This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Specification for Aero and Aero-Derived Gas Turbine Engine Lubricants

AS5780E (Current)

09/24/2025

This specification defines basic physical, chemical, and performance limits for 5 cSt grades of gas turbine engine lubricating oils used in aero and aero-derived marine and industrial applications, along with standard test methods and requirements for laboratories performing them. It also defines the quality control requirements to assure batch conformance and materials traceability, and the procedures to manage and communicate changes in oil formulation and brand. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in Appendix D Section D.2, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before an oil is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific gas

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles

2024-01-408909/16/2024

Abstract We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground

Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash

Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity

2024-01-508408/23/2024

This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their

Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun

Development of Low Viscosity Fuel Economy Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-004001/16/2024

Sustainability today has evolved from being just a niche engagement to an absolute necessity. The reduction of carbon emissions from aspects of human activity has become a critical enabler to mitigate the impact of climate change. The Transportation industry is a significant contributor to such emissions while at the same time a critical part of the global economy. As powertrains have undergone significant changes to reduce emissions through hardware changes, now an effective and efficient engine oil is amongst the most convenient and cost-effective ways of reducing a vehicle’s carbon emissions. Development of lubricants towards this must address many challenges of today’s world. Modern Commercial Vehicle engines operate at higher temperatures than before, promoting both oxidation and nitration of the lubricant. At the same time, higher levels of fuel economy require usage of lower viscosity engine oils, which must then be formulated in a manner that protects the engine and maintains

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Madan, Lalit, Lim, Pei Yi, Pollington, Mark

Effect of tire pressure on the fatigue life of an automotive three-wheeled vehicle's chassis & body.

2024-26-036501/16/2024

The need and dependency on objective measurements are increasing rapidly across all industries for reliable and faster data for product validation, and the automotive industry is no different. Objective measurements are becoming increasingly popular than subjective evaluation as they offer objectivity and repeatability. Typical industry practice for structural validation is to acquire the vehicle responses, viz. spindle accelerations, wheel displacements, wheel forces, speed, strain at a few critical locations, and others as per the requirement. Vehicle responses are usually acquired on specific road surfaces, test tracks, and proving grounds. Prior to the tests or measurements, the vehicles are configured as per the company's recommendation, such as tire pressure, camber angles, engine oil, coolant oil type and quantity, load, and load distribution, to name a few. The test vehicles with which these measurements are carried are usually only with these vehicle settings. However, the

Polisetti, Sagar

Engine Warm-up Prediction using Machine Learning Methodology.

2024-26-029501/16/2024

In the recent times, when emission & CO2 legislations are becoming more stringent, we need to adjust our simulation methods to the engine warm-up for better prediction. A typical fuel economy simulation for a WLTP drive cycle with and without considering warm-up effect differentiates up to 6-8%. Thus, there is a need to consider engine warm-up parameters for drive cycle simulations. The engine warm-up can be predicted in multiple ways but the most common way is detailed Physics based 1D modelling. These thermodynamic based models have a very good accuracy in temperature characteristics compared to actual test but take a lot of simulation time. The current requirement is to have models, which can do the same with 0.3 times real time so that these can be coupled with SiL simulation. The current paper will portrait a machine learning based methodology to predict Engine Oil & Coolant temperature based on driving profile and fuel consumption. ML model is trained by using data from one drive

Kelkar, Kshitij, Bensch, Simon, Gopalkrishnan, Suresh Kumar, Meissner, Ronny

A study of engine oil aeration in IC engines and factors contributing it.

2024-26-037001/16/2024

The lubrication system of an internal combustion engine is a crucial component that performs a variety of functions, including lowering friction, cooling, supporting load and cleaning debris from the engine's various moving components. Oil aeration refers to the trapping of air bubbles in lubricating oil. High oil aeration can have a detrimental effect on engine performance since modern engines are equipped with parts such as VVT, HLA, RFF, PCJ, LCJ, and other components; whose operation is substantially impacted by the amount of air in circulating oil. In this study, an Inline 4-cylinder NA DOHC gasoline engine was tested with a densimeter type aeration measuring machine. Test equipment layout which consists of hose diameter, hose length etc. were designed, fabricated, and instrumented to operate under different test conditions. Visual observations and quantitative measurements of oil aeration was performed in the oil sump. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of

