Browse Topic: Synthetic lubricants

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Powertrain Friction Reduction by Synergistic Optimization of Cylinder Bore Surface and Lubricant - Part 2: Engine Tribology Simulations and Tests2021-01-121709/21/2021
Since a significant percent of fuel in cars is consumed by friction, with powertrain friction being one of the chief culprits, the development of low friction powertrains is an important task [1-3]. The introduction of advanced surface finishing and coating methods, such as thermally sprayed coatings, self-lubricating hard coatings, mechanochemical surface finishing, helical slide honing etc. together with a shift towards low viscosity synthetic lubricants help further improve fuel economy and reduce GHG emissions. For passenger cars, a change from the legacy SAE 15W-40 grade to SAE 0W-20 brings on average 3-4% improvement in fuel economy under the NEDC or EPA conditions, and the subsequent migration to 0W-8 can bring an additional 2-3%. The primary obstacle to continually lowering lubricant viscosity is increased engine wear. The hydrodynamic lubricant film thickness is directly proportional to lubricant viscosity. Therefore, to maintain hydrodynamic lubrication, substantial
Zhmud, Boris, Tomanik, Eduardo, Jiménez, Antonio J., Profito, Francisco, Tormos, Bernardo
Technical Paper
Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L) Low Acrylonitrile, 65 - 75AMS3217/2D (Current)03/04/2020
This specification covers a standard acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR-L) rubber stock with low acrylonitrile content in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Low Friction and Low Viscosity Final Drive Oil2019-01-233612/19/2019
The new lubricant was newly developed for differential gear unit to contribute to all friction factors/conditions (Boundary, Hydrodynamic & those Mixed Lubrication) even if the differential gear is operating under very severe conditions such as high-gear-contact pressure and highly sliding speed. The main concept of development was selecting and formulating the optimized additives for severe lubrication conditions in order to achieve the best balance between thinner-film thickness and extreme pressure performance. In conclusion, by the application of both synthetic base oil instead of mineral one and activation technology of MoDTC in spite of ZnDTP free formulation, it is finally realized to reduce the torque of final drive unit by 40% and it can be estimated the 0.5% of CO2 reduction in actual vehicles.
Kubo, Tomoo, Akie, Naoto, Okamoto, Yuji, Okuda, Sachiko, Sagawa, Takumaru, Ariyama, Mona, Komatsubara, Hitoshi
Journal Article
Synthesizing Renewable Oils for Use in LubricantsTBMG-3413804/01/2019
Industrial machinery, agricultural equipment, transportation vessels, and home applications depend on lubricants; however, they leave a heavy environmental footprint. Common lubricants, oils, greases, and emollients typically consist of mineral, or petroleum, base oils — often up to 90 percent by weight. These mineral base oils are highly volatile and tend to thicken quickly, which means that lubricants need to be replaced often, generating waste.
Magazine Article
PACKING, PREFORMED – O-RING SEAL AMS7272AS3551 (Historical)08/23/2018
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Test Slabs, Fluoroelastomer (FKM) 65 - 75AMS3217/4C (Current)02/23/2017
This specification covers a standard fluoroelastomer (FKM) rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Test Slabs, Chloroprene (CR) 70 - 80AMS3217/3C (Historical)08/06/2015
This specification covers a standard chloroprene (CR) rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Development of a Novel Ultrasonic Viscometer for Real Time and In-Situ Applications in Engines2015-01-067904/14/2015
A novel ultrasonic viscometer for in-situ applications in engine components is presented. The viscosity measurement is performed by shearing the solid-oil contact interface by means of shear ultrasonic waves. Previous approaches to ultrasonically measure the viscosity suffer from poor accuracy owing to the acoustic miss-match between metal component and lubricant [1]. The method described overcomes this limitation by placing an intermediate matching layer between the metal and lubricant. Results are in excellent agreement with the ones obtained with the conventional viscometers when testing Newtonian fluids. This study also highlights that when complex mixtures are tested the viscosity measurement is frequency dependent. At high ultrasonic frequencies, e.g. 10 MHz, it is possible to isolate the viscosity of the base, while to obtain the viscosity of the mixture it is necessary to choose a lower operative frequency, e.g. 100 kHz, to match the fluid particle relaxation time.
