Browse Topic: Single cylinder engines

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Comprehensive evaluation and development of a single cylinder engine vehicle for refinement of NVH characteristics2026-26-03081/16/2026
The scale of worldwide population presents its own set of difficulties, especially in densely populated cities. Almost every individual has some form of personal transport, which leads to congestion and limited parking space. Automotive manufacturers are scaling down the size of vehicles to resolve these issues to some extent. This paper is based on the NVH development of a single-cylinder diesel engine vehicle. It provides an insight into the comprehensive vehicle level NVH refinement approaches adopted. The NVH characteristics of the benchmark two-cylinder diesel and baseline vehicle were measured and analyzed for target setting. The performance of each subsystem, such as engine mounting, vehicle structure, intake and exhaust, was evaluated, and gap analysis was performed against set targets. It was found that the engine mounting system and vehicle structure were inefficient in isolating the excitation forces. The design and location of the mounting system was evaluated using CAE and
Ghale, Guruprasad Chandrashekhar, Baviskar, Shreyas, Bendre, Parag, Kamble, Pranit, Bhangare, Amit, THAKUR, SUNIL, Kunde, Sagar, Wagh, Sachin
Study on the Optimal Pre-Chamber Geometry for Active Pre-Chamber Gas Engines2024-32-00234/18/2025
In a pre-chamber engine, fuel in the main-chamber is ignited and combusted by the combustion gas injected from the pre-chamber. Therefore, further fuel dilution is possible and thermal efficiency can be also improved. However, adding a pre-chamber to an engine increases the number of design parameters which have a significant impact on the main combustion and the exhaust gas. Then, in this study, the optimum geometry of the pre-chamber in an active pre-chamber gas engine was investigated. The considered parameters were the volume of pre-chamber, the diameter of a nozzle hole, and the number of nozzle holes. 18 types of pre-chambers with different geometries were prepared. Using these pre-chambers, engine experiments under steady conditions were conducted while changing the conditions such as engine speeds, mean indicated pressure and air excess ratio. Based on the experimental data, neural network models were constructed that predict thermal efficiency, NOx and CO emissions from the
Yasuda, Kotaro, Yamasaki, Yudai, Sako, Takahiro, Takashima, Yoshitane, Suzuki, Kenta
Experimental And Numerical Investigation of a Single-Cylinder Methanol Port-Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine for a Heavy-Duty Applications.2024-26-00721/16/2024
With the increasing focus on reducing CO2 emissions to combat global warming and climate change, the automotive industry is exploring near zero-emission alternative fuels to replace traditional fossil-based fuels like diesel, gasoline, and CNG. Methanol is a promising alternative fuel that is being evaluated in India due to its easy transportation and storage, as well as its production scalability and availability potential. This study focuses on the retro-fitment solution of M100 (pure methanol) SI port-fuel injection (PFI) mode of combustion. A heavy duty single-cylinder engine test setup was used to assess methanol SI combustion characteristic. Lean operation strategy has been investigated. At lean mixture conditions a significant drop in NOX and CO emissions was achieved. The fuel injection techniques and the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the conventional stoichiometric combustion process is highlighted. Increase of the EGR ratio at stoichiometric operation led to 3
Singh, Inderpal, Güdden PhD, Arne, Raut PhD, Ankit, Emran, Ashraf, Dhongde PhD, Avnish, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin
DeNOx Strategy Adaptation and Optimization in Single Cylinder LCV Application for BS6 Phase-II Norms2024-26-01601/16/2024
Powertrain complexity rapidly increasing to meet fast moving regulation requirements. The BS6 Phase-1 regulation norms were implemented in India from April 1, 2020 and replaced the previous BS4 norms. Phase-2 of the BS6 regulation norms were came into effect on April 1, 2023. To meet this stringent regulation requirement, need effective performance of after treatment systems like DOC, DPF and SCR demands critical hardware selection and implementation. A robust DeNOx emissions strategy is developed in naturally aspirated single cylinder LCV application to meet cycle emissions, real drive emissions and OBD requirements. Naturally aspirated single cylinder engine has its own challenges to meet BS6 norms like higher engine out NOx, dynamic temperature profiles etc. It is always a challenge to adapt EATS in LCV application as these are low-cost vehicles. EATS components and sensors impacts the overall cost of the vehicle. This paper briefs about robust DeNOx emissions strategy in naturally
Hareesh, Sangaraju, V, Suryanarayanan, Sharma, Prashant, Redii, Ashok, Raut, Sandip, Golla, Srinivasa Rao
Intake and Exhaust System Orifice Noise Optimization of a Single Cylinder Engine Using 1D Simulation Approach2024-26-02121/16/2024
Reducing vehicular noise has become a crucial step in product development to meet stringent legislation and improve passenger experience. Smaller vehicles like three-wheelers and quadricycle are often powered by a single cylinder engine due to product cost, packaging and weight constraints. Unlike a multi-cylinder engine where cylinders fire one after another which helps to reduce noise levels by destructive interference of pressure waves, a single cylinder engine produces higher noise levels due to firing of only a single cylinder. Intake and exhaust flow noise is one of the dominant sources of vehicular noise. Testing performed on an actual vehicle demonstrates reduction in cabin noise levels by reducing intake and exhaust flow noise. This study focuses on using CAE tools to reduce intake and exhaust flow noise levels to meet target noise requirements. One dimensional (1-D) gas dynamics simulation provides a good balance between simulation fidelity and run-time, allowing for
Paranjape, Sumeet, Thakur, Sunil, Emran, Ashraf, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin
Numerical Investigations on Formation Process of N 2 O in Ammonia/Hydrogen Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Engine2023-01-702310/30/2023
