Browse Topic: Marine engines

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QA Test for CSP-70370530202405/15/2024
QA Test
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Journal Article
Iron and Steel Castings Engineering GuideB-ASM-05502/28/2024
This engineering guide, an accompanying guide to Aluminum Castings Engineering Guide (ASM International, 2018), explains the interactions of product design (for function and manufacturability), materials engineering (for the best choice of alloy and microstructure), and process engineering practices (to achieve the properties and integrity of a component at the most comprehensive cost).
Reference
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-000307/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Journal Article
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-0003-TEST-REC07/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Journal Article
CFD modeling of imping sprays under large two-stroke marine engine-like conditions2022-01-060403/29/2022
To improve the combustion and emission characteristics of the large-bore marine engines, the spray is usually designed as an inter-spray impingement to promote the fuel-air mixing process, which implies frequent droplet collisions. Properly describing the collision dynamics of liquid droplets has been of interest in the field of spray modeling for marine engine applications. In this context, this work attempts to develop an accurate and efficient methodology for modeling impinging sprays under engine-like conditions. Experimental validations in terms of spray penetration and morphology are initially carried out at different operating conditions considering the parametric variations of ambient temperature and pressure, where the measurements are performed on a large-scale constant volume chamber with two symmetrical injectors. The existing models, including O’Rourke and Nordin’s collision models, are also applied and the obtained results are compared to further assess the accuracy and
Zhou, Qiyan, Lucchini, Tommaso, D'Errico, Gianluca, Paredi, Davide, Xia, Jin, Lu, Xingcai
Technical Paper
Conditional Moment Closure Approaches for Simulating Soot and NOx in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2021-24-004109/05/2021
A heavy-duty diesel engine (ETH-LAV single cylinder MTU396 heavy duty research engine) was simulated by RANS and advanced reacting flow models to gain insight into its soot and NOx emissions. Due to symmetry, a section of the engine containing a single injector-hole was simulated. Dodecane was used as a surrogate to emulate the evaporation properties of diesel and a 22-step reaction mechanism for n-heptane was used to describe combustion. The Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) method was used as the combustion model in two ways. In a more conventional modelling approach, CMC was fully interfaced with the CFD and a two-equation model was employed for determining soot while the extended Zeldovich mechanism was used for NOx. In a second approach called the Imperfectly Stirred Reactor (ISR) method, the CMC equation was integrated over space and the previous RANS-CMC solution was further analysed in a post-processing step with the focus on soot. Here, a complex sectional soot model called the
Trivedi, Shrey, Gkantonas, Savvas, Wright, Yuri M., Parravicini, Matteo, Barro, Christophe, Mastorakos, Epaminondas
Technical Paper
Impact of Non-Thermal Plasma on Particulate Emissions in Application in a Diesel Engine Exhaust DuctSAE-PP-0016101/26/2021
Particulates and nitrogen oxides comprise the main emission components of the Diesel combustion and therefore are subject to exhaust emission legislation in respective applications. Yet, with ever more stringent emission standards and test-procedures, such as in passenger vehicle applications, resulting exhaust gas after-treatment systems are quite complex and costly. Hence, new technologies for emission control have to be explored. The application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a means to perform exhaust gas after-treatment is one such promising technology. In several publications dealing with NTP exhaust gas after-treatment the plasma state was generated via dielectric barrier discharges. Another way to generate a NTP is by a corona high-frequency discharge. Hence, in contrast to earlier publications, the experiments in this publication were conducted on an operated series-production Diesel engine with an industrial pilottype corona ignition system. Originally developed as an
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Pre-Print Article
Impact of Non-Thermal Plasma on Particulate Emissions in Application in a Diesel Engine Exhaust DuctSAE-PP-0015601/25/2021
Particulates and nitrogen oxides comprise the main emission components of the Diesel combustion and therefore are subject to exhaust emission legislation in respective applications. Yet, with ever more stringent emission standards and test-procedures, such as in passenger vehicle applications, resulting exhaust gas after-treatment systems are quite complex and costly. Hence, new technologies for emission control have to be explored. The application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a means to perform exhaust gas after-treatment is one such promising technology. In several publications dealing with NTP exhaust gas after-treatment the plasma state was generated via dielectric barrier discharges. Another way to generate a NTP is by a corona high-frequency discharge. Hence, in contrast to earlier publications, the experiments in this publication were conducted on an operated series-production Diesel engine with an industrial pilottype corona ignition system. Originally developed as an
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Pre-Print Article
011 - State-of-Health Online Estimation for Li-Ion BatterySAE-PP-0012301/21/2021
To realize a fast and high-precision online state-of-health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery, this article proposes a novel SOH estimation method. This method consists of a new SOH model and parameters identification method based on an improved genetic algorithm (Improved-GA). The new SOH model combines the equivalent circuit model (ECM) and the data-driven model. The advantages lie in keeping the physical meaning of the ECM while improving its dynamic characteristics and accuracy. The improved-GA can effectively avoid falling into a local optimal problem and improve the convergence speed and search accuracy. So the advantages of the SOH estimation method proposed in this article are that it only relies on battery management systems (BMS) monitoring data and removes many assumptions in some other traditional ECM-based SOH estimation methods, so it is closer to the actual needs for electric vehicle (EV). By comparing with the traditional ECM-based SOH estimation method
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Pre-Print Article
Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle BodiesJ1223_202012 (Current)12/09/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice covers all carburetors and throttle bodies used on permanently installed gasoline marine engines.
