Browse Topic: Combustion and combustion processes

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Acoustic Assessment in a Small Displacement Diesel Engine2014-32-01291/30/2026
In the last years, the increasing concern for the environmental issues of IC engines has promoted the development of new strategies capable of reducing both pollutant emissions in atmosphere and noise radiation. Engines can produce different types of noise: 1) aerodynamic noise due to intake and exhaust systems and 2) surface radiated noise. Identification and analysis of noise sources are essential to evaluate the individual contribution (injection, combustion, piston slap, turbocharger, oil pump, valves) to the overall noise with the aim of selecting appropriate control strategies. Previous paper focused on the combustion related noise emission. The research activity aimed at diagnosing and controlling the combustion process via acoustic measurements. The optimal placement of the microphone was selected, where the signal was strongly correlated to the in-cylinder pressure development during the combustion process. Analysis and processing of the sound emission allowed the acoustic
Chiatti, Giancarlo, Recco, Erasmo, Chiavola, Ornella, Conforto, Silvia
Modelling of Turbulent Combustion of Liquid Ammonia in Dual Fuel CI Engine2026-26-04421/16/2026
Combustion of fossil fuel results in CO2 emission which is considered to be a leading cause of global warming. Alternative fuels with little or no carbon foot is being actively considered. Direct combustion of ammonia is being actively investigated as it is considered to be a carbon neutral fuel that does not emit CO 2 . It is one of the largest industrially produced chemicals and is easy to store and transport with a well-established supply-chain system. Compared to conventional fuels, ammonia has inferior combustion properties like high ignition delay, low flame speed and a high propensity to produce NOx due to the availability of fuel bound nitrogen. This study uses numerical simulations and a chemical kinetic model to examine the combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel blend in a dual fuel compression ignition IC engine. Both liquid ammonia and diesel are directly injected into the cylinder, with ammonia as the primary fuel and diesel as a pilot to initiate combustion. An
Warghat, Ketan Vinayak, Prabhakaran, Dinesh, Banerjee, Sayak, kolhe, Pankaj, Banerjee, Raja
Combustion dynamics and performance optimisation using higher HCNG blends for decarbonising the Gas Genset sector2026-26-02511/16/2026
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Dhar, Rit Prasad, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, Singh, Sauhard, Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Tule, Shubham, Aghav, Yogesh, Lakshminarasimhan, Krishna
Misfires Detection in Bi-fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-01201/16/2026
Misfire detection in bi-fuel engines operating on compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline mode presents significant challenges due to inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties. Accurate detection is essential for minimizing the emissions, engine performance, and ensuring regulatory compliance. A fundamental parameter in crankshaft speed fluctuation-based misfire detection is segment time selection, which directly influences detection fidelity, false positives, and false negatives. Given CNG’s slower combustion kinetics and delayed flame propagation, it necessitates a delayed segment initiation and an extended segment duration, whereas gasoline characterized by faster combustion, permits earlier segment initiation and a reduced segment duration. Optimal segment timing is determined by analyzing engine roughness, minimizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and eliminating cylinder overlap, while also incorporating flywheel manufacturing
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
Strategic & Frugal technology approach meet the stringent CPCB-IV+ Emission norms2026-26-00591/16/2026
In CPCB-IV+ Emissions regulations NOx & PM are reduced by 90% from CPCB-II limits in the power band 56 <kW ≤ 560. Obvious technology approach adopted by industry to meet this requirement is, introduction of CRDI fuel injection system & DOC+SCR+ASC aftertreatment technology, leading to substantial modifications at both engine & genset level. It results into huge development expenditure as well as high incremental product cost, timelines and increased in the total cost of ownership. This paper describes the frugal technology approach to keep development cost, product cost, development time to the minimum using electronically governed, high pressure mechanical fuel injection equipment while comfortably achieving target CPCB-IV+ emission levels. 1D-thermodynamic & 3D-combustion simulation approach was adopted to predict the engine out emissions and to optimize combustion hardware. This was followed by Virtual Test Bench (VTB) or closed loop HiL system simulation to integrate the engine
Arde, Vasundhara, Juttu, Simachalam, Kadam, Atit, Kumar, Dinesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Karthick, K, Vandana, Suryanarayana, Thipse, S
Structural analysis and Design optimization of Cylinder Head of Cummins Light duty Engine for Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck2026-26-04951/16/2026
This paper presents the design, structural analysis, and risk assessment done by Cummins to evaluate the structural integrity of Light Duty engine cylinder head for a Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck. Initially, Cummins used F2.5L (4-cylinder) engine that has 154hp, but rising market demands for more power, fuel efficiency, lower cost and weight, and future emission compliance led to customer requirements for 177hp (Drive New F2.5L, 15% uprate) and 197hp+ (Drive New F3.0L, 22% uprate) from the same base engine. The increase in power requirement possesses challenges on critical components, especially cylinder heads in terms of thermal and structural limits. This paper addresses the challenges and risks in current cylinder head design driven by new power demands, specifically reduced fatigue margins in the water jacket area and increased temperatures on the combustion face under high thermomechanical loads. It explores the design modifications made to the cylinder head design to
Pathak, Arun Jyoti, Adiverekar, Vaidehi, Singh, Rahul, Biyani, Mayur
Impact of Electric Exhaust Heater Power Electronics unit (EHPE) and Energy Storage Systems on Economy and Performance of Heavy-Duty Mild Hybrid Vehicles2026-26-01841/16/2026