Schirru, Michele Maria, Sutton, Mike, Dwyer-Joyce, Rob, Smith, Oliver, Mills, Robin
Technical Paper
Squids Inspire Printable ThermoplasticsTBMG-2123312/17/2014
A team of engineers at Penn State, University Park, PA, is using squid to create an eco-friendly thermoplastic that can be used in 3D printing. Most plastics are made from fossil fuel sources or from synthetic oils. Thermoplastics can melt, be formed, and then solidify without degrading materials properties. The squid thermoplastic can be fabricated either as a thermoplastic, heated and extruded or molded, or be dissolved in a simple solvent and used in film casting. The researchers say that it can also be used in 3D printers to create complicated geometric structures.
Magazine Article
Test Slabs, High Strength, Fluorosilicone (FVMQ) 55 - 65AMS3217/7A (Historical)09/05/2014
This specification covers a high strength fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Perfluoroether ElastomerAMS7254B (Current)05/07/2014
This specification covers a perfluoroether elastomer in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Lubricant Effect on Performance of R134a MAC Microchannel Evaporators2014-01-069204/01/2014
This paper presents an experimental study of lubricant effect on the performance of microchannel evaporators in a typical MAC system. R134a is used as the refrigerant with PAG46 lubricant. The increase of oil circulation rate elevates the pressure drop of the evaporator. The specific enthalpy change in evaporator decreases with increasing oil circulation rate, while refrigerant distribution appears to be more uniform as indicated by infrared images of the evaporator surface temperatures. Thus mass flow rate increases.
Li, Huize, Hrnjak, Predrag
Technical Paper
Rings, Sealing, Tetrafluoroethylene/Propylene Rubber (FEPM) Hydraulic Fluid and Synthetic Oil Resistant 70 to 80AMS7255D (Current)03/31/2014
This specification covers a tetrafluoroethylene/propylene rubber (FEPM) in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Rings, Sealing, Tetrafluoroethylene/Propylene Rubber (FEPM) Hydraulic Fluid and Synthetic Oil Resistant 85 to 95AMS7256B (Current)03/23/2014
This specification covers a tetrafluoroethylene/propylene rubber (FEPM) in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-H) Medium-High Acrylonitrile, 65 - 75AMS3217/1B (Historical)09/16/2013
This specification covers a standard acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR-H) rubber stock with medium-high acrylonitrile content in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Specification for Aero and Aero-Derived Gas Turbine Engine LubricantsAS5780B (Historical)02/24/2013
This specification defines basic physical, chemical, and performance limits for 5 cSt grades of gas turbine engine lubricating oils used in aero and aero-derived marine and industrial applications, along with standard test methods and requirements for laboratories performing them. It also defines the quality control requirements to assure batch conformance and materials traceability, and the procedures to manage and communicate changes in oil formulation and brand. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in Appendix C, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before an oil is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific gas turbine oil in
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Technical Standard
Grease, Plug Valve, Gasoline and Oil Resistant, NATO Code Number G-363, MetricAMSG6032A (Current)08/10/2012
This specification covers the requirements for two types of gasoline and oil resistant grease for lubrication of tapered plug valves, gaskets, and for other applications in fuel and oil systems. The type I grease is identified by NATO symbol G-363 (see 6.4).
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Test Slabs, Fluoroelastomer (FKM), 70-80 Hardness, for Improved Gas Turbine Engine Oil CompatibilityAMS3217/8 (Historical)05/02/2012
This specification covers a fluorocarbon elastomer as designated by ASTM D 1418 FKM Type 3 rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L) Low Acrylonitrile, 65 - 75AMS3217/2C (Historical)04/27/2012
This specification covers a standard acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR-L) rubber stock with low acrylonitrile content in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Cartridges, Grease, 14 Ounce (for Cartridge-Type Grease Gun)AMSC22587A (Current)02/03/2012
This specification covers 14 ounce capacity grease cartridges. They are designed for use with cartridge-type grease guns conforming to MIL-G-3859.
