Browse Topic: Lubricants

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AIR120425-1AIR120425-1 (Current)12/4/2025
AIR120425-1
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Aviation Lubricant Tribology Evaluator (ALTE) Method to Determine the Lubricating Quality of Gas Turbine LubricantsARP6255A (Current)11/26/2025
Employing ‘ball-on-cylinder’ philosophy, a non-rotating steel ball is held in a vertically mounted chuck and using an applied load is forced against an axially mounted steel cylinder. The test cylinder is rotated at a fixed speed while being partially immersed in a lubricant reservoir. This maintains the cylinder in a wet condition and continuously transports a lubricating film of test fluid to the ball and cylinder interface. The diameter of the wear scar generated on the test ball is used as a measure of the fluid’s lubricating properties. The apparatus can be used, by adjusting the operating conditions, to reproduce two different wear mechanisms; mild and severe wear, the ALTE therefore has the ability to assess a lubricant’s performance in that regard.
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Test Method for the Determination of Total Acidity in Polyol Ester and Diester Gas Turbine Lubricants by Automatic Potentiometric TitrationARP5088C (Current)11/26/2025
The test method describes the procedure for determination of the total acid number of new and degraded polyol ester and diester based gas turbine lubricants by potentiometric titration technique. The method was validated to cover an acidity range 0.05 to 6.0 mg KOH g-1. The method may also be suitable for the determination of acidities outside of this range and for other classes of lubricant.
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Specifications: Current Technical Review and Future DirectionAIR6056A (Current)11/26/2025
This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification.
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
A Review of Literature on the Relationship Between Gas Turbine Engine Lubricants and Aircraft Cabin Air QualityAIR5784A (Current)11/26/2025
There has been a recent upsurge in interest from the media concerning the quality of the environment within aircraft cabins and cockpits especially in the commercial world. This has included (although by no means been limited to) the air quality, with particular reference to the alleged effects of contamination from the aircraft turbine lubricant. Possible exposure to 'organophosphates' (OPs) from the oil has raised special concerns from cabin crew. Such is the concern that government organisations around the world, including Australia, USA and UK, have set up committees to investigate the cabin air quality issue. Concern was also voiced in the aviation lubricants world at the way in which OP additives in turbine lubricants were being blamed in some reports for the symptoms being experienced by air crew and passengers. SAE Committee E-34 therefore decided that it should gather as much available information on the subject as possible. This would then enable E-34 to participate in debates on the issue and help prevent a potentially erroneous decision regarding the future of OP based additives in turbine lubricants. It would also serve as an indicator of where any additional work may be necessary to properly gauge the role that turbine lubricants, and OP additives, play in cabin air quality. This report summarises recent documentation from the literature on this subject. The contents do not necessarily represent the views of the SAE or any of the members of the study group who produced this review. The literature falls into three categories: - Air quality (Section 5), which includes: future systems to improve air quality and research plans into investigating cabin air quality - Chemistry of turbine lubricants, phosphate esters (Section 6), including evaluation of products found in cabin air and thermal breakdown products of lubricants. - Toxicity evaluation of turbine oils and additives (Section 7).
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Verifying large alternate product code for an AIR document - AIR112425-1AIR1124250000000000000000/NEW1--1 (Current)11/24/2025
Verifying large alternate product code for an AIR document
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Grease, Aircraft, General Purpose, Low Temperature Range, Lithium ThickenedAMS3052B (Current)9/30/2025
Committee AMS-M is establishing an Industry Managed Qualification Program through the remit of the Performance Review Institute which requires this specification to be revised to reference the qualification process and controlling documentation.
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Improved Aerospace Tapered Roller Bearing Loss of Lubrication PerformanceF-0081-2025-01835/20/2025
Bench-level tribological experiments were utilized to evaluate material, coating, and lubricant formulation effects on the loss-of-lubricant survivability of tapered roller end and cone rib contacts. Cone rib and roller end contacts were simulated using a single rotating roller and rotating flat disk. The applied load and rotational speeds of the roller and disk were controlled to simulate representative rotorcraft gearbox bearing operating conditions. The contacts were lubricated for an initial period before the lubricant supply was shut off, and the supply tube was then removed. Tests continued to run, without additional oil, until the measured friction force reached a predetermined cutoff value. Weibull-based statistical analysis was used to compare the loss-of-lubrication runtimes.