Marine Engine Fuel Systems Committee
Recommended Practice
Test Cell InstrumentationAIR5026B (Current)10/21/2020
This document discusses, in broad general terms, typical present instrumentation practice for post-overhaul gas turbine engine testing. Production engine testing and engine development work are outside the scope of this document as they will typically use many more channels of instrumentation, and in most cases will have requirements for measurements that are never made in post-overhaul testing, such as fan airflow measurements, or strain measurements on compressor blades. The specifications for each parameter to be measured, in terms of measurement range and measurement accuracy, are established by the engine manufacturers. Each test cell instrument system should meet or exceed those requirements. Furthermore, each instrument system should be recalibrated regularly, to ensure that it is still performing correctly.
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
Information Report
Optimization and Evaluation of a Low Temperature Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Engine over a Transient Cycle2020-01-203309/15/2020
Powertrain efficiency is a critical factor in lowering fuel consumption and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases for an internal combustion engine. One method to increase the powertrain efficiency is to recover some of the wasted heat from the engine using a waste heat recovery system e.g. an organic Rankine cycle. Most waste heat recovery systems in use today for combustion engines use the waste heat from the exhaust gases due to the high temperatures and hence, high energy quality. However, the coolant represents a major source of waste heat in the engine that is mostly overlooked due to its lower temperature. This paper studies the potential of using elevated coolant temperatures in internal combustion engines to improve the viability of low temperature waste heat recovery. The paper first uses engine experiments and multi-linear regression analysis to model the indicated efficiency and recoverable power for a Scania D13 heavy duty engine across a range of engine loads, speeds
Singh, Vikram, Rijpkema, Jelmer, Li, Xiufei, Munch, Karin, Andersson, Sven, Verhelst, Sebastian
Journal Article
Marine Stern Drive and Inboard Spark-Ignition Engine On-Board Diagnostics Implementation GuideJ1939-5_202006 (Current)06/30/2020
This document describes the application of the SAE J1939 recommended practices for compliance with on-board diagnostic malfunction detection system requirements for marine sterndrive and inboard spark ignition engines, as mandated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). These Otto-cycle engines are not derived from automotive diesel-cycle engines.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Recommended Practice
Marine Stern Drive and Inboard Spark-Ignition Engine On-Board Diagnostics Implementation GuideJ1939-5_202006-TEST-REC (Historical)06/30/2020
This document describes the application of the SAE J1939 recommended practices for compliance with on-board diagnostic malfunction detection system requirements for marine sterndrive and inboard spark ignition engines, as mandated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). These Otto-cycle engines are not derived from automotive diesel-cycle engines.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Recommended Practice
Optical Characterization of the Combustion Process inside a Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Two-Stroke Marine Engine by Using Multiple High-Speed Cameras2020-01-078804/14/2020
Dual-fuel engines for marine propulsion are gaining in importance due to operational and environmental benefits. Here the combustion in a dual-fuel marine engine operating on diesel and natural gas, is studied using a multiple high-speed camera arrangement. By recording the natural flame emission from three different directions the flame position inside the engine cylinder can be spatially mapped and tracked in time. Through space carving a rough estimate of the three-dimensional (3D) flame contour can be obtained. From this contour, properties like flame length and height, as well as ignition locations can be extracted. The multi-camera imaging is applied to a dual-fuel marine two-stroke engine, with a bore diameter of 0.5 m and a stroke of 2.2 m. Both liquid and gaseous fuels are directly injected at high pressure, using separate injection systems. Optical access is obtained using borescope inserts, resulting in a minimum disturbance to the cylinder geometry. In this type of engine
Hult, Johan, Matamis, Alexios, Baudoin, Eric, Mayer, Stefan, Richter, Mattias
Journal Article
Infrared/Visible Optical Diagnostics of RCCI Combustion with Dieseline in a Compression Ignition Engine2020-01-055704/14/2020
Compression ignition engines are widely used for transport and energy generation due to their high efficiency and low fuel consumption. To minimize the environmental impact of this technology, the pollutant emissions levels at the exhaust are strictly regulated. To reduce the after-treatment needs, alternative strategies as the low temperature combustion (LTC) concepts are being investigated recently. The reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) uses two fuels (direct- and port- injected) with different reactivity to control the in-cylinder mixture reactivity by adjusting the proportion of both fuels. In spite of the proportion of the port-injected fuel is typically higher than the direct-injected one, the characteristics of the latter play a main role on the combustion process. Use of gasoline for direct injection is attractive to retard the start of combustion and to improve the air-fuel mixing process. In this work, the influence of the direct-injected fuel properties on
Sequino, Luigi, Mancaruso, Ezio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Garcia, Antonio
Journal Article
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Active Pre-chamber Ignition in Heavy Duty Natural Gas Stationary Engine2020-01-081904/14/2020
Gas engines (fuelled with CNG, LNG or Biogas) for generation of power and heat are, to this date, taking up larger shares of the market with respect to diesel engines. In order to meet the limit imposed by the TA-Luft regulations on stationary engines, lean combustion represents a viable solution for achieving lower emissions as well as efficiency levels comparable with diesel engines. Leaner mixtures however affect the combustion stability as the flame propagation velocity and consequently heat release rate are slowed down. As a strategy to deliver higher ignition energy, an active pre-chamber may be used. This work focuses on assessing the performance of a pre-chamber combustion configuration in a stationary heavy-duty engine for power generation, operating at different loads, air-to-fuel ratios and spark timings. The engine was originally a 6-cylinder compression ignition engine which is here employed as a single cylinder engine and then suitably modified to host the pre-chamber
Onofrio, Gessica, Li, Changle, Garcia Valladolid, Pablo, De La Morena, Joaquin, Garcia, Antonio, Tunestal, Per, Beatrice, Carlo
Technical Paper
Validation of Computational Models for Isobaric Combustion Engines2020-01-080604/14/2020
The focus of this study is to aid the development of the isobaric combustion engine by investigating multiple injection strategies at moderately high pressures. A three-dimensional (3D) commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, CONVERGE, was used to conduct simulations. The validation of the isobaric combustion case was carried out through the use of a single injector with multiple injections. The computational simulations were matched to the experimental data using methods outlined in this paper for different multiple injection cases. A sensitivity analysis to understand the effects of different modeling components on the quantitative prediction was carried out. First, the effects of the kinetic mechanisms were assessed by employing different chemical mechanisms, and the results showed no significant difference in the conditions under consideration. Next, different liquid fuel properties were examined, and it was found that the physical properties of the fuels have a notable
Aljabri, Hammam H., Babayev, Rafig, Liu, Xinlei, Badra, Jihad, Johansson, Bengt, Im, Hong G.
