Abstract At present, it is generally considered in the analysis of the secondary motion of engine piston that the piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair is fully lubricated in an engine operating cycle. However, in practice, when the piston moves upward, the amount of lubricating oil at the inlet may not ensure that the friction pair is fully lubricated. In this article, the secondary motion of piston is studied when the transport of lubricating oil is considered to determine the lubrication condition of piston skirt–cylinder liner friction pair. The secondary motion of piston is solved based on the combined piston motion model, hydrodynamic lubrication model, asperity contact model, and lubricating oil flow model. The secondary motion equation of piston is solved by the Broyden method. The hydrodynamic lubrication equation is solved by the finite difference method. The asperity contact between piston skirt and cylinder liner is calculated by the Greenwood model. The flow of

Liu, Jihai, Sun, Jun

Reduction of Lubrication System Pressure Pulsation due to Oil Foaming in a Double Clutch Transmission

2022-28-048711/18/2022

Foaming of Oil is accumulation of air bubbles on the surface. The source of air can be environmental or dissolved air or both. Foaming of Lubricant Oil is an undesired effect which has various reasons to occur- sudden decrease of pressure, contamination, reservoir design, etc. The effects can be pressure pulsation in pump discharge which results in abnormal Noise and Vibration, Cavitation, etc. This paper will describe the mechanical design changes done in a gearbox to guide the Oil flow to a less turbulent passage and to the reservoir. This will allow oil to degas while its flow to the reservoir, largely losing its foamability characteristic. By introducing circular enclosing structure around the rotating Clutch pack, the centrifugally escaping oil is guided and escapes into a collection tray via single point opening. The Oil tray will route the oil back to the reservoir. The enclosing structure around the Clutch pack is a carefully designed two-parts structure with close and

Balasubramani, Prathap, Kaushik, Nikhil

Correlation between vibration level, lubricating oil viscosity and total number base of an internal combustion engine operated with gasoline and ethanol.

2022-01-074503/29/2022

Lubricating oils for automotive engines have been incorporating important improvements in chemical properties to increase engine performance, reduce fuel consumption and vehicular emissions indices, in addition to increasing the time interval for changing the lubricant itself. The objective of this study is to investigate the vibrational behavior of the block and crankshaft an Otto cycle internal combustion engine operated with ethanol and gasoline fuel as a function of the viscosity and total base number (TBN) of the lubricant. The study consisted of instrumenting the block and the 1st and 5th fixed bearings of the crankshaft with accelerometers to measure the engine vibration intensity and operating the engine on a bench dynamometer in a specific test cycle. Each experiment lasted 600 hours and every 50 hours a block and crankshaft engine vibration level were measured and 100ml sample of lubricating oil was collected to check viscosity and TBN chemical lubricant's properties. The

Santana, Claudio Marcio

Prediction and Experimental Verification for Oil Transport Volume around Three-piece Type Oil Control Ring Affecting Lubricating Oil Consumption

2022-01-063203/29/2022

Reducing lubricating oil consumption remains an important issue for internal combustion engines. In recent years, in order to clear PN regulations and to lower lubricating oil viscosity for reducing mechanical loss, demand for reducing lubricating oil consumption has been increasing. It is effective way to control oil upward flow, which is oil flow passes through piston and piston rings to combustion chamber, in order to reduce lubricating oil consumption. Therefore, it is important to establish a highly accurate prediction method of oil behavior around oil control ring, which greatly affects oil upward flow, in order to predict lubricating oil consumption. In this paper, calculation analysis for movement of the three-piece type oil control ring in piston groove and oil behavior around the three-piece type oil control ring were conducted using CAE method. These calculation models analyze in detail oil flow from oil control ring groove to piston land. In addition, these models

Mochizuki, Kazuya

Realtime Oil Consumption Measurement Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