With stringent emission norms enforced by governments and public authorities, advancements in internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles have become crucial. Cold starts and low-temperature combustion contribute significantly to vehicle emissions and need to be addressed to comply with upcoming stringent emission norms. An electric exhaust heater is known to reduce emissions by maintaining optimal exhaust temperature. For efficient energy management, exhaust heaters are typically powered by an onboard Energy Storage System (ESS), charged by electric machines. These electric machines in hybrid architecture provide efficient energy management by utilizing the recuperated braking energy of vehicles. However, the addition of a 48V hybrid system increases overall vehicle weight, and the vehicle effectiveness depends significantly on the vehicle application and ESS type used. The focus of this study is to investigate the impact of mild hybrids on fuel economy and performance for
Sadaraboina, Vidyasagar, Mehta, Kavish, Patil, Lalit Murlidhar, Busdiecker, Matthew, Karrer, Ben
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Lean-Boosted Direct Injection Hydrogen Combustion System for Retrofitting Heavy Duty Diesel Engines.2026-26-02681/16/2026
To address the imperative for decarbonizing the heavy-duty transport sector and advancing sustainable energy solutions, this paper presents a novel lean-boosted Direct Injection (DI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) combustion system. This system is developed to retrofit existing flat-deck Diesel engines, offering a viable pathway towards drastically reduced emissions. Building on consolidated expertise from prior production-oriented Port Fuel Injection H2 engine development (DUMAREY 6.6ℓ V8), this research focuses on leveraging the distinct advantages of DI for hydrogen. An experimental assessment, supported by 1D and 3D-CFD analyses, demonstrates the system's capability to achieve highly efficient operation in Spark Ignition (SI) mode under ultra-lean and EGR-diluted conditions. The study confirms the elimination of combustion anomalies such as backfiring, pre-ignition, and knock, while achieving ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions and near-zero CO2, HC, CO, and PM. The
Gessaroli, Davide, Golisano, Roberto, Pesce, Francesco, Boretto, Gianmarco, Accurso, Francesco
Optimizing Engine Combustion and Exhaust After treatment System for Passive Regeneration in Off-Highway Applications2026-26-02211/16/2026
The Bharat TREM V regulations in the off highway segment mandates use of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) to reduce gaseous emissions and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to trap solid particulates from engine exhaust. DPFs undergo regeneration, where trapped soot is burned, converting it into CO2 with ash as a byproduct. Regeneration can be active, using fuel injection to raise temperatures above 550°C, or passive, relying on NO2 formation at 300-400°C. Passive regeneration is preferred as a safer mode for both DPF health and longevity as well as reduction in fuel penalty and oil dilution. This paper highlights on the selection and optimization of combustion hardware and Exhaust Aftertreatment System to achieve the desired NO2 formation which is suitable for passive regeneration. Key considerations in engine hardware selection include the design of piston bowl, injector hole configuration to increase heat release rate and combustion temperature resulting in higher NOx/soot ratio. With
RAWAT, SAURABH, Gautam, Aman, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Ranjan, Piyush
Improving Cold Start and Transient Performance of Medium BMEP CEV Stage V Engines at Low Ambient Temperature and Pressure2026-26-01421/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges, particularly concerning cold startability. Low ambient temperatures and pressures intensify the cold start difficulties which are characterized by prolonged cranking, incidences of misfiring, compromised transient response and overall engine performance. This paper highlights the strategies and technologies employed to enhance cold start and transient performance of medium BMEP engines under such demanding environmental conditions. Investigations were conducted up to an altitude of 4500m and ambient temperatures as low as-20°C, utilizing only air heater at intake manifold as the sole cold start aid. This cost effective approach is integrated with an optimized combustion chamber design, along with minimal pilot injection timing and quantity to facilitate smooth ignition and stable combustion during cold start. The paper also explore the techniques to improve the
Saxena, Harshit, Lokare, Prasad, Santhosh, Ajith, Gandhi, Naresh, Shinde, Prashant
Analytical and Experimental Study of Cam Follower Wear in a Diesel Engine2026-26-01061/16/2026
The valve train system plays a critical role in the performance and longevity of internal combustion engines. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the performance and durability of valve train systems in diesel engines, uncovering significant findings during durability validation. Extensive durability evaluations were conducted, including valve train overspeed test cycles and fatigue test cycles, to simulate real-world scenarios and assess component resilience. This study focuses on wear patterns observed in the cam and follower arrangements, highlighting their critical influence on engine performance and lifespan. The research investigates the root cause of wear by analysing wear patterns and evaluating the kinematic and dynamic behaviour of the valve train system through analytical calculations. The impact of combustion forces, pushrod rotation at the hydraulic rocker arm, and follower rotation are also explored in depth. Leveraging insights from these evaluations
Roop Rai PE, Vishnu, singh, Shakti Kumar
Performance optimization of 2 Cylinder Flex Fuel Engine for Small Commercial vehicle – A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY2026-26-01191/16/2026
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from sustainability point of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of flex fuel is major challenge as fuel properties varies with ethanol %, like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat and stoichiometric Air Fuel Ratio etc. This paper elaborates the experimental results of trials conducted for optimization of engine performance with Flex Fuel for 2 cylinder engine used for Small Commercial Vehicle. In order to derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of ethanol fuel, compression ratio is increased. EMS calibration activities were conducted with E20 and E85 fuel and intermediate fuel performance was optimized using interpolation method. Fuel injection pressure is increased to address
