Abstract At present, it is generally considered in the analysis of the secondary motion of engine piston that the piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair is fully lubricated in an engine operating cycle. However, in practice, when the piston moves upward, the amount of lubricating oil at the inlet may not ensure that the friction pair is fully lubricated. In this article, the secondary motion of piston is studied when the transport of lubricating oil is considered to determine the lubrication condition of piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair. The secondary motion of piston is solved based on the combined piston motion model, hydrodynamic lubrication model, asperity contact model, and lubricating oil flow model. The secondary motion equation of piston is solved by the Broyden method. The hydrodynamic lubrication equation is solved by the finite difference method. The asperity contact between piston skirt and cylinder liner is calculated by the Greenwood model. The flow of

Liu, Jihai, Sun, Jun

Reduction of Lubrication System Pressure Pulsation due to Oil Foaming in a Double Clutch Transmission

2022-28-048711/18/2022

Foaming of Oil is accumulation of air bubbles on the surface. The source of air can be environmental or dissolved air or both. Foaming of Lubricant Oil is an undesired effect which has various reasons to occur- sudden decrease of pressure, contamination, reservoir design, etc. The effects can be pressure pulsation in pump discharge which results in abnormal Noise and Vibration, Cavitation, etc. This paper will describe the mechanical design changes done in a gearbox to guide the Oil flow to a less turbulent passage and to the reservoir. This will allow oil to degas while its flow to the reservoir, largely losing its foamability characteristic. By introducing circular enclosing structure around the rotating Clutch pack, the centrifugally escaping oil is guided and escapes into a collection tray via single point opening. The Oil tray will route the oil back to the reservoir. The enclosing structure around the Clutch pack is a carefully designed two-parts structure with close and

Balasubramani, Prathap, Kaushik, Nikhil

The Rotating Liner Engine under Medium Loads and Speeds. Fuel economy benefit exceeds 10%

2022-01-050703/29/2022

The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a Heavy Duty Diesel engine rotates by about 2-4 m/s surface speed in order to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near top and bottom dead center. Based on testing results from our single cylinder RLE prototype (a converted four cylinder Cummins ISB 3.9 diesel) compared to a similar baseline, under idle conditions, the friction reduction is approximately 50 kPa in FMEP (friction mean effective pressure), which translates to about 40% for a complete engine. In this new set of experiments, we are comparing the RLE performance under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure). It has been proven that the elimination of metallic contact between the compression rings and cylinder persists under up to 75 bar peak cylinder pressure and 1.5-2 m/s liner surface speed (283-383 rpm) for the 850-1150 rpm crankshaft speed. Additionally, the RLE FMEP is substantially reduced under

Dardalis, Dimitrios, ALHAJ ASAD, Osama, Basu, Amiyo, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron

Correlation between vibration level, lubricating oil viscosity and total number base of an internal combustion engine operated with gasoline and ethanol.

2022-01-074503/29/2022

Lubricating oils for automotive engines have been incorporating important improvements in chemical properties to increase engine performance, reduce fuel consumption and vehicular emissions indices, in addition to increasing the time interval for changing the lubricant itself. The objective of this study is to investigate the vibrational behavior of the block and crankshaft an Otto cycle internal combustion engine operated with ethanol and gasoline fuel as a function of the viscosity and total base number (TBN) of the lubricant. The study consisted of instrumenting the block and the 1st and 5th fixed bearings of the crankshaft with accelerometers to measure the engine vibration intensity and operating the engine on a bench dynamometer in a specific test cycle. Each experiment lasted 600 hours and every 50 hours a block and crankshaft engine vibration level were measured and 100ml sample of lubricating oil was collected to check viscosity and TBN chemical lubricant's properties. The

Santana, Claudio Marcio

Effect of low viscosity oil and bearings design on oil pressure performance across engine crank train system

2022-01-076703/29/2022

In current market scenario Reliability & Durability of components as became prime focus, with the advent of BS VI emission norm there is tremendous increase in peak firing pressure due to high pressure common rail system and various emission solutions. Crank train system is getting subjected to a never before forces & loading due to emission & performance requirement. For achieving the competitive reliability & durability of main moving parts oil pressure plays a most vital role. In this study the performance optimization of oil pressure has been carried out by experimenting with oil grades & bearing designs. This study comprises of selection of oil & bearing, simulation and finally proto development & verification. Further, the result were compared and best solution recommended.