2022-01-069603/29/2022

This paper describes a new method for measuring oil consumption using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS focuses a high energy laser pulse on a sample to form a transient plasma. As the plasma cools, each element produces atomic emission lines which can be used to identify and quantify the elements present in the original sample. In this work, a LIBS system was used on simulated engine exhaust with a focus on quantifying the inorganic components (termed ash) of the particulate emissions. Because some of the metallic elements in the ash almost exclusively result from lube oil consumption, their concentrations can also be tied to an oil consumption rate. Initial testing was performed in an Exhaust Composition Transient Operation LaboratoryTM (ECTO-LabTM) burner system so that oil consumption and ash mass could be carefully controlled. Several spectral regions were identified where absorptions attributable to calcium exhibited a response in proportion to the amount of lube

Wright, Nolan, Henry, Cary, Moore, Thomas

Virtual Validation of Gearbox Breather by CFD Simulation and Correlation with Testing

2021-26-032109/22/2021

Gearbox power transfer efficiency is a major factor in overall powertrain efficiency of a car. With rapidly changing emission and fuel efficiency regulations, there is a push to increase the gearbox efficiency to improve the overall fuel economy of the vehicle. In case of an existing gearbox, efficiency can be improved by using the low viscosity lubrication oil. Despite a benefit in increasing the gearbox efficiency, lowering down the viscosity of lubrication oil gives rise to few challenges with respect to its performance. One of these challenges is breather performance which defines that gearbox oil should not come out of breather pipe in some pre-defined conditions during gearbox operation. As this validation is being carried out on proto parts when the complete system is ready, failure to satisfy the defined criteria for breather performance can lead to multiple trials. This further leads to extended design cycles for launching new cars with better gearbox efficiency and fuel

Singh, Bhupinder, chopra, Chandan, Choudhary, Ved Prakash, Baluch, Mohamad Bilal, Karna, Gaurav

The Effect of Temperature on the Molecular Compositions of External and Internal Gasoline Direct Injection Deposits

2021-01-118809/21/2021

The increased severity and prevalence of insoluble deposits formed on fuel injectors in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines precipitates negative environmental, economic and healthcare impacts. A necessary step in mitigating deposits is to unravel the molecular compositions of these complex layered materials. But very little molecular data has been acquired. Mass spectrometry shows promise but most techniques require the use of solvents, making them unsuited for analyzing insoluble deposits. Here, we apply the high mass-resolving power and in-situ analysis capabilities of 3D OrbitrapTM secondary ion mass spectrometry (3D OrbiSIMS) to characterize deposits formed on the external tip and internal needle from a GDI injector. This is the first application of the technique to study internal GDI deposits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present up to higher maximum masses in the external deposit. Lubricating oil derived sulfonates are more intense in the internal deposit

Edney, Max K., Smith, Emily F., Wilmot, Edward, Reid, Jacqueline, Barker, Jim, Alexander, Morgan R., Snape, Colin E., Scurr, David J.

Evolution of the Additive Technology for Top Tier Lubricating Oils : the Use of Calixarene Detergents for Fuel Economy Improvement

2021-01-121209/21/2021

In view of CO2 reduction, aimed to mitigate global warming, Fuel Economy (FE) is gaining a primary role in new specifications for engine lubricating oils. Not only oil rheological properties and friction reducer additives, but also many other components of the formulation, such as basestocks, viscosity modifier and additive package, are involved in improving FE performances. Tribological tests were carried out to investigate the effect of detergent additives: in particular, both Eni proprietary 400 TBN and 150 TBN Calcium calixarene-based detergents, were evaluated in MTM tribotest where a lower friction coefficient curve in boundary regime was achieved in comparison to traditional detergents. Also in SRV tribo tests the good effect of calixarenes was proven. A preliminary engine test evaluation on Sequence VIE provided a further confirmation of the good behavior of calixarene-based detergents jointly with an amino-type friction reducer: a FE result with a pass margin of 30% against

Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo

Development of a Novel Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearing Test Rig