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Kulkarni, Chaitanya, Katkar, Santosh, Undre, Shrikant, Upadhyay, Rajdip
Effect of E20 Fuel on Small Commercial Vehicle Powered of Twin Cylinder Gasoline engine2026-26-05651/16/2026
In alignment with its carbon reduction commitments, India is transitioning towards higher ethanol-blended fuels, with E20 set for nationwide implementation by 2025. Ethanol is a renewable, domestically sourced biofuel produced through fermentation of biomass such as sugarcane, corn. It possesses a higher octane rating and oxygen content compared to conventional gasoline, making it a favorable additive for improving engine performance and reducing emissions. This study investigates the impact of E20 fuel on performance parameters of a twin-cylinder MPFI gasoline engine. For deriving maximum benefits of increased Octane rating of E20, compression ratio increased. Experimental analysis was conducted to assess the changes in combustion behavior, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque output, engine out emissions and thermal efficiency when operating on E20 compared to baseline gasoline-E10. Results indicate that E20 enables more efficient combustion due to its higher laminar flame
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Kulkarni, Chaitanya, Thonge, Ravindra, Kanchan, Shubham
Optimization of Negative Crankcase Pressure Mechanism to Minimize Oil Pumping into Combustion chamber and Ensure Particulate Number Compliance in Euro VI Emission for Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine.2026-26-02231/16/2026
Emissions regulations, such as Euro VI, drives the Automotive industry to innovate continuously in Engine development. One significant challenge is the engine oil pumping from the crankcase into the combustion chamber, where it participates in combustion, which contributes to increased Particulate Numbers and fails to meet Euro VI emission compliance. This issue is most noticeable during engine idling and motoring conditions. During this time, a higher negative pressure difference develops between the intake manifold, which is acting above the combustion chamber and the engine crankcase. Within the crankcase, engine oil is present along with aerosols carried in the blow-by gas. This pressure difference causes oil passes through piston rings during suction stroke and valve stem seals in Naturally Aspirated Gas engines. The impact of the pressure difference between the intake manifold and crankcase was studied by varying the crankcase pressure through crankcase ventilation system. The
R, MAHESH BHARATHI
Technologies and Strategies for High Break Thermal Efficiency Gasoline Engine to Meet the Future CO2 Emission Targets in India2026-26-00721/16/2026
The Indian automobile industry is experiencing a significant shift, propelled by environmental necessities and national climate obligations set at the CoP26 summit, aiming for a 45% decrease in CO₂ emissions by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070 [1]. Transportation continues to be a significant source of air pollution; consequently, India is enhancing its regulatory frameworks with BS VI Stage 2 regulations, CAFE Phase III norms set for 2027, and CAFE Phase IV by 2032 [2]. Furthermore, the transition from MIDC to WLTP driving cycle is meant to increase the accuracy of the efficiency and emissions assessments [2]. To comply to these upcoming regulations, the automotive industry is moving toward producing high efficiency engines in India. A naturally aspirated (NA) 1.5L, 4- cylinder inline gasoline engine was selected from Indian market for this study. Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of this engine is around 35%. Assessment of new technologies were performed by
Emran, Ashraf, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Garg, Shivam, Fischer, Marcus, Franzke, Bjoern
Feasibility Study of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Technology for an Off-Highway Tractor Engine2026-26-00741/16/2026
Cylinder Deactivation Technology is explored as an effective mechanism for enhancing the fuel economy and reducing emissions in internal combustion engines. The current exercise focuses upon the feasibility of Cylinder Deactivation Technology on a 3-cylinder, 3.3-liter naturally aspirated water-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application. A meticulous 1D thermodynamic simulation with individual cylinders deactivated one by one, proved that deactivating the second cylinder yielded the most favorable fuel economy, emissions and engine balancing, particularly at the loads lower than 55% and engine speeds higher than 1600 rpm. Upon deactivating the cylinders at Top Dead Centre (TDC) and Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), it was concluded that the most effective deactivation point occurred at TDC, where the minimum air mass is trapped inside the cylinder. This resulted in a reduction of pumping losses by maximum 29% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency by maximum 4%, as
Choudhary, Vasu, SAINI, SANJAY, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PERFORMANCE FOR PORT FUEL INJECTED AND DIRECT INJECTED TECHNOLOGY ROUTES USING 1D SIMULATION2026-26-02501/16/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HICE) has the promise of zero carbon solution for the mobility industry. The key beneficiary would be the medium and heavy-duty segment of transportation which are not likely to adapt the battery electric or fuel cell electric solution in the immediate term. This particular segment of engines need high low end torque, peak torque and rated power which cannot be compromised. Additionally, a competitive thermal efficiency w.r.t base diesel engines would be advantageous. Direct Injection (DI) of hydrogen gives higher specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). This study focuses on the performance characteristics of these technology routes to aid in the HICE development process. Current work involves the use of 1-D thermodynamic simulation using GT-Power for modeling the performance of HICE. Both predictive and non-predictive methodologies of modeling the combustion were employed. Initially, the model validation of
Parthiban R, Varun, Karthikeyan, K R, Narayana Reddy, J, Paramasivam, Prakash, Manjunath, M, Kumar D, Kishore, N R, Varatharaj, Suresh, K, G, Yogesh Bolar, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Pandey, Sunil Kumar
