Browse Topic: Lubricant viscosity

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Application of DOE Techniques to Identify Factors Influencing Gearbox Synchronizer Wear and Life.2026-26-0489To be published on 01/16/2026
Gearbox synchronizers are essential components for ensuring smooth gear shifting in both manual and automated manual transmissions. The lifespan of a synchronizer is influenced by a complex interplay of several factors, including synchro geometry, lubrication, friction material properties, clutch design parameters, powertrain vibrations, and various operating conditions. These factors contribute to the wear and degradation of synchronizers over time, affecting the overall performance and durability of the transmission system. This paper investigates the influence of various design and operational parameters on the synchronizer's life using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach. A comprehensive experimental plan was meticulously developed to systematically vary key factors such as synchronizer friction material, the number of cones, lubricant viscosity, and clutch stiffness, among others. The resulting experimental data was analyzed through statistical methods, particularly regression
Jagtap, Amol Shivaji, Koulage, Dasharath, Rudramath, Sagar
Modelling and Analysis of Hypoid Gear Churning Loss in Rear Drive Axle: The Role of Oil Viscosity and Empirical Parameters2026-26-0508To be published on 01/16/2026
This definitive study investigates the variation of churning losses occurring with hypoid ring and pinion gear sets and puts primary importance to factors that determine energy dissipation in these mechanisms. A detailed investigation shows that viscosity is critical, particularly due to large temperature-dependent variations. Besides this, the study focuses on particular attention to experimental parameters derived from measured data to model churning losses. Churning Loss itself originates in the interaction between the rotation of the gears and the lubricating oil - a source of significant inefficiency within the overall drivetrain. A robust, comprehensive model has been formulated to take this into account. It does not only account for variable oil viscosity with temperature but integrates key empirical parameters that reflect observed behaviours in gear systems. The study adopts a multidimensional approach by considering the influence of various other factors. It investigates how
Khan, Aliya Javid, Praveen, Abhinav, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, AP, Baaheedharan
Exploring advanced additive chemistry for achieving fuel economy in passenger car motor oils2026-26-0529To be published on 01/16/2026
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM’s) are focusing towards fuel economy of passenger cars to meet the next generation emission norms. Few techniques such as downsizing of engines, raising lubricant temperature, reducing combustion time and regulating the start-stop system of engines are various efforts being considered by Automobile OEMs to attain fuel efficiency along with next generation emission norms. On the other hand, lubricants used for such engines are also to be modified accordingly to meet more fuel efficiency. Lowering viscosity along with addition of friction modifiers for normalizing frictional losses is widely practiced as the most economical techniques. To achieve this lubricant formulator and additive manufacturers have moved towards modern base oils and advanced additive technologies. This study is done to understand key parameters which reduce friction and increase fuel economy using same viscosity grade oils. In the current study, we have formulated different low
Vabbina, Dr Shiv Kumar, Katta, Dr Lakshmi, Joshi, Dr Ratnadeep, Chaudhary, Dr Rameshwar, Seth, Dr Sarita, Bhardwaj, Dr Anil, Arora, Dr Ajay Kumar
Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles2024-01-408909/16/2024
Abstract We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground
Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash
Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity2024-01-508408/23/2024
This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their
Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun
Development of Low Viscosity Fuel Economy Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles2024-26-004001/16/2024
Sustainability today has evolved from being just a niche engagement to an absolute necessity. The reduction of carbon emissions from aspects of human activity has become a critical enabler to mitigate the impact of climate change. The Transportation industry is a significant contributor to such emissions while at the same time a critical part of the global economy. As powertrains have undergone significant changes to reduce emissions through hardware changes, now an effective and efficient engine oil is amongst the most convenient and cost-effective ways of reducing a vehicle’s carbon emissions. Development of lubricants towards this must address many challenges of today’s world. Modern Commercial Vehicle engines operate at higher temperatures than before, promoting both oxidation and nitration of the lubricant. At the same time, higher levels of fuel economy require usage of lower viscosity engine oils, which must then be formulated in a manner that protects the engine and maintains
Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Madan, Lalit, Lim, Pei Yi, Pollington, Mark
Lubrication Evaluation of EV transmission2024-26-032801/16/2024
The advent of EV powertrain has considerable effect on transmission development activities as competed to regular ICE transmission. Conventional ICE transmission and the transmission for an e-powertrain differ on fundamental level. The conventional transmission has number of gear ratios, shift mechanism which enables the transmission to deliver a smooth power output as per demand from the driver. Whereas the e-powertrain transmission is mostly a single gear ratio transmission (reducer) which primarily depends on speed and torque variation from the motor to cater the driver requirement. Hence, the operating speeds of the such e-transmissions can vary from 0 to 20000 in both forward and reverse directions. Such a large speed variation as compared with conventional transmission calls for special attention towards the lubrication of internal components. High speeds and lower oil viscosities tend to disrupt the oil films in between contact surfaces causing metal to metal contact. This
Kushwaha, Rakesh, Bhosale, Vikas, Navale, Pradeep, Patel, Hiral
Effect of low viscosity oil and bearings design on oil pressure performance across engine crank train system 2022-01-076703/29/2022
In current market scenario Reliability & Durability of components as became prime focus, with the advent of BS VI emission norm there is tremendous increase in peak firing pressure due to high pressure common rail system and various emission solutions. Crank train system is getting subjected to a never before forces & loading due to emission & performance requirement. For achieving the competitive reliability & durability of main moving parts oil pressure plays a most vital role. In this study the performance optimization of oil pressure has been carried out by experimenting with oil grades & bearing designs. This study comprises of selection of oil & bearing, simulation and finally proto development & verification. Further, the result were compared and best solution recommended.