2021-01-121809/21/2021

In this work, a dynamically loaded hydrodynamic journal bearing test rig is developed and introduced. The rig is a novel design, using a hydraulic actuator with fast acting spool valves to apply load to a connecting rod. This force is transmitted through the connecting rod to the large end bearing which is mounted on a spinning shaft, simulating a crankshaft journal. The hydraulic actuator allows for fully variable load control and can be used to apply either static load in compression and tension or dynamic loading to simulate engine operation. A variable speed electric motor controls shaft speed and is synchronized to the hydraulic actuator motion to accurately simulate loading from each stroke in a four-stroke cycle. In addition to these dynamically loaded cycles, the journal bearing rig is also capable of controlled static loading. This static loading is used to simulate stop/start engine operation. A high precision torque meter enables direct measurements of journal bearing

Michlberger, Alexander, Bachu, Pruthvi, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher

Multiphase Flow Simulation of the Oil Splashing During the Actuated Stage of an Innovative Axle Dry Braking System

2021-01-123809/21/2021

This paper proposes the CFD simulation of the oil splashing within the discs’ chamber of a novel concept for axle dry braking system in off-highway vehicles. The system completely removes the lubricating oil from the discs’ chamber during the not-engaged configuration of the friction plates and it quickly restore it at the beginning of the braking stage when the discs’ cooling becomes crucial, thus ensuring a significant reduction of the power losses. The CFD analysis of the real component is performed to predict the efficiency of the system in terms of both the time needed to replenish the discs’ chamber when brake is actuated and the hydraulic torque exerted by the splashing of the oil. The entire three-dimensional geometry of the domain is accurately discretized and the multi-phase flow nature is addressed by means of the volume of fluid approach. Moreover, the two equation realizable k-epsilon model is adopted to describe the turbulent characteristic of the flow under actual

Muzzioli, Gabriele, Milani, Massimo, Rinaldi, Pier Paolo, Stefani, Matteo, Storchi, Gabriele, Montorsi, Luca

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Lubricant Oil Tank Sloshing of a High-Performance Car under Racetrack Maneuvers

03-15-01-000808/06/2021

The paper proposes a methodology to perform sloshing analyses through multidimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), with particular focus on a lubricant tank of a high-performance sports car. Lubricant tanks are usually fed by a mixture of oil and air, which makes Volume of Fluid (VoF) models unsuitable for this kind of simulation. Hence, a different approach based on a Eulerian MultiPhase (EMP) model is investigated and adopted. In contrast to the VoF approach, which is the most consolidated technique to handle the numerical analysis of sloshing problems, the EMP accounts for interactions between liquid and gaseous phases, such as mixing and separation. It also reduces numerical constraints on time-step and mesh size. EMP is therefore applied to the analysis of a sports car lubricant tank where mist and foam formation and subsequent phase separation are of primary importance. Comparison between the EMP and VoF approach is performed on cases of increasing complexity. Firstly, a

Fontanesi, Stefano, Olcuire, Mattia, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Lamberti, Luca, Pulvirenti, Francesco, Berni, Fabio

Analysis of Torque Waveforms in Two-Cylinder Engines for Ultralight Aircraft Propulsion Operating on 0W-8 and 0W-16 Oils at High Thermal Loads Using the Diamond-Like Carbon Composite Coating

03-15-01-000507/28/2021

Piston internal combustion engines used in the propulsion of ultralight aircraft are characterized by special operating conditions, especially an increased engine oil temperature. Most of the engines intended for the drive of the propeller drivetrain are air cooled. Failure to introduce an additional cooling agent so as to absorb and remove heat from the running engine makes the average lubricating oil temperature rise to about 140°C in the pistohn ring part. With such a thermal load, changes in the moments of resistance to motion of the engine are difficult to determine in the conditions of engine tests due to difficulties in temperature stabilization. The performance of aircraft engines requires taking into account many variables that are difficult to determine, which may affect changes in the moment of resistance to movement of the engine, especially when using oils of low dynamic viscosity. The experimental tests on the engine dynamometer undertaken in the article are to fill the

Wróblewski, Piotr

Snowmobile Fuel Tanks

J288_202106 (Current)

06/10/2021

This SAE Standard establishes a uniform procedure and performance requirements for snowmobile fuel tanks.