Gavade, Sujit Vithoba, Gangurde, Prashant, Bhargava, Aashish, Pawar, Satish, Deshmukh, Chandrakant, Mishra, Abhishek

Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part2 - Influence of engine oil evaporation characteristics on oil consumption of internal combustion engines

2022-01-063403/29/2022

CO2 emission reduction is one of the most important challenges for automotive industry to prevent the global warming. Friction reduction of internal combustion engines (ICEs) is an effective countermeasure. Engine oil lubricates various engine parts and its improvement can contribute to reduce fuel consumption of ICEs by reducing frictions among engine parts. Electrification of ICE powertrains provides higher overall efficiency and leads to lower average engine oil temperature during vehicle operation. In order to reduce the engine friction, engine oil viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature range is important. The viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature while maintaining high temperature viscosity can be realized by reducing base oil viscosity and adding more Viscosity Modifier (VM) that increases viscosity index effectively (“flat viscosity” concept). On the other hand, reduction of base oil viscosity increases volatility loss and may cause oil consumption increase as a trade

Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Wada, Kotaro

Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part1 - “Flat viscosity” concept and contribution to carbon neutrality

2022-01-063103/29/2022

In recent years, the realization of carbon neutrality has become an activity to be tackled worldwide, and automobile manufacturers are promoting electrification of power train by HEV, PHEV, BEV and FCEV. Although interest in BEV is currently growing, vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines including HEV and PHEV will continue to be used in areas where conversion to BEV is not easy. For such vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil will be one of the most important means to contribute to further reduction of CO2 emissions. Since HEV require less work from the engine, the engine oil temperature is lower than that of conventional engine vehicles. Therefore, the reduction of viscous resistance in the mid-to-low temperature range below 80°C is expected to contribute more to fuel economy. On the other hand, the viscosity must be kept above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices in the high oil temperature range. In order to achieve both of these characteristics

Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Mori, Shunsuke, Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Wada, Kotaro

Prediction and Experimental Verification for Oil Transport Volume around Three-piece Type Oil Control Ring Affecting Lubricating Oil Consumption

2022-01-063203/29/2022

Reducing lubricating oil consumption remains an important issue for internal combustion engines. In recent years, in order to clear PN regulations and to lower lubricating oil viscosity for reducing mechanical loss, demand for reducing lubricating oil consumption has been increasing. It is effective way to control oil upward flow, which is oil flow passes through piston and piston rings to combustion chamber, in order to reduce lubricating oil consumption. Therefore, it is important to establish a highly accurate prediction method of oil behavior around oil control ring, which greatly affects oil upward flow, in order to predict lubricating oil consumption. In this paper, calculation analysis for movement of the three-piece type oil control ring in piston groove and oil behavior around the three-piece type oil control ring were conducted using CAE method. These calculation models analyze in detail oil flow from oil control ring groove to piston land. In addition, these models

Mochizuki, Kazuya

Investigation of the Drag Losses of Wet Clutches at Dip Lubrication

2022-01-078803/29/2022

Wet running multi-plate clutches and brakes are important components of modern automotive and industrial powertrains. In the open stage, drag losses occur due to fluid shearing. This subsequently can lead to a perceptible reduction in the overall drivetrain efficiency. Depending on the application and requirements, injection or dip lubrication is used. For the first one there is already a deep fundamental understanding existing, whereas the latter was not extensively investigated so far. This contribution gives a detailed insight in the experimental research of the drag losses of wet running multi-plate clutches at dip lubrication. In a base study the flow conditions and origins of the drag torque generation were investigated. Built on this, the effects of operating and geometry parameters such as oil viscosity and level, clearance, groove design, disk size and number of gaps on the drag loss characteristic were determined based on a full-factorial testing. The paper further explains

Pointner-Gabriel, Lukas, Forleo, Cosimo, Voelkel, Katharina, Pflaum, Hermann, Stahl, Karsten

Realtime Oil Consumption Measurement Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