Hager Jr., Carl, Carl, Matthew, Murtiff, Cole
Experimental Evidence to Influence Design of Novel Low Lubrication Method for Rotorcraft Secondary Lubrication SystemsF-0081-2025-02795/20/2025
This paper presents experimental research aimed at developing novel low lubrication methods for rotorcraft and jet engines, focusing on sustaining minimal lubrication to prevent catastrophic bearing failure during loss of lubrication (LoL) events or to increase fuel consumption performance on once-through, fuel-oil bearing lubrication engines. Utilizing two high-speed bearing test rigs simulating low and high thrust class engine conditions, the study establishes lower bounds for oil flow rates necessary to maintain thermal stability and prevent thermal runaway in hybrid ball bearings. These findings inform the design of the Zulu Pod (ZPod), a passively driven, self-contained oil delivery system that uses engine compressor bleed air to precisely meter lubricant flow. Engine test stand results demonstrate that replacing traditional fuel-oil lubrication with the ZPod system reduces thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) by an average of 7%, with up to 11% savings, without compromising engine thrust or bearing health. The ZPod offers a simplified, efficient alternative to fuel-lubricated systems by eliminating fuel diversion for lubrication, enhancing fuel efficiency, and maintaining bearing performance in attritable or single-use engines. Additionally, the study highlights the potential of minimal lubrication supplied by the ZPod to extend operational life during LoL scenarios, enabling safer aircraft recovery. Future work will focus on extending testing to higher thrust classes and optimizing ZPod designs for broader applications.
Boersma, Pieter, Currier, Todd, Ferrante, Jason, Rosenthal, Julius
Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles2024-01-40899/16/2024
Abstract We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground combat vehicles, thereby facilitating proactive maintenance and optimization for operational readiness.
Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash
Research on the Secondary Motion of Engine Piston Considering the Transport of Lubricating Oil03-17-03-002411/21/2023
Abstract At present, it is generally considered in the analysis of the secondary motion of engine piston that the piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair is fully lubricated in an engine operating cycle. However, in practice, when the piston moves upward, the amount of lubricating oil at the inlet may not ensure that the friction pair is fully lubricated. In this article, the secondary motion of piston is studied when the transport of lubricating oil is considered to determine the lubrication condition of piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair. The secondary motion of piston is solved based on the combined piston motion model, hydrodynamic lubrication model, asperity contact model, and lubricating oil flow model. The secondary motion equation of piston is solved by the Broyden method. The hydrodynamic lubrication equation is solved by the finite difference method. The asperity contact between piston skirt and cylinder liner is calculated by the Greenwood model. The flow of lubricating oil is analyzed based on the theory of fluid mechanics. The results indicate that, when the actual transport of lubricating oil is considered to determine the lubrication condition of piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair, the secondary motion of piston is remarkably different from that in which the flooded lubrication is assumed in an engine operating cycle. Therefore, it is helpful to improve the accuracy and make the analysis closer to the actual engine operating situation that the transport of lubricating oil is considered in the analysis of the secondary motion of engine piston.
Liu, Jihai, Sun, Jun
Influence of Rotorcraft Gearbox Lubricants on the Relative Adhesive Wear of Rolling Element Bearing Material PairsF-0079-2023-181445/16/2023
Jr., Carl, Sadinski, Robert, Hullenbaugh, Gretchen
O-RING MOLDED FROM AMS7259 MATERIALAS83248/2A (Current)11/9/2021
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Elastomer Compatibility Considerations Relative to Elastomer SelectionAIR786C (Current)10/1/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains data relative to the chemical nature of aerospace fluids and relates each to its empirical effect upon elastomeric components. Since the compatibilities of elastomers are determined by the compounding as well as the nature of the base polymer, the elastomers considered are limited to finished compounds for which material or performance specifications can be referenced.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Snowmobile Fuel TanksJ288_202106 (Current)6/10/2021
This SAE Standard establishes a uniform procedure and performance requirements for snowmobile fuel tanks.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Engine Oil Viscosity ClassificationJ300_202104 (Historical)4/30/2021
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_202101 (Historical)1/27/2021
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a summary of key qualification requirements. A complete listing of qualification requirements and procedures can be found in the Program Document (PD4000), Gear Lubricant Review Program, available on the Performance Review Institute (PRI) website, www.p-r-i.org.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Procedure for the Determination of Particulate Contamination in Hydraulic Fluids by the Control Filter Gravimetric ProcedureARP785B (Current)12/3/2020
This ARP describes a gravimetric method for the determination of particulate contaminant in hydraulic fluids by the control filter technique. NOTE: With this method, detectable contamination levels down to 0.2 mg (7.0 × 10-6 ounces) per sample can be obtained with a standard deviation of ±0.1 mg (±3.5 × 10-6 ounces).
