it comes to fire prevention, might adversely impact vertiports. Strategies are proposed for mitigating the effects of hydrogen operations at space-constrained facilities.
Le Bris, Gaël, Nguyen, Loup-Giang
Dynamics of a Variable Speed Hybrid-Electric Helicopter Propulsion SystemF-0080-2024-12525/7/2024
In this paper, a comprehensive dynamic simulation of a parallel hybrid gas-electric single main rotor helicopter involving a motor/generator (MG) pair and a differential planetary gear transmission (PGT) arrangement forming an electronic continuously variable transmission (E-CVT) was performed. This notional hybrid electric helicopter was sized based on a retrofit of a dual engine, 10000 lb, 2500 Hp class helicopter. The total weight added by the electric components was 182 lbs which increased the propulsion system weight from 1184 to 1366 lbs. The simulation results found that at 110 kts cruise, the hybrid electric system enabled a 27% reduction in main rotor rpm which resulted in an 18% reduction in the fuel burn rate. It is concluded that use of an E-CVT parallel hybrid propulsion system offers potential for increased flight range and reduced fuel consumption in medium to large-scale helicopter applications.
DeSmidt, Hans, Ai, Zhisheng
A Systems Design Approach to Fuel Measurement for Hybrid-Electric AircraftF-0076-2020-1642810/5/2020
Aircraft development efforts are rapidly shifting toward the use of distributed electric propulsion. As the industry moves along a path to full electrification, hybrid propulsion systems will be increasingly employed where battery technology does not support a fully electric design. The fuel systems in new aircraft designs can be challenging, and the existing regulatory framework may not be capable of dealing with unique aircraft designs that do not neatly fit within existing categories. This presents a challenge to aircraft designers. Fuel remains essential to the propulsion system, and an optimal, yet simple fuel system will be necessary to leave room in the design trade space for more challenging and risky functions. Understanding the certification requirements and having a basic knowledge of the tradeoffs in fuel measurement accuracy are the key elements necessary to support a systems approach to optimizing a fuel measurement subsystem.
Connors, Mark
Coordination Control Strategy for Mode Switching of a Parallel Hybrid Electric System Based on Continuously Variable Transmission02-13-02-00108/11/2020
This study aims to solve the problem of impact in a parallel hybrid electric system based on the continuously variable transmission (CVT) during switching from pure electric mode to engine-driven, power-generating mode. Taking into account the torque response characteristics of the engine and motor and the dynamic characteristics of the wet clutch hydraulic control system, the mode switching process is divided into six stages, namely, pure electric mode, wet-clutch free travel, engine start-up, engine speed synchronization, clutch combination, and engine intervention drive. A coordination control strategy is developed based on the model predictive control algorithm to ensure smooth mode switching. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified using Matlab/Simulink and the AMESim co-simulation platform. Results show that with the mode switching coordination control strategy, the components of the system work harmoniously. The maximum impact is reduced by 52.0% at the speed synchronization stage and by 84.3% at the clutch coupling stage compared with the uncoordinated control situation.
Zeng, Xiaohua, Li, Xiaojian, Dong, Bingbing
Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy Applied to the Control of Series/Parallel Hybrid Powertrain2020-01-11934/14/2020
The optimal control of hybrid powertrains represents one of the most challenging tasks for the compliance with the legislation concerning CO2 and pollutant emission of vehicles. Most common off-line optimization strategies (Pontryagin minimum principle - PMP - or dynamic programming) allow to identify the optimal control along a predefined driving mission at the expense of a quite relevant computational effort. On-line strategies, suitable for on-vehicle implementation, involve a certain performance degradation depending on their degree of simplification and computational effort. In this work, a simplified control strategy is presented, where the conventional power-split logics, typical of the above-mentioned strategies, is here replaced with an alternative utilization of the thermal and electric units for the vehicle driving (Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy - ETESS). The choice between the units is realized at each time and is based on the comparison between the effective fuel rate of the thermal engine and an equivalent fuel rate related to the electrical power consumption. The equivalent fuel rate in a pure electric driving is associated to a combination of brake specific fuel consumption of the thermal engine, and electro-mechanical efficiencies along the driveline. The ETESS is applied for the simulation of segment C hybrid vehicle, equipped with a thermal engine and two electric units (motor and generator). The methodology is tested along regulatory driving cycles (WLTP, Artemis) and RDE, with different powertrain variants. Numerical results underline that the proposed approach performs very close to most common control strategies (consumed fuel per kilometer higher than PMP of about 1% on average). The main advantage is a reduced computational effort (decrease of 99% on average). The ETESS is straightforwardly adapted for an on-line implementation, through the introduction of an adaptative factor, preserving the computational effort and the fuel economy.
De Bellis, Vincenzo, Malfi, Enrica, Tufano, Daniela, Bozza, Fabio
An Electric Motor Thermal Bus Cooling System for Vehicle Propulsion - Design and Test2020-01-07454/14/2020
Automotive and truck manufacturers are introducing electric propulsion systems into their ground vehicles to reduce fossil fuel consumption and harmful tailpipe emissions. The mobility shift to electric motors requires a compact thermal management system that can accommodate heat dissipation demands with minimum energy consumption in a confined space. An innovative cooling system design, emphasizing passive cooling methods coupled with a small liquid system, using a thermal bus architecture has been explored. The laboratory experiment features an emulated electric motor interfaced to a thermal cradle and multiple heat rejection pathways to evaluate the transfer of generated heat to the ambient surroundings. The thermal response of passive (e.g., carbon fiber, high thermal conductivity material, thermosyphon) and active cooling systems are investigated for two operating scenarios. The test results demonstrate that up to 93% improvement can be achieved in cooling system energy consumption during a light load electric motor condition while maintaining a target core temperature of 70°C. The governing thermal system dynamics will be reviewed in discussion of the experimental observations.
Shoai Naini, Shervin, Miller, Richard, Wagner, John, Rizzo, Denise, Sebeck, Katherine
Optimization of Diesel Engine and After-treatment Systems for a Series Hybrid Forklift Application2020-01-06584/14/2020
This paper investigates an optimal design of a diesel engine and after-treatment systems for a series hybrid electric forklift application. A holistic modeling approach is developed in GT-Suite® to establish a model-based hardware definition for a diesel engine and an after-treatment system to accurately predict engine performance and emissions. The used engine model is validated with the experimental data. The engine design parameters including compression ratio, boost level, air-fuel ratio (AFR), injection timing, and injection pressure are optimized at a single operating point for the series hybrid electric vehicle, together with the performance of the after-treatment components. The engine and after-treatment models are then coupled with a series hybrid electric powertrain to evaluate the performance of the forklift in the standard VDI 2198 drive cycle. In addition, the thermal management strategies like retarding injection timing and late post-injection of fuel during cold start are analyzed in this work. The results show the reduction of tailpipe- NOx emission is possible by properly retarding the injection timing without a significant effect on unburned hydrocarbon emissions. The designed series hybrid powertrain uses a heuristic-based controller to define different modes of operation. The performance of powertrain is then evaluated in the VDI 2198 cycle. The energy flows from the battery and the engine fuel consumption are optimized to overcome the rolling resistance and lifting hydraulic load in an energy-efficient way. The energy recuperation possibility in the forklift application is high as it consists of intermittent peak loads in the VDI cycle. The simulation results show that the designed series hybrid powertrain forklift can save fuel up to 20% compared to forklifts with conventional powertrain operating in the VDI 2198 cycle. In addition, the operational cost of the after-treatment system is reduced by 19.8%.
Maharjan, Roman, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, Rezaei, Reza, Möllmann, Rico, Huang, Yinyan, Delebinski, Thaddaeus
Hyundai brings brave new tech to 2020 Sonata20AUTP02_131/1/2020
Amid a steadily contracting sedan universe, Hyundai has dug in its heels and thoroughly redesigned and engineered its Sonata for 2020. The eighth-generation model sports a shapely (to our eyes) exterior form slightly reminiscent of Audi's A7. It's underpinned by a new platform shared with its 2021 Kia Optima cousin that will serve multiple FWD/AWD passenger cars and crossovers, according to senior U.S. product-planning manager, Mike Evanoff. New technology applications include a “Digital Key” that allows Sonata drivers to unlock and start their cars via their smart phones, Hyundai's first continuously-variable valve duration system in the new 1.6-L turbo engine, and a solar array that extends driving range in a new hybrid propulsion option.
Brooke, Lindsay
Power System for Hybrid Heavy-Duty TrucksTBMG-358041/1/2020
Heavy-duty trucks such as 18-wheelers are virtually all powered by diesel engines. They account for a significant portion of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions but little has been done to curb their climate-change-inducing exhaust.
Optimal Energy Management for Variable Fuel Quality in Hybrid Electric Vehicles2019-01-221912/19/2019
Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) strongly depends on the implemented energy management strategy (EMS) that splits the drivers torque request onto internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric machine (EM). While in conventional vehicles overall efficiency decreases by using low quality fuel (in terms of octane rating), in HEV this effect can amplify itself. This is due to the restricted ICE operation to higher load areas, where the risk of engine-knock is increased. Since the EMS can set the ICE operation point flexible, the author suggests consideration of fuel quality (Research Octane Number RON) within the EMS to exploit the full fuel saving potential of HEV. This paper examines three different fuel qualities, with varying octane rating, on the engine test bench. Results show that the operation range of optimal ICE efficiency varies significantly between them. While high octane fuel allows a broader usable area for ICE operation in HEV, low octane fuel has a negative impact in knock relevant areas. However, this peril can be avoided by adapting the EMS. Test bench data is used to generate fuel-specific EMS for each octane rating. EMS development is done by longitudinal simulation for different driving cycles. Furthermore, an Engine-in-the-Loop (EiL) system, capable of reproducing Full-HEV behavior, such as torque- controlled ICE starts while electric driving is evolved. Through this the EMS is evaluated on the real ICE in a simulated HEV environment. Purely simulative results as also the results from the EiL test bench show that by adapting the EMS, fuel consumption can be kept comparable among different fuel qualities and unnecessarily high fuel consumption can be prevented. An improvement of efficiency up to nearly 10% was observed in extreme circumstances. Especially, if only low octane fuel is available, this seems to be a promising approach for using the full fuel saving potential of HEV.
Beyfuss, Bastian, Hofmann, Peter, Geringer, Bernhard
A Mild Hybrid SIDI Turbo Passenger Car Engine with Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery2019-24-01949/9/2019
While striving for more fuel-efficient vehicles, all possible measures are considered to increase the efficiency of the combustion engine powertrain. 48V mild hybrid technology is one such measure, SIDI (Spark Ignited Direct Injection) engines with Miller technology are another, while recovering energy from the engine’s waste heat (WHR) is yet another option. In this paper, results will be published from an advanced engineering project at Volvo Cars including all of these components. An ethanol based Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) WHR-system was successfully built around a 4-cylinder, 2.0 litre SIDI-engine, including 48V mild hybrid technology, with vehicle packaging considered. A dedicated control system was also developed for the ORC system including communication between it and the engine. The ORC system uses the engine exhaust as the heat source, for which a purpose-built evaporator was designed and built to fit in the vehicle tunnel. The expansion of the ethanol vapour occurs in an axial piston expander coupled both electrically to the hybrid system and mechanically to the engine crankshaft via a belt-drive. This dual power output from the expander was found to be of particular importance for a passenger car with a transient driving style, giving the opportunity to recover more waste heat energy by overcoming the slow response from the steam system with the fast response of the electrical hybrid system. Initial results on the engine bench indicate, at high engine loads, a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption of 5-7% with stoichiometric engine operation. These results are in-line with our simulations also show that the combined powertrain system gives advantages in both city (mild hybrid), rural (optimized engine, WHR) and highway conditions (WHR).
Ekström, Fredrik B., Rolandson, Ola, Eriksson, Soren, Odenmarck, Christer, Svensson, Mattias, Eriksson, Andreas, Olsen, Hans
Inverted Brayton Cycle as an Option for Waste Energy Recovery in Turbocharged Diesel Engine2019-24-00609/9/2019
Energy recovery in reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICE) is one of the most investigated options for the reduction of fuel consumption and GHG emissions saving in the transportation sector. In fact, the energy wasted in ICE is greater than that converted in mechanical form. The contribution associated with the exhaust gases is almost one third of the fuel energy, calling for an urgent need to be recovered into mechanical form. An extensive literature is oriented toward this opportunity, strongly oriented to ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle)-based power units. From a thermodynamic point of view, one option, not extensively explored, is certainly represented by the Inverted Brayton Cycle (IBC) concept and by the corresponding components which make possible this recovery. IBC is a thermodynamic (exhaust) gas cycle which considers an expansion (made by a turbine under the ambient pressure), an isobaric cooling and a compression in a sequence which restores the pressure which is needed to evacuate the exhaust gases toward the atmosphere. Thanks to the expansion which decreases the pressure below the ambient pressure, mechanical work produced used to move the compressor and to produce useful power associated with the remaining part. This can be possible thanks to the higher temperature of the exhaust gas with respect to the ambient value. In fact, the IBC working fluid is the exhaust gas itself. In this work, an assessment of the opportunity to bottom an IBC to an IVECO F1C 3.0L turbocharged diesel engine has been investigated, evaluating the most important parameters that affect the mechanical recovery. The integration between the bottomed IBC group and the existing variable geometry turbocharger has been proposed, representing the integration of a novelty in the sector. In fact, this allows to enhance the recovery without modifying the pressure’s map of the charge air (required by the engine).
Di Battista, Davide, Cipollone, Roberto, Carapellucci, Roberto
Dual-Fuel Ethanol-Diesel Technology Applied in Mild and Full Hybrid Powertrains2019-24-01159/9/2019
The increasingly stringent emissions regulations together with the demand of highly efficient vehicles from the customers, lead to rapid developments of distinct powertrain solutions, especially when the electrification is present in a certain degree. The combination of electric machines with conventional powertrains diversifies the powertrain architectures and brings the opportunity to save energy in greater extents. On the other hand, alternative combustion modes as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) have shown to provide simultaneous ultra-low NOx and soot emissions with similar or better thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion (CDC). In addition, it is necessary to introduce more renewable fuels as ethanol to reduce the total CO2 emitted to the atmosphere, also called well-to-wheel (WTW) emission, in the transport sector. Therefore, the combination of these two growing technologies with the use of ethanol (E85) could be a potential way to achieve clean and efficient vehicles. In this work, numerical simulations of full hybrid electric vehicles (series, parallel and series-parallel) and mild hybrid vehicles were performed and compared versus the conventional powertrain in the WLTC driving cycle. The hybrid vehicles are simulated with both CDC and diesel-ethanol RCCI combustion engines as power source. Each powertrain was optimized in terms of electric components (battery capacity, electric motors...), internal combustion engine operating points, power management strategy and transmission/differential ratio to obtain the minimum fuel consumption and NOx emissions. The results show a significant reduction of the total mass consumption as the complexity of the hybrid system increases (more electrical devices needed). In this sense, the series-parallel architecture, which represents the most complex hybrid system, allows reducing the energy consumption around 20% compared to the conventional powertrain operating under CDC. In addition, the combined use of CDC and RCCI in the same engine map showed improvements in NOx, soot and CO2 emissions versus CDC. Moreover, the series hybrid powertrain obtained the lowest NOx and soot emissions values due to using fixed operating conditions in RCCI mode for the thermal engine. Lastly, the mild hybrid technology showed an acceptable balance between complexity and fuel consumption.