Flex-Fuel Technology for India: Challenges, Opportunities, and Compliance with Emerging Emission Norms2026-26-01091/16/2026
The adoption of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) in India presents a significant opportunity to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and ensure compliance with the country’s evolving emission norms. This paper explores the key aspects of flex-fuel technology in the context of Indian four-wheeler regulations, particularly Bharat Stage VI and potential future norms. The study begins with an overview of flex-fuel technology, detailing its advantages and associated challenges. A critical focus is placed on blend identification techniques, which play a vital role in optimizing combustion efficiency and ensuring seamless transitions between different ethanol-gasoline blends. Furthermore, the impact of ethanol blending on various fuel properties is examined, including changes in energy content, latent heat of vaporization, octane number rating, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. These factors significantly influence engine performance and emission characteristics
Balasubramanian, Karthick, KR, Prabhakar, KALLAHALLI SOMU, SANTHOSH KUMAR
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-00711/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Simulation driven design of robust Crank-train systems for elevated In-cylinder combustion pressure2026-26-04001/16/2026
The need for increased in-cylinder pressure to meet the higher engine rating and stringent emissions norms requires special attention on the Main moving components torsional behaviour and the bearing performance. The work presented in this paper utilizes the 1D and 3D simulation potential of AVL EXCITE for the assessment of design changes required in Crank-Train system for the increased in-cylinder pressure from 170bar to 220bar. The key feature of the executed work was that all the design changes were accommodated with minimal changes in packaging / layout interfaces. The given work was executed on 6-Cylinder Turbocharged In-cylinder with Type V valve-train configurations. Initial brain storming & 0d calculation helped in understanding the design optimization required in each and every crank-train parts. Considering the guidelines available in terms of L/d ratio for the bearing, connecting rod length, the overall linkage specification was set up for starting with design work for
Khandelwal, Meha
Optimising Hydrogen Engine Performance: A Comparative Study of Lean and Stoichiometric Calibration Approach2026-26-02611/16/2026
Hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines offers numerous advantages, such as zero CO2 emissions and high flame speed, which make it a promising alternative fuel for green vehicle solutions. In order to maximize the engine performance with hydrogen, however, meticulous calibration of the air-fuel mixture must be performed, particularly when lean and stoichiometric combustion conditions are considered. Lean burning, i.e., excess air, offers better thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions but can cause lower engine power and combustion instability. Stoichiometric combustion, however, ensures a complete fuel-air mixture but at the cost of higher combustion temperature and high NOx emissions. Calibration strategies for hydrogen engines are presented in this paper by comparing the lean and stoichiometric strategies and their implications on engine power output, efficiency, and emissions. Test data from several hydrogen engine configurations demonstrate that lean burn with EGR
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Controls Solutions for Commercial Hydrogen Engines2026-26-01121/16/2026
India’s commitment to carbon neutrality is significantly shaping the future architecture of commercial vehicle powertrains. While the use of CO₂-free technologies such as battery-electric drivetrains has already been successfully demonstrated across various applications, challenges related to limited range and the lack of high-power charging infrastructure continue to hinder widespread adoption, particularly for productivity-critical commercial vehicles. This has shifted the spotlight toward sustainable fuels, which offer the advantage of fast refueling times. Among these, hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ ICE) have gained increasing attention in recent years. In regions such as the European Union, the primary motivation for hydrogen is CO₂ reduction. In contrast, for markets like India, hydrogen also presents a strategic opportunity for reducing dependency on fossil fuel imports. Over the past four years, AVL has carried out multiple performance and emission development
Arnberger, Anton, Danninger, Alois, Mannsberger, Stefan, Breitegger, Bernhard
Evaluation of critical ignition coil parameters for an application On naturally aspirated gasoline engines2026-26-05891/16/2026
Today’s internal combustion engines require highly efficient combustion systems to meet stricter emission and fuel economy regulations. To fulfil to these requirements the ignition system of a gasoline engine plays a critical role. Along with ensuring that it meets the ignition characteristics across all engine operating conditions, it is also possess challenges like to comply with certain On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) norms .To meet these demands modern gasoline engines use inductive type ignition coils which are directly installed at the cylinder head above the spark plug. These ignition coils generate high voltage to produce a certain amount of spark energy and primary coil current which are necessary to meet the targets. However, it has been observed that in a traditional inductive type ignition coil system the ignition coil operating temperature can be a major limiting factor as it cannot exceed a maximum upper limit. The work described in this paper details the various systematic
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Hosur, Viswanatha
Combustion noise quality improvement in a common rail Diesel Engine at Low idle for Agriculture Tractor2026-26-03291/16/2026
Vehicle level NVH performance plays major role in customer comfort criteria. Tractor low idle rpm Sound Quality can be one of the parameter which influences customer purchasing decision based on comfort criteria. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study is carried out to understand which combustion parameter is most influencing to achieve better sound quality of engine. Taguchi design
p, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Optimizing Diesel Engine Performance through Parametric Study of Fuel Injector Configurations for Enhanced Sustainability2026-26-04021/16/2026