Gavade, Sujit Vithoba, Gangurde, Prashant, Bhargava, Aashish, Pawar, Satish, Deshmukh, Chandrakant, Mishra, Abhishek
Investigation of the Drag Losses of Wet Clutches at Dip Lubrication2022-01-078803/29/2022
Wet running multi-plate clutches and brakes are important components of modern automotive and industrial powertrains. In the open stage, drag losses occur due to fluid shearing. This subsequently can lead to a perceptible reduction in the overall drivetrain efficiency. Depending on the application and requirements, injection or dip lubrication is used. For the first one there is already a deep fundamental understanding existing, whereas the latter was not extensively investigated so far. This contribution gives a detailed insight in the experimental research of the drag losses of wet running multi-plate clutches at dip lubrication. In a base study the flow conditions and origins of the drag torque generation were investigated. Built on this, the effects of operating and geometry parameters such as oil viscosity and level, clearance, groove design, disk size and number of gaps on the drag loss characteristic were determined based on a full-factorial testing. The paper further explains
Pointner-Gabriel, Lukas, Forleo, Cosimo, Voelkel, Katharina, Pflaum, Hermann, Stahl, Karsten
Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part2 - Influence of engine oil evaporation characteristics on oil consumption of internal combustion engines2022-01-063403/29/2022
CO2 emission reduction is one of the most important challenges for automotive industry to prevent the global warming. Friction reduction of internal combustion engines (ICEs) is an effective countermeasure. Engine oil lubricates various engine parts and its improvement can contribute to reduce fuel consumption of ICEs by reducing frictions among engine parts. Electrification of ICE powertrains provides higher overall efficiency and leads to lower average engine oil temperature during vehicle operation. In order to reduce the engine friction, engine oil viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature range is important. The viscosity reduction at low-mid temperature while maintaining high temperature viscosity can be realized by reducing base oil viscosity and adding more Viscosity Modifier (VM) that increases viscosity index effectively (“flat viscosity” concept). On the other hand, reduction of base oil viscosity increases volatility loss and may cause oil consumption increase as a trade
Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Wada, Kotaro
The Rotating Liner Engine under Medium Loads and Speeds. Fuel economy benefit exceeds 10%2022-01-050703/29/2022
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a Heavy Duty Diesel engine rotates by about 2-4 m/s surface speed in order to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near top and bottom dead center. Based on testing results from our single cylinder RLE prototype (a converted four cylinder Cummins ISB 3.9 diesel) compared to a similar baseline, under idle conditions, the friction reduction is approximately 50 kPa in FMEP (friction mean effective pressure), which translates to about 40% for a complete engine. In this new set of experiments, we are comparing the RLE performance under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure). It has been proven that the elimination of metallic contact between the compression rings and cylinder persists under up to 75 bar peak cylinder pressure and 1.5-2 m/s liner surface speed (283-383 rpm) for the 850-1150 rpm crankshaft speed. Additionally, the RLE FMEP is substantially reduced under
Dardalis, Dimitrios, ALHAJ ASAD, Osama, Basu, Amiyo, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron
Research on ultra-high viscosity index engine oil: Part1 - “Flat viscosity” concept and contribution to carbon neutrality2022-01-063103/29/2022
In recent years, the realization of carbon neutrality has become an activity to be tackled worldwide, and automobile manufacturers are promoting electrification of power train by HEV, PHEV, BEV and FCEV. Although interest in BEV is currently growing, vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines including HEV and PHEV will continue to be used in areas where conversion to BEV is not easy. For such vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil will be one of the most important means to contribute to further reduction of CO2 emissions. Since HEV require less work from the engine, the engine oil temperature is lower than that of conventional engine vehicles. Therefore, the reduction of viscous resistance in the mid-to-low temperature range below 80°C is expected to contribute more to fuel economy. On the other hand, the viscosity must be kept above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices in the high oil temperature range. In order to achieve both of these characteristics