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
The Effect of Engine, Axle and Transmission Lubricant, and Operating Conditions on Heavy Duty Diesel Fuel Economy: Part 2: Predictions2011-01-213008/30/2011
A predictive model for estimating the fuel saving of “top tier” engine, axle and transmission lubricants (compared to “mainstream” lubricants), in a heavy duty truck, operating on a realistic driving cycle, is described. Simulations have been performed for different truck weights (10, 20 and 40 tonnes) and it was found that the model predicts percentage fuel economy benefits that are of a similar magnitude to those measured in well controlled field trials1. The model predicts the percentage fuel saving from the engine oil should decrease as the vehicle load increases (which is in agreement with field trial results). The percentage fuel saving from the axle and gearbox oils initially decreases with load and then stays more or less constant. This behaviour is due to the detailed way in which axle and gearbox efficiency varies with speed/load and lubricant type. A customer that uses fuel economy engine, axle and gearbox lubricants will achieve higher fuel savings compared to a customer
Taylor, Robert, Selby, K., Herrera, R., Green, D. A.
Journal Article
Test Slabs, Fluoroelastomer (FKM) 65 - 75AMS3217/4B (Historical)06/07/2011
This specification covers a standard fluoroelastomer (FKM) rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Use of the Rancimat ® Method for the Control of the Oils Motor Vehicles Quality2010-36-054810/17/2010
Synthetic, semi-synthetic and mineral vehicular oils used in gasoline/alcohol/VNG engine were evaluated by Rancimat® method. The experiment consisted in submitting 3 g of different virgin (off the self) motor oils samples to a temperature of 110°C and 10 L/h air flow. The oils are chosen and classified as multiviscous brands and recognized by their trademarks: Lubrax (Petrobras) and Mobil (Esso). The conductivity curves show the oxidative evolution as a function of time for the different oils. The synthetic, as well as, the mineral motor oil shows almost the same profile, where the conductivity curve differential is about 0.55 μS/cm₂h. However, once one start measuring up to 10.8 days, the mineral oil presents an oxidation meaning values 1.4 μS/cm₂ higher than any synthetic oil.
Pepe, I. M., Silva Brasil, C. S., Brito Pereira, P. J., Ponte, V., Soares @sJr., L. C. S., D'Erasmo Fernando, J., Aragao, L. M.
Technical Paper
PACKING, PREFORMED, "O" RING, SYNTHETIC LUBRICANT RESISTANTAS29561A (Historical)12/30/2009
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Determination of Used Crankcase Oil Condition by Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Extracted Organic Acids2009-01-268911/02/2009
Organic acid degradation products and other anions in engine oil were speciated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) with electrospray ionization. The sample preparation procedure involved selectively extracting the acids and other water soluble salts into 0.05M aqueous potassium hydroxide. Samples of engine-aged mineral oil and synthetic engine oil contained formic acid, acetic acid, and complex mixtures of fatty acid degradation products. CE analysis of formic acid, acetic acid and selected fatty acids is proposed as a new chemical analysis method for evaluating the condition of engine oil and for studying the effects of high temperature-high load (HTHL) oxidation. Because the overall pattern of CE peaks in the electropherogram changes with oil age or condition, CE-fingerprint (i.e., pattern recognition) techniques may also be useful for evaluating an aged oil's condition or remaining service life.
Olson, Keith L., Halalay, Ion C., Schneider, Eric W., Snider, Matthew J.