Technical Paper
Impact of Miller Cycle Strategies on Combustion Characteristics, Emissions and Efficiency in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines2020-01-112704/14/2020
This study experimentally investigates the impact of Miller cycle strategies on the combustion process, emissions, and thermal efficiency in heavy-duty diesel engines. The experiments were conducted at constant engine speed, load, and engine-out NOx (1160 rev/min, 1.76 MPa net IMEP, 4.5 g/kWh) on a single cylinder research engine equipped with a fully-flexible hydraulic valve train system. Early Intake Valve Closing (EIVC) and Late Intake Valve Closing (LIVC) timing strategies were compared to a conventional intake valve profile. While the decrease in effective compression ratio associated with the use of Miller valve profiles was symmetric around bottom dead center, the decrease in volumetric efficiency (VE) was not. EIVC profiles were more effective at reducing VE than LIVC profiles. Despite this difference, EIVC and LIVC profiles with comparable VE decrease resulted in similar changes in combustion and emissions characteristics. Miller cycle operation at constant intake pressure
Garcia, Erick, Triantopoulos, Vassilis, Boehman, Andre, Taylor, Maxwell, Li, Jian
Technical Paper
Different Methods to Improve the Exhaust Gas Temperature in Modern Stage V Off-Road Diesel Engine over Transient Emission Cycles2020-01-090304/14/2020
This paper presents several methods to improve the exhaust gas temperature of a modern diesel engine. A high exhaust gas temperature is needed to improve the after-treatment system efficiency and particulate filter regeneration in low engine loads. This study is based on experimental measurements of two Stage 5 level off-road diesel engines. The effect of the different heating methods determined over steady state runs and emission and performance are presented with standard emission transient test procedure (NRTC). In the first step of the study, an intake air restriction and an exhaust gas restriction method are compared. The intake restriction produces better fuel economy over the measuring cycle. However, with the exhaust restriction, higher exhaust gas temperature can be achieved in low engine loads. In the second phase of study, the intake air restriction method was implemented in the research engine. In addition, active waste gate controlling, and injection retardation methods
Lauren, Mika, Karhu, Toomas, Niemi, Seppo, Laivola, Miika, Ekman, Jan, Spoof-Tuomi, Kirsi
Technical Paper
Effect of Pre-Chamber Enrichment on Lean Burn Pre-Chamber Spark Ignition Combustion Concept with a Narrow-Throat Geometry2020-01-082504/14/2020
Pre-chamber spark ignition (PCSI) combustion is an emerging lean-burn combustion mode capable of extending the lean operation limit of an engine. The favorable characteristic of short combustion duration at the lean condition of PCSI results in high efficiencies compared to conventional spark ignition combustion. Since the engine operation is typically lean, PCSI can significantly reduce engine-out NOx emissions while maintaining short combustion durations. In this study, experiments were conducted on a heavy-duty engine at lean conditions at mid to low load. Two major studies were performed. In the first study, the total fuel energy input to the engine was fixed while the intake pressure was varied, resulting in varying the global excess air ratio. In the second study, the intake pressure was fixed while the amount of fuel was changed to alter the global excess air ratio. At each global excess air ratio, the fuel injection to the pre-chamber was varied parametrically to assess the
Hlaing, Ponnya, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Singh, Eshan, Almatrafi, Fahad, Cenker, Emre, Ben Houidi, Moez, Johansson, Bengt
Technical Paper
Effect of Split Injection and Intake Air Humidification on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Marine Diesel Engine in Partially Premixed Low-Temperature Combustion Mode2020-01-029804/14/2020
The objective of this study was to investigate combined effects of split injection strategies and intake air humidification on combustion and emissions of a partially premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) marine diesel engine. In this research, a three-dimensional numerical model was established by a commercial code AVL-Fire to explore in-cylinder combustion process and pollutant formation factors in a four-stoke supercharged intercooled marine diesel engine under partial load at 1350 r/min. The novelty of this study is to combine different water-fuel ratios and fuel injection parameters (pilot injection timing and main injection timing) to find the optimized way to improve engine performance as well as NOx-soot emissions, thus meeting the increasingly stringent emissions restriction. The results indicate that as the main injection timing advances (-14°CA to -20°CA aTDC), the in-cylinder peak pressure increases by about 10%, the main injection ignition delay (MI ignition delay
Cai, Yujie, Wang, Ke, Kong, Shiru, Bian, Zhishang
Technical Paper
Multiple Engine Faults Detection Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Echo State Network2020-01-041804/14/2020
As a major power source, diesel engines are being widely used in a variety of fields. However, because of complex structure, some faults which cannot be detected by direct signals would occur on engines and even lead to accidents. Among all kinds of indirect signals, vibration signal is the most common choice for faults detection without disassemble because of its convenience and stability. This paper proposed a novel approach for detecting multiple engine faults based on block vibration signals using variational mode decomposition (VMD) and echo state network (ESN). Since the quadratic penalty has a great influence on adaptable VMD that may make expected component signals cannot be extracted exactly, this paper proposed a dynamic quadratic penalty value, which will change with decomposing level. This paper selected a best dynamic quadratic penalty value by analyzing a large amount of data and results showed that this approach can decompose signals more exactly. Based on that, 8