The pursuit of sustainable transportation solutions requires continuous improvement in engine efficiency and performance. This study presents a comprehensive parametric analysis of high-horsepower diesel engine combustion modeling, focusing on fuel injector configurations to optimize power density and overall engine efficiency. The model was first validated with experimental data. Based on the validated model, a series of Design of Experiments (DoE) simulations were conducted, examining four distinct fuel injector hole configurations, each with four different spray inclusion angle (umbrella angle) variations. The set of different fuel injector configurations was selected through benchmarking analysis. The primary objective was to identify the most effective injector design for improved combustion characteristics and engine performance. Upon determining the superior configuration, further simulations were performed with increased injector throughflow to fine-tune the optimal design
Ailaboina, Akhil, Gandhi, Naresh, Marwaha PhD, Akshey, G, Suwarna, Chogule, Vijay, Bhat, Vishal
Development of an oxy-hydrogen engine for power generation application using simulation and experiment2026-26-02601/16/2026
Hydrogen is a zero-carbon fuel feasible for the de-carbonization of power generation and transport sectors. Hydrogen possesses excellent properties such as high calorific value, wide flammability limit, fast flame speed, and low ignition energy requirement which makes it suitable for spark ignition engine applications. Hydrogen fuelled spark ignition engines can operate at stoichiometric, lean and ultra-lean conditions. Stoichiometric combustion of hydrogen-air mixture leads to high NOx emission due to its high adiabatic flame temperature, whereas lean combustion decreases NOx emission significantly to low values. Oxy-hydrogen (H2-O2) is a renewable fuel which has the potential to increase engine power with near zero exhaust emission. Hydrogen and oxygen are generated onsite from the electrolyzer and fed to engine along with ambient air. Due to a higher concentration of oxygen, combustion is faster and more efficient. NOx emission are reduced to near-zero due to lesser mass fraction of
Marwaha PhD, Akshey, Tule, Shubham, Mishrikotkar, Prasad, Aghav, Yogesh
Comprehensive Validation Methodologies for Hydrogen IC Engines: Combustion Analysis and Performance Metrics2026-26-02561/16/2026
The validation of hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine (H2 ICE) is critical to assess its feasibility as sustainable transportation with zero carbon emissions. Validation of H2 ICE necessitates a specialized testing & analysis methodologies to achieve reliable test results. This study shows the adverse effects on engine performance due to barometric pressure variation, turbo compressor out temperature variation due to increase in ambient temperature. The analysis also shows experimental results of engine performance variation based on hydrogen gas quality. Charge air quality reduces due to presence of nitrogen and moisture content in hydrogen gas and has direct impact on combustion. Engine Performance variation also observed due to engine components detoriation like valve seat wear & spark plug gap expansion. This study emphasizes the significance of precise instrumentation of thermocouples across engine on cylinder head, intake manifold & exhaust manifold, to detect performance
Vasudevan, Sindhuja, J, Narayana Reddy, Bolar, Yogesh Ganesh, Pandey, Sunil, N, Harish, N R, Varatharaj, Karthikeyan, K, Kumar D, Kishore
Development of above 500 kW Diesel Engine & After treatment System to meet CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-02341/16/2026
The CPCB-IV+ emission compliance for genset application is applicable with effect from 1st July 2023 as per as per GSR 804(E). The CPCB-II to CPCB-IV+ changeover in very stringent in emission front by almost 90 % emission reduction. It's a significant advancement in environmentally sustainable powertrain technology. To meet the CPCB-IV+ Emission, combustion development & ATS technology plays an important role. First is the base engine need to optimize enough with combustion & associated parts. Second is the after treatment system which will carry the battle further to the engine emission with 10% minimum engineering target. This paper present the systematic approach followed to meet CPCB-IV+ emission norms for upgradation of 21 liter TCIC engine for the power range (56 <P ≤ 560). Here the challenge is that we don't want to major changes in the existing CPCB-II FIE recipe & meet the CPCB-IV+ emission with ECU calibration & ATS system calibration with its potential. Here interesting
RANE, Vikas, Jagtap, Shailesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Pawar, Narendra V, Khedkar, Prasad, KAGADE, SAMADHAN, Kendre, Mahadev, G Bhat, Prasanna, Thipse, S
The viability of Ammonia in the Automotive sector: Challenges and Opportunities2026-26-01281/16/2026
Ammonia has become an attractive alternative fuel for automotive use because of its high energy density, carbon-free combustion, and possibility of sustainable production. The work examines the viability of ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) and fuel cells in automotive applications. Ammonia presents a number of benefits, such as being capable of being produced from renewable energies and having the possibility to diminish reliance on fossil fuels. However, disadvantages such as ammonia's lower energy content per volume, NOx emission possibility, and need for engine adjustment remain significant challenges. The paper covers the combustion characteristics of ammonia and how it behaves in traditional ICEs and in emerging fuel cell technology. It also addresses the necessary infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of ammonia to be used in automotive applications. Through comparative testing and comparison with conventional fuels by experimental
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Aircraft Lightning Test MethodsARP5416B (Current)11/26/2025
This document is one of a set covering the whole spectrum of aircraft interaction with lightning. This document is intended to describe how to conduct lightning direct effects tests and indirect system upset effects tests. Indirect effects upset and damage tolerance tests for individual equipment items are addressed in DO-160/ED-14. Documents relating to other aspects of the certification process, including definition of the lightning environment, zoning, and indirect effects certification are listed in Section 2. This document presents test techniques for simulated lightning testing of aircraft and the associated systems. This document does not include design criteria nor does it specify which items should or should not be tested. Acceptable levels of damage and/or pass/fail criteria for the qualification tests must be approved by the cognizant certification authority for each particular case. When lightning tests are a part of a certification plan, the test methods described herein