Snowmobile Technical Committee

Engine Oil Viscosity Classification

J300_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Engine Oil Viscosity Classification

J300_202104 (Historical)

04/30/2021

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of engine lubricating oils in rheological terms only. Other oil characteristics are not considered or included.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military Use

J2360_202101-TEST-REC (Historical)01/27/2021

The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a

Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication

Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military Use

J2360_202101 (Historical)

01/27/2021

Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)

J1966_202010-TEST-REC (Historical)10/28/2020

This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for nondispersant, mineral lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant Mineral Oil)

J1966_202010 (Current)

10/28/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Measurement of the Total Ash Content of Aviation Piston Engine Oils by a Calculation Method

J1787_202009-TEST-REC (Historical)09/29/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Measurement of the Total Ash Content of Aviation Piston Engine Oils by a Calculation Method

J1787_202009 (Current)

09/29/2020

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Smart Sponge for Environmental Remediation

TBMG-3744108/01/2020

Oil spill cleanup is an expensive and complicated process that often harms marine life and further damages the environment. Currently used solutions include burning the oil, using chemical dispersants to breakdown oil into very small droplets, skimming oil floating on top of water, and/or absorbing it with expensive, unrecyclable sorbents. Burning increases carbon emissions and dispersants are harmful for marine wildlife. Skimmers don’t work in rough waters or with thin layers of oil. Sorbents are not only expensive but generate a huge amount of physical waste.

Standard Contaminant for Testing Aerospace Cleaners

AMS7201-TEST-REC (Historical)07/14/2020

This specification establishes requirements for a standard contaminant that can be used to represent typical soils encountered in aerospace cleaning. This standard contaminant consists of materials that are common contaminants found in aircraft maintenance depots and manufacturing facilities.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Standard Contaminant for Testing Aerospace Cleaners

AMS7201 (Current)

07/14/2020

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Studying Ignition Delay Time of Lubricant Oil Mixed with Alcohols, Water and Toluene in IQT and CVCC

2020-01-142204/14/2020

The auto-ignition of liquid fuel and lubricant oil droplets is considered as one of the possible sources of pre-ignition. Researchers are continually finding new ways to form advanced lubricant oil by changing its composition and varying different oil additives to prevent the occurrence of this event. This study investigates additives for lubricants to suppress its auto-ignition tendency. Three sets of mixtures were prepared. The first set of mixtures were prepared by adding different alcohols namely ethanol, and methanol to the commercial lubricant oil (SAE 15W-40) in ratio of 1 - 5 % by vol The second set of mixtures were prepared by mixing SAE 15W-40 with aforementioned alcohols (1 % vol.) and H2O (1 % vol.). Lastly, the third set of mixtures were prepared by adding toluene to SAE 15W-40 in (1 % - 5% by vol.). Two experimental setups were used in the current work. An Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) was used to investigate the mixtures’ ignition delay time (IDT) following standard ASTM

Maharjan, Sumit, Elbaz, Ayman, Mitsudharmadi, Hatsari, Roberts, William

Role of Lubricating Oil Properties in Exhaust Particle Emissions of an Off-Road Diesel Engine

2020-01-038604/14/2020

Particle number emissions from an off-road diesel engine without exhaust after-treatment were studied by using five different heavy-duty lubricating oils in the engine. The study extends understanding on how the properties of lubricating oil affect the nanoparticle emissions from an off-road diesel engine. The lubricants were selected among the performance classes of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, at least one lubricant from each category intended for heavy-duty diesel engines. Particle size distributions were measured by the means of an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS), but soot emissions, gaseous emissions and the basic engine performance were also determined. During the non-road steady state cycle, the most of the differences were detected at the particle size range of 6-15 nm. In most cases, the lowest particle quantities were emitted when the highest performance category lubricant was used. Based on the results of this study, the low contents of Zn, P, and