Li, Xin, Bi, Fengrong, Ma, Xiaoqiang, Shen, Pengfei, Cheng, Jiangang
Technical Paper
McLaren: The Engine CompanyR-48503/13/2020
McLaren: The Engine Company is the previously untold story of McLaren Engines, an American company founded in 1969 by Bruce McLaren and his partners to build engines for McLaren's legendary Can-Am and Indy Cars. From this base in suburban Detroit were born the mighty big-block Chevrolet V8s that powered the iconic orange cars to two of their five consecutive Cam-Am championships. McLaren's busy dyno rooms also spawned the howling turbo Offenhausers that put Mark Donohue and Johnny Rutherford in Victory Lane at Indianapolis three times between 1972 and 1976. For decades this non-descript shop was the hotbed of horsepower for factories and top independents alike. McLaren Engines developed the turbocharged Cosworth DFV Formula 1 engine that powered Indy cars for both Team McLaren and Penske Racing. It rendered BMW's turbo engine for U.S. IMSA racing that later became BMW's Formula 1 weapon. The long list of race engines developed here powered Buick Indy and IMSA cars, BMW GTP cars
Meiners, Roger
Reference
Devices Providing Backfire Flame Control for Gasoline Engines in Marine ApplicationsJ1928_202002 (Current)02/25/2020
This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for design, construction, and testing of devices to prevent the propagation of backfire flame from within the gasoline engine to the surrounding atmosphere.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Technical Standard
Development of a 3D-CFD Model for a Full Optical High-Pressure Dual-Fuel Engine03-13-02-001701/27/2020
In times of ever stricter exhaust emission regulations, the importance of alternative combustion processes in internal combustion engines continues to grow. One approach to create a combustion progress which produces low CO2, soot, and methane emissions is the “High-Pressure Dual-Fuel” (HPDF)-combustion. Here, the direct-injected methane is ignited by a small amount of pilot-diesel and burns in a diffusive combustion mode. This study describes the development of a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D-CFD) model for the HPDF-combustion. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach with k-epsilon modelling for turbulence was chosen for the calculation of the flow field. The pilot fuel injection is implemented by using Lagrangian Particle Methods, whereas the gas injection is a mass flow boundary which is derived from measurements of the injector. The model is validated using data from a fully optically accessible single-cylinder research engine. The flow field is
Frankl, Stephanie, Gleis, Stephan
Journal Article
Effects of Sub-Chamber Configuration on Heat Release Rate in a Constant Volume Chamber simulating Lean-burn Natural Gas Engines2019-32-055101/24/2020
Sub-chamber is a useful device with regard to sustaining stable operation of compressed natural gas (CNG) engines under lean burn conditions. In our previous studies, we applied a sub-chamber injection system to CNG engines, in which a single injector and a spark plug are mounted in a small sub-chamber. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the sub-chamber configuration on heat release in the main combustion chamber. 11 types of sub-chamber with different nozzle number, nozzle diameter, and sub-chamber volume were examined under a condition that pressure is 2.3 MPa, and global equivalence ratio is 0.6. When the sub-chamber with smaller nozzles are used, the penetration velocity of burned gas jet increases. In addition, the velocity also increases with an increasing sub-chamber volume. The high-speed penetration of burned gas jet shortens the period of initial flame development. This is because the high-temperature burned gas quickly reaches to side wall of main chamber
Nada, Yuzuru, Kidoguchi, Yoshiyuki, Yamashita, Yuto, Furukawa, Ryo, Kaya, Ryu, Nakano, Hideaki, Kobayashi, Shinichi
Journal Article
The effective use of ethanol for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in a diesel engine2019-36-015701/13/2020
Regulations have been established for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel consumption from the transport sector. Low carbon fuels combined with new powertrain technologies have the potential to provide significant reductions in GHG emissions while decreasing the dependence on fossil fuel. In this study, a lean-burn ethanol-diesel dual-fuel combustion strategy has been used as means to improve upon the efficiency and emissions of a conventional diesel engine. Experiments have been performed on a 2.0 dm3 single cylinder heavy-duty engine equipped with port fuel injection of ethanol and a high-pressure common rail diesel injection system. Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption have been measured at a constant engine speed of 1200 rpm and various steady-state loads between 0.3 and 2.4 MPa net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). Compared to a baseline diesel-only operation, the ethanol-diesel dual-fuel engine yielded up to 57% lower well-to-wheels
Pedrozo, Vinícius, Lanzanova, Thompson, May, Ian, Guan, Wei, Zhao, Hua
Technical Paper
Turbocharger Performance Prediction: A Review of Map Modelling2019-36-012001/13/2020
Supercharging has been increasingly more employed as an approach to improve the internal combustion engine (ICE) thermal efficiency. The turbocharger (TC) stands out as a well-established technology which recovers waste energy from exhaust gases to increase the ICE intake pressure and mass flow rate. Nevertheless, the increasingly stringent restrictions on greenhouse gases emission, concomitantly with performance improvement required from customers, impose a tighter pairing between TC and ICE and higher control of TC operational conditions. Matching a proper TC for a given ICE has a major importance for the global efficiency, having direct impact on specific consumption, emission levels and drivability. This process is typically performed using computational simulations via interpolations of TC tabular performance maps, which details the flow status for given shaft speed and mass flow rate. Although this method provides a reliable and accurate description of the TC performance within