Journal Article
Vegetable Oil with Ester Base as a Two-Cycle SI Engine Lubricant2008-01-171806/23/2008
The work reported here was initiated in the attempt to develop a bio-based two-cycle SI engine lubricant as an alternative to commercially available mineral based synthetics. In the first phase of the project, it was discovered that straight soy based biodiesel at any volume ratio with gasoline had insufficient lubricity to prevent engine seizure. Mixtures of synthetic with biodiesel proved to have adequate lubricity. A two-cycle lubricant was then synthesized via a trans-esterification of canola oil with hydrogen peroxide and vinegar forming canola oil based biodiesel (COBB). COBB proved to have superior lubricity to synthetic lubricant. The superior lubricity of COBB is hypothesized to be due to a saturated solution of non-reacted canola oil in the biodiesel. This hypothesis was tested using mixtures of canola oil in a solution of phenyl acetate as a two-cycle SI engine lubricant. This resulting phenyl acetate/canola oil lubricant (PACO) outperforms synthetic lubricant in terms of
Mueller, Michael R., Collins, Benjamin, Colchin, Matthew, Cunningham, Patrick, Fulk, Michael, Hale, Douglas, Lawyer, Kristina, Whitaker, Chad, Wilson, Jeffrey T.
Technical Paper
In-Situ Monitoring of Engine Oils through Electrical AC Impedance Measurements2007-01-409210/29/2007
The time dependence of the electrical properties for several fully formulated engine oils was tracked during engine dynamometer tests. The pattern for the resistivity indicates the existence of two types of processes (fast ion-depleting and slow ion-releasing) whose existence cannot be inferred through standard engine oil analysis. After these processes have subsided, the change in the resistivity correlates with the change in oil viscosity. We show that the peak value of the resistivity at early test times correlates with oil performance longevity as determined from conventional oil analysis parameters. In addition, the permittivity can provide an early warning of a dangerously low oil level. The significance of the results and their consequences for on-board monitoring of oil life through sensing technology based on electrical ac impedance measurements are discussed.
Halalay, Ion C., Schneider, Eric W.
Technical Paper
Extended-Drain Field Testing of Group III-Based Lubricants in Heavy-Duty Transmissions and Axles2007-01-198707/23/2007
In North America, all of the major suppliers of Class 8, heavy-duty manual transmissions and axles offer extended equipment warranties for 1,200,000 kilometers of on-highway service. In order to obtain the extended warranty, the customer must use an OEM-approved lubricant. The initial drain interval of the extended-warranty lubricant is 800,000 kilometers. Each OEM requires the lubricant marketers to pass very demanding bench and field test specifications in order to gain official approval. This paper describes the development and field testing of three extended-warranty lubricants made with Group III base oils. One lubricant is specially designed for heavy-duty, non-synchromesh manual transmissions. Another lubricant is specially designed for heavy-duty, rear drive axles. The third lubricant is designed as a “one drum” fluid for both transmissions and axles. The bench and field test results show that these lubricants perform as well as the more commonly used Group IV PAO-based
Zakarian, Jack A., Haire, Michael J.
Technical Paper
TEST SLABS, HIGH STRENGTH, FLUOROSILICONE (FVMQ) 55 - 65AMS3217/7 (Historical)06/08/2007
This specification covers a high strength fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Axle and Manual Transmission LubricantsJ308_200703-TEST-REC (Historical)03/22/2007
This SAE Information Report was prepared by the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Technical Committee for two purposes: (a) to assist the users of automotive equipment in the selection of axle1 and manual transmission lubricants for field use, and (b) to promote a uniform practice for use by marketers of lubricants and by equipment builders in identifying and recommending these lubricants by a service designation.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Information Report
Axle and Manual Transmission LubricantsJ308_200703 (Historical)03/22/2007
This SAE Information Report was prepared by the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Technical Committee for two purposes: (a) to assist the users of automotive equipment in the selection of axle1 and manual transmission lubricants for field use, and (b) to promote a uniform practice for use by marketers of lubricants and by equipment builders in identifying and recommending these lubricants by a service designation.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Information Report
Physical and Chemical Properties of Engine OilsJ357_200611 (Historical)11/06/2006
This SAE Information Report reviews the various physical and chemical properties of engine oils and provides references to test methods and standards used to measure these properties. It also includes general references on the subject of engine oils, base stocks, and additives.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Information Report
The Impact of Some Gear Lubricants on the Surface Durability of Rolling Element Bearings2006-01-035704/03/2006
The additive chemistry of some gear lubricants can have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings (1). Lubricant formulation has been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. As such, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been proposed to evaluate and quantify a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to rolling element bearings (2). Results from several lubricant performance evaluations are presented. The implications of these findings suggest that the detrimental performance effects on rolling element bearings need further fundamental study by the lubricant industry.