Attri, Mayank, Yadav, Vimal, kamboj, Jagdish

Study the impact of Engine and Vehicle level parameters for reduction in Engine Oil Consumption for advanced emission architecture

2022-01-071303/29/2022

Automotive industry has seen implementation of advanced emission regulations like BS-VI in India along with growing market demand for increased product performance and reduction in total cost of ownership. This has made the engine architecture more intricate leading to complex interaction among engine and vehicle level parameters. It poses a challenge to understand mechanism and underlying physics for achieving product attributes like increased power density, higher fluid economy and reduced oil consumption. The current paper focusses on reducing engine oil consumption across diverse duty cycles using simulation tools, vehicle data analytics and design of experiments. The contribution of oil consumption mechanisms viz. oil evaporation, oil throw and oil transport are identified across different loads and duty cycles patterns. Piston ring dynamics simulation has been used to identify critical piston and ring parameters impacting oil consumption through directional trends. Design of

Gautam, Navneet

Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part2 - Influence of engine oil evaporation characteristics on oil consumption of internal combustion engines

2022-01-063403/29/2022

CO2 emission reduction is one of the most important challenges for automotive industry to prevent the global warming. Friction reduction of internal combustion engines (ICEs) is an effective countermeasure. Engine oil lubricates various engine parts and its improvement can contribute to reduce fuel consumption of ICEs by reducing frictions among engine parts. Electrification of ICE powertrains provides higher overall efficiency and leads to lower average engine oil temperature during vehicle operation. In order to reduce the engine friction, engine oil viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature range is important. The viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature while maintaining high temperature viscosity can be realized by reducing base oil viscosity and adding more Viscosity Modifier (VM) that increases viscosity index effectively (“flat viscosity” concept). On the other hand, reduction of base oil viscosity increases volatility loss and may cause oil consumption increase as a trade

Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Wada, Kotaro

Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part1 - “Flat viscosity” concept and contribution to carbon neutrality

2022-01-063103/29/2022

In recent years, the realization of carbon neutrality has become an activity to be tackled worldwide, and automobile manufacturers are promoting electrification of power train by HEV, PHEV, BEV and FCEV. Although interest in BEV is currently growing, vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines including HEV and PHEV will continue to be used in areas where conversion to BEV is not easy. For such vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil will be one of the most important means to contribute to further reduction of CO2 emissions. Since HEV require less work from the engine, the engine oil temperature is lower than that of conventional engine vehicles. Therefore, the reduction of viscous resistance in the mid-to-low temperature range below 80°C is expected to contribute more to fuel economy. On the other hand, the viscosity must be kept above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices in the high oil temperature range. In order to achieve both of these characteristics

Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Mori, Shunsuke, Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Wada, Kotaro

A Study of Emission Durability and Ash Accumulation of “Advanced Three-Way Catalyst Integrated on Gasoline Particulate Filter” for BS6 (Stage2) Applications

2021-26-018209/22/2021

India BS6 Stage2 (2023) regulations demands all Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles to meet particulate number emissions (PN) below 6x10+11# per km. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are a proven technology and enable high PN filtration efficiencies throughout the entire vehicle lifetime. One challenge for GPF applications could be the changing emission performance characteristics as a function of mileage due to collected ash and/or soot deposits with implications on back pressure losses and well due to aging of active catalytic components like PGM and Washcoat. The main objective of this technical contribution is to study the above-mentioned challenges while applying Indian driving conditions and typical Indian climate and other ambient conditions. The substrate technology selected for this study is a high porosity GPF designed to enable the integration of a Three-Way functionality into the GPF, commonly described as coated GPF. In this study, the entire Three-Way Catalyst (TWC

Rose, Dominik, Tao, Tinghong, Kataria, Rohit, Boger, Thorsten, Kuehn, Nikolas, Kunert, Susanne, Richter, Joerg Michael, Magar, Avinash

Study of Fuel in Oil Dilution Due to Aftertreatment Regeneration in Automotive Diesel Engine