Teixeira, José Arthur G. S., Sandoval, Oscar R., Caetano, Bryan Castro, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho
Technical Paper
Analysis on flow motion and combustion process in pre-chamber and main chamber for low-speed two-stroke dual-fuel engine2019-01-217512/19/2019
ABSTRACT Low-speed two-stroke dual-fuel engines has been paid more attention due to the energy efficiency design index and Tier III emissions limitations issued by International Marine Organization. Although the dual-fuel engines have strong merits on emissions reduction, which can reach the IMO Tier III without aftertreatment, the power output is much lower than that of diesel engines. Therefore, the dual-fuel engine is also needed to improve continuously. However, the mixing and combustion processes in the engine have not been fully understood. In this study, a 3D-CFD model of the dual-fuel engine was established using CONVERGE to explore the mixing and combustion processes. Locally embedding fine grids are considered at scavenging ports, natural gas injection ports, pre-chamber. The model was validated by experimental in-cylinder pressure. Then, the flow motion, mixing of natural gas and air, flow in pre-chamber, torch and combustion in main-chamber were analyzed based on swirl
Liu, Long, Wu, Yue, Xiong, Qian, Liu, Teng
Technical Paper
Investigation of the High-Pressure-Dual-Fuel (HPDF) combustion process of natural gas on a fully optically accessible research engine2019-01-217212/19/2019
In the “high-pressure-dual-fuel” (HPDF) combustion process, natural gas is directly injected into the combustion chamber with high pressure at the end of the compression stroke, and burned in a diffusion flame similar to conventional diesel combustion. As natural gas does not self-ignite when injected into hot air, a small amount of diesel fuel is injected directly before the gas injection to provide an ignition source for the gas jets. The HPDF combustion process has the potential to substantially reduce methane slip compared to today’s state of the art premixed lean burn gas engines, and furthermore, phenomena like knocking or misfire can be avoided completely. In this paper, the influences of in-cylinder air density and swirl motion on HPDF combustion is studied via high-speed recordings in a fully optically accessible 4.8 Liter single-cylinder research engine.
Gleis, Stephan, Frankl, Stephanie, Waligorski, Dominik, Prager, Dr.-Ing. Maximilian, Wachtmeister, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg
Technical Paper
Effect of Alternative Fuels on Marine Engine Performance2019-01-2230-TEST-REC12/19/2019
Marine transportation sector is highly dependent on fossil-based energy carriers. Decarbonization of shipping can be accomplished by implementing biobunkers into an existing maritime fuel supply chain. However, there are many compatibility issues when blending new biocomponents with their fossil-based counterparts. Thus, it is of high importance to predict the effect of fuel properties on marine engine performance, especially for new fuel blends. In the given work, possible future solutions concentrated on liquid fuels are taken into account. Under consideration are such fuels as biodiesel (FAME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), straight vegetable oil (SVO), pyrolysis oil, biocrude, and methanol. Knowledge about the behavior of new fuel in an existing engine is notably important for decision makers and fuel producers. Hence, the main goal of the present work is to create a model, which can predict the engine performance from the end-user perspective. For the purpose of modeling, only
Wojcieszyk, Michal, Kroyan, Yuri, Larmi, Martti, Kaario, Ossi, Zenger, Kai
Technical Paper
Enhancing Peak Firing Pressure Limit for Achieving Better Brake Thermal Efficiency of a Diesel Engine2019-01-218012/19/2019
An increased cycle expansion ratio is beneficial from a thermodynamic viewpoint to increase the engine efficiency. In this study, the target compression ratio and corresponding thermodynamic cycle layout were investigated by means of a new ideal combustion cycle. To model the experimental pressure traces, the combustion was divided into three parts; constant volume combustion, early expansion combustion and late combustion. This study discussed optimal parameter values for compression ignition combustion under PFP constraints. These parameters included compression ratio, pressure ratios as well as cut-off ratios. Furthermore, this study experimentally investigated the limitation of thermal efficiency and the variation of energy losses under different geometric compression ratios, boosting pressure and degree of constant volume combustion. These experiments utilized a supercharged single-cylinder heavy duty diesel engine with PFP-capability of up to 30 MPa. In conclusion, it is
Enya, Kenji, Uchida, Noboru
Technical Paper
The Investigation of the Structure and Origins of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Deposits.2019-01-235612/19/2019
The legislative pressures on environmental targets combined with fuel economy requirements have led to the GDI engine enjoying a renaissance. This is because the technology is considered to be the leader in meeting those requirements. However it is also recognized that the engine suffers from injector deposits (ID) and that understanding the formation of and characterization of such deposits is required. This study will deal with the characterization and morphology of injector deposits as well as the fuel constituents leading to such deposits. A number of analytical techniques were used to undertake this such as Scanning Electron microscopy and X-ray Fluorescence (SEM/EDS) mapping with Fourier Transform Infra-red mapping, in conjunction with mass spectrometry studies. Further, work will be described regarding new deposit control additives (DCAs) for GDI which are more effective than traditional DCAs.