Nixon, Harvey P.
Technical Paper
Methods for Assessing the Bearing Surface Durability Performance of Lubricant Formulations2005-01-380810/24/2005
Lubricant formulations and lubricant additives have been demonstrated to have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings. However, there are very few standard tests used to assess the performance aspects of lubricants as they relate to bearing surface performance. Lubricant formulations have been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. In addition, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been developed for properly evaluating a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to bearings. These methods are explained and the corresponding test results are reviewed, to show their effectiveness as lubricant performance evaluation tools. The implications of these findings provide direction and suggestions for ways to minimize or avoid potential detrimental performance effects of lubricant
Nixon, Harvey P.
Technical Paper
Specification for Aero and Aero-Derived Gas Turbine Engine LubricantsAS5780A (Historical)10/14/2005
This specification defines basic physical, chemical, and performance limits for 5 cSt grades of gas turbine engine lubricating oils used in aero and aero-derived marine and industrial applications, along with standard test methods and requirements for laboratories performing them. It also defines the quality control requirements to assure batch conformance and materials traceability, and the procedures to manage and communicate changes in oil formulation and brand. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in Appendix C, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before an oil is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific gas turbine oil in
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Technical Standard
Continuing to advance technologyOFHJUN05_0206/01/2005
With close to $1 billion spent on R&D in 2004 alone, Caterpillar is taking a lead role in the push to move the commercial-vehicle industry forward. Caterpillar, through keeping a close eye on industry trends and communicating with dealers and operators, has continually been able to introduce new technologies to address key issues facing the industry. At Cat's Tinaja Hills training facility near Tucson, AZ, where the company recently showcased some of its new technologies and 60 model introductions for 2005, Gerald L. Shaheen, Caterpillar Group President, and Bill Springer, Vice President for Caterpillar's Product Support Division, addressed where the industry is headed and how it has changed.
Monaghan, Matt
Magazine Article
Development of New Manual Transmission Gear Oil for Fuel Economy2005-01-218205/11/2005
We developed a new Manual Transmission Gear Oil (MTF) named LV for improved fuel economy and CO2 reduction. MTF LV is a low viscosity fluid to reduce stir losses at lower temperatures. In general, low viscosity fluids can cause metal fatigue, wear and seizure. The MTF LV was designed to overcome these problems by maintaining the oil film thickness after it is deteriorated and improving the wear characteristics with additives. As a result, the MTF LV provides equal or better durability than the current MTF. In addition, it also has good performance at low temperatures, better shift feeling characteristics, and improved oxidation stability.