Yamamori, Kazuo, Uematsu, Yuta, Hirano, Satoshi, Ishizaki, Noriya, Mori, Shunsuke, Koyama, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi, Wada, Kotaro
Powertrain Friction Reduction by Synergistic Optimization of Cylinder Bore Surface and Lubricant - Part 2: Engine Tribology Simulations and Tests2021-01-121709/21/2021
Since a significant percent of fuel in cars is consumed by friction, with powertrain friction being one of the chief culprits, the development of low friction powertrains is an important task [1-3]. The introduction of advanced surface finishing and coating methods, such as thermally sprayed coatings, self-lubricating hard coatings, mechanochemical surface finishing, helical slide honing etc. together with a shift towards low viscosity synthetic lubricants help further improve fuel economy and reduce GHG emissions. For passenger cars, a change from the legacy SAE 15W-40 grade to SAE 0W-20 brings on average 3-4% improvement in fuel economy under the NEDC or EPA conditions, and the subsequent migration to 0W-8 can bring an additional 2-3%. The primary obstacle to continually lowering lubricant viscosity is increased engine wear. The hydrodynamic lubricant film thickness is directly proportional to lubricant viscosity. Therefore, to maintain hydrodynamic lubrication, substantial
Zhmud, Boris, Tomanik, Eduardo, Jiménez, Antonio J., Profito, Francisco, Tormos, Bernardo
Correlating GDI and Diesel Soot with Carbon Black Surrogates: An MTM-SLIM Study2021-01-121309/21/2021
Legislations aimed at reducing CO2 emissions are driving significant changes in passenger car engine hardware and lubricants. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines generate combustion soot which can drive wear which is characteristically different to that observed in diesel engines. The increasing market share of GDI engines has encouraged the auto OEMs and the oil suppliers to study this challenge in more depth and seek improvements which do not compromise the innate efficiency benefits of the GDI platform This study compares soot abrasiveness by measuring the abrasive removal of Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear films and resultant wear by GDI sooted oils and traditional Diesel sooted oils in the MTM-SLIM equipment. A three-way correlation has been developed between a carbon black soot surrogate, GDI sooted oils and Diesel sooted oils. Diesel sooted oils were found to be more abrasive and resulted in more severe wear than gasoline sooted oils at the same level of % soot
Desai, Priyanka, Taheraly, Mourtaza, Ogunsola, Oluwaseyi, Mainwaring, Robert
Engine Oil Viscosity ClassificationJ300_202104 (Historical)04/30/2021
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Engine Oil Viscosity ClassificationJ300_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_202101 (Historical)01/27/2021
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_202101-TEST-REC (Historical)01/27/2021
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Study of Friction Reduction Potential in Light- Duty Diesel Engines by Lightweight Crankshaft Design Coupled with Low Viscosity Oil2020-37-000606/23/2020
Over the last two decades, engine research has been mainly focused on reducing fuel consumption in view of compliance with more stringent homologation cycles and customer expectations. As it is well known, the objective of overall engine efficiency optimization can be achieved only through the improvement of each element of the efficiency chain, of which mechanical constitutes one of the two key pillars (together with thermodynamics). In this framework, the friction reduction for each mechanical subsystem has been one of the most important topics of modern Diesel engine development. The present paper analyzes the crankshaft potential as contributor to the mechanical efficiency improvement, by investigating the synergistic impact of crankshaft design itself and oil viscosity characteristics (including new ultra-low-viscosity formulations already discussed in SAE Paper 2019-24-0056). For this purpose, a combination of theoretical and experimental tools have been used to design an
Mafrici, Salvatore
Development of JASO GLV-1 0W-8 Low Viscosity Engine Oil for Improving Fuel Efficiency considering Oil Consumption and Engine Wear Performance2020-01-142304/14/2020
Engine oil with viscosity lower than 0W-16 has been needed for improving fuel efficiency in the Japanese market. However, lower viscosity oil generally has negative aspects with regard to oil consumption and anti-wear performance. The technical challenges are to reduce viscosity while keeping anti-wear performance and volatility level the same as 0W-20 oil. They have been solved in developing a new engine oil by focusing on the molybdenum dithiocarbamate friction modifier and base oil properties. This paper describes the new oil that supports good fuel efficiency while reliably maintaining other necessary performance attributes.