Reid, J Barker J, Mulqueen, S, Langley, G J, Wilmot, E M J, Vadodaria, S, Castle, J, Whitaker, J
Technical Paper
A Study on PCCI Combustion Control in Medium Speed Dual-Fuel Engine2019-01-217612/19/2019
To achieve simultaneous reduction of CO2 and NOx emission from the Dual-Fuel (DF) engine using natural gas and diesel fuel, Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) type combustion is a promising technology. However, to apply this technology to the practical operation of the DF engine, combustion control is key challenge because the ignition of PCCI type combustion is governed by chemical reaction of natural gas/air and diesel fuel premixture and not controlled by direct control parameter such as spark timing of spark-ignition natural gas engine or diesel fuel injection timing of micro-pilot type DF engine. The focus of this study is to understand the effect of engine control parameters on DF-PCCI combustion characteristics to establish the combustion control strategy in medium speed DF engine. Engine experiments using a 4-stroke medium speed single cylinder engine were carried out. Firstly, early two stage diesel pilot injection was applied to realize DF-PCCI combustion. As a
Toshinaga, Kazuteru, Kuribayashi, Masaki
Technical Paper
Scaled Model Experiments for Marine Low-Speed Diesel Engines2019-01-218212/19/2019
Diesel engines have been widely used as marine propulsion, with a wide range of bore diameters. Since some similar characteristics of spray combustion exist in different size diesel engines, the ability to accurately reproduce engine performance by existing engines is therefore beneficial for reducing time, cost and energy consumption in new engine development. However, so far knowledge on scaling diesel engines is far from adequate, particularly for large marine low-speed diesel engines. The aim of this study is to explore the potential of scaled model experiments for marine low-speed diesel engines with different bore diameters. After calibration of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation model using the experimental data of the in-cylinder pressure trace and the apparent heat release rate (AHRR) from a marine two-stroke diesel engine with 340 mm bore diameter, the similarity of spray mixture formation and combustion processes as well as pollutant emissions is numerically
Zhou, Xinyi, Li, Tie, Lai, Zheyuan, Liu, Teng, Liu, Bo, Wu, Chaohui
Technical Paper
Effects of Engine Operating Condition and Fuel Property on Pre-Ignition Phenomenon in a Highly Boosted Premixed Natural Gas Engine2019-01-215412/19/2019
The stochastic pre-ignition phenomenon plays a vital role to limit the further increasing BMEP for natural gas engines. In this study, the pre-ignition propensities were examined in a highly boosted premixed natural gas engine by various engine loads and air/fuel ratios, as well as different methane number (MN) altered by hydrogen addition. A proper pre-ignition evaluation method was proposed referring to intake temperature. Moreover, the limits of in-cylinder temperature and pressure for the onset of pre-ignition were estimated. The results show that both higher IMEP and richer mixture conditions readily lead to pre-ignition. The significant increases of pre-ignition frequency and heavy-knocking pre-ignition cycle present with lowering MN.
Chen, Run, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Yasueda, Shinji, Doyen, Valerie, Martin, Jean-Baptiste
Technical Paper
Effect of Alternative Fuels on Marine Engine Performance2019-01-223012/19/2019
Marine transportation sector is highly dependent on fossil-based energy carriers. Decarbonization of shipping can be accomplished by implementing biobunkers into an existing maritime fuel supply chain. However, there are many compatibility issues when blending new biocomponents with their fossil-based counterparts. Thus, it is of high importance to predict the effect of fuel properties on marine engine performance, especially for new fuel blends. In the given work, possible future solutions concentrated on liquid fuels are taken into account. Under consideration are such fuels as biodiesel (FAME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), straight vegetable oil (SVO), pyrolysis oil, biocrude, and methanol. Knowledge about the behavior of new fuel in an existing engine is notably important for decision makers and fuel producers. Hence, the main goal of the present work is to create a model, which can predict the engine performance from the end-user perspective. For the purpose of modeling, only
Wojcieszyk, Michal, Kroyan, Yuri, Larmi, Martti, Kaario, Ossi, Zenger, Kai
Technical Paper
Experimental study of cylinder oil stripping behavior at the scavenge port of a low-speed two-stroke engine2019-01-233512/19/2019
The stripping of cylinder oil at the scavenging ports of low-speed two-stroke marine engines is one of the main sources of floating oil droplets existing in cylinders. The combustion of these oil droplets is one of the major reasons of PM emissions and pre-ignition for dual-fuel engines. In order to investigate the stripping behavior, a prototype model and a test bench were set up to carry out the experiment of cylinder oil stripping behavior and single droplet deformation under different conditions. Meanwhile, a CFD model was established to analyze the actual scavenging flow field, and the verification results were obtained: in the case of excessive lubrication, a considerable amount of cylinder oil remains on the upper surface of the scavenge ports. Such cylinder oil can be blown into the cylinder when the ports are opened. Then the oil droplets floating in the cylinder or attaching to the exhaust valve form potential spontaneous combustion points, which leads to the worsening of PM
Pan, Min, Feng, Liyan, Gong, Zhen, Yu, Zhengran, Sun, Hongjie, Wang, Zixin, Yan, Peng
Technical Paper
Improvement of Hybrid Scheme for WAVE-MTAB Model and Analytical Study of Diesel Spray Using Theory on the Spray Similarity2019-01-232412/19/2019
In order to further improve the thermal efficiency of diesel engines, this report focuses on the influence of injection condition on similarity of similar spray. To accurately reproduce the diesel spray in our laboratory, the WAVE-MTAB model was developed, and improvements were made to switch between two breakup models. As a result, switching of the breakup model can be done according to the physical phenomenon, and it is considered that similar spray can be reproduced generally well when using theory on the spray similarity.