2021-26-018409/22/2021

The Bharat Stage VI emission norms in India is driving the use of more complex after treatment systems for diesel engines. The after-treatment system typically includes DOC, DPF and SCR to reduce the engine out hydrocarbon, particulates & NOx respectively. For a durable functioning of the after-treatment system, cleaning of these components at regular intervals is required. One such method is to burn the diesel fuel inside DOC, to clean the DPF and SCR, a process called regeneration. Regeneration involves using extra diesel fuel injected into the exhaust stream, which gets oxidized in the DOC thereby regenerating the DPF or SCR. Present technology uses the existing injectors in the diesel engine for regeneration which is cost effective and simpler compared to the external hydrocarbon dosing system. In-cylinder hydrocarbon dosing is associated with the risk of fuel getting mixed with engine oil. This happens because the regeneration fuel is injected in the exhaust stroke where the

Vinay P, Ashwyn, Verma, Utkarsh, Goswami, Imon, Suresh, Swathy

Simulation based approach to improve the engine oil warmup behavior using exhaust gas during NEDC cycle

2021-26-042209/22/2021

During the cold start conditions engine must overcome higher friction loss, at the cost of fuel penalty till the optimum temperatures are reached in coolant and lubrication circuits. The lower thermal capacity of the lubrication oil (with respect to the coolant) inverses the relation of viscosity with temperature, improves engine thermal efficiency benefit. Engine oil takes full NEDC test cycle duration to reach 90°C. This leads to higher friction loss throughout the test cycle, contributing a significant increase in fuel consumption. Increasing oil temperature reduces viscosity, thereby reducing the engine friction. This helps to identify the focus for thermal management in the direction of speeding up the temperature rise during a cold engine starting. This work aims at the study and experiment of an exhaust recovery mechanism to improve the NEDC fuel economy. The objective of the work is to use the exhaust gas energy, post after treatment system to heat up the engine oil temperature

Krishnan, Karthikeyan N., Ramadandi, Padmavathi, M, Vikramraj, Elumalai, Sakthivel

Engine mounted Oil cooler 3D CFD CHT Analysis for predicting Thermal Performance

2021-26-035109/22/2021

This paper describes steady state, computationally rigorous, three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer 3D CFD analysis of an engine mounted oil cooler. Thermal performance of an oil cooler is very significant from engine oil consumption, bearings performance etc. In an engine water jacket, coolant flows around and through the oil cooler making the flow three dimensional. Therefore, demanding the need of a 3D CFD analysis for capturing all the flow and heat transfer aspects and thereby accurate prediction of thermal performance. An oil cooler contains intricate turbulators in flow paths and have dimensions varying from as small as 0.25 mm to as large as 300 mm, therefore making the meshing and solution a formidable task. In current work an oil cooler with all the intricate details is modelled in a commercial CFD code. Objective is to develop a solution approach which can predict thermal performance of an oil cooler in an accurate way. An engineering practice with guidelines for geometry

Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Brasmer, Susan, Bedekar, Sanjeev

Powertrain Friction Reduction by Synergistic Optimization of Cylinder Bore Surface and Lubricant - Part 2: Engine Tribology Simulations and Tests

2021-01-121709/21/2021

Since a significant percent of fuel in cars is consumed by friction, with powertrain friction being one of the chief culprits, the development of low friction powertrains is an important task [1-3]. The introduction of advanced surface finishing and coating methods, such as thermally sprayed coatings, self-lubricating hard coatings, mechanochemical surface finishing, helical slide honing etc. together with a shift towards low viscosity synthetic lubricants help further improve fuel economy and reduce GHG emissions. For passenger cars, a change from the legacy SAE 15W-40 grade to SAE 0W-20 brings on average 3-4% improvement in fuel economy under the NEDC or EPA conditions, and the subsequent migration to 0W-8 can bring an additional 2-3%. The primary obstacle to continually lowering lubricant viscosity is increased engine wear. The hydrodynamic lubricant film thickness is directly proportional to lubricant viscosity. Therefore, to maintain hydrodynamic lubrication, substantial

Zhmud, Boris, Tomanik, Eduardo, Jiménez, Antonio J., Profito, Francisco, Tormos, Bernardo

Evolution of the Additive Technology for Top Tier Lubricating Oils : the Use of Calixarene Detergents for Fuel Economy Improvement

2021-01-121209/21/2021

In view of CO2 reduction, aimed to mitigate global warming, Fuel Economy (FE) is gaining a primary role in new specifications for engine lubricating oils. Not only oil rheological properties and friction reducer additives, but also many other components of the formulation, such as basestocks, viscosity modifier and additive package, are involved in improving FE performances. Tribological tests were carried out to investigate the effect of detergent additives: in particular, both Eni proprietary 400 TBN and 150 TBN Calcium calixarene-based detergents, were evaluated in MTM tribotest where a lower friction coefficient curve in boundary regime was achieved in comparison to traditional detergents. Also in SRV tribo tests the good effect of calixarenes was proven. A preliminary engine test evaluation on Sequence VIE provided a further confirmation of the good behavior of calixarene-based detergents jointly with an amino-type friction reducer: a FE result with a pass margin of 30% against

Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo

Fuel Additive Transport into Engine Oil Determination using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Liquid Chromatography (LC)

2021-01-114909/21/2021

The transport of fuel-borne additives into the engine oil is a critical factor for the efficacy with which the additive functionality can be imparted on the engine. This paper describes the combination of Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Liquid Chromatography (LC) to determine the real-time additive concentrations and transfer ratios in a spark-ignition, 2-liter GM LHU engine. The current research used a continuous sample circuit from the engine sump which passed through an integrating cavity flow cell to enhance the LIF signal. In the absence of a fluorescence signature of any of the native additive species, a suitable fluorescing dye was selected to simulate the additive. After establishing rigorous calibration curves, LC was employed as a referee method to do a direct comparison with the LIF determined dye concentrations. The impact of the oil age and fuel dilution on the dye LIF signal was aggregated to a scaling factor which was a function of the relative absorption (RA) of

Swarts, Andre, Wallace, Julian, Moore, Thomas, Favela, Kristin, Xu, Yi, Wang, Chengrong

Comparison of Olefin Copolymers and Comb Polymers in Engine Oil Formulations Tested for Fuel Efficiency Retention and CO2 Emissions Under Advanced Emission Standards

2021-01-121109/21/2021

This study presents the impact of two engine oil additives on fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions. Formulations containing either Olefin Copolymer (OCP) or Comb polymer (Comb) were compared in tests for fuel efficiency retention, fine particle emissions, and ash accumulation in the gasoline particulate filter. The Comb formulations showed higher fuel efficiency throughout the testing, retaining this efficiency after three distinct engine aging test cycles. No significant differences between formulations were observed in oil consumption, ash accumulation, and filtration efficiency.

Bartels, Thorsten, Flamberg, Alan, Manukyan, Selin, Russ, Gerald

Engine Oil Viscosity Classification

J300_202104 (Historical)

04/30/2021

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Engine Oil Viscosity Classification

J300_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Measurement of the Total Ash Content of Aviation Piston Engine Oils by a Calculation Method

J1787_202009 (Current)

09/29/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice describes an empirical method for determining the theoretical ash content of aviation piston engine lubricating oils by calculating the equivalent weight of metallic oxides formed at 775 °C based on the metallic elemental concentration. The calculation method of ash determination may be used as an alternate to ASTM D 482 for application to the standards for aviation piston engine lubricating oils.

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Measurement of the Total Ash Content of Aviation Piston Engine Oils by a Calculation Method

J1787_202009-TEST-REC (Historical)09/29/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

New Methodology for Real-time and Quantitative Measurement of Oil Emissions on I.C. Engines

2020-01-219309/15/2020

New environmental regulations and stringent emissions standards have lowered the limits for Particulate Matter (PM) mass and Particle Number (PN) emissions requiring further optimization of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Partially burned and unburned lubricating oil contributes significantly to black carbon and soot particle emissions which are not neglectable compared to fuel generated particles. Oil emissions are influenced by engine speed and load conditions but also by engine oil properties and formulation. Minimizing oil consumption has become a fundamental concern and there is a real need for better understanding associated sources and mechanisms. Therefore, researchers and engineers need appropriate tools and methodologies to solve these new problems. A reliable oil consumption measurement methodology able to quantify oil emissions (all oil emissions forms) and only oil emissions is a prerequisite. Recent developments of a methodology based on the use of radiotracer

Delvigne, Thierry, Courtois, Olivier

Study on Fuel Efficiency and Durability Aspect of a Low Viscosity Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oil

2020-01-216409/15/2020

In order to meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) regulations and Bharat Stage VI (BS VI) emission regulations, Indian auto original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are adopting low viscosity engine/axle/transmission oils to achieve overall fuel efficiency gain. Attaining fuel economy by reducing oil viscosity is already established for passenger car motor oils (PCMOs) but is in its initial phase for heavy-duty diesel engine oils (HDDEOs). Now SAE 15W-40 is the most widely used viscosity grade by volume for HDDEO. In India, a large number of old vehicles meeting BS II, BS III and BS IV norms exists and require sustainable strategy to reduce fuel consumption, as well as overall greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, authors discussed the development of low viscosity heavy duty diesel engine oil in 10W-30 viscometrics meeting API CH4 specification. Fuel economy credential of the developed product was carried out on a chassis dyno w.r.t. the reference oil in “Delhi Bus Driving Cycle

Praharaj, Snigdhamayee, Kumar, Sandeep, Seth, Sarita, Subramanian, M, Garg, Sarita, Saxena, Deepak, Ramakumar, SSV

The Tribological Behavior of the DLC-Coated Engine Surfaces Lubricated with Oils with Nanoadditives

2020-01-215909/15/2020

Nowadays, it is commonly strived to achieve the highest efficiency of internal combustion engines and the longest possible inter-repair millage conditioned by low wear of engine components. This needs the reduction of the friction and wear intensity for the mating surfaces of engine components. This is commonly achieved by using the right oil, its additives and coating the surface with protective layers. Various nanoparticles, such as TiO2, ZrO2, CuO can be added to the base oil to change lubricating properties and creating so-called nano-oils. Parallelly, mating engine surfaces are often covered with very thin DLC coatings. Lubrication of DLC-coated surfaces with nano-oil can create both positive and negative synergy effects. The goal of the present review is to recognize the state-of-art in terms of existing types of DLC coatings and techniques for their application, types of nanoparticles dispersible in engine oils and the tendency to create a synergistic effect in contact zones.

Jozwiak, Piotr, Siczek, Krzysztof, Batory, Damian

Standard Contaminant for Testing Aerospace Cleaners

AMS7201 (Current)

07/14/2020

This specification establishes requirements for a standard contaminant that can be used to represent typical soils encountered in aerospace cleaning. This standard contaminant consists of materials that are common contaminants found in aircraft maintenance depots and manufacturing facilities.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Standard Contaminant for Testing Aerospace Cleaners

AMS7201-TEST-REC (Historical)07/14/2020

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Development of JASO GLV-1 0W-8 Low Viscosity Engine Oil for Improving Fuel Efficiency considering Oil Consumption and Engine Wear Performance

2020-01-142304/14/2020

Engine oil with viscosity lower than 0W-16 has been needed for improving fuel efficiency in the Japanese market. However, lower viscosity oil generally has negative aspects with regard to oil consumption and anti-wear performance. The technical challenges are to reduce viscosity while keeping anti-wear performance and volatility level the same as 0W-20 oil. They have been solved in developing a new engine oil by focusing on the molybdenum dithiocarbamate friction modifier and base oil properties. This paper describes the new oil that supports good fuel efficiency while reliably maintaining other necessary performance attributes.

Okuda, Sachiko, Saito, Hiroki, Nakano, Seiichi, Koike, Yusuke, Sagawa, Takumaru, Kawamura, Satoshi, Yoshida, Keisuke

Role of Lubricating Oil Properties in Exhaust Particle Emissions of an Off-Road Diesel Engine

2020-01-038604/14/2020

Particle number emissions from an off-road diesel engine without exhaust after-treatment were studied by using five different heavy-duty lubricating oils in the engine. The study extends understanding on how the properties of lubricating oil affect the nanoparticle emissions from an off-road diesel engine. The lubricants were selected among the performance classes of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, at least one lubricant from each category intended for heavy-duty diesel engines. Particle size distributions were measured by the means of an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS), but soot emissions, gaseous emissions and the basic engine performance were also determined. During the non-road steady state cycle, the most of the differences were detected at the particle size range of 6-15 nm. In most cases, the lowest particle quantities were emitted when the highest performance category lubricant was used. Based on the results of this study, the low contents of Zn, P, and

