The present work proposes a viable approach to develop single-cylinder diesel engines for the future by implementing regulated intake air boosting (RIAB) and engine downspeeding (ED) along with the well-established low compression ratio (LCR) approach. The investigations were conducted in a mass-production light-duty single-cylinder diesel engine initially equipped with a naturally aspirated (NA) intake system. By lowering the compression ratio (CR) and implementing the intake air boosting (IAB) using a belt-driven supercharger, the maximum brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine could be increased by 50%. More importantly, the improved performance could be achieved without violating the peak firing pressure (PFP) limits. However, a significant penalty was observed in the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at low-load operating points due to the additional power consumption of the IAB system. Hence, RIAB was implemented to optimize the boost pressure with respect to

Vikraman, V., Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A.

Comparison of Excess Air (Lean) vs EGR Diluted Operation in a Pre-Chamber Air/Fuel Scavenged Dual Mode, Turbulent Jet Ignition Engine at High Dilution Rate (~40%)

2021-01-045504/06/2021

Charge dilution is widely considered as one of the leading strategies to realize further improvement in thermal efficiency from current generation spark ignition engines. While dilution with excess air (lean burn operation) provides substantial thermal efficiency benefits, drastically diminished NOx conversion efficiency of the widely used three-way-catalyst (TWC) during off-stoichiometric/lean burn operation makes the lean combustion rather impractical, especially for automotive applications. A more viable alternative to lean operation is the dilution with EGR. The problem with EGR dilution has been the substantially lower dilution tolerance limit with EGR and a consequent drop in thermal efficiency compared to excess air/lean operation. This is particularly applicable to the pre-chamber jet ignition technologies with considerably higher lean burn capabilities but much lower EGR tolerance due to the presence of a high fraction of residuals inside the pre-chamber. Dual Mode, Turbulent

Atis, Cyrus, Schock, Harold

Experimental and 0D Numerical Investigation of Ultra-Lean Combustion Concept to Improve the Efficiency of SI Engine

2021-01-038404/06/2021

Recently, the car manufacturers are moving towards innovative Spark Ignition (SI) engine architectures with unconventional combustion concepts, aiming to comply with the stringent regulation imposed by EU and other legislators. The introduction of burdensome cycles for vehicle homologation, indeed, requires an engine characterized by a high efficiency in the most of its operating conditions, for which a conventional SI engine results to be ineffective. Combustion systems which work with very lean air/fuel mixture have demonstrated to be a promising solution to this concern. Higher specific heat ratio, minor heat losses and increased knock resistance indeed allow improving fuel consumption. Additionally, the lower combustion temperatures enable to reduce NOX production. Since conventional SI engines can work with a limited amount of excess air, alternative solutions are being developed to overcome this constraint and reach the above benefit. Among all these solutions, replacing the

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Malfi, Enrica, Bozza, Fabio, KUMAR, Deepak, Serrano, David, Dulbecco, Alessio, Zaccardi, Jean-Marc

Lean-Stratified Combustion System with Miller Cycle for Downsized Boosted Application - Part 2

2021-01-045704/06/2021

Automotive manufacturers relentlessly explore engine technology combinations to achieve reduced fuel consumption under continued regulatory, societal and economic pressures. For example, technologies enabling advanced combustion modes, increased expansion to effective compression ratio and reduced parasitics continue to be developed and integrated within conventional and hybrid propulsion strategies across the industry. A high-efficiency gasoline engine capable for use in conventional or hybrid electric vehicle platforms is highly desirable. This paper is the second of two papers describing the multi-cylinder integration of a technology package combining lean-stratified combustion with Miller cycle for downsized boosted applications. The first paper describes the design, analysis and single-cylinder testing conducted to down-select the combustion system deployed to the multi-cylinder engine. This paper defines a light-duty engine package capable of achieving a 35% fuel economy

Battiston, Paul, Wheeler, Jennifer, Solomon, Arun, Sczomak, David

EGR Dilution and Fuel Property Effects on High-Efficiency Spark-Ignition Flames

2021-01-048304/06/2021

Modern spark ignition internal combustion engines rely on fast combustion rates and high dilution to achieve high brake thermal efficiencies. To accomplish this, new engine designs have moved towards increased tumble ratios and stroke-to-bore ratios. Increased tumble ratios correlate positively with increases in turbulent kinetic energy and improved fuel and residual gas mixing, all of which favor faster and more efficient combustion. Longer stroke-to-bore ratios allow higher geometric compression ratios and use of late intake valve closing to control peak compression pressures and temperatures. The addition of dilution to improve efficiency is limited by the resulting increase in combustion instabilities manifested by cycle-to-cycle variability. A number of effects - preferential diffusion, turbulence-combustion interactions, stochastic flow patterns, laminar-turbulent flame kernel transitions, and relative length and velocity scales between flame and turbulence - are believed to be

Dal Forno Chuahy, Flavio, Splitter, Derek, Wissink, Martin, Boronat Colomer, Vicente

Lean-Stratified Combustion System with Miller Cycle for Downsized Boosted Application - Part I