Benajes, Jesus, Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Martinez, Santiago
Design of a Hybrid Power Unit for Formula SAE Application: Packaging Optimization and Thermomechanical Design of the Electric Motor Case2019-24-01979/9/2019
This paper presents the development of a parallel hybrid power unit for Formula SAE application. In particular, the system is made up of a brand new, single-cylinder 480 cc internal combustion engine developed on the basis of the Ducati “959 Superquadro” V90 2-cylinders engine. The thermal engine is assisted by a custom electric motor (30 kW), powered by a Li-Ion battery pack. The performance of the ICE has been optimized through CFD-1D simulation (a review of this activity is reported in a parallel paper). The main design goal is to get the maximum amount of mechanical energy from the fuel, considering the car typical usage: racing on a windy track. The Ducati “959 Superquadro” engine is chosen because of its high power-to-weight ratio, as well as for its V90 2-cylinder layout. In fact, the vertical engine head is removed and it is subsequently replaced by the electric motor directly engaged to the crankshaft using the original valvetrain transmission chain, thus achieving a very compact package. The mechanical behaviour of the original chain is investigated for this purpose. A specific electric motor case is then designed and manufactured via Additive Manufacturing technology, in order to include the chain housing, the electric motor cooling system and the lubrication system. Furthermore, the case flange is designed to perfectly fit to the original engine deck in order to allow the engine cooling circuit to match with the electric motor cooling circuit. Several types of circuit layout - around the stator - are analysed via CFD simulations comparing pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients. Finally, a thermo-structural analysis is performed in order to assess the mechanical strength of the electric motor case.
Mangeruga, Valerio, Giacopini, Matteo, Barbieri, Saverio Giulio, Berni, Fabio, Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo
Computational Study of the Side-by-Side Urban Air Taxi ConceptF-0075-2019-144895/13/2019
High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations of NASA's Side-by-side air taxi concept have been carried out. The three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved on overset grids using high-order accurate schemes, dual-time stepping, and a hybrid turbulence model. The flow solver has been loosely coupled with a heli- copter comprehensive analysis code in order to get the trimmed flight solution. The vehicle simulated is a six-passenger side-by-side intermeshing rotor helicopter with hybrid propulsion for air taxi operations, also known as urban air mo- bility applications. This concept vehicle is intended to focus and guide NASA research activities in support of aircraft development for emerging aviation markets, in particular vertical take-off and landing air taxi operations.
Diaz, Patricia, Johnson, Wayne, Ahmad, Jasim, Yoon, Seokkwan
Parameter Design of a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle Driving System Based on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy2019-01-03684/2/2019
In this paper, hydraulic driving system parameters of a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle are designed based on the regenerative braking requirement. Torque, speed and power demands during typical driving cycles are analyzed. The braking control strategy is designed considering both the braking safety and braking energy recovery efficiency. The hydraulic braking torque is determined by the braking control strategy. The proportional relationship of hydraulic pump/ motor output torque and its working pressure is considered. Through simulation with typical city driving cycles, most braking energy can be recovered by the proposed hydraulic driving system and braking control strategy.
Zhou, Shilei, Walker, Paul, Tian, Yang, Zhang, Nong
Fuel Efficiency Technology Impact on Radiator Thermal Durability2019-01-04984/2/2019
With the increasing stringency of emission regulations, auto makers are now improving vehicle fuel efficiency via all kinds of technologies, such as hybrid systems, turbocharged or supercharged engines, engine auto start/stop, active grille shutters, etc. By implementing a variety of technologies, the engine cooling module’s working environment and work load has changed. This paper will mainly focus on the impact to the thermal durability of the engine cooling module’s main radiator from active grille shutter and electric thermostat implementation. A 2017MY hybrid vehicle using the above technology is evaluated by a wind tunnel test at a variety of ambient temperatures and driving conditions. First, such technologies’ control logic is studied by the wind tunnel test, so that the evaluation condition for evaluating the radiator’s thermal stress can be properly chosen to represent the actual field usage. Then, a single variable method is used to understand the difference in thermal damage mechanism between traditional and new technology conditions, as well as quantify the impact on radiator thermal damage for active grille shutters and electrical thermostat individually. Lastly, such understanding of the mechanism and quantified damage difference can be utilized to evaluate if the radiator thermal durability is adequate for the field when there are vehicle model changes.
Tian, Yilin
Flex Fuel Gasoline-Alcohol Engine for Near Zero Emissions Plug-In Hybrid Long-Haul Trucks2019-01-05654/2/2019
Internal combustion engines for plug-in hybrid heavy duty trucks, especially long haul trucks, could play an important role in facilitating use of battery power. Power from a low carbon electricity source could thereby be employed without an unattractive vehicle cost increase or range limitation. The ideal engine should be powered by a widely available affordable liquid fuel, should minimize air pollutant emissions, and should provide lower greenhouse gas emissions. Diesel engines could fall short in meeting these objectives, especially because of high emissions. In this paper we analyze the potential for a flex fuel gasoline-alcohol engine approach for a series hybrid powertrain. In this approach the engine would provide comparable (or possibly greater) efficiency than a diesel engine while also providing 90 around lower NOx emissions than present cleanest diesel engine vehicles. Ethanol or methanol would be employed to increase knock resistance. Engines that could be deployed in the relatively near term could also use high rpm operation and /or water injection, to allow operation with a very small amount of alcohol in addition to a low concentration mixture such as E10 (or possibly with no additional alcohol). Further NOx reduction (by use of higher levels of EGR) and increased efficiency (by use of alcohol enhance heat recovery) could potentially be obtained over a longer term. While the analysis shows the potential for substantial benefits of using this approach, more detailed engine modeling is needed to provide more accurate illustrative engine features.
Cohn, Daniel, Bromberg, Leslie
Going DIGITAL & ELECTRIC @ bauma 201919TOFHP04_054/1/2019
Digitalization and electrification are dominant themes in the equipment and technology being revealed at this year's largest trade show for construction and mining. Digitalization, efficiency and sustainability are three megatrends that off-highway OEMs and suppliers will be touting this month at the triennial bauma trade fair in Munich, when they reveal their technology-laden machines and the intelligent systems that help make them smarter, cleaner and safer. Particular focal areas for many of these companies include electric mobility, telematics and networked construction sites, and increasingly autonomous operation. Some construction machines are already equipped with a range of sensors and communication interfaces that provide comprehensive data on aspects like job performance, location and fuel consumption. While entire fleets can be managed by telematics, many companies struggle with how to implement digital technologies and services.
Gehm, Ryan
SUPPLIER EYE19AUTP03_083/1/2019
We can debate how quickly the electrified, connected and autonomous future will arrive. But there is no questioning how profoundly its changes will impact the entire mobility ecosystem-OEMs, suppliers, dealers, finance, energy and road infrastructures, and customers. Few chapters of past automotive history-including the growing regulatory landscape, the rise of the postwar Japanese industry and its manufacturing investment in North America, the 2009 GM and Chrysler bankruptcies, and the emergence of Tesla-can compare with the disruption that's beginning to unfold. OEMs must establish new business models to fund, nurture, and profit from the technological and ideological changes. Suppliers up and down the tiers must decide how, where, when-and whether or not-they aim to participate.