Ovaska, Teemu, Niemi, Seppo, Sirviö, Katriina, Nilsson, Olav, Karjalainen, Panu, Rönkkö, Topi, Kulmala, Kari, Keskinen, Jorma

Characteristics of Auto-Ignition for Lubricants and Lubricant/Gasoline Based on an Innovative Single Droplet Test System

2020-01-142804/14/2020

Due to the advantages of low weight, low emissions and good fuel economy, downsized turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are widely-applied nowadays. However, Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) phenomenon observed in these engines restricts their improvement of performance. Some researchers have shown that auto-ignition of lubricant in the combustion chamber has a great effect on the LSPI frequency. To study the auto-ignition characteristics of lubricant, an innovative single droplet auto-ignition test system for lubricant and its mixture is designed and developed, with better accuracy and effectiveness. The experiments are carried out by hanging lubricant droplets on the thermocouple node under active thermo-atmosphere provided by a small “Dibble burner”. The auto-ignition process of lubricant droplets is recorded by a high-speed camera. Influences of different base oil types, viscosities, calcium contents, initial droplet diameters, co-flow speeds, new oil, used oil and

Yu, Yang, Pan, Kaifeng, Deng, Jun, Hu, Zongjie, Xie, Wei, Wu, Zhijun, Li, Liguang

Studying Ignition Delay Time of Lubricant Oil Mixed with Alcohols, Water and Toluene in IQT and CVCC

2020-01-142204/14/2020

The auto-ignition of liquid fuel and lubricant oil droplets is considered as one of the possible sources of pre-ignition. Researchers are continually finding new ways to form advanced lubricant oil by changing its composition and varying different oil additives to prevent the occurrence of this event. This study investigates additives for lubricants to suppress its auto-ignition tendency. Three sets of mixtures were prepared. The first set of mixtures were prepared by adding different alcohols namely ethanol, and methanol to the commercial lubricant oil (SAE 15W-40) in ratio of 1 - 5 % by vol The second set of mixtures were prepared by mixing SAE 15W-40 with aforementioned alcohols (1 % vol.) and H2O (1 % vol.). Lastly, the third set of mixtures were prepared by adding toluene to SAE 15W-40 in (1 % - 5% by vol.). Two experimental setups were used in the current work. An Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) was used to investigate the mixtures’ ignition delay time (IDT) following standard ASTM

Maharjan, Sumit, Elbaz, Ayman, Mitsudharmadi, Hatsari, Roberts, William

Lightweight Plastic Engine Oil Pump

2020-01-023304/14/2020

An oil pump is an important component of the automotive powertrain, which can potentially help improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This can be achieved not only through a lightweight design, but also through an increase in engine efficiency by drawing the optimal amount of energy for its operation. This paper discusses the engineering design and development of a plastic automotive engine oil pump as an alternative to current metal oil pumps. Detailed component design features to ensure the working of the plastic pump under harsh chemical, temperature and vibration environment are discussed. The proposed design integrates several parts and uses unique plastic design elements to improve upon current metal design. Innovative joining methods and assembly sequencing are implemented to maintain pump efficiency and functional precision. Use of self-lubricating plastics to increase engine efficiency by reducing wear between moving parts is explored. Data and

Mohapatra, Subhransu Sekhar, P, Arunachala, Janiwarad, Raghavendra, Ramasagaram, Ashwin Kumar, Chang, Fred

Impact of Engine Oil Detergent on Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) and Fuel Economy Performance

2020-01-142404/14/2020

Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI), also referred to as Stochastic Pre-Ignition (SPI), Superknock or Megaknock is an undesirable combustion phenomenon that limits the fuel economy, drivability, emissions and durability performance of modern turbocharged gasoline engines. Numerous studies have previously reported that the frequency of LSPI is sensitive to engine oil composition. One of these drivers is the concentration of Calcium, which is usually delivered in the form of a detergent in the additive package. Switching to completely all-Magnesium detergent and/or severely limiting the concentration of Ca in the engine oil have recently been proposed as potential means to reduce LSPI. In this work, we evaluate the impact of detergent type on LSPI performance as well as on other performance that the modern engine oil needs to deliver. Particularly the impact of detergent type on Fuel Economy performance is evaluated. To ensure a rigorous and high precision measurement of the impact of engine