Yamamori, Kazuo, Saito, Koji, Yoneda, Tetsuzou
Technical Paper
Preliminary Evaluation of Octyldithiobenzoic Acid as an Antioxidant in Mineral and Synthetic Oils2004-01-305110/25/2004
Organic composition such as mineral oils and lubricating compositions are subject to deterioration by oxidation and in particular are subject to such deterioration at high temperatures in the presence of air. This deterioration often leads to buildup of insoluble deposits which can foul engine parts, deteriorate performance and increase maintenance. It is desirable that an effective inhibitor which can reduce deposit forming tendencies and improve antioxidation capacities, is employed in a lubricant oil. In our study, an oil-soluble additive octyldithiobenzoic acid compound derivative of thiosalicylic acid was synthesized. The antioxidation and deposit inhibition properties in mineral 150 SN, ester base or engine oils, were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), oxidation-corrosion tests, and modified micro-oxidation test respectively. In differential scanning calorimetry test, this additive can improve oxidation induction time and onset temperature of mineral oil or
Jianqiang, Hu, Xianyong, Wei, Lifang, Zhang, Zhimin, Zong, Xiaodong, Ouyang
Technical Paper
The Evaluation of the Fuel-Economy Performance of Low-Viscosity Drive-Train Lubricants and the Development of Oils with Improved Fatigue Life2004-01-302910/25/2004
In recent years, progress has been made in reducing the viscosities of manual transmission fluids (MTFs) and automatic transmission fluids (ATFs). Lower viscosities of MTFs and ATFs are expected to improve the fuel economy of automobiles by reducing the viscous resistance. Examples of low-viscosity ATFs already commercially available include Toyota Auto Fluid WS and ZF Friedrichshafen AG's ZNF 13014. This paper first reports methods for measuring the torque transmission efficiency in manual and automatic transmissions. We explain a simple rig test that we developed using an IAE gear test machine, and we describe oil temperature increase tests and torque measurement tests using actual transmissions and fuel economy tests using actual vehicles. Next, we describe the effects of lower viscosities on the torque transfer efficiency as measured with these measurement methods. Because lower viscosities are likely to worsen the wear resistance, extreme-pressure performance, and fatigue
Ito, Masaaki, Kurosawa, Osamu, Matsuoka, Toru
Technical Paper
Engine Oil Effects on Friction and Wear Using 2.2L Direct Injection Diesel Engine Components for Bench Testing Part 2: Tribology Bench Test Results and Surface Analyses2004-01-200506/08/2004
The effects of lubricating oil on friction and wear were investigated using light-duty 2.2L compression ignition direct injection (CIDI) engine components for bench testing. A matrix of test oils varying in viscosity, friction modifier level and chemistry, and base stock chemistry (mineral and synthetic) was investigated. Among all engine oils used for bench tests, the engine oil containing MoDTC friction modifier showed the lowest friction compared with the engine oils with organic friction modifier or the other engine oils without any friction modifier. Mineral-based engine oils of the same viscosity grade and oil formulation had slightly lower friction than synthetic-based engine oils. In the comparison of wear on cylinder bores lubricated with the same viscosity of lubricant, the lubricant containing the MoDTC friction modifier had the lowest wear depth, probably because of a wear-resistant reaction film formed by the reaction of sulfur from ZnDTP (Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate) and
Tung, Simon C., McMillan, Michael L., Hong, Gao, Bardasz, Ewa
Technical Paper
Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L) Low Acrylonitrile, 65 - 75AMS3217/2B (Historical)03/26/2004
This specification covers a standard acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR-L) rubber stock with low acrylonitrile content in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
High Performance Ball Joint2003-01-366811/18/2003
In automobile steering and suspension systems, ball and socket joints are exposed to contaminants(water, sand salt, dirt and others) during their life span. Ball joints use a seal (also known as a boot, or dust cover) to prevent these contaminants from penetrating into its housing. Penetration by these contaminants will in most cases drastically reduce the useful life of a ball and socket joint. In order to avoid such a condition there have been several efforts made by ball and socket joint manufacturers aiming at improving the performance and reliability of seals (dust covers). This paper focuses on the development of a ball and socket joint capable of performing adequately after the dust cover has failed and permitted the penetration of contaminants into the interior of the housing. This has generated the development of a ball joint that displays the use of new design features and new materials. This paper also includes experimental tests results that compare the new ball joint
Bordon, Walter, Zucchini, Marcus, Simião, Gustavo
Technical Paper
Test Slabs, Chloroprene (CR) 65 - 75AMS3217/3B (Historical)11/17/2003