Ammonia is used as the carbon-free fuel in the engine, which is consistent with the requirements of the current national dual-carbon policy. However, the great amount of NOx in the exhaust emissions is produced after combustion of ammonia and is one kind of the most tightly controlled pollutants in the emission regulation. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a very strong greenhouse effect, so that the N2O emissions needs to be paid close attention. In this paper, the CFD simulation of the N2O formation and emission characteristics during combustion is carried in the ammonia/hydrogen fueled pre-chamber jet ignition engine. The simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) around the orifices of the pre-chamber is enhanced due to the local temperature difference between the main-chamber and the pre-chamber, and then the residual ammonia/hydrogen fuel in the crevice or near the cylinder wall is trapped in the high temperature zone of the main chamber, leading
Shang, Quanbo, Ji, Meng, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun
Simulation Study on the Effect of In-Cylinder Water Injection Mass on Engine Combustion and Emissions Characteristics2023-01-700410/30/2023
The rapid development of the automobile industry has brought energy and environmental issues that scholars are increasingly concerning about. Improving efficiency and reducing emissions are currently two hot topics in the internal combustion engine industry. Direct water injection technology (DWI) can effectively reduce the cylinder temperature, which is due to the absorption of the heat by the injecting liquid water. In addition, lower temperature in the cylinder will reduce the formation of NO. In this paper, a CFD simulation of DWI application in a lean-burning single-cylinder engine with pre-chamber jet ignition was carried out. And the engine was experimentally tested for the simulation model validation. And then the effect of DWI strategy with different injecting water mass on the combustion and emissions characteristics are analyzed. Physically, injected water not only absorbs heat but also provides heat insulation. The results are shown under the rotating speed of 2800 r/min
Guan, Jun, Shang, Quanbo, Hu, Yinuo, Lu, Ye, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun
Investigation of spark plug and passive pre-chamber ignition on a single-cylinder engine with hydrogen port fuel injection2023-01-12056/26/2023
The race towards zero carbon emissions is ongoing with the need to reduce the consumption of fossil energy resources. This demands immediate and reliable developments regarding technical environmentally friendly solutions for the power and transportation sectors. An alternative way to achieve a carbon-free powertrain is the use of green hydrogen for internal combustion engines. Operating a hydrogen-fuelled engine offers many opportunities as well as challenges that need to be addressed. In this work the self-designed Fraunhofer single cylinder engine with a displacement volume of 500 cm³ derived for extreme lean combustion and passive pre-chamber ignition was adapted for hydrogen engine operation. With hydrogen combustion, the customized cooling system resulting in low metal temperatures is simulated and optimized to avoid hot spots in the combustion chamber. The basic engine setup being investigated on the test bench contains a compression ratio of 12.2, port fuel injection and a
Bucherer, Sebastian, Rothe, Paul, Sobek, Florian, Gottwald, Theo, Kraljevic, Ivica, Vacca, Antonino, Gal, Thomas, Chiodi, Marco, Kulzer, Andre
Measurement of Piston Friction with a Floating Liner Engine for Heavy-Duty Applications2022-01-07233/29/2022
The further increase in the efficiency of heavy-duty engines is essential in order to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport industry. This is also valid for the future use of alternative fuels, which can be CO2-neutral, but can cause higher total costs of ownership due to higher prices and limited availability. In addition to thermodynamic optimization, the reduction of mechanical losses is of great importance. In particular, there is a high potential in the piston bore interface, since continuously increasing cylinder pressures have a strong influence on the frictional and lateral piston forces. To meet these future challenges of increasing heavy-duty engine efficiency, AVL has developed a floating liner engine for heavy-duty applications based on its tried and tested passenger car floating liner concept. This article describes the concept of the friction single-cylinder engine developed to measure both the frictional forces and the lateral forces that occur between the piston
Edtmayer, Josef, Plettenberg, Mirko, Raser, Bernhard, Schäffer, Julian, Magyar, András, Szebényi, András, Knitlhoffer, Ádám, Littera, Daniele
Development of a 3D CFD-FEA co-simulation routine to model the effects of thermal barrier coatings on the spark ignition combustion process2022-01-04773/29/2022
Thermal barrier coating (TBC) have the potential to reduce the in-cylinder heat transfer through walls by achieving wall temperatures that track the in-cylinder working-gas temperature. The aim of this paper it to evaluate novel TBC performance in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine by carrying out heat transfer analysis of coated components. This heat transfer analysis is given by the solution of a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) of the coated components. The combustion side boundary conditions for the FEA are obtained from the 3D CFD simulations based on a light duty, experimental, single-cylinder GDI engine. The CFD models for coated and uncoated components are validated against experimental data collected on the single cylinder engine. This routine of using CFD and FEA to determine the local surface temperatures of the coated components provides the great level of detail in terms its spatial distribution, and also allows a greater insight in understanding how do TBCs affect
Motwani, Rahul, Gandolfo, John, Gainey, Brian, Levi, Arye, Moser, Sean, Lawler, Benjamin, Filipi, Zoran
Optimization of the operating conditions of a dual CI engine fueled with methanol2022-01-05603/29/2022
Among the new low temperature combustion modes, Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) offers a low NOx-soot trade off (keeping a relatively high engine efficiency). Also, RCCI permits the introduction of a renewable fuel with a lower CO2 direct emission such as short-chains alcohols. For this work, methanol and diesel fuel were used as low and high reactivity fuels, respectively. A 1.3 L single-cylinder engine, with a cylinder volume usual in medium- and heavy-duty truck and bus engines, was used in this work. The engine was operated at an engine speed of 1600 rpm and 25% load (representing one of the 13-mode test on medium duty trucks), which results in an indicated mean effective pressure of 5.2 bar. The effects of methanol substitution ratio (MSR) at 20 and 35% on performance and pollutant emissions was investigated and compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). The main target of the work is to find an optimum point according to a defined objective function for
Rodriguez-Fernandez, José, Hernandez, Juan J., Ramos, Ángel, Barba, Javier, Domínguez Pérez, Víctor M., Horcajada Torres, Óscar, Casero-Alonso, Víctor, Rodríguez-Aragón, Licesio J.
Mechanical challenges of an H2 internal combustion engine and solutions 2022-01-07083/29/2022
Hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines are a great opportunity for zero carbon and zero impact emission powertrains. They can be quickly introduced in the market and benefit from the huge experience on diesel and gas engines acquired in the past. Nevertheless, the use of hydrogen poses new challenges to engine manufacturers that are explored in this paper. Due to the wide flammability limits of hydrogen, self-ignition is a risk that can occur, limiting the performance of the engine and creating reliability issues. Self-ignition can originate from different reasons, some of them related to hot spots in the combustion chamber. Those can be generated by unoptimized geometry, material properties, oil composition, spark plugs characteristics, fuel injection systems etc. In this paper, FEV will present results about sensitivity of different solutions against self-ignition investigated on the single cylinder engine as well as multicylinder. Furthermore, the risk of accumulating hydrogen
Biwer lng, Christoph, Ghetti, Stefano, Bey, Ralf, Virnich PhD, Lukas, Boberic, Aleksandar
Optimal control of air-fuel ratio for a single cylinder engine using dynamic programming2022-01-04963/29/2022
Automotive exhaust emission control is of extreme importance in the current environmental scenario. For a spark ignition (SI) based internal combustion engine (ICE), this is primarily achieved with the help of a three-way catalyst (TWC). Accurate control of air fuel ratio (AFR) within the stochiometric value is required for optimum performance of TWC. The control system aims at regulating the fuel injected into the engine such that AFR is maintained in allowed range. Dynamics of ICE and fuel injection are highly nonlinear, and key challenges in development of a controller algorithm are transient cylinder air mass flow, fuel mass wall wetting phenomenon and sensor dynamics. Typical approaches include implementation of linear controllers which suffer from deviation due to wide operating ranges of ICE. In this paper, an optimal control based non-linear control strategy is employed for the fuel quantity injected to minimize deviation of AFR from stoichiometric ratio for a mean value engine
RAVEENDRANATH Sr., Arjun, Das, Himadri, dhinagar PhD, Samraj
Investigations on Supercharging and Turbo-Compounding of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine2022-01-05123/29/2022
Despite the advantages of turbocharging in improved engine performance and reduced exhaust emissions, single-cylinder engines remain naturally aspirated (NA) and are not generally turbocharged. This is due to the shortcomings with pulsated and intermittent exhaust gas flow into the turbine and the phase lag between the intake and exhaust stroke. In the present study, experimental investigations are initially carried out with a suitable turbocharger closely coupled to a single-cylinder diesel engine. Results indicated that the engine power dropped significantly by 40% for the turbocharged engine compared to the NA version even though the mass flow rate of air was increased by 1.4 times with turbocharging. A novel approach of decoupling the turbine and the compressor and coupling them separately to the engine is proposed to address these limitations. Also, an impulse turbine is chosen for this application, better suited to extract energy during the pulsated exhaust flow. Commercially
Ramkumar, J, Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A
A 3D-CFD methodology for combustion modeling in active prechamber SI engines operating with natural gas2022-01-05733/29/2022
Active prechamber combustion systems for SI engines represent a feasible and effective solution in reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for both marine and ground heavy-duty engines. However, reliable and low-cost numerical approaches need to be developed to support and speed-up their industrial design considering their geometry complexity and the involved multiple flow length scales. This work presents a CFD methodology based on the RANS approach for the simulation of active prechamber spark-ignition engines. To reduce the computational time, the gas exchange process is computed only in the prechamber region to correctly describe the flow and mixture distributions, while the whole cylinder geometry is considered only for the power-cycle (compression, combustion and expansion). Outside the prechamber the in-cylinder flow field at IVC is estimated from the measured swirl ratio. A flame area evolution model combined with a deposition ignition model is used to describe the
Sforza, Lorenzo, Lucchini, Tommaso, Gianetti, Giovanni, D'Errico, Gianluca, Onofrio, Gessica, Beatrice, Carlo, Tunestal, Per
Demonstration of High Compression Ratio Combustion Systems for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine with Improved Efficiency and Lower Emissions2022-01-05053/29/2022
Advanced diesel combustion systems continue to push the peak cylinder pressure limit of engines upward to allow for high efficiency combustion with high compression ratios (CR). As indicated by the air-standard Otto and Diesel cycles, increased compression ratios lead to higher cycle efficiency. The study presented here describes the development and demonstration of a high-efficiency diesel combustion system. The study used both computational and experimental tools to fully develop the combustion system. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to evaluate combustion with two combustion systems at a compression ratio of 22:1: the first was based on the Volvo Wave piston design and the second was a stepped-lip piston design that provides similar spray recirculation characteristics. Analysis of combustion performance and emissions was performed to confirm the improvements which these piston designs offered relative to the baseline combustion system for the engine
Cung, Khanh, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher, Briggs, Thomas, Miwa, Jason, Smith, Edward, Zhang, Han, Abidin, Zainal
Engine-Out Measurements and In-Cylinder Imaging of Cold-Start Particulate and Gaseous Emissions in a Single-Cylinder DISI Engine 2022-01-05223/29/2022
Strategies to mitigate cold-start emissions are critical to meet stringent standards for particulate and regulated gaseous emissions from direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines. The objective of the current work was to establish an experimental protocol for cold-start studies and to identify the in-cylinder phenomena important during engine warming in terms of engine power and stability and engine-out particulates, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Metal-engine experiments were conducted at T = 20 oC to quantify the sensitivity of the performance of a single-cylinder engine to timing of a strategy using two injection events per power cycle and late spark ignition. The results showed strong sensitivity to the timing of the second injection event and weak sensitivity to the timing of the first injection. Complementary high-speed imaging experiments were conducted with the same engine where the fuel spray and combustion characteristics were visualized during cold-start
Gutierrez, Luis G., Wooldridge, Margaret S., Petersen, Benjamin R., Wooldridge, Steven T.