Gupta, Ashutosh, Devlin, Mark

Detailed Analyses and Correlation of Fuel Effects on Stochastic Preignition

2020-01-061204/14/2020

Stochastic or Low-Speed Preignition (SPI or LSPI) is an undesirable abnormal combustion phenomenon encountered in forced induction, direct injection, spark-ignition engines. It is characterized by very early heat release and high cylinder pressure and can cause knock, noise and ultimately engine damage. Much of the focus on mitigating SPI has been directed towards the engine oil formulation, leading to the emergence of the Sequence IX and second-generation GM dexos® oil requirements. Engine design, calibration and fuels all contribute to the prevalence of SPI. As part of a recently completed research consortium, a series of engine tests were completed to determine the impact of fuel composition on SPI frequency. Abnormal combustion events were identified by both high cylinder pressure and early heat release. The fuel blends had varying levels of paraffins, olefins, aromatics and ethanol. Engine tests were performed on a 2-litre turbocharged, direct-injection spark-ignition engine and

Swarts, Andre, Chapman, Elana, Costanzo, Vincent

Utilization of bench testing in vehicle thermal system development for extreme cold ambient condition

2020-01-139004/14/2020

Automotive thermal systems are becoming complicated each year. The powertrain efficiency improvement initiatives are driving transmission and engine oil heaters into coolant network design alternatives. The initiatives of electrified and autonomous vehicles are making coolant networks even more complex. The coolant networks these days have many heat exchangers, electric water pumps and valves, apart from typical radiators, thermostat and heater core. Some of these heat exchangers including cabin heaters deal with very small amount of coolant flow rates at different ambient conditions. This paper describes how viscosity can be a major reason for simulation inaccuracy, and how to deal with it for each component in the coolant network. Both experimental and computational aspects have been considered in this paper with wide range of ambient temperatures. Methods have been proposed to handle these issues in the simulation phase at the early phase of automotive thermal system development

Khandaker, Masuma, Uddin, Ahmed, Sanikal, Vijay, Fuad, Kaji, Lindquist, Craig, Baker, Gary, Rahman, Sadek

Low Friction and Low Viscosity Final Drive Oil

2019-01-233612/19/2019

The new lubricant was newly developed for differential gear unit to contribute to all friction factors/conditions (Boundary, Hydrodynamic & those Mixed Lubrication) even if the differential gear is operating under very severe conditions such as high-gear-contact pressure and highly sliding speed. The main concept of development was selecting and formulating the optimized additives for severe lubrication conditions in order to achieve the best balance between thinner-film thickness and extreme pressure performance. In conclusion, by the application of both synthetic base oil instead of mineral one and activation technology of MoDTC in spite of ZnDTP free formulation, it is finally realized to reduce the torque of final drive unit by 40% and it can be estimated the 0.5% of CO2 reduction in actual vehicles.

Kubo, Tomoo, Akie, Naoto, Okamoto, Yuji, Okuda, Sachiko, Sagawa, Takumaru, Ariyama, Mona, Komatsubara, Hitoshi

Development of Low Viscosity 0W-16 Fuel-Saving Engine Oil using a Synergistic Optimization of an Innovative Base Oil and Performant Additives while Maintaining Engine Durability in a ILSAC GF6-B Environment

2019-01-224012/19/2019

Lowering fuel consumption whilst maintaining engine life continues to be a challenge for the lubricant industry. Forthcoming ILSAC GF-6 specification and new emission regulations make this challenge even harder to overcome. Knowledge concerning innovative polyalkylene glycol (PAG) chemistry combined with expertise in engine oil formulation (additives and mineral base oils) and a deep understanding of the friction within the engine were used to develop a 0W- 16 engine oil with better fuel economy performance than other 0W-16 oils present in the market. Indeed, to accurately measure the friction on several part of the engine, a 1.2 L supercharged gasoline engine was first dismantled to measure the lubricant friction and wear capabilities of different lubricant formulations (containing group III base oil, additives and OSP HVI) on different engine parts. An initial optimization of the individual formulation components was realized to reduce the friction as much as possible whilst still

Nicolas, CHAMPAGNE, Paula, USSA-ALDANA, Mathieu, CONSIGNY, Camille, HERRY

Development of an Oil Degradation Sensor Based on Detection of Free Radicals

2019-01-229912/19/2019

This paper proposes an oil degradation sensor that informs the best time for oil replacement to achieve the right balance with oil conservation and engine protection. We found that free radicals in the engine oil generate by chain decomposition reactions of hydrocarbons by heat and the amount of them increases with an increase in running distance. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment results, the free radical concentrations have high correlations with pH and base number. The sensor using the principle of electron spin resonance (ESR) can measure the amount of free radical molecules in a non-contact method. The sensor successfully detected free radicals produced by the degradation of actual engine oil.

Cheng, Fan, Shibata, Takayuki, Aoki, Yoshifumi, Hirata, Hiroshi

Art of fuel economy lubricant formulation: How appropriate fuel economy assessment tools and new technologies are opening-up new formulation spaces for the next generation fuel economy lubricants

2019-01-2242

12/19/2019

Designing fuel economy lubricants is an art; finding the right balance between fuel economy and durability requirements is complex, with many trade-offs. To open new formulation spaces with ever increasing fuel economy, a deep understanding of how lubricating oils respond to different drive cycles, engine/transmission type and any coating properties, e.g. DLC, is required. In this paper, we describe how the implementation of WLTC requires lubricant optimization to deliver improved fuel economy under this test cycle and therefore, lubricant viscosity reduction becomes more important. We also illustrate optimization of the sludge system is key to reducing overall viscosity of lubricants for ultra low viscosity application, such as in SAE 0W- 8 viscosity grade oils. To meet the cleanliness challenges in an SAE 0W-8 environment, we describe a developmental sludge handling system with improved cleanliness at constant viscosity to conventional SAE 0W-8 lubricants. A SAE 0W-8 demonstration

Matsui, Tsuyoshi, Featherstone, Thomas, Wright, Peter

Fuel Economy Improvement by Engine Oil with Ultra-High Viscosity Index

2019-01-220312/19/2019

With the electrification of automobiles, such as hybridization, engines on these vehicles operate more frequently at low oil temperatures, while engines are more specifically run at low engine speed and high load condition for driving vehicles. Hence, engine oils are required to reduce their viscosity at low temperature for friction reduction to improve fuel economy and maintain high temperature viscosity enough to protect engine parts for robustness at the same time. This leads to the improvement of viscosity index, the "ultra-high viscosity index (UHVI)" concept. The novel engine oil technology with a new high performance polymer was investigated. One of experimental oils showed the 100°C viscosity equivalent to SAE 0W-16 grade and the better fuel economy than that of SAE 0W-8 oil by an engine motoring friction test. This study demonstrated the promising performance of the UHVI concept to provide further fuel economy benefit especially for advanced electrified powertrains such as

Onodera, Ko, Watanabe, Honami, Sato, Takehisa, Lee, Gordon H., Kaneko, Toyoharu, Yamamori, Kazuo, Miyata, Itsuki

Verification of deterioration properties of engine oil under water-rich condition

2019-01-229812/19/2019

In general, metal-based detergents are used in engine oil to prevent the adhesion and accumulation of deposits and sludge. Because metal-based detergents are additives composed of fatty acid metal salts and carbonates, such as calcium, they are known to be easily affected by water. In particular, over-based metal-based detergents containing a large number of carbonates, which are excellent in terms of detergency, have been used often in recent years. Following the increasing use of biofuels and the diffusion of hybrid vehicles, the risk of water being mixed into engine oil has increased. For example, in hybrid vehicles, it is assumed that the engine oil temperature decreases and it becomes difficult for water to volatilize. Also, the E100 fuel contains several percent of water. Therefore, it has become important to understand the degradation characteristics of engine oil when water is immixed, which is the aim of this study.1) In this study, we operated an engine while intentionally

Oki, Hiroshi, Takakura, Shiro

Art of fuel economy lubricant formulation: How appropriate fuel economy assessment tools and new technologies are opening-up new formulation spaces for the next generation fuel economy lubricants

2019-01-2242-TEST-REC12/19/2019

Matsui, Tsuyoshi, Featherstone, Thomas, Wright, Peter

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