Hosogi, Motoki, Matsumura, Eriko, Senda, Jiro, Hori, Tsukasa
Technical Paper
Research of Fuel Characteristic of Dimethyl ether / High Viscosity & Incombustible matter Blend for Marine Diesel Engine2019-01-222912/19/2019
Diesel engine has fuel combustion capability in various high density oil such as residual fuels or biofuels derived from fossil or living matter. But for commercial use, these fuels except bio diesel fuel (BDF) should be heated, separated and filtered by equipment and dosed or mixed with additive or distillate oil etc. before being supplied to the engine in order to improve combustibility. This study aims to illuminate fuel characteristic of blend contained woody pyrolysis oil (WPO) which is high viscosity and incombustible, and dimethyl ether (DME) whose emission of combustion has no soot particle. This paper describes thermo-physical property of neat WPO and the blend on the basis of the evaluation of fuel fluidity by measurement and calculation of viscosity. According to the result, it was confirmed that the fluidity of WPO was improved by mixing DME and the approximate viscosity expressions at any temperature of WPO and the blend were good accuracy.
MIHARA, Yu, KURO-OKA, Daiki, SHIRAHAMA, Tomoki, KUWAOKA, Kenta, SUZUKI, Takashi, ASANO, Ichiro, DAN, Tomohisa
Technical Paper
A Study of Injection Directions on Improvement of Engine Performance and NOx Emission in A Low-speed Marine Engine2019-01-232212/19/2019
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation model for a two-stroke low-speed marine engine has been established in CONVERGE software, to study the impact of different injection directions on fuel consumption and emissions of the engine. The goal of this research was to investigate injection angles in horizontal and vertical directions respectively. According to the simulation results, “trade-off” relationship was found in both directions between fuel consumption and NOx emission. Based on these results, 8° and -16° were considered as optimal injection angles in horizontal and vertical directions. With the optimized injection angles, lower NOx emission can be achieved with a little penalty on fuel consumption.
Sun, Qian, Ji, Wenxia, Huang, Zhen, Zhu*, Lei
Technical Paper
Features of Mathematical Modeling in the Problems of Determining the Power of a Turbocharged Engine According to the Characteristics of the Turbocharger03-13-01-000110/08/2019
The features of modeling the working process of a turbocharged two stroke marine diesel engine (MDE) in order to reveal the relationship between the engine power and the operation modes of a turbocharger (TC) are discussed in the article. Based on the results of modeling, a model was obtained for the dependence of the power of the MDE on the parameters of the TC operation. As a basic parameter of the TC operation, the TC speed was chosen. The scavenging air temperature is selected as an additional parameter. The article describes the structure of a diagnostic system that allows recording the operating modes of a TC in a noncontact method. The research for vibroacoustic fields of the G70-883kW marine engine was carried out by the author on ship “SEMINOLE,” in the process of research a noncontact vibroacoustic method was used to determine the TC speed. An analysis of the obtained experimental results demonstrates that the use of the averaged model of the dependence of the engine power on
Golovan, Andrii, Gritsuk, Igor, Popeliuk, Vadym, Sherstyuk, Olga, Honcharuk, Iryna, Symonenko, Roman, Saravas, Viktoriya, Volodarets, Mykyta, Ahieiev, Maksym, Pohorletskyi, Dmytro, Khudiakov, Igor
Journal Article
Fuel Rate Curve-Based Reverse Engineering Approach for Common Rail Diesel Injectors2019-01-508209/20/2019
When focusing on optimization of the combustion process in a direct injection engine, it is essential to understand its dynamic performance with respect to engine loading settings. One of the most important factors influencing the energy conversions efficiency is fuel delivery characteristics. The understanding of the injector performance is usually associated with availability of a high-fidelity model based on the geometric and hydraulic features of the injector. In this paper, a so-called reverse engineering method was applied to characterize the internal arrangement of a solenoid-driven common rail injector using fuel rate curves and solenoid valve excitation current profiles. Operational modes corresponding to a highly transient injector state were considered during spray momentum flux experiments to examine the injector flow characteristics. The experimental results were eventually used as a reference for the parameter search algorithm to tune a hypothetical model of the studied
Krivopolianskii, Vladimir, Lefebvre, Nicolas, Ushakov, Sergey, Pedersen, Eilif
Technical Paper
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine and EAS Modelling and Validation for a Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation System2019-24-008209/09/2019
Faced with the need to reduce development time and cost in view of additional system complexity driven by ever more stringent emission regulations, the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulation increasingly proves itself to be an advantageous tool not only in automotive companies but also in the off-road engine industry. The approach offers the possibility to analyze new engine control systems with fewer expensive engine dynamometer experiments and test drives. Thus, development cycles can be shortened and development costs reduced. This paper presents the development of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the correspondent Exhaust Aftertreatment System (EAS) model, its deployment on a HiL system and its application to pre-calibrate the engine for different vehicle cycles. A zero-dimensional mean value approach was chosen to guarantee adequate real-time factors for the coupling between the models and the Engine Control Unit (ECU). The main components of the airpath were parametrized
Riccio, Antonio, Di Iorio, Felice, Siccardi, Fabio, Severi, Daniele, Lucchetti, Gabriele, Karlon, Alexander, Valchev, Plamen