AE-2 Lightning Committee
Basic Investigation of Thermodynamic Effects on a Hydrogen Two-Stroke Engine2024-32-00394/18/2025
The spark ignited two-stroke engine, as a cost-efficient power unit with low maintenance demand, is used millionfold for the propulsion of hand-held application, motorcycles, scooters, boats and others. The outstanding power to weight ratio is the key advantage for two-stroke engines. However, poor exhaust emissions, caused by high scavenge losses, especially on port controlled two-stroke engines, and a low efficiency are disadvantages of this combustion process. Under the aspect of increasing environment- and health awareness, the two-stroke technology driven with fossil resources, shows no future advantage. The anthropogenic climate change force for sustainable development of combustion engines whereby reduction of fuel consumption or usage of alternative fuels is an important factor. Best way of a decarbonization to fulfil future climate goals is the utilization of non-carbon fuels. In this field of fuels, hydrogen, with its high energy content and close inexhaustible availability
Yasuda, Terutaka, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland
Studying the Lean Burn Operation in Two-Wheelers to Increase Fuel Efficiency and Investigate the Use of Lean NOx Trap Catalyst (LNT) for Lean Burn System2024-32-00584/18/2025
This study offers an overview of the impact of lean burn technology in two-wheeler vehicles, specifically concentrating on enhancing the fuel economy and addressing the challenges associated with its adoption. Lean burn systems, characterized by a fuel-air mixture with a higher air content than stoichiometric ratio. The study focuses on technology which meets stringent emission standards while enabling the optimization of fuel efficiency. The lean burn system employs strategies to optimize air-fuel ratio using electronic fuel injection, ignition timing control, and advanced engine control algorithms like - updated torque modulation control algorithm for drivability, lambda control algorithm for rich and lean switch and NOx modelling algorithm for LNT catalyst efficiency tracking. The challenges related to lean burn systems, includes issues related to combustion stability, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and their impact on drivability, is summarized in the study. Mitigation strategies
Somasundaram, Karthikeyan, Sivaji, Purushothaman, John Derin, C, Vishal, Karwa, Manoj Kumar, S, Maynal, Rajesh
Enhancements in Hydrogen Low Pressure Injection on Small Two-Stroke Engines2024-32-00474/18/2025
The use of small 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines running on hydrogen is very attractive for low power rates, when low cost and compact dimensions are the fundamental design constraints. However, achieving optimal performance with hydrogen fuel presents challenges, including uneven air-fuel mixtures, fuel losses, and crankcase backfiring. This research focuses on a small 50cc 2-stroke loop-scavenged engine equipped with a patented Low-Pressure Direct Injection (LPDI) system, modified for hydrogen use. Experimental results demonstrate performance comparable to the gasoline counterpart, but further optimizations are needed. Consequently, CFD-3D simulations are employed to analyses the injection process and guide engine development. The numerical analysis focuses on a fixed operating condition: 6000 rpm, Wide Open Throttle (WOT), with a slightly lean mixture and injection pressure fixed at 5 bar. A numerical model of the entire engine is set up with the primary objective of improving
Caprioli, Stefano, Schoegl, Oliver, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland, Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto
Investigation on the Applicability of Passive Type Pre-Chamber with One Port Fuel Injection System to Small Gasoline Engines2024-32-00334/18/2025
Pre-chamber combustion has been applied as a method of low fuel consumption in spark ignition engines, and in recent years the application of pre-chambers to gasoline engines has also been actively studied. In many gasoline engines, stoichiometric combustion is common. We decided that a passive type pre-chamber with only one port fuel injection is sufficient for stoichiometric combustion. The pre-chamber system relatively has two merits of lower cost and ease of installing than other prechamber systems. Therefore, we focused on investigating the effects of improving combustion speed and knock resistance in use of the passive type pre-chamber and the applicability of the pre-chamber system in various operating points. As the concrete approach, we evaluated the heat balance and the knock resistance with and without a pre-chamber in engine bench test. As a result, the knock resistance and the fuel consumption were improved. In addition, as a result of considering lean burn in the passive
Nakao, Yoshinori, Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Suzuki, Tomoharu
Experimental Investigations of a Hydrogen Fueled Natural Gas Engine and Ion Current Measurement for Combustion Diagnostics in Pure Hydrogen Operationwith Water Injection2024-32-00654/18/2025
In the ongoing effort to decarbonize energy supply, a notable shift involves the conversion or retrofitting of combined heat and power plants to operate on hydrogen as an alternative to natural gas. In this transformative landscape, extensive research is underway to develop and explore innovative combustion processes for hydrogen-fueled engines, aiming to comprehend and optimize combustion processes concerning both engine performance and emissions. Among the various methods available for monitoring the combustion process and engine control, ion current sensing presents itself as a viable option. A unique feature of this research lies in utilizing the engine's spark plug itself as an electrical sensor, measuring the ion current generated during the flame development and combustion processes. Given the limited research on ion current sensing for hydrogen combustion processes, a series of experiments were conducted and presented in this work. These experiments involved sweeps of water-to
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice, Loose, Oliver, Weißgerber, Tycho