Improvements of Combustion and Emissions in a Natural Gas Fueled Engine with Hydrogen Enrichment and Optimized Injection Timings of the Diesel Fuel2022-32-00951/9/2022
In a natural gas fueled engine ignited by diesel fuel, the addition of hydrogen to the engine could be a possible way to improve thermal efficiency and reduce unburned methane which has a warming potential many times that of carbon dioxide as it promotes a more rapid and complete combustion. This study carried out engine experiments using a single cylinder engine with natural gas and hydrogen delivered separately into the intake pipe, and with pilot-injection of diesel fuel. The percentages of hydrogen in the natural gas-hydrogen mixtures were varied from 0% to 50% of the heat value. The results showed that the hydrogen addition has an insignificant effect on the ignition delay of the diesel fuel and that it shortens the combustion duration. The increase in the hydrogen ratio decreased the unburned hydrocarbon emissions more than the reduction of the amount of natural gas that was replaced by the hydrogen. Further, the direct injection timing of the diesel fuel was varied from early in
Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Inagaki, Ryuya, Shibata, Gen, Ogawa, Hideyuki
Extension of the Lean Limit of Gasoline Engines Under Part Load by Using Hot Surface Assisted Spark Ignition (HSASI)2022-32-00511/9/2022
Charge dilution by lean-burn is one way to increase the efficiency of spark ignition engines while reducing NOx emissions. This work focuses on increasing the flammability of lean mixtures inside a passive pre-chamber spark plug by elevating its temperature with the help of a controllable hot surface integrated into the pre-chamber. Thus, an extension of the lean limit under part load is aimed for. A pre-chamber spark plug prototype with an integrated, controllable glow plug was developed, called Hot Surface Assisted Spark Ignition (HSASI). Experimental investigations were conducted on a single-cylinder engine at the Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences. Operating modes with an active glow plug (HSASI) and a non-active glow plug were compared. The lean limit for both operation modes were determined under part load. NOx, CO and THC emissions were measured for different air-fuel equivalence ratios λ. The lean limit is extended by more than 0.1 in λ at low loads with HSASI operation
Holzberger, Sascha, Kettner, Maurice, Kirchberger, Roland
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Engine Speed and Delivery Ratio on the High-Speed Knock in a Small Two-Stroke SI Engine2022-32-00801/9/2022
Knocking occurs within the high-speed range of small two-stroke engines used in handheld work equipment. High-speed knock may be affected by the engine speed and delivery ratio. However, evaluation of these factors independently using experimental methods is difficult. Therefore, in this study, these factors were independently evaluated using numerical calculations. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which the intensity of high-speed knocking that occurs in small two-stroke engines becomes stronger. The results suggest that temperature inhomogeneity due to insufficient mixing of fresh air and previously burned gas may induce high-speed knocking in the operating range at high engine speeds.
Eto, Kuniyoshi, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Yamada, Toshio
Comparison of Promising Sustainable C1-Fuels Methanol, Dimethyl Carbonate, and Methyl Formate in a DISI Single Cylinder Light Vehicle Gasoline Engine2021-01-12049/21/2021
On the way to a climate-neutral mobility synthetic fuels with their potential of a CO2-neutral production are currently in the focus of the internal combustion research. In this study the C1-fuels methanol (MeOH), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl formate (MeFo) are tested as pure C1-fuels mixtures and as blends component for gasoline. The study was performed on a single-cylinder engine in two configurations, thermodynamic and optical. As pure C1-fuels the already investigated DMC/MeFo mixture is compared with a mixture of MeOH/MeFo. DMC is replaced by MeOH, because of its benefits in laminar flame speed, ignition limits and production costs. MeOH/MeFo shows benefits in particle number (PN) emissions at a cooling water temperature of 40°C and in high load operating points. But reversed an increase of 60% in NOx emissions related to DMC/MeFo was observed in hot engine conditions. Both mixtures show no sensitivity in PN emissions for rich combustions. Neither triggered by a global
Blochum, Sebastian, Fellner, Felix, Mühlthaler, Markus, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg, Yoneya, Naoki, Sauerland, Henning
Work Extraction Efficiency in a Series Hybrid Opposed Piston Engine2021-01-12429/21/2021
This work investigates the development of a novel series hybrid architecture utilizing a single cylinder opposed piston engine. The opposed piston engine’s natural balance presents unique benefits in a hybrid architecture due to its capability of achieving engine downsizing by reducing cylinder count instead of reducing bore diameter, which incurs the higher heat transfer losses. A particular focus of this effort is the work extraction efficiency of two design concepts. The first design concept considered utilizes a geartrain to couple the crankshafts of the engine in a conventional manner, providing a single power take-off for coupling to an electric motor/generator. In this design, the large inertia of the geartrain dampens the speed fluctuation of the single cylinder engine, reducing the speed and torque oscillations required to be absorbed by the electric machine. However, the friction losses caused by the geartrain limits the maximum work extraction efficiency. The second design
Drallmeier, Joseph Austin, Hofmann, Heath, Middleton, Robert, Siegel, Jason, Stefanopoulou, Anna, Salvi, Ashwin
Development of a Fast-Running Injector Model with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the Prediction of Injection Rate with Multiple Injections2021-24-00279/5/2021
The most challenging part of the engine combustion development is the reduction of pollutants (e.g. CO, THC, NOx, soot, etc.) and CO2 emissions. In order to achieve this goal, new combustion techniques are required, which enable a clean and efficient combustion. For compression ignition engines, combustion rate shaping, which manipulates the injected fuel mass to control the in-cylinder pressure trace and the combustion rate itself, turned out to be a promising opportunity. One possibility to enable this technology is the usage of specially developed rate shaping injectors, which can control the injection rate continuously. A feasible solution with series injectors is the usage of multiple injections to control the injection rate and, therefore, the combustion rate. For the control of the combustion profile, a detailed injector model is required for predicting the amount of injected fuel. Simplified 0D models can easily predict single injection rates with low deviation. However, the
Golc, Dominik, Esposito, Stefania, Pitsch, Heinz, Beeckmann, Joachim
LPG and prechamber as enabler for highly performant and efficient combustion processes under stoichiometric conditions2021-24-00329/5/2021
The European Union has defined legally binding CO2-fleet targets for new cars until 2030. Therefore, improvement of fuel economy and carbon dioxide emission reduction are becoming one of most important issues for the car manufacturers. Today’s conventional car powertrain systems are reaching their technical limits and will not be able to meet future CO2-targets without further improvement in combustion efficiency, using low carbonfuels(LCF)and at least mild electrification. This paper demonstrates a highly efficient and performant combustion engine concept with passive pre chamber spark-plug, operating at stoichiometric conditions and powered with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).Even from fossil origin LPG features many advantages such as low carbon/hydrogen ratio, low price and broad availability. In future it can be produced from renewables and it is liquid state under relatively low pressures, allowing the use of conventional injection and fuel supply components.To take advantage of
Schmid, Hans, Kollmeier PhD, Hans-Peter, Kraljevic, Ivica, Gottwald, Theo, Sobek, Florian, Bargende, Michael, Chiodi, Marco, Kaechele, Andreas, Cupo, Francesco
Regulated Intake Air Boosting and Engine Downspeeding as a Viable Solution for Performance Improvement and Emission Reduction of a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine03-15-02-00098/16/2021
The present work proposes a viable approach to develop single-cylinder diesel engines for the future by implementing regulated intake air boosting (RIAB) and engine downspeeding (ED) along with the well-established low compression ratio (LCR) approach. The investigations were conducted in a mass-production light-duty single-cylinder diesel engine initially equipped with a naturally aspirated (NA) intake system. By lowering the compression ratio (CR) and implementing the intake air boosting (IAB) using a belt-driven supercharger, the maximum brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine could be increased by 50%. More importantly, the improved performance could be achieved without violating the peak firing pressure (PFP) limits. However, a significant penalty was observed in the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at low-load operating points due to the additional power consumption of the IAB system. Hence, RIAB was implemented to optimize the boost pressure with respect to
Vikraman, V., Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A.
Parametric Study to Optimize Gasoline Compression Ignition Operation under Medium Load-Conditions2021-01-04604/6/2021
Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) pertains to high efficiency lean burn compression ignition with gasoline fuels, where ignition is controlled by mixture’s auto-ignition chemistry as well as local mixture strength. The presented GCI combustion strategy is based on a multi-mode combustion strategy at various operating conditions. This study presents a part of work on the development of an optimum combustion strategy at medium loading condition for commercial gasoline fuel with research octane number (RON) = 91. The single cylinder engine with a compression ratio (CR) = 16 features a centrally mounted multi-hole injector with a spark plug at a distance from the injector under shallow pent-roof combustion chamber design. The design of combustion chamber and piston was previously optimized based on CFD numerical analysis. The experimental study at medium load condition (IMEP = 6 bar) investigated the effect of fuel injection strategy, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and re-breathing on
Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, Sim, Jaeheon, Badra, Jihad, Chang, Junseok
Testing the Rotating Liner Engine: Over 30% Reduction in Diesel Engine Fuel Consumption at Idle Conditions2021-01-04484/6/2021
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept for internal combustion engines, where the cylinder liner rotates at a surface speed of 2-4 m/s in order to assist piston ring lubrication. The metal-to-metal contact/boundary friction that exists close to the piston reversal area becomes a significant source of energy loss when the gas pressure that loads the piston rings and skirts is high. Reduction in mechanical friction has a direct impact on brake thermal efficiency. This paper describes fuel consumption measurements of our prototype single cylinder engine, compared to a baseline at idle. The reduction in fuel flow is of the order of 40% when extrapolated to a complete engine. The margin in friction reduction is expected to grow at increasing load, but reduce at increasing speeds. Our earlier models estimated idle fuel consumption reduction to about 25%, at full load about 3.5%, for a Heavy-Duty FTP 6.8 %, and may have been conservative. The literature is inconsistent on the
Dardalis, Dimitrios, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron, Basu, Amiyo, Ching, Zheng Yan
7.0.105 - Implementation and Evaluation of Predictive Concepts for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy ImprovementSAE-PP-002812/4/2021
In the era where governmental agencies are perennially pushing automobile OEMs for reducing harmful emissions and customers looking for vehicles with better fuel economy values, it is imperative on the manufacturers to implement new technologies to appease them. Of the many new technologies, the most promising ones are the new control strategies/algorithms which predictively access the road condition, weather, traffic situations and help automobile to function in the most efficient mode. These control strategies/algorithms are termed as “Predictive technologies”. The most common way to assess the benefit of such new technologies is to simulate the vehicle behavior in conjunction with the existing complex control strategies of Hybrid vehicles in simulation environment. Since such technology finalization is done at the start of a vehicle program, the simulation engineers face numerous challenges like, non-availability of exact vehicle specifications, need for quicker evaluations of new
Lname, Fname
7.0.104 - Managing Distributed Systems Development through Model-Based E/E-Architecture DesignSAE-PP-002802/4/2021
This paper sketches a model based E/E-architecture analysis and design process for the development of distributed in-vehicle systems. Together with a model based system development, the sketched analysis and design process results in a cost-effective E/E-architecture which fulfills all the requirements for the developed in-vehicle system. As an example scenario, the integration of a new feature into a car, which requires integrating a new distributed function into the existing E/E-architecture of the car, is shown.
Lname, Fname
Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)J1966_202010 (Current)10/28/2020
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for nondispersant, mineral lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Piston Engine (Ashless Dispersant)J1899_202010 (Current)10/28/2020
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for lubricating oils containing ashless dispersant additives to be used in four-stroke cycle, reciprocating piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-22851. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)J1966_202010-TEST-REC (Historical)10/28/2020
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for nondispersant, mineral lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Piston Engine (Ashless Dispersant)J1899_202010-TEST-REC (Historical)10/28/2020
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for lubricating oils containing ashless dispersant additives to be used in four-stroke cycle, reciprocating piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-22851. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
Assessing the Efficiency of a New Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Concept2020-01-20689/15/2020
A practical Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) concept is presented that works on standard European 95 RON E10 gasoline over the whole speed/load range. A spark is employed to assist the gasoline autoignition at low loads; this avoids the requirement of a complex cam profile to control the local mixture temperature for reliable autoignition. The combustion phasing is controlled by the injection pattern and timing, and a sufficient degree of stratification is needed to control the maximum rate of pressure rise and prevent knock. With active control of the swirl level, the combustion system is found to be relatively robust against variability in charge motion, and subtle differences in fuel reactivity. Results show that the new concept can achieve very low fuel consumption over a significant portion of the speed/load map, equivalent to diesel efficiency. The efficiency is worse than an equivalent diesel engine only at low load where the combustion assistance operates. In this work, a
Cracknell, Roger, Bastaert, Dimitri, Houille, Sebastien, Châtelain, Julien, Larguier, Olivier, Beaugé, Yvon, Gente, Florian, Nicolas, Baptiste, Prevet, Sylvain, Fandakov, Alexander, Rieß, Michael, Costenoble, Ortwin, de Groot, Timo, Duffour, Florence, Pellegrini, Leonardo, Rogerson, John, Hamje, Heather
Combustion Characteristics, Performance and NO x Emissions of a Heavy-Duty Ethanol-Diesel Direct Injection Engine2020-01-20779/15/2020
Diffusive combustion of direct injected ethanol is investigated in a heavy-duty single cylinder engine for a broad range of operating conditions. Ethanol has a high potential as fossil fuel alternative, as it provides a better carbon footprint and has more sustainable production pathways. The introduction of ethanol as fuel for heavy-duty compression-ignition engines can contribute to decarbonize the transport sector within a short time frame. Given the resistance to autoignition of ethanol, the engine is equipped with two injectors mounted in the same combustion chamber, allowing the simultaneous and independent actuation of the main injection of pure ethanol and a pilot injection of diesel as an ignition source. The influence of the dual-fuel injection strategy on ethanol ignition, combustion characteristics, engine performance and NOx emissions is evaluated by varying the start of injection of both fuels and the ethanol-diesel ratio. The results are compared against two baselines
Giramondi, Nicola, Jäger, Anders, Mahendar, Senthil Krishnan, Erlandsson, Anders
Study of Effects of Deposit Formation on GDi Injector and Engine Performance2020-01-20999/15/2020
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) vehicles now make up the majority of European new car sales and a significant share of the existing car parc. Despite delivering measurable engine efficiency benefits, GDI fuel systems are not without issues. Fuel injectors are susceptible to the formation of deposits in and around the injector nozzles holes. It is widely reported that these deposits can affect engine performance and that different fuels can alleviate the buildup of those deposits. This project aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of how deposit formation ultimately leads to a reduction in vehicle performance. Ten GDI fuel injectors, with differing levels of coking were taken from engine testing and consumer vehicles and compared using a range of imaging and engine tests. At the time of writing, a new GDI engine test is being developed by the Co-ordinating European Council (CEC) to be used by the fuel and fuel additive industry. One such test was used to precondition six of the
Pilbeam, Jonathan James, Thomson, Alex Robert, Sahu, Amrit B., Liu, Haoye, Xu, Hongming
Cycle-Resolved Evaluation of Directly Injected Methane Using a High-Speed Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurement System2020-01-21069/15/2020
The usage of alternative fuels inside internal combustion engines (ICE), is one promising approach to meet the higher requirements concerning the efficiency and emission of modern combustion systems. The injection and mixture formation of such fuels has a major impact on the subsequent combustion as well as the formation of pollutants. To rate the influence and to gain a better understanding of those new alternatives a basic understanding of these dominant processes is mandatory. The principle of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a well-known method to display and evaluate fuel distributions inside combustion chambers. A suiting online calibration routine allows the visualization of air-fuel equivalence ratio (λ) two-dimensionally during different operation modes. As cyclic variations can become a more critical issue while using alternative fuels, cycle- resolved test series become more and more important. To obtain several crank-angle-resolved measurements during one cycle as well
Geiger, Mirko, Zoellner, Christian, Brueggemann, Dieter
Injection Process of the Synthetic Fuel Oxymethylene Ether: Optical Analysis in a Heavy-Duty Engine2020-01-21449/15/2020
Oxygenated synthetic fuels such as oxymethylene ether (OME) are a promising approach to reduce the emissions of diesel engines and to improve sustainability of mobility. The soot-free combustion of OME allows an optimization of the combustion process to minimize remaining pollutants. Considering the injection system, one strategy is to decrease the rail pressure, which has a positive impact on the reduction of nitrogen oxides without increasing the particle formation. Furthermore, due to the reduced lower heating value of OME compared to diesel fuel, an adaptation of the injector nozzle is recommended. This work describes a method for analyzing the injection process for OME, using the Mie scattering effect in an optically accessible heavy-duty diesel engine. The design of the 1.75 l single cylinder engine allows operation up to 300 bar peak cylinder pressure, providing optical access through the piston bowl and through a second window lateral below the cylinder head. An algorithm
Pöllmann, Simon, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg
In-Cylinder Optical Measurement for Analyzing Control Factor of Ignition Phenomena under Diluted Condition2020-01-20489/15/2020
To increase thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines, dilution combustion systems, such as lean burn and exhaust gas recirculation systems, have been developed. These systems require spark-ignition coils generating large discharge current and discharge energy to achieve stable ignition under diluted mixture conditions. Several studies have clarified that larger discharge current increases spark-channel stretch and decreases the possibility of spark channel blow-off and misfire. However, these investigations do not mention the effect of larger discharge current and energy on the initial combustion period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation among dilution ratio, initial-combustion period, and coil specifications to clarify the control factor of the dilution limit. Four coils having different current profiles were evaluated under 2000 rpm and 6-bar net-indicated mean effective pressure under a diluted mixture condition through combustion-performance and in
Oryoji, Kazuhiro, Uchise, Yoshifumi, Akagi, Yoshihiko, Qingchu, Chen, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo
A Machine Learning Modeling Approach for High Pressure Direct Injection Dual Fuel Compressed Natural Gas Engines2020-01-20179/15/2020
The emissions and efficiency of modern internal combustion engines need to be improved to reduce their environmental impact. Many strategies to address this (e.g., alternative fuels, exhaust gas aftertreatment, novel injection systems, etc.) require engine calibrations to be modified, involving extensive experimental data collection. A new approach to modeling and data collection is proposed to expedite the development of these new technologies and to reduce their upfront cost. This work evaluates a Gaussian Process Regression, Artificial Neural Network and Bayesian Optimization based strategy for the efficient development of machine learning models, intended for engine optimization and calibration. The objective of this method is to minimize the size of the required experimental data set and reduce the associated data collection cost for engine modeling. This technique is demonstrated by generating engine performance models for a Dual Fuel High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) CNG
Karpinski-Leydier, Michael, Nagamune, Ryozo, Kirchen, Patrick
Investigation on Effect of Offset Orifice Nozzle on Diesel Combustion Characteristics2020-01-20389/15/2020
Compression ignition engines provide superior thermal efficiency over other internal combustion engines. Unfortunately the combustion process is diffusive combustion, meaning a lot of fuel is impinged the on the piston and cylinder wall. This creates cooling loss coupled with smoke, CO and THC. Minimization of the nozzle orifice diameter is a simple method widely used to shorten spray penetration. However, decreasing the nozzle orifice diameter also decreases fuel flow rate resulting in a prolonged injection and combustion process and reducing thermal efficiency. An offset orifice nozzle causes less fuel impingement by shorter fuel spray penetration without significant reduction of fuel flow rate. The offset orifice nozzle was made by shifting its alignment from the center of the sac to the edge of the sac following the swirl direction. A counterbore design was applied to maintain constant orifice length. This paper investigates the effects of nozzle orifice position on combustion
Ewphun, Pop-Paul, Nagasawa, Tsuyoshi, Kosaka, Hidenori, Sato, Susumu
Review of Additive Manufacturing for Internal Combustion Engine Components03-13-05-00399/9/2020
With highway vehicles using over 20% of the total energy consumption in the United States, making strides in improving their fuel economy will positively influence the nation’s environmental impact. One methodology to accomplish this outcome is by reducing vehicle weight. In this regard, since the internal combustion (IC) engine is a major contributor to the mass of an automobile, it is an ideal area to target. Prior efforts in this area include using alternative materials (e.g., aluminum or magnesium) to decrease weight. Here, additive manufacturing (AM) is an appealing option due to its freedom from typical manufacturing constraints and the ability to produce highly optimized designs using nonconventional powertrain materials (e.g., titanium). The use of AM has the potential to increase reliability, improve performance, decrease production cost, and possibly minimize the number of parts. Since metal-based AM is a relatively new area of manufacturing for IC engines, its use has been
Gray, Jamee, Depcik, Christopher
Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classification (Other than “Energy Conserving” or “Resource Conserving”)J183_202007 (Current)7/29/2020
This SAE Standard outlines the engine oil performance categories and classifications developed through the efforts of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (Alliance), American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), the International Lubricant Specification Advisory Committee (ILSAC), and SAE. The verbal descriptions by API and ASTM, along with prescribed test methods and limits, are shown for active categories in Table 1 and obsolete categories in Table A1. Appendix A is thus a historical documentation of the obsolete categories. For purposes of this document, active categories are defined as those (a) for which the required test equipment and test support materials, including reference engine oils and reference fuels, are readily available, or for which the Category Life Oversight Group has established equivalencies between unavailable tests and newer, available tests; (b) which ASTM or the test
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classification (Other than “Energy Conserving” or “Resource Conserving”)J183_202007-TEST-REC (Historical)7/29/2020
This SAE Standard outlines the engine oil performance categories and classifications developed through the efforts of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (Alliance), American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), the International Lubricant Specification Advisory Committee (ILSAC), and SAE. The verbal descriptions by API and ASTM, along with prescribed test methods and limits, are shown for active categories in Table 1 and obsolete categories in Table A1. Appendix A is thus a historical documentation of the obsolete categories. For purposes of this document, active categories are defined as those (a) for which the required test equipment and test support materials, including reference engine oils and reference fuels, are readily available, or for which the Category Life Oversight Group has established equivalencies between unavailable tests and newer, available tests; (b) which ASTM or the test
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