Technical Paper
A Coupled Tabulated Kinetics and Flame Propagation Model for the Simulation of Fumigated Medium Speed Dual-Fuel Engines2019-24-009809/09/2019
The present work describes the numerical modeling of medium-speed marine engines, operating in a fumigated dual-fuel mode, i.e. with the second fuel injected in the ports. This engine technology allows reducing engine-out emissions while maintaining the engine efficiency and can be fairly easily retrofitted from current diesel engines. The main premixed fuel that is added can be a low-carbon one and can additionally be of a renewable nature, thereby reducing or even completely removing the global warming impact. To fully optimize the operational parameters of such a large marine engine, computational fluid dynamics can be very helpful. Accurately describing the combustion process in such an engine is key, as the prediction of the heat release and the pollutant formation is crucial. Auto-ignition of the diesel fuel needs to be captured, followed by the combustion and flame propagation of the premixed fuel. In this work, an approach based on tabulated kinetics has been used, to include
Decan, Gilles, Lucchini, Tommaso, D'Errico, Gianluca, Verhelst, Sebastian
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Turbocharging for Medium Speed Engines2019-24-018809/09/2019
This paper investigates the effects of hybrid electric turbocharging on the total system efficiency, the transient loading capability and the operational range of maritime engines, including the effects of the air control valves (cylinder bypass & charge air blow-off valve). An existing and validated mean-value first principle engine model has been adapted to simulate the operating principle of a combustion engine with a hybrid electric turbocharger system. The simulation of power-take-off/in together with an excess air ratio control strategy is included by means of torque addition to/removal from the turbocharger shaft and limiting it with seven boundary controllers. The analysis of the simulation results illustrates a trade-off between the increase of the system efficiency on one side and the transient loading capability of the engine on the other side. With turbocompounding, the system efficiency can be increased at the expense of a deteriorated gas exchange process and increased
Mestemaker, Benny, Westhoeve, Jan, Visser, Klaas
Technical Paper
Optimization Approach to Passive Engine Mounting System for Reducing Automotive Vibrations2019-01-507507/08/2019
Improvised noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance of vehicle implies better comfort for passengers. Apart from road inputs, engine vibration is one of the major contributors to interior vibrations in automotive. The aim of this paper is to optimize specifications and locations of engine mounts to reduce vehicle vibration without affecting engine performance and to provide better ride comfort. This paper also includes the challenges involved in the analysis of engine vibration on critical conditions such as movement on the road surface or braking action. Therefore, a fully numerical simulation expands to a four-cylinder engine by considering piston side force. In this model, the mass distribution in the connecting rod and crankshaft, outside of the center pin, and friction between the cylinder and piston have been considered. Furthermore, simulation analysis is implemented for an engine in vehicle movement with constant speed on the road class B roughness and braking
Abedi, Reza, Shamekhia, Amir H., Rahi, Abbas
Technical Paper
Assessment of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) Applicability as an Alternative Marine Fuel Based on Its Performance and Emissions Characteristics04-12-02-000705/16/2019
In current study, the combustion and emission characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) were studied and compared to those of conventional marine gas oil (MGO). The main goal was to verify its applicability as an alternative marine fuel. All experiments were performed using generator set and propeller-law test cycles, i.e., standardized E2 and E3 cycles respectively. Additional emphasis was paid to the particulate matter (PM) emissions combining gravimetric and particle number measurements. The obtained results indicate average 10-15 % reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, while total unburned hydrocarbons (THC) emissions were reduced by 50-55 %. It is believed that a much higher cetane number of HVO together with its superior chemical composition (overall higher H/C ratio, absence of aromatics and heavy-boiling compounds) plays a vital role here. This may also explain the observed around 30 % PM mass reduction, which however showed a strong dependence on load (fuel
Ushakov, Sergey, Lefebvre, Nicolas
Journal Article
Conceptual Investigations on Full Optical Accessibility to Large-Bore Medium-Speed Engines03-12-03-002005/15/2019
Optically accessible engines are an essential tool to investigate the combustion process in internal combustion engines via optical and laser optical methods. These methods can be applied to analyze the mixing formation, injection, combustion, and emission formation in situ for a better understanding of the combustion process. The derived findings result in new potentials for increased efficiency and reduced emissions. While the application for passenger car- and truck-size engines is quite common, the application of such an optically accessible engine is rather rare for large-bore engines driving ships or power plants due to their huge scale. The following sections show a conceptual design study to make a large-bore dual-fuel (DF) engine with a bore of 350 mm and stroke of 440 mm fully optically accessible according to the Bowditch principle. As the layout was based on an already existing and working engine of the same principle but half the bore, numerical investigations of the
Karmann, Stephan Bernhard, Prager, Maximilian, Wachtmeister, Georg
Journal Article
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