2022-01-069603/29/2022

This paper describes a new method for measuring oil consumption using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS focuses a high energy laser pulse on a sample to form a transient plasma. As the plasma cools, each element produces atomic emission lines which can be used to identify and quantify the elements present in the original sample. In this work, a LIBS system was used on simulated engine exhaust with a focus on quantifying the inorganic components (termed ash) of the particulate emissions. Because some of the metallic elements in the ash almost exclusively result from lube oil consumption, their concentrations can also be tied to an oil consumption rate. Initial testing was performed in an Exhaust Composition Transient Operation LaboratoryTM (ECTO-LabTM) burner system so that oil consumption and ash mass could be carefully controlled. Several spectral regions were identified where absorptions attributable to calcium exhibited a response in proportion to the amount of lube

Wright, Nolan, Henry, Cary, Moore, Thomas

O-RING MOLDED FROM AMS7259 MATERIAL

AS83248/2A (Current)11/09/2021

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Tribological evaluation of organic frictional composites filled with various nano- solid lubricants

2021-28-025910/01/2021

Incorporation of organic fibers originate from plants in polymer composite is not new as they provide eco-friendly lighter composite and it have gained attention over a period of time because of the specific applications. The augmenting demanded by automotive sectors for wear and frictional areas where the conservation of energy is concerned is expected one with the addition of nano – solid lubricants. Our aim is to highlight the possibility of organic basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites along with three possible combination of nano – solid lubricants like graphite/graphene/ molybdenum disulfide was chosen and to fabricate tribo-materials through hot press technique. The outcome of the tribological tests (by varying load and sliding velocity) indicates that the responses of these three organic fiber based polymer composites have been effectively modified by nano-solid lubricants leading to significant enhancement as tribo materials is highlighted in higher level of load and

R, Soundararajan, Javid Firnas, Sait, Naveen raj, Nandakumar, pradeep s, sabapathy

Elastomer Compatibility Considerations Relative to Elastomer Selection

AIR786C (Current)

10/01/2021

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains data relative to the chemical nature of aerospace fluids and relates each to its empirical effect upon elastomeric components. Since the compatibilities of elastomers are determined by the compounding as well as the nature of the base polymer, the elastomers considered are limited to finished compounds for which material or performance specifications can be referenced.

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Elastomer Compatibility Considerations Relative to Elastomer Selection

AIR786C-TEST-REC (Historical)10/01/2021

A-6C2 Seals Committee

A Study of Emission Durability and Ash Accumulation of “Advanced Three-Way Catalyst Integrated on Gasoline Particulate Filter” for BS6 (Stage2) Applications

2021-26-018209/22/2021

India BS6 Stage2 (2023) regulations demands all Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles to meet particulate number emissions (PN) below 6x10+11# per km. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are a proven technology and enable high PN filtration efficiencies throughout the entire vehicle lifetime. One challenge for GPF applications could be the changing emission performance characteristics as a function of mileage due to collected ash and/or soot deposits with implications on back pressure losses and well due to aging of active catalytic components like PGM and Washcoat. The main objective of this technical contribution is to study the above-mentioned challenges while applying Indian driving conditions and typical Indian climate and other ambient conditions. The substrate technology selected for this study is a high porosity GPF designed to enable the integration of a Three-Way functionality into the GPF, commonly described as coated GPF. In this study, the entire Three-Way Catalyst (TWC

Rose, Dominik, Tao, Tinghong, Kataria, Rohit, Boger, Thorsten, Kuehn, Nikolas, Kunert, Susanne, Richter, Joerg Michael, Magar, Avinash

Study of Fuel in Oil Dilution Due to Aftertreatment Regeneration in Automotive Diesel Engine

2021-26-018409/22/2021

The Bharat Stage VI emission norms in India is driving the use of more complex after treatment systems for diesel engines. The after-treatment system typically includes DOC, DPF and SCR to reduce the engine out hydrocarbon, particulates & NOx respectively. For a durable functioning of the after-treatment system, cleaning of these components at regular intervals is required. One such method is to burn the diesel fuel inside DOC, to clean the DPF and SCR, a process called regeneration. Regeneration involves using extra diesel fuel injected into the exhaust stream, which gets oxidized in the DOC thereby regenerating the DPF or SCR. Present technology uses the existing injectors in the diesel engine for regeneration which is cost effective and simpler compared to the external hydrocarbon dosing system. In-cylinder hydrocarbon dosing is associated with the risk of fuel getting mixed with engine oil. This happens because the regeneration fuel is injected in the exhaust stroke where the

Vinay P, Ashwyn, Verma, Utkarsh, Goswami, Imon, Suresh, Swathy

Virtual Validation of Gearbox Breather by CFD Simulation and Correlation with Testing

2021-26-032109/22/2021

Gearbox power transfer efficiency is a major factor in overall powertrain efficiency of a car. With rapidly changing emission and fuel efficiency regulations, there is a push to increase the gearbox efficiency to improve the overall fuel economy of the vehicle. In case of an existing gearbox, efficiency can be improved by using the low viscosity lubrication oil. Despite a benefit in increasing the gearbox efficiency, lowering down the viscosity of lubrication oil gives rise to few challenges with respect to its performance. One of these challenges is breather performance which defines that gearbox oil should not come out of breather pipe in some pre-defined conditions during gearbox operation. As this validation is being carried out on proto parts when the complete system is ready, failure to satisfy the defined criteria for breather performance can lead to multiple trials. This further leads to extended design cycles for launching new cars with better gearbox efficiency and fuel

Singh, Bhupinder, chopra, Chandan, Choudhary, Ved Prakash, Baluch, Mohamad Bilal, Karna, Gaurav

Simulation based approach to improve the engine oil warmup behavior using exhaust gas during NEDC cycle

2021-26-042209/22/2021

During the cold start conditions engine must overcome higher friction loss, at the cost of fuel penalty till the optimum temperatures are reached in coolant and lubrication circuits. The lower thermal capacity of the lubrication oil (with respect to the coolant) inverses the relation of viscosity with temperature, improves engine thermal efficiency benefit. Engine oil takes full NEDC test cycle duration to reach 90°C. This leads to higher friction loss throughout the test cycle, contributing a significant increase in fuel consumption. Increasing oil temperature reduces viscosity, thereby reducing the engine friction. This helps to identify the focus for thermal management in the direction of speeding up the temperature rise during a cold engine starting. This work aims at the study and experiment of an exhaust recovery mechanism to improve the NEDC fuel economy. The objective of the work is to use the exhaust gas energy, post after treatment system to heat up the engine oil temperature

Krishnan, Karthikeyan N., Ramadandi, Padmavathi, M, Vikramraj, Elumalai, Sakthivel

Engine mounted Oil cooler 3D CFD CHT Analysis for predicting Thermal Performance

2021-26-035109/22/2021

This paper describes steady state, computationally rigorous, three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer 3D CFD analysis of an engine mounted oil cooler. Thermal performance of an oil cooler is very significant from engine oil consumption, bearings performance etc. In an engine water jacket, coolant flows around and through the oil cooler making the flow three dimensional. Therefore, demanding the need of a 3D CFD analysis for capturing all the flow and heat transfer aspects and thereby accurate prediction of thermal performance. An oil cooler contains intricate turbulators in flow paths and have dimensions varying from as small as 0.25 mm to as large as 300 mm, therefore making the meshing and solution a formidable task. In current work an oil cooler with all the intricate details is modelled in a commercial CFD code. Objective is to develop a solution approach which can predict thermal performance of an oil cooler in an accurate way. An engineering practice with guidelines for geometry

Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Brasmer, Susan, Bedekar, Sanjeev

The Effect of Temperature on the Molecular Compositions of External and Internal Gasoline Direct Injection Deposits

2021-01-118809/21/2021

The increased severity and prevalence of insoluble deposits formed on fuel injectors in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines precipitates negative environmental, economic and healthcare impacts. A necessary step in mitigating deposits is to unravel the molecular compositions of these complex layered materials. But very little molecular data has been acquired. Mass spectrometry shows promise but most techniques require the use of solvents, making them unsuited for analyzing insoluble deposits. Here, we apply the high mass-resolving power and in-situ analysis capabilities of 3D OrbitrapTM secondary ion mass spectrometry (3D OrbiSIMS) to characterize deposits formed on the external tip and internal needle from a GDI injector. This is the first application of the technique to study internal GDI deposits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present up to higher maximum masses in the external deposit. Lubricating oil derived sulfonates are more intense in the internal deposit

Edney, Max K., Smith, Emily F., Wilmot, Edward, Reid, Jacqueline, Barker, Jim, Alexander, Morgan R., Snape, Colin E., Scurr, David J.

Evolution of the Additive Technology for Top Tier Lubricating Oils : the Use of Calixarene Detergents for Fuel Economy Improvement

2021-01-121209/21/2021

In view of CO2 reduction, aimed to mitigate global warming, Fuel Economy (FE) is gaining a primary role in new specifications for engine lubricating oils. Not only oil rheological properties and friction reducer additives, but also many other components of the formulation, such as basestocks, viscosity modifier and additive package, are involved in improving FE performances. Tribological tests were carried out to investigate the effect of detergent additives: in particular, both Eni proprietary 400 TBN and 150 TBN Calcium calixarene-based detergents, were evaluated in MTM tribotest where a lower friction coefficient curve in boundary regime was achieved in comparison to traditional detergents. Also in SRV tribo tests the good effect of calixarenes was proven. A preliminary engine test evaluation on Sequence VIE provided a further confirmation of the good behavior of calixarene-based detergents jointly with an amino-type friction reducer: a FE result with a pass margin of 30% against

Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo

Development of a Novel Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearing Test Rig

2021-01-121809/21/2021

In this work, a dynamically loaded hydrodynamic journal bearing test rig is developed and introduced. The rig is a novel design, using a hydraulic actuator with fast acting spool valves to apply load to a connecting rod. This force is transmitted through the connecting rod to the large end bearing which is mounted on a spinning shaft, simulating a crankshaft journal. The hydraulic actuator allows for fully variable load control and can be used to apply either static load in compression and tension or dynamic loading to simulate engine operation. A variable speed electric motor controls shaft speed and is synchronized to the hydraulic actuator motion to accurately simulate loading from each stroke in a four-stroke cycle. In addition to these dynamically loaded cycles, the journal bearing rig is also capable of controlled static loading. This static loading is used to simulate stop/start engine operation. A high precision torque meter enables direct measurements of journal bearing

Michlberger, Alexander, Bachu, Pruthvi, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher

Multiphase Flow Simulation of the Oil Splashing During the Actuated Stage of an Innovative Axle Dry Braking System

2021-01-123809/21/2021

This paper proposes the CFD simulation of the oil splashing within the discs’ chamber of a novel concept for axle dry braking system in off-highway vehicles. The system completely removes the lubricating oil from the discs’ chamber during the not-engaged configuration of the friction plates and it quickly restore it at the beginning of the braking stage when the discs’ cooling becomes crucial, thus ensuring a significant reduction of the power losses. The CFD analysis of the real component is performed to predict the efficiency of the system in terms of both the time needed to replenish the discs’ chamber when brake is actuated and the hydraulic torque exerted by the splashing of the oil. The entire three-dimensional geometry of the domain is accurately discretized and the multi-phase flow nature is addressed by means of the volume of fluid approach. Moreover, the two equation realizable k-epsilon model is adopted to describe the turbulent characteristic of the flow under actual

Muzzioli, Gabriele, Milani, Massimo, Rinaldi, Pier Paolo, Stefani, Matteo, Storchi, Gabriele, Montorsi, Luca

Powertrain Friction Reduction by Synergistic Optimization of Cylinder Bore Surface and Lubricant - Part 2: Engine Tribology Simulations and Tests

2021-01-121709/21/2021

Since a significant percent of fuel in cars is consumed by friction, with powertrain friction being one of the chief culprits, the development of low friction powertrains is an important task [1-3]. The introduction of advanced surface finishing and coating methods, such as thermally sprayed coatings, self-lubricating hard coatings, mechanochemical surface finishing, helical slide honing etc. together with a shift towards low viscosity synthetic lubricants help further improve fuel economy and reduce GHG emissions. For passenger cars, a change from the legacy SAE 15W-40 grade to SAE 0W-20 brings on average 3-4% improvement in fuel economy under the NEDC or EPA conditions, and the subsequent migration to 0W-8 can bring an additional 2-3%. The primary obstacle to continually lowering lubricant viscosity is increased engine wear. The hydrodynamic lubricant film thickness is directly proportional to lubricant viscosity. Therefore, to maintain hydrodynamic lubrication, substantial

Zhmud, Boris, Tomanik, Eduardo, Jiménez, Antonio J., Profito, Francisco, Tormos, Bernardo

Fuel Additive Transport into Engine Oil Determination using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Liquid Chromatography (LC)

2021-01-114909/21/2021

The transport of fuel-borne additives into the engine oil is a critical factor for the efficacy with which the additive functionality can be imparted on the engine. This paper describes the combination of Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Liquid Chromatography (LC) to determine the real-time additive concentrations and transfer ratios in a spark-ignition, 2-liter GM LHU engine. The current research used a continuous sample circuit from the engine sump which passed through an integrating cavity flow cell to enhance the LIF signal. In the absence of a fluorescence signature of any of the native additive species, a suitable fluorescing dye was selected to simulate the additive. After establishing rigorous calibration curves, LC was employed as a referee method to do a direct comparison with the LIF determined dye concentrations. The impact of the oil age and fuel dilution on the dye LIF signal was aggregated to a scaling factor which was a function of the relative absorption (RA) of

Swarts, Andre, Wallace, Julian, Moore, Thomas, Favela, Kristin, Xu, Yi, Wang, Chengrong

Comparison of Olefin Copolymers and Comb Polymers in Engine Oil Formulations Tested for Fuel Efficiency Retention and CO2 Emissions Under Advanced Emission Standards

2021-01-121109/21/2021

This study presents the impact of two engine oil additives on fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions. Formulations containing either Olefin Copolymer (OCP) or Comb polymer (Comb) were compared in tests for fuel efficiency retention, fine particle emissions, and ash accumulation in the gasoline particulate filter. The Comb formulations showed higher fuel efficiency throughout the testing, retaining this efficiency after three distinct engine aging test cycles. No significant differences between formulations were observed in oil consumption, ash accumulation, and filtration efficiency.

Bartels, Thorsten, Flamberg, Alan, Manukyan, Selin, Russ, Gerald

Correlating GDI and Diesel Soot with Carbon Black Surrogates: An MTM-SLIM Study

2021-01-121309/21/2021

Legislations aimed at reducing CO2 emissions are driving significant changes in passenger car engine hardware and lubricants. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines generate combustion soot which can drive wear which is characteristically different to that observed in diesel engines. The increasing market share of GDI engines has encouraged the auto OEMs and the oil suppliers to study this challenge in more depth and seek improvements which do not compromise the innate efficiency benefits of the GDI platform This study compares soot abrasiveness by measuring the abrasive removal of Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear films and resultant wear by GDI sooted oils and traditional Diesel sooted oils in the MTM-SLIM equipment. A three-way correlation has been developed between a carbon black soot surrogate, GDI sooted oils and Diesel sooted oils. Diesel sooted oils were found to be more abrasive and resulted in more severe wear than gasoline sooted oils at the same level of % soot

Desai, Priyanka, Taheraly, Mourtaza, Ogunsola, Oluwaseyi, Mainwaring, Robert

Revisiting Mobility-Based Predictions of Cyclic Minimum Film Thickness in Big-End Connecting Rod Bearings

03-15-02-001209/07/2021

This article compares elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) and mobility-based solution methods for the determination of cyclic minimum film thickness hmin * encountered in four-stroke, big-end connecting rod bearings. Mobility-based solution methods are substantially faster than the EHL method for such bearings, so quantifying the accuracy of mobility-based methods is an obvious benefit to the engine designer. Production-level connecting rods are modeled and analyzed using an established mass-conserving mode-based EHL formulation, accounting for realistic oil feed arrangements and realistic housing deformation associated with structural inertia and surface pressures. From a large set of dimensional studies, it is observed that hmin * calculated using mass-conserving EHL can be bounded by results obtained from finite-bearing mobility formulations, provided that a non-dimensional bearing number Λ falls below a critical value Λ crit ≈ 4. A set of five independent validation dimensional

Boedo, Stephen, Blais, Travis M.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Lubricant Oil Tank Sloshing of a High-Performance Car under Racetrack Maneuvers