2021-01-045804/06/2021

Automotive manufacturers relentlessly explore engine technology combinations to achieve reduced fuel consumption under continued regulatory, societal and economic pressures. For example, technologies enabling advanced combustion modes, increased expansion to effective compression ratio, and reduced parasitics continue to be developed and integrated within conventional and hybrid propulsion strategies across the industry. A high-efficiency gasoline engine capable for use in conventional or hybrid electric vehicle platforms is highly desirable. This paper is the first to two papers describing the development of a combustion system combining lean-stratified combustion with Miller cycle for downsized boosted applications. The work was completed under a multi-year US DOE project. The goal was to define a light-duty engine package capable of achieving a 35% fuel economy improvement at US Tier 3 emission standards over a naturally aspirated stoichiometric baseline vehicle. A multi-mode

Solomon, Arun, Battiston, Paul, Sczomak, David

TOC

99-03-01-0TOC02/12/2021

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

7.0.105 - Implementation and Evaluation of Predictive Concepts for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy Improvement

SAE-PP-0028102/04/2021

In the era where governmental agencies are perennially pushing automobile OEMs for reducing harmful emissions and customers looking for vehicles with better fuel economy values, it is imperative on the manufacturers to implement new technologies to appease them. Of the many new technologies, the most promising ones are the new control strategies/algorithms which predictively access the road condition, weather, traffic situations and help automobile to function in the most efficient mode. These control strategies/algorithms are termed as “Predictive technologies”. The most common way to assess the benefit of such new technologies is to simulate the vehicle behavior in conjunction with the existing complex control strategies of Hybrid vehicles in simulation environment. Since such technology finalization is done at the start of a vehicle program, the simulation engineers face numerous challenges like, non-availability of exact vehicle specifications, need for quicker evaluations of new

Lname, Fname

7.0.104 - Managing Distributed Systems Development through Model-Based E/E-Architecture Design

SAE-PP-0028002/04/2021

This paper sketches a model based E/E-architecture analysis and design process for the development of distributed in-vehicle systems. Together with a model based system development, the sketched analysis and design process results in a cost-effective E/E-architecture which fulfills all the requirements for the developed in-vehicle system. As an example scenario, the integration of a new feature into a car, which requires integrating a new distributed function into the existing E/E-architecture of the car, is shown.

Lname, Fname

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)

J1966_202010-TEST-REC (Historical)10/28/2020

This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for nondispersant, mineral lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Piston Engine (Ashless Dispersant)

J1899_202010 (Current)

10/28/2020

This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for lubricating oils containing ashless dispersant additives to be used in four-stroke cycle, reciprocating piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-22851. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)

J1966_202010 (Current)

10/28/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Piston Engine (Ashless Dispersant)

J1899_202010-TEST-REC (Historical)10/28/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

A Simulation Study Assessing the Viability of Shifting the Location of Peak In-Cylinder Pressure in Motored Experiments

2020-24-000909/27/2020

Hybrid powertrains utilize an engine to benefit from the power density of the liquid fuel to extend the range of the vehicle. On the other hand, the electric machine is used for; transient operation, for very low loads and where legislation prohibits any gaseous and particulate emissions. Consequently, the operating points of an engine nowadays shifted from its conventional, broad range of speed and load to a narrower operating range of high thermal efficiency. This requires a departure from conventional engine architecture, meaning that analytical models used to predict the behavior of the engines early in the design cycle are no longer always applicable. Friction models are an example of sub-models which struggle with previously unexplored engine architectures. The “pressurized motored” method has proven to be a simple experimental setup which allows a robust FMEP determination against which engine friction simulation can be fine-tuned. This is due to the elimination of the

Sammut, Gilbert, Pipitone, Emiliano, Caruana, Carl, Farrugia, Mario

Cycle-Resolved Evaluation of Directly Injected Methane Using a High-Speed Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurement System

2020-01-210609/15/2020

The usage of alternative fuels inside internal combustion engines (ICE), is one promising approach to meet the higher requirements concerning the efficiency and emission of modern combustion systems. The injection and mixture formation of such fuels has a major impact on the subsequent combustion as well as the formation of pollutants. To rate the influence and to gain a better understanding of those new alternatives a basic understanding of these dominant processes is mandatory. The principle of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a well-known method to display and evaluate fuel distributions inside combustion chambers. A suiting online calibration routine allows the visualization of air-fuel equivalence ratio (λ) two-dimensionally during different operation modes. As cyclic variations can become a more critical issue while using alternative fuels, cycle- resolved test series become more and more important. To obtain several crank-angle-resolved measurements during one cycle as well

Geiger, Mirko, Zoellner, Christian, Brueggemann, Dieter

Injection Strategy and EGR Optimization on a Viscosity-Improved Vegetable Oil Blend Suitable for Modern Compression Ignition Engines