Okuda, Sachiko, Saito, Hiroki, Nakano, Seiichi, Koike, Yusuke, Sagawa, Takumaru, Kawamura, Satoshi, Yoshida, Keisuke
Role of Lubricating Oil Properties in Exhaust Particle Emissions of an Off-Road Diesel Engine2020-01-038604/14/2020
Particle number emissions from an off-road diesel engine without exhaust after-treatment were studied by using five different heavy-duty lubricating oils in the engine. The study extends understanding on how the properties of lubricating oil affect the nanoparticle emissions from an off-road diesel engine. The lubricants were selected among the performance classes of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, at least one lubricant from each category intended for heavy-duty diesel engines. Particle size distributions were measured by the means of an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS), but soot emissions, gaseous emissions and the basic engine performance were also determined. During the non-road steady state cycle, the most of the differences were detected at the particle size range of 6-15 nm. In most cases, the lowest particle quantities were emitted when the highest performance category lubricant was used. Based on the results of this study, the low contents of Zn, P, and
Ovaska, Teemu, Niemi, Seppo, Sirviö, Katriina, Nilsson, Olav, Karjalainen, Panu, Rönkkö, Topi, Kulmala, Kari, Keskinen, Jorma
Studying Ignition Delay Time of Lubricant Oil Mixed with Alcohols, Water and Toluene in IQT and CVCC2020-01-142204/14/2020
The auto-ignition of liquid fuel and lubricant oil droplets is considered as one of the possible sources of pre-ignition. Researchers are continually finding new ways to form advanced lubricant oil by changing its composition and varying different oil additives to prevent the occurrence of this event. This study investigates additives for lubricants to suppress its auto-ignition tendency. Three sets of mixtures were prepared. The first set of mixtures were prepared by adding different alcohols namely ethanol, and methanol to the commercial lubricant oil (SAE 15W-40) in ratio of 1 - 5 % by vol The second set of mixtures were prepared by mixing SAE 15W-40 with aforementioned alcohols (1 % vol.) and H2O (1 % vol.). Lastly, the third set of mixtures were prepared by adding toluene to SAE 15W-40 in (1 % - 5% by vol.). Two experimental setups were used in the current work. An Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) was used to investigate the mixtures’ ignition delay time (IDT) following standard ASTM
Maharjan, Sumit, Elbaz, Ayman, Mitsudharmadi, Hatsari, Roberts, William
CFD Simulation of Transmission for Lubrication Oil Flow Validation and Churning Loss Reduction2020-01-108904/14/2020
Rapidly changing emission and fuel efficiency regulations are pushing the design optimization boundaries further in the Indian car market which is already a very cost conscious. Fuel economy can be improved by reducing moving parts friction and weight optimization. Driveline or Transmission power losses are major factor in overall efficiency of rotating parts in a vehicle. Transmission efficiency can be improved by using low viscosity oil, reducing oil quantity and reducing churning losses in Car Transmission. Changes like low viscosity and reduced oil volume give rise to challenges like compromised lubrication and durability of rotating parts. This further leads to extended design cycles for launching new cars with better transmission efficiency and fuel economy into the market. Design cycle time can be reduced by using CFD simulation for oil flow validation in the early design stage. CFD simulation of Transmission is challenging due to interaction of fluid and multiple gears/shafts
Singh, Bhupinder, Choudhary, Ved Prakash, Kumar, Arun, chopra, Chandan
Low Friction and Low Viscosity Final Drive Oil2019-01-233612/19/2019
The new lubricant was newly developed for differential gear unit to contribute to all friction factors/conditions (Boundary, Hydrodynamic & those Mixed Lubrication) even if the differential gear is operating under very severe conditions such as high-gear-contact pressure and highly sliding speed. The main concept of development was selecting and formulating the optimized additives for severe lubrication conditions in order to achieve the best balance between thinner-film thickness and extreme pressure performance. In conclusion, by the application of both synthetic base oil instead of mineral one and activation technology of MoDTC in spite of ZnDTP free formulation, it is finally realized to reduce the torque of final drive unit by 40% and it can be estimated the 0.5% of CO2 reduction in actual vehicles.