03-15-01-000808/06/2021

The paper proposes a methodology to perform sloshing analyses through multidimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), with particular focus on a lubricant tank of a high-performance sports car. Lubricant tanks are usually fed by a mixture of oil and air, which makes Volume of Fluid (VoF) models unsuitable for this kind of simulation. Hence, a different approach based on a Eulerian MultiPhase (EMP) model is investigated and adopted. In contrast to the VoF approach, which is the most consolidated technique to handle the numerical analysis of sloshing problems, the EMP accounts for interactions between liquid and gaseous phases, such as mixing and separation. It also reduces numerical constraints on time-step and mesh size. EMP is therefore applied to the analysis of a sports car lubricant tank where mist and foam formation and subsequent phase separation are of primary importance. Comparison between the EMP and VoF approach is performed on cases of increasing complexity. Firstly, a

Fontanesi, Stefano, Olcuire, Mattia, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Lamberti, Luca, Pulvirenti, Francesco, Berni, Fabio

Analysis of Torque Waveforms in Two-Cylinder Engines for Ultralight Aircraft Propulsion Operating on 0W-8 and 0W-16 Oils at High Thermal Loads Using the Diamond-Like Carbon Composite Coating

03-15-01-000507/28/2021

Piston internal combustion engines used in the propulsion of ultralight aircraft are characterized by special operating conditions, especially an increased engine oil temperature. Most of the engines intended for the drive of the propeller drivetrain are air cooled. Failure to introduce an additional cooling agent so as to absorb and remove heat from the running engine makes the average lubricating oil temperature rise to about 140°C in the pistohn ring part. With such a thermal load, changes in the moments of resistance to motion of the engine are difficult to determine in the conditions of engine tests due to difficulties in temperature stabilization. The performance of aircraft engines requires taking into account many variables that are difficult to determine, which may affect changes in the moment of resistance to movement of the engine, especially when using oils of low dynamic viscosity. The experimental tests on the engine dynamometer undertaken in the article are to fill the

Wróblewski, Piotr

Snowmobile Fuel Tanks

J288_202106 (Current)

06/10/2021

This SAE Standard establishes a uniform procedure and performance requirements for snowmobile fuel tanks.

Snowmobile Technical Committee

Engine Oil Viscosity Classification

J300_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Engine Oil Viscosity Classification

J300_202104 (Historical)

04/30/2021

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military Use

J2360_202101-TEST-REC (Historical)01/27/2021

The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a

Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication

Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military Use

J2360_202101 (Historical)

01/27/2021

Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication

Procedure for the Determination of Particulate Contamination in Hydraulic Fluids by the Control Filter Gravimetric Procedure

ARP785B (Current)

12/03/2020

This ARP describes a gravimetric method for the determination of particulate contaminant in hydraulic fluids by the control filter technique. NOTE: With this method, detectable contamination levels down to 0.2 mg (7.0 × 10-6 ounces) per sample can be obtained with a standard deviation of ±0.1 mg (±3.5 × 10-6 ounces).

A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)

J1966_202010-TEST-REC (Historical)10/28/2020

This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for nondispersant, mineral lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)

J1966_202010 (Current)

10/28/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

O-Ring Molded from AMS7272 Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber (NBR)

AS3551A-TEST-REC (Historical)10/09/2020

This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings molded from AMS7272 NBR rubber. It shall be used for procurement purposes.

A-6C2 Seals Committee

O-Ring Molded from AMS7272 Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber (NBR)

AS3551A (Current)

10/09/2020

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Measurement of the Total Ash Content of Aviation Piston Engine Oils by a Calculation Method

J1787_202009-TEST-REC (Historical)09/29/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Measurement of the Total Ash Content of Aviation Piston Engine Oils by a Calculation Method

J1787_202009 (Current)

09/29/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Procedure for Thermal Aging Test for Polyol Ester Gas Turbine Engine Lubricants

ARP6299 (Current)

09/01/2020

This method is intended to evaluate the thermal and oxidative stability of synthetic, ester-based aviation lubricants under defined conditions of time and temperature. This method is applicable to lubricants meeting the compositional and performance requirements of AS5780.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Smart Sponge for Environmental Remediation

TBMG-3744108/01/2020

Oil spill cleanup is an expensive and complicated process that often harms marine life and further damages the environment. Currently used solutions include burning the oil, using chemical dispersants to breakdown oil into very small droplets, skimming oil floating on top of water, and/or absorbing it with expensive, unrecyclable sorbents. Burning increases carbon emissions and dispersants are harmful for marine wildlife. Skimmers don’t work in rough waters or with thin layers of oil. Sorbents are not only expensive but generate a huge amount of physical waste.

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