CO2 Neutral Heavy-Duty Engine Concept with RCCI Combustion Using Seaweed-based Fuels2020-01-08084/14/2020
This paper focusses on the application of bioalcohols (ethanol and butanol) derived from seaweed in Heavy-Duty (HD) Compression Ignition (CI) combustion engines. Seaweed-based fuels do not claim land and are not in competition with the food chain. Currently, the application of high octane bioalcohols is limited to Spark Ignition (SI) engines. The Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion concept allows the use of these low carbon fuels in CI engines which have higher efficiencies associated with them than SI engines. This contributes to the reduction of tailpipe CO2 emissions as required by (future) legislation and reducing fuel consumption, i.e. Total-Cost-of-Ownership (TCO). Furthermore, it opens the HD transport market for these low carbon bioalcohol fuels from a novel sustainable biomass source. In this paper, both the production of seaweed-based fuels and the application of these fuels in CI engines is discussed. Ethanol and butanol are considered as the most
Seykens, Xander, Bekdemir, Cemil, Han, Jinlin, Willems, Robbert, Van Hal, Jaap
The Potential of Gasoline Fueled Pre Chamber Ignition Combined with Elevated Compression Ratio2020-01-02794/14/2020
Pre-chamber ignition is a method to simultaneously increase the thermal efficiency and to meet ever more stringent emission regulations at the same time. In this study, a single cylinder research engine is equipped with a tailored pre-chamber ignition system and operated at two different compression ratios, namely 10.5 and 14.2. While most studies on gasoline pre-chamber ignition employ port fuel injection, in this work, the main fuel quantity is introduced by side direct injection into the combustion chamber to fully exploit the knock mitigation effect. Different pre-chamber design variants are evaluated considering both unfueled and gasoline-fueled operation. As for the latter, the influence of the fuel amount supplied to the pre-chamber is discussed. Due to its principle, the pre-chamber ignition system increases combustion speeds by generating enhanced in-cylinder turbulence and multiple ignition sites. This property proves to be an effective measure to mitigate knocking effects
Stadler, Andreas, Sauerland, Henning, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg
Sustainable Mobility Using Fuels with Pathways to Low Emissions2020-01-03454/14/2020
Regulations around the globe are driving the adoption of alternative fuels and vehicles through the implementation of stricter standards aimed at reducing carbon footprint and criteria emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions. Low emission zones have been implemented across Europe which restrict access by some vehicles with the aim of improving the air quality. The Paris Agreement on climate change declared governments’ intentions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as outlined in each country’s nationally determined contribution. Providing affordable energy to support prosperity while reducing environmental impacts, including the risks of climate change, is the dual challenge for the energy and transport industries. Development and deployment of low-emission liquid fuels and complementary engine hardware optimization could provide options to meet air quality as well as proposed, ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG
Kulzer, André Casal, Deeg, Hans Peter, Villforth, Jonas, Schwarzenthal, Dietmar, Schilling, Max, Barrientos, Eduardo, Kanach, Brianne, Lindner, Matthew
Evaluation of Trajectory Based Combustion Control for Electrical Free Piston Engine2020-01-11494/14/2020
Previously, the authors have proposed a novel strategy called trajectory based combustion control for the free piston engine (FPE) where the shape of the piston trajectory between top and bottom dead centers is used as a control input to modulate the chemical kinetics of the fuel-air mixture inside the combustion chamber. It has been shown that in case of a hydraulic free piston engine (HFPE), using active motion control, the piston inside the combustion chamber can be forced to track any desired trajectory, despite the absence of a crankshaft, providing reliable starting and stable operation. This allows the use of optimized piston trajectory for every operating point which minimizes fuel consumption and emissions. In this work, this concept is extended to an electrical free piston engine (EFPE) as a modular power source. A dynamic model of a linear electrical free piston engine unit has been developed which consists of a single phase linear generator driven by a single cylinder
Nahin, Minal, Tripathi, Abhinav, Sun, Zongxuan
Experimental Interpretation of Compression Ignition In-Cylinder Flow Structures2020-01-07914/14/2020
Understanding and predicting in-cylinder flow structures that occur within compression-ignition engines is vital if further optimisation of combustion systems is to be achieved. To enable this prediction, fully validated computational models of the complex turbulent flow-fields generated during the intake and compression process are needed. However, generating, analysing and interpreting experimental data to achieve this validation remains a complex challenge due to the variability that occurs from cycle to cycle. The flow-velocity data gathered in this study, obtained from a single-cylinder CI engine with optical access using high-speed PIV, demonstrates that significantly different structures are generated over different cycles, resulting in the mean flow failing to adequately reflect the typical flow produced in-cylinder. Additionally, this high level of variability is shown by the work to impact the assessment of turbulence throughout the cycle, influencing the values often used to
Knight, Tristan, Long, Edward, Yuan, Ruoyang, Garner, Colin, Hargrave, Graham
Infrared/Visible Optical Diagnostics of RCCI Combustion with Dieseline in a Compression Ignition Engine2020-01-05574/14/2020
Compression ignition engines are widely used for transport and energy generation due to their high efficiency and low fuel consumption. To minimize the environmental impact of this technology, the pollutant emissions levels at the exhaust are strictly regulated. To reduce the after-treatment needs, alternative strategies as the low temperature combustion (LTC) concepts are being investigated recently. The reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) uses two fuels (direct- and port- injected) with different reactivity to control the in-cylinder mixture reactivity by adjusting the proportion of both fuels. In spite of the proportion of the port-injected fuel is typically higher than the direct-injected one, the characteristics of the latter play a main role on the combustion process. Use of gasoline for direct injection is attractive to retard the start of combustion and to improve the air-fuel mixing process. In this work, the influence of the direct-injected fuel properties on
Sequino, Luigi, Mancaruso, Ezio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Garcia, Antonio
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