2020-01-214109/15/2020

To comply with the ambitious CO2 targets of the European Union, greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector should be eliminated by 2050. Incremental powertrain improvement and electrification are only a part of the solution and need to be supplemented by carbon-neutral fuels. Due to the high technology readiness level, biofuels offer a short-term decarbonization measure. The high process energy demand for transesterification or hydrotreating however, hinders the well-to-wheel CO2 reduction potential of current market biodiesels. An often-raised, economically and energetically feasible alternative is to use unprocessed oils with viscosity and cold-properties improvers instead. The present work investigates the suitability of one such biofuel (PlantanolTM) for advanced common rail engines operating in a partially premixed compression ignition mode. Preliminary investigations are carried out on a Euro VIb light-duty car engine. The main focus is on the influence of the fuel blend

Hunicz, Jacek, Beidl, Christian, Knost, Friedemar, Münz, Markus, Runkel, Jürgen, Mikulski, Maciej

Ignition Delay Model Parameterization Using Single-Cylinder Engines Data

2020-01-200509/15/2020

The confluence of increasing fuel economy requirements and increased use of ethanol as a gasoline blend component has led to various studies into the efficiency and performance benefits of higher octane numbers and high ethanol content fuels in modern engines. As part of a comprehensive study of the autoignition of different fuels in both the CFR octane rating engine and a modern, direct injection, turbocharged spark-ignited engine, a series of fuel blends were prepared with varying composition, octane numbers and ethanol blend levels. The paper reports on the third part of this study where cylinder pressures were recorded for fuels under knocking conditions in both a single-cylinder research engine (SCE), utilizing a GM LHU head and piston, as well as the CFR engines used for octane ratings. In the SCE, spark timing and air-fuel ratios were adjusted to achieve a consistent level of knock based on peak-to-peak values of the filtered cylinder pressures, over a range of engine speeds and

Kyler, CeCe, Swarts, Andre

Bridging the Knock Severity Gap to CFR Octane Rating Engines

2020-01-205009/15/2020

It is widely acknowledged that the CFR octane rating engines are not representative of modern engines and that there is a gap in the quantification of knock severity between the two engine types. As part of a comprehensive study of the autoignition of different fuels in both the CFR octane rating engines and a modern, direct injection, turbocharged spark-ignited engine, a series of fuel blends were tested with varying composition, octane numbers and ethanol blend levels. The paper reports on the fourth part of this study where cylinder pressures were recorded under standard knock conditions in CFR engines under RON and MON conditions using the ASTM prescribed instrumentation. By the appropriate signal conditioning of the D1 detonation pickups on the CFR engines, a quantification of the knock severity was possible that had the same frequency response as a cylinder pressure transducer. The D1 signals were able to provide knock information far beyond the ASTM knock intensity readings and

Swarts, Andre, Kalaskar, Vickey

Assessment and Validation of Internal Aerodynamics and Mixture Preparation in Spark-Ignition Engine Using LES Approach

2020-01-200909/15/2020

A workflow for the assessment and validation of internal aerodynamics and mixture preparation in a representative high-tumble optical engine using Large Eddy Simulation with the commercial code CONVERGETM is proposed. First, the prediction of the aerodynamic movement in the engine is compared to Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The global velocity fields and position of the center of the tumble for the average experimental and simulation cycles are compared, showing a very good match of the global behavior. The cycle to cycle aerodynamic variability is investigated thanks to velocity profiles, showing that the simulated cycles feature comparable velocity fluctuations to the experiments. In a second part, to account for Direct Injection (DI), a Lagrangian spray modeling approach is used to take into account the injection process. Experimental spray penetration data are used for the calibration of the spray models, leading to a faithful representation of the spray. Mixture

Ritter, Martin, Malbec, Louis-Marie, Laget, Olivier

Review of Additive Manufacturing for Internal Combustion Engine Components

03-13-05-0039

09/09/2020

With highway vehicles using over 20% of the total energy consumption in the United States, making strides in improving their fuel economy will positively influence the nation’s environmental impact. One methodology to accomplish this outcome is by reducing vehicle weight. In this regard, since the internal combustion (IC) engine is a major contributor to the mass of an automobile, it is an ideal area to target. Prior efforts in this area include using alternative materials (e.g., aluminum or magnesium) to decrease weight. Here, additive manufacturing (AM) is an appealing option due to its freedom from typical manufacturing constraints and the ability to produce highly optimized designs using nonconventional powertrain materials (e.g., titanium). The use of AM has the potential to increase reliability, improve performance, decrease production cost, and possibly minimize the number of parts. Since metal-based AM is a relatively new area of manufacturing for IC engines, its use has been

Gray, Jamee, Depcik, Christopher

Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classification (Other than “Energy Conserving” or “Resource Conserving”)

J183_202007 (Current)

07/29/2020

This SAE Standard outlines the engine oil performance categories and classifications developed through the efforts of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (Alliance), American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), the International Lubricant Specification Advisory Committee (ILSAC), and SAE. The verbal descriptions by API and ASTM, along with prescribed test methods and limits, are shown for active categories in Table 1 and obsolete categories in Table A1. Appendix A is thus a historical documentation of the obsolete categories. For purposes of this document, active categories are defined as those (a) for which the required test equipment and test support materials, including reference engine oils and reference fuels, are readily available, or for which the Category Life Oversight Group has established equivalencies between unavailable tests and newer, available tests; (b) which ASTM or the test

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication