Browse Topic: Lubricant additives

Items (141)

Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity

2024-01-508408/23/2024

This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their

Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun

Role of Lubricating Oil Properties in Exhaust Particle Emissions of an Off-Road Diesel Engine

2020-01-038604/14/2020

Particle number emissions from an off-road diesel engine without exhaust after-treatment were studied by using five different heavy-duty lubricating oils in the engine. The study extends understanding on how the properties of lubricating oil affect the nanoparticle emissions from an off-road diesel engine. The lubricants were selected among the performance classes of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, at least one lubricant from each category intended for heavy-duty diesel engines. Particle size distributions were measured by the means of an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS), but soot emissions, gaseous emissions and the basic engine performance were also determined. During the non-road steady state cycle, the most of the differences were detected at the particle size range of 6-15 nm. In most cases, the lowest particle quantities were emitted when the highest performance category lubricant was used. Based on the results of this study, the low contents of Zn, P, and

Ovaska, Teemu, Niemi, Seppo, Sirviö, Katriina, Nilsson, Olav, Karjalainen, Panu, Rönkkö, Topi, Kulmala, Kari, Keskinen, Jorma

Characteristics of Auto-Ignition for Lubricants and Lubricant/Gasoline Based on an Innovative Single Droplet Test System

2020-01-142804/14/2020

Due to the advantages of low weight, low emissions and good fuel economy, downsized turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are widely-applied nowadays. However, Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) phenomenon observed in these engines restricts their improvement of performance. Some researchers have shown that auto-ignition of lubricant in the combustion chamber has a great effect on the LSPI frequency. To study the auto-ignition characteristics of lubricant, an innovative single droplet auto-ignition test system for lubricant and its mixture is designed and developed, with better accuracy and effectiveness. The experiments are carried out by hanging lubricant droplets on the thermocouple node under active thermo-atmosphere provided by a small “Dibble burner”. The auto-ignition process of lubricant droplets is recorded by a high-speed camera. Influences of different base oil types, viscosities, calcium contents, initial droplet diameters, co-flow speeds, new oil, used oil and

Yu, Yang, Pan, Kaifeng, Deng, Jun, Hu, Zongjie, Xie, Wei, Wu, Zhijun, Li, Liguang

Comparative Study on the Effect of Different Lubricating Oil Additives on the Tribological Properties of Bearing Steel

05-13-01-000201/23/2020

The purpose of this article is to study the antifriction and anti-wear effect of GCr15 bearing steel under paraffin base oil and the base oil with two additives of T405 sulfurized olefin and nano-MoS2 and compare the synergistic lubrication effect of two different additives (MoS2 and T405) in paraffin base oil. The tribological properties of GCr15 bearing steel under different lubrication conditions were tested on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The three-dimensional profile of disk’s worn surfaces and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of corresponding steel balls were analyzed at the same time. The wettability of lubricating oils on the surface of friction pairs and the dispersibility of MoS2 in base oil were characterized. Furthermore, the Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) of the disk’s worn surfaces under the nano-MoS2 base oil were measured by the Field Emission Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope to observe the variation of chemical elements on the worn

Xia, Zhaocai, Tang, Wencheng, Li, Kaiyuan, Wang, Hao

A Comparative Tribological Performance of Lubricating Oils with Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Additives

2019-28-017410/11/2019

The present work compares the tribological properties of ZnO (Zinc Oxide) nanoparticle based lubricant with ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate) based lubricant. The nanolubricant was prepared by mixing the nanoparticles in base oil followed by ultrasonification and ZDDP based lubricant was prepared by mixing ZDDP and stirring with base oil. Base oil used was mineral base oil. Both the lubricants were tested at three different temperatures, loads and roughness values. The test was carried out on AISI 52100 steel samples prepared by wire cutting and were grinded to three different levels of surface roughness. Friction and wear tests were performed using a reciprocating sliding tribo-tester at three different loads and temperatures. Taguchi orthogonal array was used to reduce the number of experiments. SEM, EDS and AFM analysis were carried out to study the surface wear phenomenon. The coefficient of friction was found to be low in the case of ZnO nanolubricant but wear was found to be

Payyappalli Mana, Anil, Bimal Shah, Archit, Kothari, Karan

Combined Fuel and Lubricant Effects on Low Speed Pre-Ignition

2018-01-166909/10/2018

Many studies on low speed pre-ignition have been published to investigate the impact of fuel properties and of lubricant properties. Fuels with high aromatic content or higher distillation temperatures have been shown to increase LSPI activity. The results have also shown that oil additives such as calcium sulfonate tend to increase the occurrence of LSPI while others such as magnesium sulfonate tend to decrease the occurrence. Very few studies have varied the fuel and oil properties at the same time. This approach is useful in isolating only the impact of the oil or the fuel, but both fluids impact the LSPI behavior of the engine simultaneously. To understand how the lubricant and fuel impacts on LSPI interact, a series of LSPI tests were performed with a matrix which combined fuels and lubricants with a range of LSPI activity. This study was intended to determine if a low activity lubricant could suppress the increased LSPI from a high activity fuel, and vice versa. The results

Kocsis, Michael Clifford, Briggs, Thomas, Anderson, Garrett

Auto-ignition Characteristics of Lubricant Droplets under Hot Co-Flow Atmosphere

2018-01-180709/10/2018

It has been revealed by researches that lubricant properties have a great effect on the low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) frequency in downsizing turbocharged direct-injection engines which are developed for better fuel economy. Droplets of lubricant or lubricant-gasoline mixture are considered to be the potential pre-ignition sources. Those droplets fly into the combustion chamber and ignite the gasoline-air mixture. To study lubricant droplets fundamentally, a novel set of droplet auto-ignition system is designed based on a Dibble Burner for this experiment. Influences of metallic additive contents, viscosities, lubricant diluted with gasoline and waste lubricant on the ignition delay of droplets are investigated by testing 12 groups of lubricants or lubricant-gasoline mixture. The equivalent diameter of each droplet generated by micro-syringes is around 2.1 mm. The co-flow temperature varies from 1123 K to 1223 K, and the experiments are carried out at atmospheric pressure. The auto

Pan, Kaifeng, Deng, Jun, Chen, Yongquan, Zhang, Erbao, Xie, Wei, Qin, Qiushi, Qu, Zongju, Li, Liguang

An Experimental Investigation of Tribological Performance of a Lubricant Using Different Nano Additives

2018-01-083304/03/2018

A novel solution to anti wear-additives is to add relatively small amounts of effective Nano Additives to the main content of lubricants. Such supplement would offer an enhancement to their tribological and thermal properties as wear resistance and friction surface temperature. In this work, different types of Nano additives are used to investigate their effect on the tribological properties of a certain lubricant (TOTAL FLUIDE AT42). Three main Nano additive materials were used with two different concentration for each; Gamma aluminum oxide (Alumina Al2O3), Copper Oxide (CuO) and one-dimensional carbon Nano tubes (CNT). A pin on disc equipment fitted out with circulated lubricant system was operated for 140 hours with normal lubricant, and for 140 hours for each case of the three Nano additives, with a total working time of 980 hours. Weight loss of the pin, friction surface temperature and friction force were measured every 20 working hours. Results showed that there is an

Akl, Sayed Y., Abdel-Rehim, Ahmed A., Elsoudy, Sherif

Steric Effects on Tribochemical Reactivity in Detergent-Containing Lubricants under Nanoconfinement

2017-01-234710/08/2017

Modern formulation in a wide variety of lubricants including engine oils and transmission fluids is designed to control friction through film-forming tribochemical reactions induced by the functional additives mixtures. Although many cases on the synergistic or antagonistic effects of additives on friction have been reported, their mechanisms are poorly understood. This study focused on the influences of metallic detergents on tribochemical reactions. We examined the mechanical properties of detergent-containing lubricants confined at a single-asperity contact and their contributions to tribochemical phenomena. We found that detergents enlarged the confinement space required for generating repulsive force and shear resistance. This means that these detergents provide steric effects under nanoconfinement at interfacial contacts. These detergents reduced friction synergistically with molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC), which is a widely used friction modifier additive that forms a

Tamura, Kazushi, Sunahara, Kenji, Ishikawa, Motoharu, Mizukami, Masashi, Kurihara, Kazue

Long Life Engine Oil in China

2017-01-235210/08/2017

Fuel economy, Emission regulation and extended oil drain intervals (ODI) are the three key driving forces for engine oil development. More and more attentions have been focused on long ODI diesel engine oil both from the domestic OEMs and oil suppliers, and the ODI was being periodically improved from a normal mileage of about 1×104 kilometers to 6/8/10×104 km or even 12×104 km just within several years on China market. Lots and lots of factors may affect the oil life including oil properties, engine technologies, after-treatment devices and engine working conditions and so on. While from the oil side, the main factors contribute to the oil drain intervals may be the oil nitration and oxidation, soot contamination, base number deterioration and sludge accumulation and etc. There are two strategies to extend the oil longevity applied currently. One is the use of slow-release lubricant additives filters, in which the additives are incorporated into the oil filters, which slowly release

Liu, Gongde, Wang, Li, Zhang, Runxiang, Yang, Chao, Shao, Tengfei

Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Engine Oil Additives on Silicone Rubber

2017-01-087703/28/2017

In developing engine oils, it is crucial to consider their compatibility with the rubbers used for seals. Among the different seal rubbers, silicone rubber is particularly susceptible to attack by acids and bases, which means it would be more likely to be affected by certain engine oil additives. In this study, the effects of some major additives, namely detergents, zinc dialkyl-dithiophopshate (ZDDP) and molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC), on silicone rubber were investigated. Silicone rubber test specimens were immersed in sample oils containing these additives for a prescribed period at 150°C, then the physical properties of the test specimens were measured to compare the effects of the different additives. It was found that ZDDPs dramatically reduce the tensile strength of silicone rubber, with primary ZDDP having a greater effect than secondary ZDDP. Analyses of the test specimens by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that the silicone rubbers had

Yoshimura, Kenichi, Kunieda, Kenichi, Suzuki, Nozomu, Kusuhara, Shintaro, Matsuki, Shingo, Shitara, Yuji

Extensional Rheology: New Dimension of Characterizing Automotive Fluids

2017-01-036403/28/2017

This paper describes the basic principles of extensional rheometry, and the successful application to a variety of automotive fluids, including gear lubricants, paints, and forming lubricants. These fluids are used under very complex flow fields containing strong extensional (elongational) components. While exact derivation of extensional viscosities involves sophisticated theories, the measurement of liquid filament break-up time can provide fruitful information. Gear lubes showed different break-up time according to the kinematic viscosities. Addition of viscosity modifier (acrylic copolymer) significantly increased the breakup time, whereas surfactants had little effect. Clearcoat paint sample increased the breakup time, perhaps due to the deterioration. The waxy stamping lubricant showed remarkable change in the extensional properties as the temperature is raised. The extensional data obtained showed the promise of the technique to understand the performance of these fluids in

Ohtani, Hiroko, Ellwood, Kevin, Pereira, Gustavo, Chinen, Thiago, Selvasekar, Siddharthan

HARD, SLICK AND READY TO ROLL

17AUTP03_0303/01/2017

A tough, self-renewing catalyst coating developed at Argonne National Laboratory provides unprecedented friction and wear protection for vehicle powertrains, the inventors claim. Powertrain system engineers know that of the energy consumed in transportation, 10% to 15% is lost due to parasitics in engines and drivelines. Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have developed a new breed of nanocomposite coatings, which are made of the nitrides of transition metals and metal catalysts. These coatings provide a catalytically active, hard, and slick surface on metal components. They could have a major impact on improving the efficiency of automotive engines and gearboxes. Transportation vehicles account for about 19% of annual world energy consumption and approximately 23% of total greenhouse gas emissions. With the global vehicle parc steadily growing, these numbers will likewise swell and present serious challenges for a sustainable mobility future. The new nanocomposite coatings

Optimizing engine oil warm-up strategies for ‘real-world’ driving

16AUTP11_0611/01/2016

Optimizing engines for the new era of ‘real-world’ driving cycles will require new lubrication strategies-fast warm-up being a particular area of focus. A recent U.K. government survey showed that the average car journey time has fallen to only 22 minutes and average distance to 12 km (7.5 m), most of it in urban areas. And such extreme duty cycles are increasingly typical in other global regions. They emphasize rapid warm-up for reducing emissions and fuel consumption, faster cabin heating and reduced maintenance. But the contribution to warm-up time due to heating the oil within the engine is often under-estimated, experts note.

Research on the Effect of Lubricant Oil and Fuel Properties on LSPI Occurrence in Boosted S. I. Engines

2016-01-229210/17/2016

The effects of lubricant oil and fuel properties on low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) occurrence in boosted S.I. engines were experimentally evaluated with multi-cylinder engine and de-correlated oil and fuel matrices. Further, the auto-ignitability of fuel spray droplets and evaporated homogeneous fuel/oil mixtures were evaluated in a combustion bomb and pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) tests to analyze the fundamental ignition process. The work investigated the effect of engine conditions, fuel volatility and various lubricant additives on LSPI occurrence. The results support the validity of aspects of the LSPI mechanism hypothesis based on the phenomenon of droplets of lubricant oil/fuel mixture (caused by adhesion of fuel spray on the liner wall) flying into the chamber and autoigniting before spark ignition. Combustion bomb experiments confirmed that lubricant oil sprays have higher auto-ignitability than gasoline fuel components, and no particular effects of

Kassai, Masaharu, Torii, Ken, Shiraishi, Taisuke, Noda, Toru, Goh, Tor Kit, Wilbrand, Karsten, Wakefield, Shaun, Healy, Adam, Doyle, David, Cracknell, Roger, Shibuya, Masahiko

Characteristics of Lubricants on Auto-ignition under Controllable Active Thermo-Atmosphere

2016-01-088904/05/2016

Downsizing gasoline direct injection engine with turbo boost technology is the main trend for gasoline engine. However, with engine downsizing and ever increasing of power output, a new abnormal phenomenon, known as pre-ignition or super knock, occurs in turbocharged engines. Pre-ignition will cause very high in-cylinder pressure and high oscillations. In some circumstances, one cycle of severe pre-ignition may damage the piston or spark plug, which has a severe influence on engine performance and service life. So pre-ignition has raised lots of attention in both industry and academic society. More and more studies reveal that the auto-ignition of lubricants is the potential source for pre-ignition. The auto-ignition characteristics of different lubricants are studied. This paper focuses on the ignition delay of different lubricants in Controllable Active Thermo-Atmosphere (CATA) combustion system. In this study, many tests were conducted in the CATA combustion system .The result of

Fan, Chuang, Tong, