Employing ‘ball-on-cylinder’ philosophy, a non-rotating steel ball is held in a vertically mounted chuck and using an applied load is forced against an axially mounted steel cylinder. The test cylinder is rotated at a fixed speed while being partially immersed in a lubricant reservoir. This maintains the cylinder in a wet condition and continuously transports a lubricating film of test fluid to the ball and cylinder interface. The diameter of the wear scar generated on the test ball is used as a measure of the fluid’s lubricating properties. The apparatus can be used, by adjusting the operating conditions, to reproduce two different wear mechanisms; mild and severe wear, the ALTE therefore has the ability to assess a lubricant’s performance in that regard.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Test Method for the Determination of Total Acidity in Polyol Ester and Diester Gas Turbine Lubricants by Automatic Potentiometric Titration

ARP5088C (Current)

11/26/2025

The test method describes the procedure for determination of the total acid number of new and degraded polyol ester and diester based gas turbine lubricants by potentiometric titration technique. The method was validated to cover an acidity range 0.05 to 6.0 mg KOH g-1. The method may also be suitable for the determination of acidities outside of this range and for other classes of lubricant.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Specifications: Current Technical Review and Future Direction

AIR6056A (Current)

11/26/2025

This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

A Review of Literature on the Relationship Between Gas Turbine Engine Lubricants and Aircraft Cabin Air Quality

AIR5784A (Current)

11/26/2025

There has been a recent upsurge in interest from the media concerning the quality of the environment within aircraft cabins and cockpits especially in the commercial world. This has included (although by no means been limited to) the air quality, with particular reference to the alleged effects of contamination from the aircraft turbine lubricant. Possible exposure to 'organophosphates' (OPs) from the oil has raised special concerns from cabin crew. Such is the concern that government organisations around the world, including Australia, USA and UK, have set up committees to investigate the cabin air quality issue. Concern was also voiced in the aviation lubricants world at the way in which OP additives in turbine lubricants were being blamed in some reports for the symptoms being experienced by air crew and passengers. SAE Committee E-34 therefore decided that it should gather as much available information on the subject as possible. This would then enable E-34 to participate in

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Verifying large alternate product code for an AIR document - AIR112425-1

AIR1124250000000000000000/NEW1--1 (Current)

11/24/2025

Verifying large alternate product code for an AIR document

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Grease, Aircraft, General Purpose, Low Temperature Range, Lithium Thickened

AMS3052B (Current)

9/30/2025

Committee AMS-M is establishing an Industry Managed Qualification Program through the remit of the Performance Review Institute which requires this specification to be revised to reference the qualification process and controlling documentation.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Specification for Aero and Aero-Derived Gas Turbine Engine Lubricants

AS5780E (Historical)

9/24/2025

This specification defines basic physical, chemical, and performance limits for 5 cSt grades of gas turbine engine lubricating oils used in aero and aero-derived marine and industrial applications, along with standard test methods and requirements for laboratories performing them. It also defines the quality control requirements to assure batch conformance and materials traceability, and the procedures to manage and communicate changes in oil formulation and brand. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in Appendix D Section D.2, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before an oil is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific gas

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Improved Aerospace Tapered Roller Bearing Loss of Lubrication Performance

F-0081-2025-0183

5/20/2025

Bench-level tribological experiments were utilized to evaluate material, coating, and lubricant formulation effects on the loss-of-lubricant survivability of tapered roller end and cone rib contacts. Cone rib and roller end contacts were simulated using a single rotating roller and rotating flat disk. The applied load and rotational speeds of the roller and disk were controlled to simulate representative rotorcraft gearbox bearing operating conditions. The contacts were lubricated for an initial period before the lubricant supply was shut off, and the supply tube was then removed. Tests continued to run, without additional oil, until the measured friction force reached a predetermined cutoff value. Weibull-based statistical analysis was used to compare the loss-of-lubrication runtimes.

Hager Jr., Carl, Carl, Matthew, Murtiff, Cole

Experimental Evidence to Influence Design of Novel Low Lubrication Method for Rotorcraft Secondary Lubrication Systems

F-0081-2025-0279

5/20/2025

This paper presents experimental research aimed at developing novel low lubrication methods for rotorcraft and jet engines, focusing on sustaining minimal lubrication to prevent catastrophic bearing failure during loss of lubrication (LoL) events or to increase fuel consumption performance on once-through, fuel-oil bearing lubrication engines. Utilizing two high-speed bearing test rigs simulating low and high thrust class engine conditions, the study establishes lower bounds for oil flow rates necessary to maintain thermal stability and prevent thermal runaway in hybrid ball bearings. These findings inform the design of the Zulu Pod (ZPod), a passively driven, self-contained oil delivery system that uses engine compressor bleed air to precisely meter lubricant flow. Engine test stand results demonstrate that replacing traditional fuel-oil lubrication with the ZPod system reduces thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) by an average of 7%, with up to 11% savings, without compromising

Boersma, Pieter, Currier, Todd, Ferrante, Jason, Rosenthal, Julius

Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel

2025-01-50071/27/2025

Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to

Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten

Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles

2024-01-40899/16/2024

Abstract We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground

Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash

Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity

2024-01-50848/23/2024

This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their

Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun

EFFECT OF PISTON SECONDARY MOTION ON LUBRICATING OIL CONSUMPTION, BLOW-BY AND FRICTION

2024-26-02591/16/2024

As per pieces of literature, 40 to 60 % of friction losses in an Internal combustion engine occur in piston-ring pack-liner assembly and, there is a significant supportive role of simulation in improving this assembly. Literature is also available which tells, how changes in pistons affect oil consumption. Thus, piston dynamics plays an important role in oil consumption. Furthermore, the Piston Movement Module simulation results also serve as a very important input for postprocessing to calculate piston ring dynamics. This research work is conducted to understand the effect of piston secondary motion, on oil consumption, blow-by, and friction. In this work, the results of ring dynamics and oil consumption simulation modules are studied with consideration and non-consideration of piston secondary motion results. The parameters like minimum oil film thickness, lubricating oil consumption, blow-by, friction, and friction power loss are investigated. Results indicate that oil throw-off and

Sanadhya, Kunjan, Nandgaonkar, M., Aghav, Yogesh

Development of Low Viscosity Fuel Economy Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-00401/16/2024

Sustainability today has evolved from being just a niche engagement to an absolute necessity. The reduction of carbon emissions from aspects of human activity has become a critical enabler to mitigate the impact of climate change. The Transportation industry is a significant contributor to such emissions while at the same time a critical part of the global economy. As powertrains have undergone significant changes to reduce emissions through hardware changes, now an effective and efficient engine oil is amongst the most convenient and cost-effective ways of reducing a vehicle’s carbon emissions. Development of lubricants towards this must address many challenges of today’s world. Modern Commercial Vehicle engines operate at higher temperatures than before, promoting both oxidation and nitration of the lubricant. At the same time, higher levels of fuel economy require usage of lower viscosity engine oils, which must then be formulated in a manner that protects the engine and maintains

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Madan, Lalit, Lim, Pei Yi, Pollington, Mark

Conversion of Diesel fuel system to CNG fuel system for Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-03821/16/2024

Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel has recently gained popularity in passenger and commercial vehicles due to its lower cost of operation compared to gasoline and diesel. It is also a more environmentally friendly fuel than other fuel. Converting a customer vehicle (with a diesel option) to the CNG option is more difficult than building a new CNG vehicle. In this we are outlining the design of CNG fuel systems and the challenges of replacing them during the transition from Diesel to CNG and qualifying the Government Norms for running the vehicle will increase the life as well as make our environment more eco-friendly than Diesel Vehicle. Using CNG as a fuel in the automotive industry gives benefits over Gasoline & Diesel • increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil. • Lower cost of per unit energy. • Being a gaseous fuel, CNG mixes easily and evenly in air, hence less hazardous. • CNG is less likely to ignite on hot surfaces, since it

SRIVASTAVA, RAJAT, Sharma, Mukesh, Kumar, Satish, Sharma, Pawan, Singh, Gaurav

Effect of tire pressure on the fatigue life of an automotive three-wheeled vehicle's chassis & body.

2024-26-03651/16/2024

The need and dependency on objective measurements are increasing rapidly across all industries for reliable and faster data for product validation, and the automotive industry is no different. Objective measurements are becoming increasingly popular than subjective evaluation as they offer objectivity and repeatability. Typical industry practice for structural validation is to acquire the vehicle responses, viz. spindle accelerations, wheel displacements, wheel forces, speed, strain at a few critical locations, and others as per the requirement. Vehicle responses are usually acquired on specific road surfaces, test tracks, and proving grounds. Prior to the tests or measurements, the vehicles are configured as per the company's recommendation, such as tire pressure, camber angles, engine oil, coolant oil type and quantity, load, and load distribution, to name a few. The test vehicles with which these measurements are carried are usually only with these vehicle settings. However, the

Polisetti, Sagar

Engine Warm-up Prediction using Machine Learning Methodology.

2024-26-02951/16/2024

In the recent times, when emission & CO2 legislations are becoming more stringent, we need to adjust our simulation methods to the engine warm-up for better prediction. A typical fuel economy simulation for a WLTP drive cycle with and without considering warm-up effect differentiates up to 6-8%. Thus, there is a need to consider engine warm-up parameters for drive cycle simulations. The engine warm-up can be predicted in multiple ways but the most common way is detailed Physics based 1D modelling. These thermodynamic based models have a very good accuracy in temperature characteristics compared to actual test but take a lot of simulation time. The current requirement is to have models, which can do the same with 0.3 times real time so that these can be coupled with SiL simulation. The current paper will portrait a machine learning based methodology to predict Engine Oil & Coolant temperature based on driving profile and fuel consumption. ML model is trained by using data from one drive

Kelkar, Kshitij, Bensch, Simon, Gopalkrishnan, Suresh Kumar, Meissner, Ronny

OPTIMIZATION OF OIL QUANTITY IN MANUAL TRANSMISSION AND REDUCING CHURNING LOSS

2024-26-03461/16/2024

Gearbox efficiency losses are contributed by Oil seal rubbing, Synchro friction rubbing, Gear losses, bearing preload friction, windage losses, churning losses etc. Here in this experiment we have focused on quantifying and reducing the churning losses as well as verifying the lubrication requirements satisfactorily in all terrains and conditions. The paper establishes the effective way for evaluating same with over 80 trials conducted for conclusive proof. Gearboxes must work efficiently to get the job done properly and lubrication is vital to this efficiency. Lubricating oil is like the circulation system of a gearbox. If the oil levels fall too low, the gearbox will likely fail. Gearbox failure can lead to expensive repairs that could be prevented. Besides added costs due to replacement or repair, costs associated with a loss of production could be significant. These issues are why it is important to understand the consequences of having low lubricant levels. Similarly, higher oil

Lakshamanan, sundar

Lubrication Evaluation of EV transmission

2024-26-03281/16/2024

The advent of EV powertrain has considerable effect on transmission development activities as competed to regular ICE transmission. Conventional ICE transmission and the transmission for an e-powertrain differ on fundamental level. The conventional transmission has number of gear ratios, shift mechanism which enables the transmission to deliver a smooth power output as per demand from the driver. Whereas the e-powertrain transmission is mostly a single gear ratio transmission (reducer) which primarily depends on speed and torque variation from the motor to cater the driver requirement. Hence, the operating speeds of the such e-transmissions can vary from 0 to 20000 in both forward and reverse directions. Such a large speed variation as compared with conventional transmission calls for special attention towards the lubrication of internal components. High speeds and lower oil viscosities tend to disrupt the oil films in between contact surfaces causing metal to metal contact. This

Kushwaha, Rakesh, Bhosale, Vikas, Navale, Pradeep, Patel, Hiral

A study of engine oil aeration in IC engines and factors contributing it.

2024-26-03701/16/2024

The lubrication system of an internal combustion engine is a crucial component that performs a variety of functions, including lowering friction, cooling, supporting load and cleaning debris from the engine's various moving components. Oil aeration refers to the trapping of air bubbles in lubricating oil. High oil aeration can have a detrimental effect on engine performance since modern engines are equipped with parts such as VVT, HLA, RFF, PCJ, LCJ, and other components; whose operation is substantially impacted by the amount of air in circulating oil. In this study, an Inline 4-cylinder NA DOHC gasoline engine was tested with a densimeter type aeration measuring machine. Test equipment layout which consists of hose diameter, hose length etc. were designed, fabricated, and instrumented to operate under different test conditions. Visual observations and quantitative measurements of oil aeration was performed in the oil sump. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of

Attri, Mayank, Yadav, Vimal, kamboj, Jagdish

Research on the Secondary Motion of Engine Piston Considering the Transport of Lubricating Oil

03-17-03-0024

11/21/2023

Abstract At present, it is generally considered in the analysis of the secondary motion of engine piston that the piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair is fully lubricated in an engine operating cycle. However, in practice, when the piston moves upward, the amount of lubricating oil at the inlet may not ensure that the friction pair is fully lubricated. In this article, the secondary motion of piston is studied when the transport of lubricating oil is considered to determine the lubrication condition of piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair. The secondary motion of piston is solved based on the combined piston motion model, hydrodynamic lubrication model, asperity contact model, and lubricating oil flow model. The secondary motion equation of piston is solved by the Broyden method. The hydrodynamic lubrication equation is solved by the finite difference method. The asperity contact between piston skirt and cylinder liner is calculated by the Greenwood model. The flow of