A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee
Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)J1966_202010 (Current)10/28/2020
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for nondispersant, mineral lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
Aerospace Fluid Power - Contamination Sensitivity - Considerations for Establishing Test Procedures for Flight Control ActuatorsARP5941 (Current)10/9/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the design conditions under which tests should be conducted to demonstrate satisfactory performance of a flight critical servo-actuator under the maximum allowable particulate contamination in the associated airplane hydraulic system. Additionally, this document also describes the recommended tests and the required acceptance criteria.
A-6B1 Hydraulic Servo Actuation Committee
O-Ring Molded from AMS7272 Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber (NBR)AS3551A (Current)10/9/2020
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings molded from AMS7272 NBR rubber. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Rotorcraft Lubrication Optimization through Grease Sampling and AnalysisF-0076-2020-1627410/5/2020
Rotorcraft, like most machines, require periodic lubrication tasks to ensure continued safe and reliable operation. Optimal lubrication intervals are desired to maintain system performance while minimizing aircraft downtime and maintenance labor. Boeing and AMRRI conducted a Lubrication Optimization Study (LOS) on the H-47 Chinook helicopter to establish the necessary engineering artifacts to define the grease lubrication intervals for selected Drive, Rotor, and Landing Gear components. Grease samples were collected from these components by H-47 operators from multiple nations and submitted for a laboratory analysis to characterize how wear, properties and contaminants change as time and aircraft hours accumulate. The LOS also revealed opportunities to further evaluate and leverage the data produced in this study, including determining superior performance of specific lubricants within the Mil-Spec designation, testing of greases for compatibility5 when mixed, and enhancing new grease cleanliness to extend component life.
Singer, Tim, Johnson, Mike, Wurzbach, Richard
Modeling and Design of a Wet Clutch Offset Compound Gear Transmission for Dual-Speed Rotorcraft ApplicationsF-0076-2020-1633610/5/2020
This paper develops a lumped-parameter multi-plates wet clutch Offset Compound Gear (OCG) transmission dynamics and its thermal model for dual-speed rotorcraft applications with an active clutch slip-speed control. This model includes the Reynolds equation for the clutch oil film thickness, the clutch thermal model, the clutch transferred torques (viscous and asperity torque) and the clutch disengagement model. The wet clutch/OCG transmission system is implemented in Matlab® Simulink™ to manage the upshift clutch temperature rise, which is a main issue need to handle for a dual-speed helicopter transmission. Here, the clutch temperature rise is treated by injecting a certain amount of coolant during engagement so that the temperature rise for the wet clutch is much lower than that of an dry clutch. In order to transfer a required torque using the available power, the sizing of the wet clutch could be evaluated via the developed wet clutch/OCG transmission model. This study shows that the temperature rise drops as the wet clutch oil flow rate increases adding extra weights compared with the dry clutch. The simulation also captures a phenomenon that a larger clutch engagement pressure might be required for the wet clutch to transfer the same torque since the wet clutch oil viscosity drops as the oil temperature increases during the clutch engagement.
DeSmidt, Hans, Bill, Robert, Su, Xiaowen, Smith, Edward
Measurement of the Total Ash Content of Aviation Piston Engine Oils by a Calculation MethodJ1787_202009 (Current)9/29/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice describes an empirical method for determining the theoretical ash content of aviation piston engine lubricating oils by calculating the equivalent weight of metallic oxides formed at 775 °C based on the metallic elemental concentration. The calculation method of ash determination may be used as an alternate to ASTM D 482 for application to the standards for aviation piston engine lubricating oils.
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
Procedure for Thermal Aging Test for Polyol Ester Gas Turbine Engine LubricantsARP6299 (Current)9/1/2020
This method is intended to evaluate the thermal and oxidative stability of synthetic, ester-based aviation lubricants under defined conditions of time and temperature. This method is applicable to lubricants meeting the compositional and performance requirements of AS5780.
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classification (Other than “Energy Conserving” or “Resource Conserving”)J183_202007 (Current)7/29/2020
This SAE Standard outlines the engine oil performance categories and classifications developed through the efforts of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (Alliance), American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), the International Lubricant Specification Advisory Committee (ILSAC), and SAE. The verbal descriptions by API and ASTM, along with prescribed test methods and limits, are shown for active categories in Table 1 and obsolete categories in Table A1. Appendix A is thus a historical documentation of the obsolete categories. For purposes of this document, active categories are defined as those (a) for which the required test equipment and test support materials, including reference engine oils and reference fuels, are readily available, or for which the Category Life Oversight Group has established equivalencies between unavailable tests and newer, available tests; (b) which ASTM or the test developer monitors precision for all tests; and (c) which are available for licensing by API EOLCS at time of writing. The current processes for initiating new classifications were developed through the cooperative efforts of the Alliance, API, ASTM, EMA, ILSAC, and SAE. New ILSAC classifications are developed using the procedure defined in API 1509 Annex C. New API “C” categories are added using the procedure defined in API 1509 Annex D. New API “S” categories are added by the API Lubricants Group.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Lubricants for Oxygen UseAIR4071A (Current)7/14/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes two classes of lubricants which, when properly applied, can be used in oxygen systems and components.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Standard Contaminant for Testing Aerospace CleanersAMS7201 (Current)7/14/2020
This specification establishes requirements for a standard contaminant that can be used to represent typical soils encountered in aerospace cleaning. This standard contaminant consists of materials that are common contaminants found in aircraft maintenance depots and manufacturing facilities.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Pressure-Viscosity Coefficient MeasurementARP6157A (Current)6/15/2020
The lubricant performance capability for aero propulsion drive systems is derived from the physical properties of the oil and performance attributes associated with the chemical properties of the oil. Physical properties, such as viscosity, pressure-viscosity coefficient and full-film traction coefficient are inherent properties of the lubricating fluid. Chemical attributes are critical for the formation of protective boundary lubricating films on the surfaces to prevent wear and scuffing. These attributes are also associated with surface initiated fatigue (micropitting). To assure performance and to provide required information for engineering design, methodology for at least five oil properties are being studied: (1) pressure-viscosity coefficient, (2) full-film traction coefficient, (3) scuffing resistance, (4) wear resistance, and (5) micropitting propensity. The pressure-viscosity coefficient can be measured either directly by assessing viscosity as a function of pressure using high-pressure apparatus, or indirectly by measuring film thickness in an optical interferometer. This document (ARP6157) describes the following two alternative test instruments for calculating the pressure viscosity coefficient by measuring the fluid film thickness: i PCS EHD2 test instrument ii WAM test machine Both methods have been shown to give similar results, therefore either method can be used to calculate the pressure viscosity coefficient of a sample lubricant. For details of how to set up and run either method, see Section 7 (PCS-EHD) or Section 8 (WAM).
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Development of JASO GLV-1 0W-8 Low Viscosity Engine Oil for Improving Fuel Efficiency considering Oil Consumption and Engine Wear Performance2020-01-14234/14/2020
Engine oil with viscosity lower than 0W-16 has been needed for improving fuel efficiency in the Japanese market. However, lower viscosity oil generally has negative aspects with regard to oil consumption and anti-wear performance. The technical challenges are to reduce viscosity while keeping anti-wear performance and volatility level the same as 0W-20 oil. They have been solved in developing a new engine oil by focusing on the molybdenum dithiocarbamate friction modifier and base oil properties. This paper describes the new oil that supports good fuel efficiency while reliably maintaining other necessary performance attributes.
Okuda, Sachiko, Saito, Hiroki, Nakano, Seiichi, Koike, Yusuke, Sagawa, Takumaru, Kawamura, Satoshi, Yoshida, Keisuke
Characteristics of Auto-Ignition for Lubricants and Lubricant/Gasoline Based on an Innovative Single Droplet Test System2020-01-14284/14/2020
Due to the advantages of low weight, low emissions and good fuel economy, downsized turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are widely-applied nowadays. However, Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) phenomenon observed in these engines restricts their improvement of performance. Some researchers have shown that auto-ignition of lubricant in the combustion chamber has a great effect on the LSPI frequency. To study the auto-ignition characteristics of lubricant, an innovative single droplet auto-ignition test system for lubricant and its mixture is designed and developed, with better accuracy and effectiveness. The experiments are carried out by hanging lubricant droplets on the thermocouple node under active thermo-atmosphere provided by a small “Dibble burner”. The auto-ignition process of lubricant droplets is recorded by a high-speed camera. Influences of different base oil types, viscosities, calcium contents, initial droplet diameters, co-flow speeds, new oil, used oil and blending ratios of lubricant and gasoline on the ignition delay time of droplets are investigated at different droplet temperatures. The background co-flow field temperature varies from 823K to 1323K. Equivalent diameters of droplets, 0.99mm, 1.24mm and 1.63mm, generated by micro-syringes are compared for their characteristics of auto-ignition. The results show that the ignition delay time of all the droplets is significantly shortened with the increase of droplet temperature. When the droplet temperature is lower than 1073K, the ignition delay of droplets from Type III base oil is shorter than that of droplets from Type IV base oil. Besides, lubricant droplets with higher viscosities or larger initial diameters have a longer ignition delay. Furthermore, increasing both the calcium content and co-flow speed can obviously promote the auto-ignition process of droplets. Moreover, there is a critical blending ratio for gasoline to lubricant, whose value is between 20% and 30%. When it is lower than the critical blending ratio, the ignition delay of lubricant droplets increases with the rising of blending ratio. When it is higher than the critical blending ratio, the rule is contrary.