Kubo, Tomoo, Akie, Naoto, Okamoto, Yuji, Okuda, Sachiko, Sagawa, Takumaru, Ariyama, Mona, Komatsubara, Hitoshi
New Approach to JASO Standardization of New Fired Fuel Economy Engine Dyno Test for the New JASO Gasoline Engine Oil Standard for Low Viscosity Grades (JASO GLV-1)2019-01-229712/19/2019
A fired fuel economy engine test procedure developed by Toyota was proposed to be a new JASO test procedure. Under the JASO Task Force, the fired fuel economy engine test working group was formed. Four test laboratories from oil and additive industries in Japan participated in the JASO Round Robin matrix to evaluate the repeatability and the reproducibility with four candidate reference oils. These candidate reference oils include two viscosity grades and two additive technologies that represent fuel economy engine oil technologies in the Japanese market. The project was successfully completed and the procedure was proposed to be a part of the new JASO GLV-1 engine oil standard.
Nakashima, Yoshihiro, Yamamori, Kazuo, Hirano, Satoshi
Development of an Oil Degradation Sensor Based on Detection of Free Radicals2019-01-229912/19/2019
This paper proposes an oil degradation sensor that informs the best time for oil replacement to achieve the right balance with oil conservation and engine protection. We found that free radicals in the engine oil generate by chain decomposition reactions of hydrocarbons by heat and the amount of them increases with an increase in running distance. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment results, the free radical concentrations have high correlations with pH and base number. The sensor using the principle of electron spin resonance (ESR) can measure the amount of free radical molecules in a non-contact method. The sensor successfully detected free radicals produced by the degradation of actual engine oil.
Cheng, Fan, Shibata, Takayuki, Aoki, Yoshifumi, Hirata, Hiroshi
Art of fuel economy lubricant formulation: How appropriate fuel economy assessment tools and new technologies are opening-up new formulation spaces for the next generation fuel economy lubricants2019-01-224212/19/2019
Designing fuel economy lubricants is an art; finding the right balance between fuel economy and durability requirements is complex, with many trade-offs. To open new formulation spaces with ever increasing fuel economy, a deep understanding of how lubricating oils respond to different drive cycles, engine/transmission type and any coating properties, e.g. DLC, is required. In this paper, we describe how the implementation of WLTC requires lubricant optimization to deliver improved fuel economy under this test cycle and therefore, lubricant viscosity reduction becomes more important. We also illustrate optimization of the sludge system is key to reducing overall viscosity of lubricants for ultra low viscosity application, such as in SAE 0W- 8 viscosity grade oils. To meet the cleanliness challenges in an SAE 0W-8 environment, we describe a developmental sludge handling system with improved cleanliness at constant viscosity to conventional SAE 0W-8 lubricants. A SAE 0W-8 demonstration
Matsui, Tsuyoshi, Featherstone, Thomas, Wright, Peter
Fuel Economy Improvement by Engine Oil with Ultra-High Viscosity Index2019-01-220312/19/2019
With the electrification of automobiles, such as hybridization, engines on these vehicles operate more frequently at low oil temperatures, while engines are more specifically run at low engine speed and high load condition for driving vehicles. Hence, engine oils are required to reduce their viscosity at low temperature for friction reduction to improve fuel economy and maintain high temperature viscosity enough to protect engine parts for robustness at the same time. This leads to the improvement of viscosity index, the "ultra-high viscosity index (UHVI)" concept. The novel engine oil technology with a new high performance polymer was investigated. One of experimental oils showed the 100°C viscosity equivalent to SAE 0W-16 grade and the better fuel economy than that of SAE 0W-8 oil by an engine motoring friction test. This study demonstrated the promising performance of the UHVI concept to provide further fuel economy benefit especially for advanced electrified powertrains such as
Onodera, Ko, Watanabe, Honami, Sato, Takehisa, Lee, Gordon H., Kaneko, Toyoharu, Yamamori, Kazuo, Miyata, Itsuki
Impact of Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) on the formation of piston deposits in fuel economy engine oils2019-01-220212/19/2019
In the recent years, the achievement of fuel economy through lower viscosity engine oil has been a topic of wide discussions among experts in the industry. Along this journey of engine oil evolution, new classes of Viscosity Index Improver (VIIs) have been developed in order to meet the challenges arising from either hardware re-engineering, environmental protection or both. In relation to this, the continuous tightening of the CO2 emission level from the authorities has made the situation even tougher for many OEMs and formulators worldwide. While the fuel economy performance in an engine has been intensively investigated, little has been published on the durability aspects of these VIIs nor other aspects such as cleanliness and piston deposits. In this paper, we will present no-harm test results for deposit formation comparing novel comb polymers and conventional hydrocarbon VIIs such as OCPs. The formation of coke like deposits has been studied on low viscosity engine oils in both
Tan,, Kien-Wee, Eisenberg, Boris, Hutchinson, Philip A., Lauterwasser, Frank