Liu, Jihai, Sun, Jun

Influence of Rotorcraft Gearbox Lubricants on the Relative Adhesive Wear of Rolling Element Bearing Material Pairs

F-0079-2023-18144

5/16/2023

Jr., Carl, Sadinski, Robert, Hullenbaugh, Gretchen

Reduction of Lubrication System Pressure Pulsation due to Oil Foaming in a Double Clutch Transmission

2022-28-048711/18/2022

Foaming of Oil is accumulation of air bubbles on the surface. The source of air can be environmental or dissolved air or both. Foaming of Lubricant Oil is an undesired effect which has various reasons to occur- sudden decrease of pressure, contamination, reservoir design, etc. The effects can be pressure pulsation in pump discharge which results in abnormal Noise and Vibration, Cavitation, etc. This paper will describe the mechanical design changes done in a gearbox to guide the Oil flow to a less turbulent passage and to the reservoir. This will allow oil to degas while its flow to the reservoir, largely losing its foamability characteristic. By introducing circular enclosing structure around the rotating Clutch pack, the centrifugally escaping oil is guided and escapes into a collection tray via single point opening. The Oil tray will route the oil back to the reservoir. The enclosing structure around the Clutch pack is a carefully designed two-parts structure with close and

Balasubramani, Prathap, Kaushik, Nikhil

Change in Engine Life and Maintenance Intervals Depending on the Fuel Consumption of the Vehicle During Operation

2022-01-09023/29/2022

Under operating conditions, the durability of vehicles is estimated by the resource, which also depends on the frequency of maintenance. The purpose of the study is to establish the impact of fuel consumption on the resource and frequency of car maintenance. The used of mathematical modeling to obtain analytical formulas that relate the resource to fuel consumption. It is proposed to adjust the resource and frequency of maintenance on the same principles as used to adjust fuel consumption. The deviation of the actual fuel consumption from the standard value can be obtained experimentally or using the adjustment factors specified in the methodology for rationing of fuels and lubricants. The values of track fuel consumption and resource change for the five categories of roads are calculated. For ease of application of the method, the coefficients of change of resource and change of fuel consumption were introduced, also a graphical relationship of change these coefficients was obtained

Krivoshapov, Sergy

Study the impact of Engine and Vehicle level parameters for reduction in Engine Oil Consumption for advanced emission architecture

2022-01-07133/29/2022

Automotive industry has seen implementation of advanced emission regulations like BS-VI in India along with growing market demand for increased product performance and reduction in total cost of ownership. This has made the engine architecture more intricate leading to complex interaction among engine and vehicle level parameters. It poses a challenge to understand mechanism and underlying physics for achieving product attributes like increased power density, higher fluid economy and reduced oil consumption. The current paper focusses on reducing engine oil consumption across diverse duty cycles using simulation tools, vehicle data analytics and design of experiments. The contribution of oil consumption mechanisms viz. oil evaporation, oil throw and oil transport are identified across different loads and duty cycles patterns. Piston ring dynamics simulation has been used to identify critical piston and ring parameters impacting oil consumption through directional trends. Design of

Gautam, Navneet

Prediction and Experimental Verification for Oil Transport Volume around Three-piece Type Oil Control Ring Affecting Lubricating Oil Consumption

2022-01-06323/29/2022

Reducing lubricating oil consumption remains an important issue for internal combustion engines. In recent years, in order to clear PN regulations and to lower lubricating oil viscosity for reducing mechanical loss, demand for reducing lubricating oil consumption has been increasing. It is effective way to control oil upward flow, which is oil flow passes through piston and piston rings to combustion chamber, in order to reduce lubricating oil consumption. Therefore, it is important to establish a highly accurate prediction method of oil behavior around oil control ring, which greatly affects oil upward flow, in order to predict lubricating oil consumption. In this paper, calculation analysis for movement of the three-piece type oil control ring in piston groove and oil behavior around the three-piece type oil control ring were conducted using CAE method. These calculation models analyze in detail oil flow from oil control ring groove to piston land. In addition, these models

Mochizuki, Kazuya

Effect of low viscosity oil and bearings design on oil pressure performance across engine crank train system

2022-01-07673/29/2022

In current market scenario Reliability & Durability of components as became prime focus, with the advent of BS VI emission norm there is tremendous increase in peak firing pressure due to high pressure common rail system and various emission solutions. Crank train system is getting subjected to a never before forces & loading due to emission & performance requirement. For achieving the competitive reliability & durability of main moving parts oil pressure plays a most vital role. In this study the performance optimization of oil pressure has been carried out by experimenting with oil grades & bearing designs. This study comprises of selection of oil & bearing, simulation and finally proto development & verification. Further, the result were compared and best solution recommended.