Study on the Optimal Pre-Chamber Geometry for Active Pre-Chamber Gas Engines2024-32-00234/18/2025
In a pre-chamber engine, fuel in the main-chamber is ignited and combusted by the combustion gas injected from the pre-chamber. Therefore, further fuel dilution is possible and thermal efficiency can be also improved. However, adding a pre-chamber to an engine increases the number of design parameters which have a significant impact on the main combustion and the exhaust gas. Then, in this study, the optimum geometry of the pre-chamber in an active pre-chamber gas engine was investigated. The considered parameters were the volume of pre-chamber, the diameter of a nozzle hole, and the number of nozzle holes. 18 types of pre-chambers with different geometries were prepared. Using these pre-chambers, engine experiments under steady conditions were conducted while changing the conditions such as engine speeds, mean indicated pressure and air excess ratio. Based on the experimental data, neural network models were constructed that predict thermal efficiency, NOx and CO emissions from the
Yasuda, Kotaro, Yamasaki, Yudai, Sako, Takahiro, Takashima, Yoshitane, Suzuki, Kenta
Statistical Analysis of Data Acquired from Propagating Flames in Gasoline Engines Using a Multiple Ion Probe2024-32-00354/18/2025
Multiple-ion-probe method consists of multiple ion probes placed on the combustion chamber wall, where each individual ion probe detects flame contact and records the time of contact. From the recorded data, it is also possible to indirectly visualize the inside of the combustion chamber, for example, as a motion animation of moving flame front. In this study, a thirty-two ion probes were used to record flames propagating in a two-stroke gasoline engine. The experiment recorded the combustion state in the engine for about 3 seconds under full load at about 6500 rpm, and about 300 cycles were recorded in one experiment. Twelve experiments were conducted under the same experimental conditions, and a total of 4,164 cycles of signal data were obtained in the twelve experiments. Two types of analysis were performed on this data: statistical analysis and machine learning analysis using a linear regression model. Statistical analysis calculated the average flame detection time and standard
Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okahira, Takehiro, Nagashige, Kohei
Fuel Film Measurement in a SI Gasoline Engine Using a Newly Developed MEMS Sensor2024-32-00714/18/2025
The previously developed capacitance sensor for detecting a liquid fuel film was modified to apply to the in-cylinder measurement. On the developed sensor surface, comb-shaped electrodes were circularly aligned. The capacitance between the electrodes varies with the liquid fuel film adhering. The capacitance variation between the electrodes on the sensor surface was converted to the frequency variation of the oscillation circuit. In the previous study, it was revealed that the frequency of the oscillation circuit varies with the variation of the liquid fuel coverage area on the sensor surface. The developed sensor was installed in the combustion chamber of the rapid compression and expansion machine, and the performance of the developed sensor was examined. Iso-octane was used as a test fuel to explore the sensor that had been developed. As a result, the adherence of the liquid fuel directly injected into the cylinder was successfully detected under the quiescent and motoring
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Detailed Approach for Pre-Chamber Heat Release Analysis for the HSASI Pre-Chamber Spark Plug Using a Pressure Sensor Glow Plug2024-32-00634/18/2025
The hot surface-assisted spark ignition (HSASI) pre-chamber spark plug, which was developed at the Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, increases the dilution limit with excess air and the tolerance to residual gas in the pre-chamber compared to a conventional passive pre-chamber spark plug. In this study, the conventional glow plug which is integrated in the pre-chamber of the HSASI pre-chamber spark plug was replaced by a pressure sensor glow plug (PSG) from BERU. This allows for a detailed combustion analysis in the pre-chamber. The signal of the PSG was validated with a piezoelectric cylinder pressure sensor and a method to analyse the pre-chamber heat release was introduced. Experimental investigations were carried out on a single-cylinder gasoline engine. A series of operating points diluted with excess air and a variation in load were conducted. The gas flow rate through the orifices of the pre-chamber was calculated from the pressure difference between the pre-chamber and
Holzberger, Sascha, Kettner, Maurice, Kirchberger, Roland
Effect of Ignition Position on Lean Limit of Main Chamber Combustion in Pre-Chamber Ignition2024-32-00224/18/2025
An engine was built in this study that enabled the conditions in a pre-chamber and in the main combustion chamber to be visualized simultaneously for the purpose of elucidating the mechanism of pre-chamber combustion. An investigation was made of how the state of pre-chamber combustion, including the location of initial flame generation and its subsequent propagation, influenced pre-chamber jet combustion. The state of pre-chamber combustion was intentionally varied by changing the position of pre-chamber ignition. As a result, it was found that changing the position of pre-chamber ignition varied the location where the pre-chamber flame occurred, how the flame propagated and the timing and strength of the flame jet that was ejected into the main chamber. The results revealed that these differences in the state of pre-chamber combustion markedly changed the rate of combustion fluctuation, combustion period, lean-burn limit and other combustion characteristics depending on the ignition
Onuma, Takeru, Yamada, Hiroto, Ugajin, Taisei, Shinozaki, Kaito, Tahara, Ryota, Iijima, Akira
3D-CFD Simulations of H2 ICEs: A Preliminary Evaluation of a Laminar Flame Speed Correction for Thermo-Diffusive Instability2024-32-00744/18/2025
In recent years, climate change and geopolitical instability have intensified the focus on sustainable power generation. This shift seeks alternatives that balance environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. Specifically, in transportation and power generation, electric motors face challenges against internal combustion engines due to the high cost and mass of batteries required for energy storage. This makes electric solutions less favorable for these sectors. Conversely, internal combustion engines, when properly fueled, offer cost-effectiveness and a quasi-environmentally-neutral option. To address these challenges, researchers have explored e-fuels derived from renewable sources as a carbon-neutral supply for internal combustion engines. Among these, hydrogen is particularly promising. In hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines, 3D-CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) in-cylinder models are crucial. Once validated, these models can speed up the design process. A