Yu, Yang, Pan, Kaifeng, Deng, Jun, Hu, Zongjie, Xie, Wei, Wu, Zhijun, Li, Liguang
Role of Lubricating Oil Properties in Exhaust Particle Emissions of an Off-Road Diesel Engine2020-01-03864/14/2020
Particle number emissions from an off-road diesel engine without exhaust after-treatment were studied by using five different heavy-duty lubricating oils in the engine. The study extends understanding on how the properties of lubricating oil affect the nanoparticle emissions from an off-road diesel engine. The lubricants were selected among the performance classes of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, at least one lubricant from each category intended for heavy-duty diesel engines. Particle size distributions were measured by the means of an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS), but soot emissions, gaseous emissions and the basic engine performance were also determined. During the non-road steady state cycle, the most of the differences were detected at the particle size range of 6-15 nm. In most cases, the lowest particle quantities were emitted when the highest performance category lubricant was used. Based on the results of this study, the low contents of Zn, P, and S in lubricating oil contributed to the reduced emission factors for engine-out nucleation mode particles at any load. In addition, the low content of sulfate ash was considered the main influential factor for the low particle number emissions.
Ovaska, Teemu, Niemi, Seppo, Sirviö, Katriina, Nilsson, Olav, Karjalainen, Panu, Rönkkö, Topi, Kulmala, Kari, Keskinen, Jorma
Studying Ignition Delay Time of Lubricant Oil Mixed with Alcohols, Water and Toluene in IQT and CVCC2020-01-14224/14/2020
The auto-ignition of liquid fuel and lubricant oil droplets is considered as one of the possible sources of pre-ignition. Researchers are continually finding new ways to form advanced lubricant oil by changing its composition and varying different oil additives to prevent the occurrence of this event. This study investigates additives for lubricants to suppress its auto-ignition tendency. Three sets of mixtures were prepared. The first set of mixtures were prepared by adding different alcohols namely ethanol, and methanol to the commercial lubricant oil (SAE 15W-40) in ratio of 1 - 5 % by vol The second set of mixtures were prepared by mixing SAE 15W-40 with aforementioned alcohols (1 % vol.) and H2O (1 % vol.). Lastly, the third set of mixtures were prepared by adding toluene to SAE 15W-40 in (1 % - 5% by vol.). Two experimental setups were used in the current work. An Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) was used to investigate the mixtures’ ignition delay time (IDT) following standard ASTM D6890 procedure, and a larger constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) was used to investigate the combustion characteristics of a suspended single oil droplet. In the CVCC chamber, the droplet was ignited in an atmosphere of air at 300 °C and pressure ranging from 4 bar - 22 bar at 6 bar interval pressures. IDT of lubricant oil was considered as the base IDT, which was compared to those of other mixtures. Addition of alcohols and water in lubricant oil showed a significant increase in IDT compared to toluene addition. On the contrary, the addition of toluene resulted in a decrease in IDT. Among the alcohols, methanol addition showed higher IDT than ethanol addition. Alcohols increased the IDT effectively only beyond the addition of > 4 % by vol.
Maharjan, Sumit, Elbaz, Ayman, Mitsudharmadi, Hatsari, Roberts, William
Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L) Low Acrylonitrile, 65 - 75AMS3217/2D (Current)3/4/2020
This specification covers a standard acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR-L) rubber stock with low acrylonitrile content in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Slippery Surfaces Allow Sticky Pastes and Gels to SlideTBMG-361923/1/2020
Materials known as yield-stress fluids, including gels and pastes, can be found in consumer products such as food, condiments, and cosmetics, and in products in the energy and pharmaceuticals industries. Unlike other fluids such as water and oils, these materials will not start to flow on their own, even when their container is turned upside-down. Starting the flow requires an input of energy, such as squeezing the container.