Gavade, Sujit Vithoba, Gangurde, Prashant, Bhargava, Aashish, Pawar, Satish, Deshmukh, Chandrakant, Mishra, Abhishek

Investigation of the Drag Losses of Wet Clutches at Dip Lubrication

2022-01-07883/29/2022

Wet running multi-plate clutches and brakes are important components of modern automotive and industrial powertrains. In the open stage, drag losses occur due to fluid shearing. This subsequently can lead to a perceptible reduction in the overall drivetrain efficiency. Depending on the application and requirements, injection or dip lubrication is used. For the first one there is already a deep fundamental understanding existing, whereas the latter was not extensively investigated so far. This contribution gives a detailed insight in the experimental research of the drag losses of wet running multi-plate clutches at dip lubrication. In a base study the flow conditions and origins of the drag torque generation were investigated. Built on this, the effects of operating and geometry parameters such as oil viscosity and level, clearance, groove design, disk size and number of gaps on the drag loss characteristic were determined based on a full-factorial testing. The paper further explains

Pointner-Gabriel, Lukas, Forleo, Cosimo, Voelkel, Katharina, Pflaum, Hermann, Stahl, Karsten

The Rotating Liner Engine under Medium Loads and Speeds. Fuel economy benefit exceeds 10%

2022-01-05073/29/2022

The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a Heavy Duty Diesel engine rotates by about 2-4 m/s surface speed in order to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near top and bottom dead center. Based on testing results from our single cylinder RLE prototype (a converted four cylinder Cummins ISB 3.9 diesel) compared to a similar baseline, under idle conditions, the friction reduction is approximately 50 kPa in FMEP (friction mean effective pressure), which translates to about 40% for a complete engine. In this new set of experiments, we are comparing the RLE performance under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure). It has been proven that the elimination of metallic contact between the compression rings and cylinder persists under up to 75 bar peak cylinder pressure and 1.5-2 m/s liner surface speed (283-383 rpm) for the 850-1150 rpm crankshaft speed. Additionally, the RLE FMEP is substantially reduced under

Dardalis, Dimitrios, ALHAJ ASAD, Osama, Basu, Amiyo, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron

Correlation between vibration level, lubricating oil viscosity and total number base of an internal combustion engine operated with gasoline and ethanol.

2022-01-07453/29/2022

Lubricating oils for automotive engines have been incorporating important improvements in chemical properties to increase engine performance, reduce fuel consumption and vehicular emissions indices, in addition to increasing the time interval for changing the lubricant itself. The objective of this study is to investigate the vibrational behavior of the block and crankshaft an Otto cycle internal combustion engine operated with ethanol and gasoline fuel as a function of the viscosity and total base number (TBN) of the lubricant. The study consisted of instrumenting the block and the 1st and 5th fixed bearings of the crankshaft with accelerometers to measure the engine vibration intensity and operating the engine on a bench dynamometer in a specific test cycle. Each experiment lasted 600 hours and every 50 hours a block and crankshaft engine vibration level were measured and 100ml sample of lubricating oil was collected to check viscosity and TBN chemical lubricant's properties. The

Santana, Claudio Marcio

Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part2 - Influence of engine oil evaporation characteristics on oil consumption of internal combustion engines

2022-01-06343/29/2022

CO2 emission reduction is one of the most important challenges for automotive industry to prevent the global warming. Friction reduction of internal combustion engines (ICEs) is an effective countermeasure. Engine oil lubricates various engine parts and its improvement can contribute to reduce fuel consumption of ICEs by reducing frictions among engine parts. Electrification of ICE powertrains provides higher overall efficiency and leads to lower average engine oil temperature during vehicle operation. In order to reduce the engine friction, engine oil viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature range is important. The viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature while maintaining high temperature viscosity can be realized by reducing base oil viscosity and adding more Viscosity Modifier (VM) that increases viscosity index effectively (“flat viscosity” concept). On the other hand, reduction of base oil viscosity increases volatility loss and may cause oil consumption increase as a trade

Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Wada, Kotaro

Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part1 - “Flat viscosity” concept and contribution to carbon neutrality

2022-01-06313/29/2022

In recent years, the realization of carbon neutrality has become an activity to be tackled worldwide, and automobile manufacturers are promoting electrification of power train by HEV, PHEV, BEV and FCEV. Although interest in BEV is currently growing, vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines including HEV and PHEV will continue to be used in areas where conversion to BEV is not easy. For such vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil will be one of the most important means to contribute to further reduction of CO2 emissions. Since HEV require less work from the engine, the engine oil temperature is lower than that of conventional engine vehicles. Therefore, the reduction of viscous resistance in the mid-to-low temperature range below 80°C is expected to contribute more to fuel economy. On the other hand, the viscosity must be kept above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices in the high oil temperature range. In order to achieve both of these characteristics

Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Mori, Shunsuke, Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Wada, Kotaro

Realtime Oil Consumption Measurement Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

2022-01-06963/29/2022

This paper describes a new method for measuring oil consumption using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS focuses a high energy laser pulse on a sample to form a transient plasma. As the plasma cools, each element produces atomic emission lines which can be used to identify and quantify the elements present in the original sample. In this work, a LIBS system was used on simulated engine exhaust with a focus on quantifying the inorganic components (termed ash) of the particulate emissions. Because some of the metallic elements in the ash almost exclusively result from lube oil consumption, their concentrations can also be tied to an oil consumption rate. Initial testing was performed in an Exhaust Composition Transient Operation LaboratoryTM (ECTO-LabTM) burner system so that oil consumption and ash mass could be carefully controlled. Several spectral regions were identified where absorptions attributable to calcium exhibited a response in proportion to the amount of lube

Wright, Nolan, Henry, Cary, Moore, Thomas

O-RING MOLDED FROM AMS7259 MATERIAL

AS83248/2A (Current)11/9/2021

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Elastomer Compatibility Considerations Relative to Elastomer Selection

AIR786C (Current)

10/1/2021

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains data relative to the chemical nature of aerospace fluids and relates each to its empirical effect upon elastomeric components. Since the compatibilities of elastomers are determined by the compounding as well as the nature of the base polymer, the elastomers considered are limited to finished compounds for which material or performance specifications can be referenced.

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Tribological evaluation of organic frictional composites filled with various nano- solid lubricants

2021-28-025910/1/2021

Incorporation of organic fibers originate from plants in polymer composite is not new as they provide eco-friendly lighter composite and it have gained attention over a period of time because of the specific applications. The augmenting demanded by automotive sectors for wear and frictional areas where the conservation of energy is concerned is expected one with the addition of nano – solid lubricants. Our aim is to highlight the possibility of organic basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites along with three possible combination of nano – solid lubricants like graphite/graphene/ molybdenum disulfide was chosen and to fabricate tribo-materials through hot press technique. The outcome of the tribological tests (by varying load and sliding velocity) indicates that the responses of these three organic fiber based polymer composites have been effectively modified by nano-solid lubricants leading to significant enhancement as tribo materials is highlighted in higher level of load and

R, Soundararajan, Javid Firnas, Sait, Naveen raj, Nandakumar, pradeep s, sabapathy

Elastomer Compatibility Considerations Relative to Elastomer Selection

AIR786C-TEST-REC (Historical)10/1/2021

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Virtual Validation of Gearbox Breather by CFD Simulation and Correlation with Testing

2021-26-03219/22/2021

Gearbox power transfer efficiency is a major factor in overall powertrain efficiency of a car. With rapidly changing emission and fuel efficiency regulations, there is a push to increase the gearbox efficiency to improve the overall fuel economy of the vehicle. In case of an existing gearbox, efficiency can be improved by using the low viscosity lubrication oil. Despite a benefit in increasing the gearbox efficiency, lowering down the viscosity of lubrication oil gives rise to few challenges with respect to its performance. One of these challenges is breather performance which defines that gearbox oil should not come out of breather pipe in some pre-defined conditions during gearbox operation. As this validation is being carried out on proto parts when the complete system is ready, failure to satisfy the defined criteria for breather performance can lead to multiple trials. This further leads to extended design cycles for launching new cars with better gearbox efficiency and fuel

Singh, Bhupinder, chopra, Chandan, Choudhary, Ved Prakash, Baluch, Mohamad Bilal, Karna, Gaurav

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