Robinet, Michael
Supplemental Propulsion System Performance Station DesignationAIR6508 (Current)1/3/2019
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) supplements the AS755 performance station designation system for complex or unconventional propulsion cycles and their derivatives. The station numbering conventions presented herein are for use in all communications concerning propulsion system performance such as computer programs, data reduction, design activities, and published documents. They are intended to facilitate calculations by the program user without unduly restricting the method of calculation used by the program supplier. The contents of this document will follow AS755 and AS6502 where applicable. The list of symbols presented herein will be used for identification of input and output parameters. These symbols are not required to be used as internal parameter names within the engine subprogram.
S-15 Gas Turbine Perf Simulation Nomenclature and Interfaces
Ford engineers a tech barrage with 2020 Lincoln Aviator19AUTP01_161/1/2019
Ford Motor Co. officially launched its 2020 Lincoln Aviator at the 2018 Los Angeles auto show, with the all-new three-row midsized luxury SUV featuring a barrage of equally new and significant technologies. Production is slated for 3Q 2019 at Ford's Chicago assembly complex. Aviator debuts Ford's first RWD/AWD vehicle platform, coded CD6, that was engineered from a clean sheet to support both conventional gasoline-ICE and plug-in hybrid models. It also features the much-anticipated electrified variant of Ford's 10R 10-speed automatic transmission, which will also be used to “hybridize” the F-Series pickup. Known internally as MHT (modular hybrid transmission), the electrified 10R packages the e-motor on the input side, between the engine and gearset. It retains its torque converter. Non-hybrid Aviators will use the conventional 10R60 unit.
Brooke, Lindsay
Low-Temperature Coolant Circuit Nomenclature and ApplicationsJ3136_201811 (Current)11/8/2018
The document provides clarity related to multiple temperature coolant circuits used in on- and off-highway, gasoline, and light- to heavy-duty diesel engine cooling systems. Out of scope are the terms and definitions of thermal flow control valves used in either low- or high-temperature coolant circuits. This subject is covered in SAE J3142.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Overview of Different Gas Exchange Concepts for Two-Stroke Engines2018-32-004110/30/2018
The concept of a loop scavenged two-stroke engine, controlling the intake and exhaust port by the moving piston, is a proven way to realize a simple and cheap combustion engine. But without any additional control elements for the gas exchange this concept quickly reaches its limits for current emission regulations. In order to fulfil more stringent emission and fuel consumption limits with a two-stroke engine, one of the most important measures is to avoid scavenging losses of fuel and oil. Additionally, it is necessary to follow a lambda = 1 concept for a 3-way exhaust gas after-treatment. Therefore, using internal mixture preparation systems in combination with different concepts to control the gas exchange process, the two-stroke engine could become a choice for automotive applications, especially as a Range Extender in a Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). As various scavenging concepts and several mixture preparation systems can be used for 2-stroke hybrid propulsion, the pros and cons of different concept combinations have to be compared and weighted for an optimum solution. To get an overview of possible designs for two-stroke engines for automotive applications, this paper presents different concepts for loop- and uniflow-scavenged two-stroke engines with different gas exchange control elements in detail and compares them. Assessment categories for the comparison are, amongst others, the scavenging process, especially the possibility of adjusting the control timing of the intake and exhaust port, the emission and fuel consumption potential, packaging size and so on. Additionally, influencing parameters on the combustion process like charge movement are illustrated. In a final chapter, the system complexity and the thermal and mechanical durability of the different designs are discussed.
Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Modeling of Ducted-Fan and Motor in an Electric Aircraft and a Preliminary Integrated Design01-11-02-000710/4/2018
Electric ducted-fans with high power density are widely used in hybrid aircraft, electric aircraft, and VTOL vehicles. For the state-of-the-art electric ducted-fan, motor cooling restricts the power density increase. A motor design model based on the fan hub-to-tip ratio proposed in this article reveals that the thermal coupling effect between fan aerodynamic design and motor cooling design has great potential to increase the power density of the motor in an electric propulsion system. A smaller hub-to-tip ratio is preferred as long as the power balance and cooling balance are satisfied. Parametric study on a current 6 kW electric ducted-fan system shows that the highest motor power density could be increased by 246% based on the current technology. Finally, a preliminary design was obtained and experiments were conducted to prove the feasibility of the model.
Jin, Yuzhi, Qian, Yuping, Zhang, Yangjun, Zhuge, Weilin
Improving the Process of Vehicle Units Diagnosis by Applying Harmonic Analysis to the Processing of Discrete Signals2018-01-17749/10/2018
The article discusses the features of designing a diagnostic system in which harmonic analysis is used to improve the quality of diagnostic information processing. The cyclic analog signal coming from the sensor and containing the diagnostic information is converted into a discrete signal. Accumulation of diagnostic information processed by equipment is carried out in the form of discrete signals. The processing and analysis of the obtained diagnostic information is carried out by applying harmonic analysis. Periodic processes of operation of vehicle units are associated with the occurrence of noise and vibration having a different frequency but related to the same node. A feature of the presented system is that it uses a contactless method of obtaining diagnostic information about the operation of vehicle units. The system calculates the speed of the node, measures the noise level and calculates the level of vibration that occurs during its operation. The article shows the results of experimental studies on the determination of vibration in vehicle nodes. Found relationship between the occurrence of noise and increasing the level of vibration of the node. The algorithm for the refinement of the harmonic analysis result is formalized, which makes it possible to eliminate the crude unpredictable error caused by the sampling of the analog signal. The application of pre-filtering algorithms analog signal from the sensor used to reduce the overall level of noise spectrum is substantiated. The article describes the structure of the diagnostic system allowing to determine the vibration level of rotating nodes. The use of harmonic analysis in the diagnostic system, in the conditions of a limited amount of diagnostic information, reduces the error in determining the amplitude of the vibration signal by 15-50%.
Golovan, Andrii, Rudenko, Sergey, Gritsuk, Igor, Shakhov, Anatoliy, Vychuzhanin, Vladimir, Mateichyk, Vasyl, Kononova, Olga, Kuric, Ivan, Saga, Milan, Zenkin E.Y., Evgeny
Hybrid and electric vehicles: 100 years evolution of propulsion system electrification technology - What will the future hold?2018-36-00409/3/2018
This paper explains the evolution of Electric and Hybrid propulsion system from its early beginning and the drawbacks faced along the way, explaining why the Internal Combustion Engine turned out to be dominant and the reasons why the fossil fuel model is now in question. It explains the recent developments that allowed its production and the progressive electrification steps leading from conventional Internal Combustion Technology towards the top electrification technologies. It demonstrates how some old-fashioned technologies are reinvented in order to boost performance and efficiency on Hybrid Propulsion systems. The paper explains the evolution on the Hybrid Propulsion Systems architecture in the last 20 years and how it brought a considerable improvement on efficiency and performance leading to the highly advanced hybrid vehicles now in production. It also points out to future new developments on the sector.
Neto, Demetrio Vettorazzo, Pinho, Alexandre R., de Angelis, Douglas
Novel Three-Cylinder Engine Solutions Offering Low Noise Vibration and Harshness for Range-Extender and Hybrid Electric Vehicles2018-01-15536/13/2018
In recent years, automotive manufacturers have introduced an increasing array of in-line three cylinder engine solutions with the objective of providing efficient low CO2 emission power train solutions for small vehicles and in some cases to address down-sizing targets. At the same time, three cylinder engines have seen recent introduction in range-extender and hybrid electric vehicles such as the BMW i8. Unfortunately in-line three cylinder units present serious challenge to engineers in terms of noise, vibration and harshness and this often yields criticism from customer perceptions. The in-line three-cylinder arrangement however does offer an attractive packaging solution for vehicles and an effective method of reducing overall vehicle cost. This paper presents analysis and modelling of a high durability three-cylinder two-stroke cycle engine, which could offer advantages in this competitive and challenging sector for small automotive power plants particularly from a noise, vibration and harshness perspective. The engine uses segregated scavenging to overcome the durability problems of conventional two-stroke cycle engines. Configurations are presented with and without balance shaft and compared with a four stroke engine solution. The novel ability to combine the balance shaft with an integrated rotary valve system controlling gas exchange whilst simultaneously countering the problem of the pitching couple that three cylinder engines traditionally suffer from. Modelling of the benefits of the technology to address NVH issues are presented and discussed.
Hooper, Peter R.
Models and Methods at ONERA for the Presizing of eVTOL Hybrid Aircraft Including Analysis of Failure ScenariosF-0074-2018-126735/14/2018
ABSTRACT With the progress of electric power generation systems (hybrid propulsion or all-electric), it becomes now possible to make fly new electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) concepts of aircraft. This step forward is a technology rupture which should allow breaking through the locks preventing from using more the VTOL aircraft. Indeed, the use of rotorcraft, especially in areas with high population density, is still limited by the public acceptance mainly because of the noise and the risk of crash in case of failure. A new design paradigm is emerging pushing to use distributed electric lift/ propulsion systems composed of rotary wings (propeller or rotor blades) and electric motors combined or not with fixed wings. Numerical models and methods are needed for exploring this new design space. This paper presents the extension of the CREATION numerical workshop and associated simulation tools in order to be able to deal with the predesign of eVTOL. A methodology for the presizing of eVTOL is proposed addressing the most demanding flight conditions with thruster(s) failure. The application of these models and methods is illustrated on a new eVTOL concept combining rotary wings and fixed wings.
Basset, Pierre-Marie, Vu, Binh, Beaumier, Philippe, Reboul, Gabriel, Ortun, Biel
A Model Predictive Approach to Avoid Coolant After-Boiling in ICE2018-01-07794/3/2018
The after-boiling phenomenon in internal combustion engines can occur when the engine is suddenly switched-off after a period of prolonged high-load operation. In this case, the coolant flow rate stops while the engine wall temperature is quite high; therefore, some evaporation occurs, pressure in the cooling circuit increases and part of the coolant is lost through the radiator relief valve. The control of the coolant flow rate by means of an electric pump instead of the standard belt driven one offers the possibility of overcoming this issue. In the present paper, a model-based control of the coolant flow rate is proposed in conjunction with the adoption of an electric pump in the engine cooling system. Experimental tests and simulations have been carried out starting from high speed-high load engine operation; the engine was then brought to idle and, shortly after, switched-off. A comparison with the adoption of the standard belt-driven pump in the cooling system lay-out is presented in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Castiglione, Teresa, Morrone, Pietropaolo, Bova, Sergio
Development of a Torque-Based Control Strategy for a Mode-Switching Hydraulic Hybrid Passenger Vehicle2018-01-10074/3/2018
An increase in the number of vehicles per capita coupled with stricter emission regulations have made the development of newer and better hybrid vehicle architectures indispensable. Although electric hybrids have more visibility and are now commercially available, hydraulic hybrids, with their higher power densities and cheaper components, have been rigorously explored as the alternative. Several architectures have been proposed and implemented for both on and off highway applications. The most commonly used architecture is the series hybrid, which requires an energy conversion from the primary source (engine) to the secondary domain. From he re, the power flows either into the secondary source (high-pressure accumulator) or to the wheels depending upon the state of charge of the accumulator. A mode-switching hydraulic hybrid, which is a combination of a hydrostatic transmission and a series hybrid, was recently developed in the author’s research group. This paper focuses on the development of a new controller for the mode-switching hydraulic hybrid prototype. A uniform torque-based control strategy is proposed, which, along-with a supervisory controller decides on the usage of the high-pressure accumulator, thereby switching the vehicle mode from hydrostatic to series hybrid, among others. The supervisory controller analyzes the driving scenario, the system states and the user power demand to select the optimum vehicle-driving mode. This improved control strategy allows the vehicle to operate in higher efficiencies and the uniform control type results in a better “driver-feel”. The development of the control strategies, their implementation on the prototype vehicle and the test results are discussed in this paper.
Banerjee, Pranay, Ivantysynova, Monika
Assessing a Hybrid Supercharged Engine for Diluted Combustion Using a Dynamic Drive Cycle Simulation2018-01-09694/3/2018
This study uses full drive cycle simulation to compare the fuel consumption of a vehicle with a turbocharged (TC) engine to the same vehicle with an alternative boosting technology, namely, a hybrid supercharger, in which a planetary gear mechanism governs the power split to the supercharger between the crankshaft and a 48 V 5 kW electric motor. Conventional mechanically driven superchargers or electric superchargers have been proposed to improve the dynamic response of boosted engines, but their projected fuel efficiency benefit depends heavily on the engine transient response and driver/cycle aggressiveness. The fuel consumption benefits depend on the closed-loop engine responsiveness, the control tuning, and the torque reserve needed for each technology. To perform drive cycle analyses, a control strategy is designed that minimizes the boost reserve and employs high rates of combustion dilution via exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The fully dynamic drive cycle results are compared to steady state (SS) GT-Power projections, using residence time spent in various SS operating points. The fuel consumption benefits enabled by the hybrid supercharger are simulated for the three standard drive cycles, FTP75, HWFET, and US06, and various drivers’ aggressiveness, showing a maximum of 5% improvement.
Nazari, Shima, Middleton, Robert, Sugimori, Kanji, Siegel, Jason, Stefanopoulou, Anna
Turbocharger Impact on Diesel Electric Powertrain Performance2018-01-09654/3/2018
When electrifying the powertrain, there arises an opportunity to revise the traditional turbocharging trade-off between fuel-economy and transient performance. With the help of electrification, it might be possible to make the trade-off in favor of fuel economy, since transient response can be improved by the electric machine. The paper investigates this trade-off by looking at three turbocharger selections. A conventionally dimensioned turbocharger, an efficiency optimized turbocharger with maintained flow capacity, and an efficiency optimized turbocharger with increased flow capacity. The concepts are evaluated on the following cases: stationary operation, engine tip-in performance, vehicle acceleration performance, and on road fuel economy performance. The investigation is based on a validated mean value engine model of a six cylinder inline CI engine, and on a validated driveline and vehicle model of a heavy-duty truck. The evaluations are made with the help of simulations and numerical optimal control. The results show that there is a fuel saving potential, and that the transient response is improved by the electric machine.
Leek, Alf Erik Viktor, Eriksson, Lars
A Study of Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle Topologies with Flywheel Energy Storage2017-01-701011/7/2017
The application of fluid power technology in the United States is widespread, seeing use in industries as diverse as dentistry, military vehicles, and mining. Fluid power is also attracting interest in hybrid vehicle applications, which require an energy storage component. While most hydraulic energy storage is accomplished using hydraulic accumulators, energy storage flywheels also provide an attractive alternative for use in mobile hydraulic systems. The main difference between the system architectures proposed in literature has been whether to include distinct, separate hydraulic pump/motors for the engine and the flywheel. Previous studies have compared the various topographies to traditional drivetrains, using both numerical simulation and experimentation, with favorable results. This study uses numerical simulation based on previously validated models to directly compare performance for the prevalent flywheel hydraulic hybrid vehicle topologies to determine which topology provides higher efficiency over a standard drive cycle. The study also proposes a more efficient control method for such systems, using variable pressure, rather than set-point pressure control. This analysis reveals that energy loss behavior in the hydraulic pump/motors is dominating, that 3 hydraulic pump/motor topologies are more efficient due to their effect on engine operating point and hydraulic unit displacement, and that increased efficiency is achievable using variable pressure control by allowing the hydraulic pump/motors to operate at higher displacements. The principles revealed by this study allow for the potential of significantly increased energy storage density in hydraulic systems while retaining the power density and ruggedness which make hydraulic power attractive in so many applications.
Cronk, Paul, Van de Ven, James
Potential of a Production DI Two-Stroke Engine Adapted for Range Extender and Motorcycle Applications2017-32-008211/5/2017
The main purpose of this paper will be to investigate if a small snowmobile gasoline Direct Injected (DI) two-stroke engine has the potential to be adapted for two other types of applications: as a range extender (REX) for electric vehicles and for a motorcycle application. For the REX application, the main requested specifications (NVH, lightweight, compactness, minimum production cost and easy maintenance), correspond well to the main features of DI 2-stroke engines. The potential of a modified production engine operating in part load ultra-low NOx Controlled Auto Ignition (CAI) to meet the Euro 6 emissions standards on the NEDC cycle has already been demonstrated in a previous paper. In the first part of this new paper, we will investigate which solutions can be used to maintain this potential with even stricter legislations based on Euro 6d, WLTP cycle and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). In the second part of this paper, the feasibility of using the same production DI 2-stroke base engine for a motorcycle application will be studied. To meet the future Euro 4 and 5 motorcycle emissions standards on the new WMTC driving cycle, new combustion strategies have to be implemented. They are based on the use of CAI at part load and of the control of the air-fuel ratio at higher load combined with a 3-way catalyst aftertreatment technology. The encouraging results achieved show that such small DI 2-stroke engine could be a very attractive candidate for a low emissions motorcycle application as well as for a range extender application in an electric vehicle.
Duret, Pierre, Venturi, Stéphane, Sciarretta, Antonio, Foxhall, Nigel, Hinterberger, Walter
Cadillac plugs in CT6 for high-value efficiency17AUTP10_1510/1/2017
The badge on the decklid reads ‘2.0E’, with no giveaway that the 2018 Cadillac CT6 we're driving is a plug-in hybrid. Perhaps a more appropriate nameplate should be CT6 NEV, because this impressively engaging and efficient luxury sedan is mostly aimed at China's burgeoning New Energy Vehicle market. In fact, the plug-in version is assembled only in Shanghai and is exported to the U.S. Initial stateside volumes will be only 1000 units/year. It would not be surprising to find more American customers who see the CT6 plug-in's almost ideal balance of EV range (31 mi in optimal thermal conditions), EV top speed (78 mph); acceleration (0 to 60 mph in 5.2 s); EPA rated efficiency (62 mpg-e); total range (442 mi), top speed (150 mph) and retail price ($75,095) as adding up to a compelling value proposition.
Brooke, Lindsay
Traditional and Electronic Solutions to Mitigate Electrified Vehicle Driveline Noises2017-01-17556/5/2017
Hybrid powertrain vehicles inherently create discontinuous sounds during operation. The discontinuous noise created from the electrical motors during transition states are undesirable since they can create tones that do not correlate with the dynamics of the vehicle. The audible level of these motor whines and discontinuous tones can be reduced via common noise abatement techniques or reducing the amount of regeneration braking. One electronic solution which does not affect mass or fuel economy is Masking Sound Enhancement (MSE). MSE is an algorithm that uses the infotainment system to mask the naturally occurring discontinuous hybrid drive unit and driveline tones. MSE enables a variety of benefits, such as more aggressive regenerative braking strategies which yield higher levels of fuel economy and results in a more pleasing interior vehicle powertrain sound. This paper will discuss the techniques and signals used to implement MSE in a hybrid powertrain equipped vehicle. MSE utilizes powertrain signals from the vehicle bus to determine which harmonics need to be veiled and at what output level. By enhancing and complementing the naturally occurring electric propulsion sounds, it’s possible to create a more continuous and rich hybrid powertrain sound through the hybrid transition states. As MSE is adding noise to improve the overall sound in the vehicle, this feature can also be utilized to make the vehicle sound heartier and more refined for acceleration or deceleration events while simultaneously masking unwanted tones. The MSE concepts discussed in this paper are covered under US patent 9237399.
Valeri, Frank C., Lagodzinski, James T., Reilly, Scott M., Miller, John P.
Personal Rotorcraft Design and Performance with Electric HybridizationF-0073-2017-120215/9/2017
ABSTRACT Recent and projected improvements for more or all-electric aviation propulsion systems can enable greater personal mobility, while also reducing environmental impact (noise and emissions). However, all-electric energy storage capability is significantly less than present, hydrocarbon-fueled systems. A system study was performed exploring design and performance assuming hybrid propulsion ranging from traditional hydrocarbon-fueled cycles (gasoline Otto and diesel) to all-electric systems using electric motors / generators, with batteries for energy storage and load leveling. Study vehicles were a conventional, single-main rotor (SMR) helicopter and an advanced vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. Vehicle capability was limited to two or three people (including pilot or crew); the design range for the VTOL aircraft was set to 150 miles (about one hour total flight). Search and rescue (SAR), loiter, and cruise-dominated missions were chosen to illustrate each vehicle and degree of hybrid propulsion strengths and weaknesses. The traditional, SMR helicopter is a hover-optimized design; electric hybridization was performed assuming a parallel hybrid approach by varying degree of hybridization. Many of the helicopter hybrid propulsion combinations have some mission capabilities that might be effective for short range or on-demand mobility missions. However, even for 30 year technology electrical components, all hybrid propulsion systems studied result in less available fuel, lower maximum range, and reduced hover and loiter duration than the baseline vehicle. Results for the VTOL aircraft were more encouraging. Series hybrid combinations reflective of near-term systems could improve range and loiter duration by 30%. Advanced, higher performing series hybrid combinations could double or almost triple the VTOL aircraft's range and loiter duration. Additional details on the study assumptions and work performed are given, as well as suggestions for future study effort.
Snyder, Christopher
Hybrid Powertrain Operation Optimization Considering Cross Attribute Performance Metrics2017-01-11453/28/2017
Hybrid electric vehicles are continuously challenged to meet cross attribute performance while minimizing energy usage and component cost in a very competitive automotive market. As electrified vehicles become more mainstream in the marketplace, hybrid customers are expecting more attribute refinement in combination with the enhanced fuel economy benefits. Minimizing fuel consumption, which tends to drive hybrid powertrain engines to operate under lugging type calibrations, traditionally challenge noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) metrics. Balancing the design space to satisfy the cost metrics, energy efficiency, noise and vibration & drivability under the hybrid engine lugging conditions can be optimized through the use of multiple CAE tools. This paper describes how achieving NVH metrics can put undesirable boundaries on Powertrain Operation which could affect other performance attributes. Up front modeling of the full hybrid systems combined with powertrain lugging conditions allows the engineering teams to optimize the powertrain hardware designs while minimizing the impact on fuel efficiency, drivability, and NVH.
De Hesselle, Eric, Grozde, Mark, Adamski, Raymond, Rolewicz, Thomas, Erazo, Mark
New Design for Hybrid Engine Consisting of Reciprocating Electric Motor and IC Engine in Same Housing to Reduce Cost of Production2017-01-17323/28/2017
The conventional hybrid engine faces one major problem i.e. high cost of production. Although hybrid engines, in many sense proved to be highly efficient and environmental friendly, but high cost of production makes them less feasible and limits their applications. This problem is overcome by a new design in which instead of having Internal Combustion(IC) engine and electric motor separately, these two are incorporated under same housing. This involves a different working mechanism of electric motor which is as described below- This mechanism is applied to a normal engine which has two or more than two cylinders in any configuration or orientation. Taking example of In-line four cylinder engines as it is most widely used. In this the two cylinders work on conventional internal combustion mechanism, but the other two cylinders are electric cylinder and works on electricity. The reciprocating movement of piston is achieved by the principles of EMI(Electro Magnetic Induction).The cylinder head which generally consists of inlet and outlet valve is replaced by a coiled cylinder head or solenoid coil, (Solenoid coil is a wire tightly wound around a conductive core . When an electric current is passed through the coil, a magnetic field is created, thereby effectively forming an electromagnet. In most solenoid applications, this magnetic potential is used to perform work). When AC (alternating current, DIRECT CURRENT FROM BATTERY IS CONVERTED TO AC WITH THE HELP OF INVERTER) is passed through coils of cylinder head eddy currents are produced in piston made of conducting material or (Permanent magnets can also be used to make piston ,But permanent magnet loses its magnetic properties at high temperature thus limiting their application) when the piston is at top dead center, this eddy current has an opposite polarity to that of an cylinder head and thus the piston is pushed down with the help of electricity, and rotates crankshaft which in turn is connected to pistons of IC. The two mechanisms can work in harmony, and this complex energy and power management is controlled using advanced programmed electronic systems. This can be applied to any field where IC engines are used .There are many countries like India, China, South East Asian countries and other developing countries where electricity is still inaccessible to many parts and thus making 100 percent electric cars still a thing of future. This hybrid engine design ensures low cost of production of multi cylinder engines and proves to environmental friendly.
Dwivedi, Payodh
Characterization of Different Injection Technologies for High Performance Two-Stroke Engines2016-32-000111/8/2016
High performance engines are used in many different powersports applications. In several of these applications 2-stroke engines play an important role. The direct injection technology is a key technology for 2-stroke engines to fulfill both the customers’ request for high power and the environmental requirements concerning emissions and efficiency. As the load spectrum differs from one application to the other, it was interesting to find out if different injection technologies can answer the needs for different applications more efficiently regarding performance but also economic targets. Therefore, the results of the BRP Rotax 600 cm3 E-TEC (direct injection system) engine are compared to the same base engine but adopted with the LPDI (low pressure direct injection) technology developed by IVT at Graz University of Technology. The systems were compared on the engine testbench over 17 rpm / load points representing different product usage profiles. The individual systems were optimized by variation of injection timing, lambda, ignition timing at each point. The focus was primarily on reducing HC emissions during the optimization. These optimized points were then used as the basis for in-cylinder 3D-CFD to better understand the differences of one system compared to another at varying rpm / load points. Finally, the two systems were installed into a motorcycle for further comparisons to establish whether the raw emissions advantages could be realized in a transient WMTC cycle with exhaust aftertreatment. In conclusion, a better understanding of the trade-off between performance levels and emission levels for a high output 2-stroke engine was achieved.
Winkler, Franz, Oswald, Roland, Schoegl, Oliver, Foxhall, Nigel
Low Cost Possibilities for Automotive Range-Extender/Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Achieve Low CO 2 and NVH Objectives2016-01-18416/15/2016
Powertrain system duplication for hybrid electric vehicles and range-extenders presents serious cost challenges. Cost increase can be mitigated by reducing the number of cylinders but this usually has a negative impact on noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) of the vehicle system. This paper considers a novel form of two-stroke cycle engine offering potential for low emissions, reduced production cost and high potential vehicle efficiency. The engine uses segregated pump charging via the use of stepped pistons offering potential for low emissions. Installation as a power plant for automotive hybrid electric vehicles or as a range-extender for electric vehicles could present a low mass solution addressing the drive for vehicle fleet CO2 reduction. Operation on the two-stroke cycle enables NVH advantages over comparable four-stroke cycle units, however the durability of conventional crankcase scavenged engines can present significant challenges. The use of stepped piston charging methods to isolate the crankcase from the scavenging process provides a solution to these challenges with significantly higher durability and lower oil consumption whilst offering specific power per litre levels associated with comparable conventional two-stroke cycle engines. Stepped piston engines have been shown to operate at significantly lower oil consumption under full load operating conditions. This therefore overcomes serious drawbacks associated with conventional two-stroke cycle units. Oil consumption reduction strategies applied to crankcase scavenged engines normally result in durability problems. Design strategies are presented for compact powertrain solutions supported by initial data from computational fluid dynamic modelling using Ricardo WAVE engine simulation software. Details of the thermodynamic model development supported by experimental data are discussed together with design aspects that enable minimum NVH in a compact low mass power plant solution.
Hooper, Peter R.
State of the Art of Helicopter Hybrid PropulsionF-0072-2016-115195/17/2016
State of the art of Helicopter hybrid Propulsion perspectives is presented. As done in the car industry, it can be envisaged replacing thermal energy necessary for helicopter propulsion and sustentation by electrical energy. Improvements on electrical technologies allow proposing electrical systems with attractive power to mass ratio to complement the thermal engine providing the mechanical power necessary for the helicopter propulsion. The differences between automotive functions devoted to hybridization and these possible in the case of a helicopter are explained. The different architectures (on turbine or on helicopter side) are reviewed and examples of possible applications on classical architecture helicopters (with main and antitorque rotors) are given, not only the case of AH light helicopter autorotation management improver successfully tested in 2011. The requirements on the electrical system for industrial applications are reviewed: electrical motor and power electronics, cooling systems, energy storage, resulting in development priorities.
Mercier, Christian, Gazzino, Marc, Mugnier, Marc
Chassis Design for AWD Electrified Pick Up Truck2016-01-16754/5/2016
Developments of new Electric and Hybrid propulsion systems demands chassis adaptations. The purpose of the XeV project was to develop and integrate a full suite of active chassis systems to deliver a fully electrified All-Wheel-Drive Pick-up truck. To achieve so, a new chassis frame, engine cradles and battery box were designed to bring direct drive from electric motor to wheel. On the other hand, for a four-wheelindependent-drive, a new rear suspension design was implemented, and a complex torque vectoring and traction control strategy was developed to provide optimum on and off road performance. All systems were tuned to meet the new drivetrain configuration, weight distribution and vehicle loading conditions making it possible to achieve comparable results with respect to the original combustion engine vehicle.