The performance and mechanisms of organic polymeric friction modifiers in low viscosity engine oils2019-01-220412/19/2019
The requirement of OEMs to reduce CO2 emissions is leading to a reduction in viscosity of engine oils with 0W20 approved oils now common. 0W 16 approvals are growing in popularity and will be further supported in the US by the introduction of ILSAC GF-6B. Japanese OEMs are driving the development of 0W- 12 and 0W08 grades which will be supported by JASO GLV-1. These low viscosity engine oils can contain MoDTC with very high levels of 1000+ppm molybdenum to achieve the fuel economy improvement required to pass engine tests such as Sequence VIE. Molybdenum usage at this level contributes to sulphated ash increase. It can also have a negative impact on deposits. This paper examines the performance and mechanism of two ashless polymeric friction modifiers in a 0W20 formulation. These polymeric friction modifiers have been shown to give fuel economy benefits in Sequence VIE engine tests. The aim of this work is to better understand the influence and interaction of these polymeric friction
Moody, Gareth, Eastwood, John, Ueno, Keiko
Art of fuel economy lubricant formulation: How appropriate fuel economy assessment tools and new technologies are opening-up new formulation spaces for the next generation fuel economy lubricants2019-01-2242-TEST-REC12/19/2019
Designing fuel economy lubricants is an art; finding the right balance between fuel economy and durability requirements is complex, with many trade-offs. To open new formulation spaces with ever increasing fuel economy, a deep understanding of how lubricating oils respond to different drive cycles, engine/transmission type and any coating properties, e.g. DLC, is required. In this paper, we describe how the implementation of WLTC requires lubricant optimization to deliver improved fuel economy under this test cycle and therefore, lubricant viscosity reduction becomes more important. We also illustrate optimization of the sludge system is key to reducing overall viscosity of lubricants for ultra low viscosity application, such as in SAE 0W- 8 viscosity grade oils. To meet the cleanliness challenges in an SAE 0W-8 environment, we describe a developmental sludge handling system with improved cleanliness at constant viscosity to conventional SAE 0W-8 lubricants. A SAE 0W-8 demonstration
Matsui, Tsuyoshi, Featherstone, Thomas, Wright, Peter
Petroleum Base Instrument Bearing Lubricant Viscosity 15AMS3055B (Current)11/04/2019
This specification covers the requirements for a refined paraffinic petroleum-base lubricant.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Hydraulic Fluid Power Circuit Filtration - Application and MethodsJ931_201910 (Current)10/02/2019
This SAE Information Report is primarily to familiarize the designer of hydraulic powered machinery with the necessity for oil filtration in the hydraulic power circuit, the degree of system cleanliness required, types of filtration and filters available, and their location and maintenance in the hydraulic circuit.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Assessing Viscosity in Hydro-Erosive Grinding Process via Refractometry04-12-03-001208/22/2019
The manufacturing of diesel injector nozzles requires precision processing to produce multiple micro-holes. An abrasive fluid containing a mixture of mineral oil and hard particles is used for rounding them, ensuring the hydrodynamics of the injection. As verified in a previous investigation, the viscosity of the fluid undergoes uncontrolled changes during hydro-erosive (HE) grinding. Such undesired viscosity changes are detrimental to the process and difficult to assess. The current investigation aims to study the possibility of using the refractive index of the oils used in the HE grinding for assessing their viscosities. A calibration curve correlating the refractive index and viscosity was obtained from the analysis of samples produced by mixing two distinct mineral oils in different proportions. The determined calibration curve was tested with 45 samples of filtered oil, collected directly from the tanks during the HE grinding. The results showed that refractometry is a potential
Heidemann, Bárbara R., Scherpinski, Gustavo, Fabris, Luís, Muller, Marcia, Fabris, José L., Pintaude, Giuseppe
Development of Engine Test Method to Discriminate Engine Oils and Additives in Terms of Motoring Torque2019-01-058904/02/2019
Improvement in fuel economy and reduction in emissions are the two major driving forces in the advancement of automotive engine technologies, fuel quality, lubricants, and aftertreatment devices. Engine design, operating conditions such as speed and load, and engine oil behavior have a significant influence on engine friction and then the vehicle fuel economy. There is no standard short duration engine test available to evaluate engine oil’s friction. This study developed a test protocol to discriminate friction reduction efficacy of engine oils/additives to support in the development of engine oils. The engine test facility was modified to conduct the motoring test over the speed range of 1000 - 4500 rpm and at 50 - 100 °C coolant and oil temperatures. Different viscosity grades and additive chemistry i.e. combination of friction modifiers & viscosity modifiers was evaluated over the motored torque test. Repeatability of test results was also ensured by conducting the test many times
Ramadhas, A.S., Singh, Punit Kumar, Seth, Sarita, Mathai, Reji, Singh, Shyam, Saxena, Deepak, Ramakumar, S.S.V.
Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity ClassificationJ306_201902 (Current)02/06/2019
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_201901 (Historical)01/07/2019
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
High-Accuracy Viscosity-Temperature Model for Engine Simulation2018-01-180509/10/2018
In an era of accelerated engine efficiency development, the ability to accurately model lubricant performance is becoming increasingly important. The general behaviour of engine lubricant viscosity with temperature is well understood and for most applications the widely accepted models of Walther and Vogel are deemed accurate enough in their prediction of decreasing viscosity with increasing temperature. However, as we move further into a digitized age it becomes apparent there is a need for a single expression higher accuracy equation which captures this behaviour to better facilitate its use in automotive engineering simulation software (Computer Aided Engineering -CAE). Ideally it would be beneficial for a viscosity model to include standard viscosity parameters in a single expression that could be calibrated directly using standard viscosity measurements that are already in common use. A key aspect which underpins models of lubricated surfaces is the ability to accurately predict
Bucknall, John C.
Auto-ignition Characteristics of Lubricant Droplets under Hot Co-Flow Atmosphere2018-01-180709/10/2018
It has been revealed by researches that lubricant properties have a great effect on the low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) frequency in downsizing turbocharged direct-injection engines which are developed for better fuel economy. Droplets of lubricant or lubricant-gasoline mixture are considered to be the potential pre-ignition sources. Those droplets fly into the combustion chamber and ignite the gasoline-air mixture. To study lubricant droplets fundamentally, a novel set of droplet auto-ignition system is designed based on a Dibble Burner for this experiment. Influences of metallic additive contents, viscosities, lubricant diluted with gasoline and waste lubricant on the ignition delay of droplets are investigated by testing 12 groups of lubricants or lubricant-gasoline mixture. The equivalent diameter of each droplet generated by micro-syringes is around 2.1 mm. The co-flow temperature varies from 1123 K to 1223 K, and the experiments are carried out at atmospheric pressure. The auto
Pan, Kaifeng, Deng, Jun, Chen, Yongquan, Zhang, Erbao, Xie, Wei, Qin, Qiushi, Qu, Zongju, Li, Liguang
Simulated Bearing Durability and Friction Reduction with Ultra-Low Viscosity Oils2018-01-180209/10/2018
Legislation aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions is forcing significant changes in passenger car engine hardware and lubricants. Reduced viscosity lubricants can reduce friction levels and are therefore helpful to manufacturers seeking legislative compliance. MAHLE and Shell have worked together to determine the crankshaft, bearing and lubricant combination which minimizes friction with an acceptable level of durability. This paper describes the results of our joint simulation studies. MAHLE Engine Systems have developed in-house simulation packages to predict bearing lubrication performance. SABRE-M is a “routine” simulation tool based on the mobility method [1] curve fitting from the finite bearing theory to simulate the hydrodynamic lubrication in steady-state conditions. Whereas, SABRE-TEHL is a specialized simulation package used for performing Thermo-Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication (TEHL) analysis of bearing systems. Predictions for bearing severity parameters allow more
Kalogiannis, Konstantinos, Desai, Priyanka, Mian, Omar, Mainwaring, Robert
Statistical Study of Ring Geometry Effect on Piston Ring/Liner Tribology Using Classical Design of Experiment2018-01-165809/10/2018
An instantaneous piston ring/liner friction model has been presented to estimate the minimum oil film thickness and power loss contributed by piston rings under hydrodynamic lubrication. The model is based on lubrication theory considering lubricant viscosity variation with respect to temperature. A numerical scheme is developed to solve Reynolds and load equilibrium equations simultaneously to obtain the cyclic variation of oil film thickness and power loss. The model considers the ring profile geometry, the ring mechanical properties and their effects on the tribological performance of piston ring. The relevant trends and relations between parameters are considered with relatively simple approach to compute the minimum oil film thickness and mechanical power loss. Besides, Design of Experiment (DOE) technique and ANOVA analysis are employed to determine the effect of influential parameters such as ring width, ring crown height, ring elastic properties and ring end gap on the average
Delprete, Cristiana, Razavykia, Abbas
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products - Type T Turbine Oils - SpecificationMS1010_201808 (Current)08/29/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type P Pneumatic Tool Oils - SpecificationMS1009_201808 (Current)08/08/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Technology to Achieve Engine Efficacy: Friction Reduction2018-01-098304/03/2018