Ovaska, Teemu, Niemi, Seppo, Sirviö, Katriina, Nilsson, Olav, Karjalainen, Panu, Rönkkö, Topi, Kulmala, Kari, Keskinen, Jorma

Optimization of Piston-Ring System for Reducing Lube Oil Consumption by CAE approach

2020-01-133904/14/2020

Lube Oil Consumption (LOC) of one diesel engine has been found to be high. To resolve this problem, CAE analysis has been applied to analyze the piston motion, dynamics of piston ring, and characteristics of oil consumption. The root cause has been identified through CAE. The improved understanding has been applied to optimize the piston and piston ring. The optimized components have been tested. The experiment results are in good agreement with CAE predictions, and the oil consumption has been improved.

Miao, Ruigang, Jing, Guoxi, Zeng, Xiaochun, Ge, Haiwen

CFD Simulation of Transmission for Lubrication Oil Flow Validation and Churning Loss Reduction

2020-01-108904/14/2020

Rapidly changing emission and fuel efficiency regulations are pushing the design optimization boundaries further in the Indian car market which is already a very cost conscious. Fuel economy can be improved by reducing moving parts friction and weight optimization. Driveline or Transmission power losses are major factor in overall efficiency of rotating parts in a vehicle. Transmission efficiency can be improved by using low viscosity oil, reducing oil quantity and reducing churning losses in Car Transmission. Changes like low viscosity and reduced oil volume give rise to challenges like compromised lubrication and durability of rotating parts. This further leads to extended design cycles for launching new cars with better transmission efficiency and fuel economy into the market. Design cycle time can be reduced by using CFD simulation for oil flow validation in the early design stage. CFD simulation of Transmission is challenging due to interaction of fluid and multiple gears/shafts

Singh, Bhupinder, Choudhary, Ved Prakash, Kumar, Arun, chopra, Chandan

Slippery Surfaces Allow Sticky Pastes and Gels to Slide

TBMG-3619203/01/2020

Materials known as yield-stress fluids, including gels and pastes, can be found in consumer products such as food, condiments, and cosmetics, and in products in the energy and pharmaceuticals industries. Unlike other fluids such as water and oils, these materials will not start to flow on their own, even when their container is turned upside-down. Starting the flow requires an input of energy, such as squeezing the container.

Oil, Reference, for “L” Stock Rubber Testing

AMS3020B (Current)01/17/2020

This specification covers a petroleum-based reference oil.

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Art of fuel economy lubricant formulation: How appropriate fuel economy assessment tools and new technologies are opening-up new formulation spaces for the next generation fuel economy lubricants

2019-01-2242

12/19/2019

Designing fuel economy lubricants is an art; finding the right balance between fuel economy and durability requirements is complex, with many trade-offs. To open new formulation spaces with ever increasing fuel economy, a deep understanding of how lubricating oils respond to different drive cycles, engine/transmission type and any coating properties, e.g. DLC, is required. In this paper, we describe how the implementation of WLTC requires lubricant optimization to deliver improved fuel economy under this test cycle and therefore, lubricant viscosity reduction becomes more important. We also illustrate optimization of the sludge system is key to reducing overall viscosity of lubricants for ultra low viscosity application, such as in SAE 0W- 8 viscosity grade oils. To meet the cleanliness challenges in an SAE 0W-8 environment, we describe a developmental sludge handling system with improved cleanliness at constant viscosity to conventional SAE 0W-8 lubricants. A SAE 0W-8 demonstration

Matsui, Tsuyoshi, Featherstone, Thomas, Wright, Peter