Assessment of Elastomer Volume Swelling Behavior in Aero-Derived Gas Turbine Engine Lubricants - Short Duration TestARP7355 (Current)2/20/2020
This method is used for determining the volume swelling effect of aero-derived gas turbine engine lubricants on elastomeric materials. It provides insight into the expected performance of a candidate lubricants impact upon elastomer swell and provides data to determine if the candidate lubricant meets specification requirements. This ARP is based upon Federal Standard 791, Method 3604.
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
ERRATUM04-12-03-0015.11/29/2020
Erratum
Ball, James C., Anderson, James E., Duckworth, Jacob A., Uy, Dairene, Wallington, Timothy J.
Study on Oil Consumption in Compact Motorcycle Engines2019-32-05701/24/2020
Because the scooter is convenient, the market continues increasing. As a result of market survey, it was revealed that the scooter repeated sudden acceleration and deceleration. Therefore, the oil consumption may occur in special pattern. The oil consumption is an important development target. On the other hand, the oil consumption is complicated phenomenon. In this study, the sulfur trace method was used for measurement of the oil consumption. When a throttle was closed and the intake pipe became the negative pressure, the SO2 emission (oil consumption) increases. Then, using a glass cylinder and a high-speed camera, motion of the engine oil was observed. It was revealed that the engine oil rises to the combustion chamber after stopping at the 4th Land. By a combination of the sulfur trace test and the visualization test, oil consumption phenomenon of the scooter was able to be understood.
Kohno, Taichi, Suda, Naoyuki, Ninomiya, Yoshinari
Comparative Study on the Effect of Different Lubricating Oil Additives on the Tribological Properties of Bearing Steel05-13-01-00021/23/2020
The purpose of this article is to study the antifriction and anti-wear effect of GCr15 bearing steel under paraffin base oil and the base oil with two additives of T405 sulfurized olefin and nano-MoS2 and compare the synergistic lubrication effect of two different additives (MoS2 and T405) in paraffin base oil. The tribological properties of GCr15 bearing steel under different lubrication conditions were tested on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The three-dimensional profile of disk’s worn surfaces and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of corresponding steel balls were analyzed at the same time. The wettability of lubricating oils on the surface of friction pairs and the dispersibility of MoS2 in base oil were characterized. Furthermore, the Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) of the disk’s worn surfaces under the nano-MoS2 base oil were measured by the Field Emission Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope to observe the variation of chemical elements on the worn surface of the disk after tests. The results show that these additives have a good synergistic lubrication effect with the base oil in terms of friction coefficient, wear volume, and surface wettability, and nano-MoS2 is better than T405 as the additive in the base oil. Moreover, active elements such as Mo and S were observed on the worn surface of the friction pair, indicating that the MoS2 additive can form a deposited film on the contact region to achieve antifriction and wear resistance effect.
Xia, Zhaocai, Tang, Wencheng, Li, Kaiyuan, Wang, Hao
Oil, Reference, for “L” Stock Rubber TestingAMS3020B (Current)1/17/2020
This specification covers a petroleum-based reference oil.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
O-Ring Molded from AMS7273 MaterialAS9967A (Historical)1/9/2020
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings molded from AMS7273 rubber. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
The performance and mechanisms of organic polymeric friction modifiers in low viscosity engine oils2019-01-220412/19/2019
The requirement of OEMs to reduce CO2 emissions is leading to a reduction in viscosity of engine oils with 0W20 approved oils now common. 0W 16 approvals are growing in popularity and will be further supported in the US by the introduction of ILSAC GF-6B. Japanese OEMs are driving the development of 0W- 12 and 0W08 grades which will be supported by JASO GLV-1. These low viscosity engine oils can contain MoDTC with very high levels of 1000+ppm molybdenum to achieve the fuel economy improvement required to pass engine tests such as Sequence VIE. Molybdenum usage at this level contributes to sulphated ash increase. It can also have a negative impact on deposits. This paper examines the performance and mechanism of two ashless polymeric friction modifiers in a 0W20 formulation. These polymeric friction modifiers have been shown to give fuel economy benefits in Sequence VIE engine tests. The aim of this work is to better understand the influence and interaction of these polymeric friction modifiers in the presence of ZDDP as well as other additives, in tribological testing. Specifically, how the friction and wear benefits observed in MTM testing correlate to the chemical composition of the tribofilm as characterised by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Further work detailing the combination of polymeric friction modifier and MoDTC was conducted on the MTM, including surface characterisation for potential synergistic properties in the reference oil. Evidence of the polymeric friction modifier on the surface, and throughout the depth of the tribofilm, was observed, even in the presence of molybdenum containing additives. This work proves the good surface affinity and film forming properties of polymeric friction modifiers and highlights the differences in the tribofilm composition depending on the friction modifier(s) used.