The engine efficacies require the blend of friction reduction approach for optimising the attained output. The research elucidates the scope of friction reduction mechanism to increase engine power and life. The engine components piston and piston rings are coated with the unique composite of graphite, molybdenum disulfide, tantalum layer to reduce friction and wear. The coating on piston minimizes direct contact between piston and cylinder liner, which reduces friction, BSFC and lead to better thermal stability, and engine life. The research also focuses on friction reduction of camshaft bearing by replacing sliding contact bearing with low friction roller bearing. The friction between engine components reduces output power, and the engine oil temperature plays a significant role in it. The research empowers zirconium dioxide coating on oil sump in order to reduce the temperature decay rate so that the optimized engine oil temperature of 100 °C can be retained for longer time. The
Singh, Aditya Pratap, Wadhwani, Diwanshu, Sharma, Prashant, Rai, Vivek, Sharma, Vijay
Study on Frictional Behavior of AA 6XXX with Three Lube Conditions in Sheet Metal Forming2018-01-081004/03/2018
Light-weighting vehicles cause an increase in Aluminum Alloy stamping processes in the Automotive Industry. Surface finish and lubricants of aluminum alloy (AA) sheet play an important role in the deep drawing processes as they can affect the friction condition between the die and the sheet. This paper aims to develop a reliable and practical laboratory test method to experimentally investigate the influence of surface finish, lubricant conditions, draw-bead clearances and pulling speed on the frictional sliding behavior of AA 6XXX sheet metal. A new double-beads draw-bead-simulator (DBS) system was used to conduct the simulated test to determine the frictional behavior of an aluminium alloy with three surface lubricant conditions: mill finish (MF) with oil lube, electric discharge texture (EDT) finish with oil lube and mill finish (MF) with dry lube (DL). The experimental results could be utilized to distinguish the frictional performance of the three different sheets aforementioned
Xu, Wan, Gao, Xinya, Zhang, Boyang, Yang, Lianxiang, Du, Changqing, Zhou, Dajun, Rawya, Bazzi, Szymanski, Michael
Study of Starting Friction during the Running of Plain Journal Bearing under Hydrodynamic Lubrication Regime2018-01-083804/03/2018
Study of starting friction during the running of the engineering application has an important role in designing them, especially working at low speed and high load conditions. A significant portion of research and development today is concentrated on saving the energy by reducing the friction. The present paper addresses the measurement technique and analysis of the starting friction during the running of the journal bearing. The experiments were performed during the hydrodynamic lubrication regime using SAE 15W-30 lubricating oil. A journal bearing having journal diameter as 22 mm, length/diameter ratio 1 and 0.027 mm radial clearance has been designed and fabricated to test the starting friction. Analysis of starting friction and average friction torque during the running of journal bearing was done at 900, 1150, 1400, 1650, 1900, 2150 and 2400 revolution per minute (rpm) speed of the journal at load values of 250, 400 and 500 N. The variation of starting friction with increasing
Sharma, Vipin Kumar, Singh, Ramesh Chandra, Chaudhary, Rajiv
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type D Compressor Oils - SpecificationMS1003_201803 (Current)03/04/2018
See Table 1. DAx fluids are mineral oil based, DPx fluids are polyalphaolefin based, and DEx are ester based.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type F Lubricant for Spindle Bearings, and Associated Clutches - SpecificationMS1006_201803 (Current)03/04/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Advantages and Challenges for Low Viscosity Oils in Emergent Countries2017-36-038711/07/2017
Low viscosity combined with appropriated additive technology is one of the main paths to reduce friction on Internal Combustion Engines. Japan is on the cutting edge of low viscosity oils, having already available SAE 0W-8 in the market. On the other hands, in emergent countries like Brazil, SAE 15W-40 is still used in some passenger cars while the Japanese origin car brands use SAE 0W-20. Lubricant friction additives type also differs depending on the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) origin, and the Japanese ones usually containing high amounts of the Molybdenum type. In this paper, some of the advantages and challenges of using low viscosity oils are discussed and emphasis is given in the friction reduction obtained with the synergic effects of the right choice of additives components type and the material/coating used in the engine parts. Ring-liner rig and floating liner engine tests comparing different oils will be presented. Detailed lubricant tribofilm analysis help to
Galvão, Ciro, Tomanik, Eduardo, Fujita, Hiroshi, Paes, Eliel, Morais, Paulo
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type C (Gears) SpecificationMS1002_201710 (Current)10/18/2017
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
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