Prado, Ricardo, Pedret, Paula, Moure, Christophe, Morales-Menendez, Ruben
Development of New High-Efficiency Kappa 1.6L GDI Engine2016-01-06674/5/2016
Hyundai/Kia Motor Company will introduce new Kappa 1.6L GDI engine dedicated for hybrid vehicles, starting production for Korean market in the early 2016. It has achieved the challenging level of 40% maximum thermal efficiency as a gasoline engine. Even though it has the highest fuel efficiency, it can generate sufficient power to provide vehicle's dynamic driving performance. The new Kappa 1.6L GDI engine has been developed focusing on the fuel efficiency. To maximize fuel efficiency, compact combustion chamber is designed with 1.35 stroke-bore ratio. And other key technologies such as Atkinson cycle with high compression ratio, cooled EGR system with high energy ignition coil and high tumble intake ports are applied. The knock has been suppressed significantly to improve fuel efficiency by split cooling system with two thermostats and block insert, the piston cooling jet and the sodium-filled exhaust valve. Friction of Kappa 1.6GDI engine is minimized by the two-stage pressure control oil pump, low viscosity engine oil and low friction coating on moving parts. Also the OCV integrated CVVT has the faster response speed to cover the wider phasing angle of CVVT in Atkinson cycle. Also, to meet SULEV emission regulation, the spray pattern of the laser drilled-injector is optimized for the combustion chamber consisting of high tumble and flat piston with 200 bar fuel pressure system.
Hwang, Kookjin, Hwang, Iljoong, Lee, Hwangbok, Park, Hyunil, Choi, Hoyeon, Lee, Kwanwoo, Kim, Wootae, Kim, Heungchul, Han, Bonghoon, Lee, Jongsub, Shin, Bosung, Chae, Dongsuk
Optimisation of Expansion Ratio of an Advanced Compressed Air Engine Kit2016-01-12834/5/2016
Worldwide, research is going on numerous types of engines that practice green and alternative energy such as natural gas engines, hydrogen engines, and electric engines. One of the possible alternatives is the air powered car. Air is abundantly available and can be effortlessly compressed to higher pressure at a very low cost. After the successful development of Compressed Air Engines, engineers shifted their focus in making this technology cost effective and feasible. This led to advancement in the field of pneumatics that is advanced Compressed Air Engine Kit (used for conversion of a small-two stroke SI engine to Compressed Air Engine) where its frugality and compatibility is kept at high priority. This research is in continuation with our previous project of development of an advanced Compressed Air Engine kit and optimisation of injection angle and injector nozzle area for maximum performance. Compressed Air Engine Kit demonstrated significant imperative results in performance testing which fuelled the need for optimizing various parameters such as injection angle, injection pressure and injector nozzle area. Most of the optimization was piloted on Injection parameters which provided substantial merits such as low cost and easy modifications with same amount of input energy required hence increasing efficiency. This paper explains another injection parameter optimization, which is Expansion ratio (Final volume / Initial volume). A number important and performance analysis were performed in order to pinpoint maximum torque and power generated which eventually leads to optimized Expansion ratio. Valuable data from previous studies and testing on above mentioned intake and injection parameters are considered in account, and testing and performance analysis is conducted after rectifying changes on injection angle and injector area. This study leads to optimization injection parameters simultaneously, which aids in eliminating power and energy losses building it more productive and efficient.
Kumar, Akshay, Gupta, Ashraya, Kamra, Ketan
Automotive Direct-Injection Stratified-Charge Engine Development in the 1970-1980’s2016-01-01754/5/2016
Spark-ignition direct-injection technology existed since about 1930 for the primary purpose to give multifuel capability over what the compression-ignited diesel engine could provide. In subsequent decades development of multifuel engines continued both as higher-compression-ratio “spark-ignited diesel” and moderate-compressionratio stratified-charge engines. Global events in the 1960-1970’s, namely the oil embargo, oil-supply crises, and the passage of the U.S. Clean Air Act intensified interest in such engines. The military and large commercial fleet operators were particularly focused on efficiency and multifuel capability over concerns for fuel supplies. Automobile manufacturers were focused on gasoline-fueled efficiency and the potential to reduce engine-out legislated NOx emissions with the stratified-charged combustion systems. In this paper the major direct-injection spark-ignited stratified-charge concepts pursued during the 1970-1980’s are reviewed at a high level, and relevant references are cited. Examination of this development history should be of interest to those working on modern gasoline direct-injected engines, as a variety of concepts were pursued, with the physics of those combustion processes being pertinent to today’s systems in production and under development. In many cases advances in fuel-injection hardware, enabled by modern manufacturing methods, and control technologies, enabled by modern computers and sensors, have allowed design objectives of the past to be implemented successfully today.
Groff, Edward G.
Diagnosis of within Cylinder Faults Using Instantaneous Mode Based Engine Model2016-01-91513/14/2016
Model based approaches for engine fault diagnosis mostly address the faults external to cylinder since they predominantly use simplified averaged models which do not capture within cycle dynamics. Hence, by using an instantaneous engine model which distinctly characterizes the cylinder’s modes, the events occurring within the cycle can be captured. The events happening across various modes and the engine subsystems can be due to normal operation or faults whose symptoms can be seen as features. In this work, which involves detection and classification of faults occurring in cylinders, is carried out in simulation environment, where, a Kalman filter for state estimation incorporating a nominal instantaneous mode based engine model is considered. Using this estimator as base, faults occurring repetitively (every cycle) are addressed whose features are seen across relevant modes of a cycle. The combination of features of variables such as inputs, states and residuals from a faulty case data are inspected for various engine subsystems across modes within the cylinder’s cycle to detect the faulty cylinder and classify its associated fault.
Sengupta, Somnath, Deb, Alok, Mukhopadhyay, Siddhartha
Conceptual Study of Low-Pressure Spool-Generating Architecture for More Electric Aircraft2015-01-24089/15/2015
This paper will propose a novel power generating system concept including an auxiliary, backup and emergency power source. Existing aircraft employ an auxiliary power unit (APU) and a ram air turbine (RAT) for power generation besides aero-engine generators. An APU works prior to starting propulsion on the ground and as a backup power plant during flight. The RAT is activated due to the need to maintain the essential systems in the case of an emergency situation. Both systems are optimized on conventional aircraft in which hydraulic, pneumatic and electric systems are supplied for control and equipment. Although a conventional aircraft needs hydro pumps and air compressors, the coming of a new era of more-electric architecture for aircraft and propulsion will be the stimulus to improve aircraft systems [1]. In more-electric aircraft, the authors focus on the low-pressure spool generation system of aero-engines. This system is anticipated for large power sources that supply electricity to a bleed-less system, though the high-pressure spool-generating capability is restricted because of the mechanical integrity of the power off-take and aero-engine control stability. LP generation contributes not only to the control stability for aero-engines but also to potential survivability of power generation since it is possible for LP spool to generate energy during wind milling. This paper will discuss the overview of the more-electric aircraft utility resource. To introduce the substituting technology of a conventional power-generating system that relies on RAT and APU, the authors will propose a low-pressure spool-generating architecture involving any power management measures, upon the electrical power demand estimation.
Oyori, Hitoshi, Morioka, Noriko, Fukuda, Tsuyoshi
Obtaining Structure-borne Input for Hybrid FEA/SEA Engine Enclosure Models through a Simplified Transfer Path Analysis2015-01-23496/15/2015
Structure-borne inputs to hybrid FEA/SEA models could have significant effects on the model prediction accuracy. The purpose of this work was to obtain the structure-borne noise (SBN) inputs using a simplified transfer path analysis (TPA) and identify the significance of the structure-borne and airborne contributions to the spectator sound power of an engine with enclosure for future modeling references. Force inputs to the enclosure from the engine were obtained and used as inputs to a hybrid engine enclosure model for sound prediction.
Zhen, Jiantie, Copley, David, Londhe, Niranjan, Fredrickson, Scott
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