Moody, Gareth, Eastwood, John, Ueno, Keiko
Fuel Economy Improvement by Engine Oil with Ultra-High Viscosity Index2019-01-220312/19/2019
With the electrification of automobiles, such as hybridization, engines on these vehicles operate more frequently at low oil temperatures, while engines are more specifically run at low engine speed and high load condition for driving vehicles. Hence, engine oils are required to reduce their viscosity at low temperature for friction reduction to improve fuel economy and maintain high temperature viscosity enough to protect engine parts for robustness at the same time. This leads to the improvement of viscosity index, the "ultra-high viscosity index (UHVI)" concept. The novel engine oil technology with a new high performance polymer was investigated. One of experimental oils showed the 100°C viscosity equivalent to SAE 0W-16 grade and the better fuel economy than that of SAE 0W-8 oil by an engine motoring friction test. This study demonstrated the promising performance of the UHVI concept to provide further fuel economy benefit especially for advanced electrified powertrains such as hybrid systems.
Onodera, Ko, Watanabe, Honami, Sato, Takehisa, Lee, Gordon H., Kaneko, Toyoharu, Yamamori, Kazuo, Miyata, Itsuki
Verification of deterioration properties of engine oil under water-rich condition2019-01-229812/19/2019
In general, metal-based detergents are used in engine oil to prevent the adhesion and accumulation of deposits and sludge. Because metal-based detergents are additives composed of fatty acid metal salts and carbonates, such as calcium, they are known to be easily affected by water. In particular, over-based metal-based detergents containing a large number of carbonates, which are excellent in terms of detergency, have been used often in recent years. Following the increasing use of biofuels and the diffusion of hybrid vehicles, the risk of water being mixed into engine oil has increased. For example, in hybrid vehicles, it is assumed that the engine oil temperature decreases and it becomes difficult for water to volatilize. Also, the E100 fuel contains several percent of water. Therefore, it has become important to understand the degradation characteristics of engine oil when water is immixed, which is the aim of this study.1) In this study, we operated an engine while intentionally introducing water into its combustion chamber. Based on the evaluated degradation characteristics, we examined a laboratory test method and established the test conditions. Using the examined laboratory test method, we evaluated the degradation characteristics of engine oil when water is immixed. Consequently, we found that the principal factor that decreased the total base number when water was immixed was the presence of carbonates in metal-based detergents. We also revealed that the type of soap base also affects the amount of decrease in the total base number. In the future, engine oils containing detergents that have excellent water resistance are expected to be developed using the laboratory test method established in this study.
Oki, Hiroshi, Takakura, Shiro
New Approach to JASO Standardization of New Fired Fuel Economy Engine Dyno Test for the New JASO Gasoline Engine Oil Standard for Low Viscosity Grades (JASO GLV-1)2019-01-229712/19/2019
A fired fuel economy engine test procedure developed by Toyota was proposed to be a new JASO test procedure. Under the JASO Task Force, the fired fuel economy engine test working group was formed. Four test laboratories from oil and additive industries in Japan participated in the JASO Round Robin matrix to evaluate the repeatability and the reproducibility with four candidate reference oils. These candidate reference oils include two viscosity grades and two additive technologies that represent fuel economy engine oil technologies in the Japanese market. The project was successfully completed and the procedure was proposed to be a part of the new JASO GLV-1 engine oil standard.
Nakashima, Yoshihiro, Yamamori, Kazuo, Hirano, Satoshi
Development of an Oil Degradation Sensor Based on Detection of Free Radicals2019-01-229912/19/2019
This paper proposes an oil degradation sensor that informs the best time for oil replacement to achieve the right balance with oil conservation and engine protection. We found that free radicals in the engine oil generate by chain decomposition reactions of hydrocarbons by heat and the amount of them increases with an increase in running distance. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment results, the free radical concentrations have high correlations with pH and base number. The sensor using the principle of electron spin resonance (ESR) can measure the amount of free radical molecules in a non-contact method. The sensor successfully detected free radicals produced by the degradation of actual engine oil.
Cheng, Fan, Shibata, Takayuki, Aoki, Yoshifumi, Hirata, Hiroshi
Development of Low Viscosity 0W-16 Fuel-Saving Engine Oil using a Synergistic Optimization of an Innovative Base Oil and Performant Additives while Maintaining Engine Durability in a ILSAC GF6-B Environment2019-01-224012/19/2019
Lowering fuel consumption whilst maintaining engine life continues to be a challenge for the lubricant industry. Forthcoming ILSAC GF-6 specification and new emission regulations make this challenge even harder to overcome. Knowledge concerning innovative polyalkylene glycol (PAG) chemistry combined with expertise in engine oil formulation (additives and mineral base oils) and a deep understanding of the friction within the engine were used to develop a 0W- 16 engine oil with better fuel economy performance than other 0W-16 oils present in the market. Indeed, to accurately measure the friction on several part of the engine, a 1.2 L supercharged gasoline engine was first dismantled to measure the lubricant friction and wear capabilities of different lubricant formulations (containing group III base oil, additives and OSP HVI) on different engine parts. An initial optimization of the individual formulation components was realized to reduce the friction as much as possible whilst still maintaining wear protection performance. Additives were chosen to interact synergistically with OSP HVI. A second optimization was subsequently carried out using the whole engine in a friction torque test. Finally the fuel saving performance of the developed lubricant was assessed on a chassis dynamometer test. The formulation delivers between 0.5% and 0.9% of CO2 reduction on JC08 and WLTC, compared to engine oils of the same SAE viscosity grade. Lastly, the durability performance of the lubricant was proven in ILSAC GF-6 sequence IIIH and IX.
Nicolas, CHAMPAGNE, Paula, USSA-ALDANA, Mathieu, CONSIGNY, Camille, HERRY
Low Friction and Low Viscosity Final Drive Oil2019-01-233612/19/2019
The new lubricant was newly developed for differential gear unit to contribute to all friction factors/conditions (Boundary, Hydrodynamic & those Mixed Lubrication) even if the differential gear is operating under very severe conditions such as high-gear-contact pressure and highly sliding speed. The main concept of development was selecting and formulating the optimized additives for severe lubrication conditions in order to achieve the best balance between thinner-film thickness and extreme pressure performance. In conclusion, by the application of both synthetic base oil instead of mineral one and activation technology of MoDTC in spite of ZnDTP free formulation, it is finally realized to reduce the torque of final drive unit by 40% and it can be estimated the 0.5% of CO2 reduction in actual vehicles.
Kubo, Tomoo, Akie, Naoto, Okamoto, Yuji, Okuda, Sachiko, Sagawa, Takumaru, Ariyama, Mona, Komatsubara, Hitoshi
Control of the Distillation Curve of Biodiesel Fuel by Cross-Metathesis Reaction Based on Fatty-Acid Composition2019-01-218712/19/2019
Biodiesel fuel (Fatty acid methyl esters: FAME) have lower volatility than petro-diesel fuel due to the larger molecular size of FAME. Recent studies report that the distillation temperature of biodiesel fuel can be lowered by the cross-metathesis reaction with short-chain olefin using ruthenium catalyst. In this study, the effect of cross-metathesis reaction conditions on the distillation characteristics of reformulated biodiesel fuel is investigated to reveal the reaction conditions for fitting the distillation curve of biodiesel fuels to that of petro-diesel fuel. Furthermore, the reactivity of typical biodiesel fuels such as RME (rapeseed oil), SME (soybean oil), and WME (waste cooking oil) for cross-metathesis reaction were examined to reveal the reaction conditions appropriate for their fatty-acid compositions.
Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Yamane, Koji, Umeno, Ryohei
Impact of Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) on the formation of piston deposits in fuel economy engine oils2019-01-220212/19/2019
In the recent years, the achievement of fuel economy through lower viscosity engine oil has been a topic of wide discussions among experts in the industry. Along this journey of engine oil evolution, new classes of Viscosity Index Improver (VIIs) have been developed in order to meet the challenges arising from either hardware re-engineering, environmental protection or both. In relation to this, the continuous tightening of the CO2 emission level from the authorities has made the situation even tougher for many OEMs and formulators worldwide. While the fuel economy performance in an engine has been intensively investigated, little has been published on the durability aspects of these VIIs nor other aspects such as cleanliness and piston deposits. In this paper, we will present no-harm test results for deposit formation comparing novel comb polymers and conventional hydrocarbon VIIs such as OCPs. The formation of coke like deposits has been studied on low viscosity engine oils in both engine and bench tests. The results from the TDI engine test are compared with test results on the same fluids run in various screening tests such as Micro Coking test (MCT), Panel Coking test (PCT) and Komatsu Hot Tube test (HTT) and certain of these tests will be discussed in more detail.
Tan,, Kien-Wee, Eisenberg, Boris, Hutchinson, Philip A., Lauterwasser, Frank
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