This specification covers a standard chloroprene (CR) rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Test Slabs, Fluorosilicone (FVMQ) 55 - 65AMS3217/5B (Historical)11/17/2003
This specification covers a standard fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber stock in the form of molded test slabs.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
RINGS, SEALING, TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE/PROPYLENE RUBBER (FEPM) Hydraulic Fluid and Synthetic Oil Resistant 85 to 95AMS7256A (Historical)11/17/2003
This specification covers a tetrafluoroethylene/propylene rubber (FEPM) in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
RINGS, SEALING, TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE/PROPYLENE RUBBER (FEPM) Hydraulic Fluid and Synthetic Oil Resistant 70 to 80AMS7255C (Historical)11/17/2003
This specification covers a tetrafluoroethylene/propylene rubber (FEPM) in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Material Specification
Effect of Oil Drain Interval on Crankcase Lubricant Quality2003-01-195710/27/2003
The average oil change interval for passenger vehicles in the USA is gradually increasing, and is currently approaching 8,320 km (5,200 miles). This paper details the results of lubricant condition monitoring on samples taken from hundreds of vehicles at intervals ranging from 0 to 25,600 km (16,000 miles). The data indicate steady additive depletion by 4,800 to 9,600 km (3,000-6,000 miles), resulting in a concomitant decrease in measured oxidation resistance. Oxidation and nitration of the basestock was also found to be present at this point, resulting in a gradual increase in both kinematic and HTHS viscosity. As a result, it is predicted that excessively long drain intervals will produce a measurable increase in fuel consumption and associated CO2 emissions. Many owners' manuals recommend service intervals of 12,000 and 4,800 km (7,500 and 3,000 miles) under “normal” and “severe” service conditions, respectively. Overall, the data indicate that the majority of passenger vehicles
Lacey, P.I., Gunsel, S., Ferner, M.D., Pozebanchuk, M., Alim, A
Technical Paper
Long Drain/Fuel Efficient Engine Oils Based on the ZDTP Substitute Additive Technologhy2003-01-200305/19/2003
Zinc dialkylphosphate (ZP), a sulfur free analogue of Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDTP) has been synthesized and tested for engine oil application. The sulfur free engine oil based on ZP showed excellent TBN retention and engine cleanliness in several engine tests which were operated at low and high temperatures. A prototype low phosphorus (0.05%) and low sulfated ash (0.5%) engine oil exhibited even better longer drain performance than a fully synthetic engine oil containing 0.1% P and 1.1% sulfated ash. Thus, zinc dialkylphosphate can be a promising candidate as a ZDTP substitute for future catalyst system compatible engine oil.
Yagishita, Kazuhiro, Igarashi, Jinichi
Technical Paper
Air-X, an Innovative Device for On-line Oil Aeration Measurement in Running Engines2003-01-199505/19/2003
Effects of oil aeration in engine can lead to several problems such as oil compressibility, reduced cooling effect, reduced lubrication, etc. It is then important for engine and oil manufacturers to know the level of oil aeration in different condition of engine use. DSI-Deltabeam has developed a new device, called “Air-X”, which allows on-line measurement of oil aeration while the engine is running. It performs a continuous oil density measurement, which is automatically converted to aeration taking into account temperature and pressure effects. The device offers a very short response time in the range of several seconds and it can be connected anywhere in the engine oil circuit for continuous sampling, making it possible to study on-line the impact of engine parameter changes such as engine speed, torque, temperature, etc. on oil aeration. The device is also equipped with a qualitative visualization system helping for understanding the phenomena as oil aeration can be present in
Deconninck, Benoît, Delvigne, Thierry, Videx, Gregory
Technical Paper
Comparison of synthetic and mineral lubricant environmental impacts using the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology.2003-01-196805/19/2003
Today engine technology requires a lubricant of higher performance due to longer drain intervals, higher temperature and improved after-treatment durability and fuel economy. To meet those new requirements, new oil formulations are using more and more hydrocracked and synthetic base oils together with new additive package. We can therefore wonder how this will impact on the Life Cycle Assessment of those lubricants whose objective remains to lubricate engines during a certain period of time. The results of this study will show that LCA is the only way to fully evaluate environmental impacts of a lubricant. In our study, we will see that a synthetic lubricant produces more Greenhouse Gases (GHG) during its production stage while during its use on the car the tendency will be inverted.
Dautrebande, Olivier, Desreumaux, Bertrand
Technical Paper
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