Sfriso, Stefano, Berni, Fabio, Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Cordisco, Ilario, Leite, Caio Ramalho, Brequigny, Pierre, Foucher, Fabrice
Enhancing Low Temperature Lean Combustion of CH4-H2 Blends through a Prechamber Equipped Engine2024-32-00444/18/2025
The use of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the short term is hampered by the impossibility of large scale use due low availability. In order to promote decarbonization, complementary solution for a smooth transition is to dilute it in a mixture with methane, in a current Port Fuel Injection (PFI) internal combustion engine (ICE). This can be done as a retrofit after limited structural modifications, such as the introduction of a passive prechamber. Such a solution allows a reduction of the carbon footprint of traditional ICEs through more efficient combustion (both the prechamber technology and the hydrogen fuel properties promote an increase in combustion speed) and a reduced carbon content in the fuel. The present research activity has been carried out through numerical investigation based on three-dimensional CFD analyses to simulate the behavior of a natural gas engine fueled with CH4-H2 blends. The combustion mechanism for the fuel blend was validated against measurements of the
Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Di Iorio, Silvana, Sementa, Paolo
Experimental Investigation of n-C7H16/Ethanol Blended Fuels on Auto-ignition and Flame Propagation in High Temperature/Pressure Constant-Volume Combustion Vessel2024-32-00504/18/2025
This study aims to investigate the effect of ethanol blends on flame propagation and auto-ignition under high pressure and high temperature conditions. Experimental investigations are conducted using n-C7H16 / ethanol blends at various blending ratios (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, and 100 vol%). The blends are premixed with air at stoichiometric ratios and ignited centrally in a cylindrical constant-volume combustion chamber (20-mm inner diameter, 80-mm long) under elevated temperature (500 K) and pressure (1.0 MPa) conditions. The results show that auto-ignition occurs at an ethanol blend ratio of 10% or less and ceases above 20%. Increasing the ethanol blend to 70% results in a slight change in flame propagation speed, with a noticeable delay at 100%. The pressure measurements show a peak of about 5.6 MPa at a blend ratio of 5%, which gradually decreases with increasing ratios. High-pass filtering reveals the maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude at the 5% blend ratio, indicating increased
Tateishi, Tokua, Yamaguchi, Riki, Shimokuri, Daisuke, Terashima, Hiroshi, Hara, Takaya, Honda, Yuya, Kawano, Michiharu
Optimization of the Numerical Spray Modeling for Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers for Combustion Prediction in CONVERGE2025-01-50264/3/2025
Different approaches are undertaken to mitigate the impact of the transport sector on climate change. Alongside electrifying powertrains, sustainable e-fuels such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are considered a promising bridging technology for different applications. However, this requires that the engines are optimized for the new fuels. Accordingly, this study aims to optimize the numerical spray modeling of OME in CONVERGE. Based on the KH–RT break-up model, the spray simulations of three different commercial injectors for heavy-duty applications are analyzed regarding the predictability of the liquid and gaseous penetration lengths and the total simulation time. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for the turbulence model, mesh size, and spray parameters prior to optimizing the spray model and validating it with experimental results. While each parameter individually influences the different phases of the injection event, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the break
Zepf, Andreas, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte
AFR Adaptation Strategy Based on Lambda Sensor for a Methanol Engine2025-01-70391/31/2025
Methanol is an main type clean energy and it taken important part for the future internal combustion engine technology. The Equivalent air-fuel ratio (AFR) is very import for the engine combustion of methanol. And a lot of case the ratio between methanol and gasoline is not the constant number. There are no studies about AFR when fuel ratio is arbitrary in the currently. The AFR changes obviously if the tank was fueled with gasoline by mistake at a methanol spark ignition engine. Emission will be affected heavily at this situation because the AFR of gasoline is 2 times more than methanol. Some fuel trim adaptation error will be detected by engine controller or even the engine will stall if engine controller keep use the previous AFR to do the fuel injection control. The Investigation provide a relevant AFR adaption strategy based on lambda sensor and the fuel pipes configuration. The strategy was proved valid by some simulation cases to reduce lambda disturbance, optimize emission
Liu, Yiqiang, Zhong, Jun, Qian, Pengfei, Qiao, Zhiwei, Zhu, Delei, Zhong, Shuanglei, Dong, Yanzhao, Yu, Xiuju
TitleAIRS12242024 (Current)12/24/2024
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A-20A Crew Station Lighting
TightAIR12122024A (Current)12/12/2024
New Scoop
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
testARPTEST3008A (Current)12/12/2024
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
TTAIR12092024 (Current)12/9/2024
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
3D-Printed Reactor Core Makes Solar Fuel Production More EfficientTBMG-5219312/1/2024
In recent years, engineers at ETH Zurich have developed the technology to produce liquid fuels from sunlight and air. In 2019, they demonstrated the entire thermochemical process chain under real conditions for the first time, in the middle of Zurich, on the roof of ETH Machine Laboratory. These synthetic solar fuels are carbon neutral because they release only as much CO2 during their combustion as was drawn from the air for their production. Two ETH spin-offs, Climeworks and Synhelion, are further developing and commercializing the technologies.
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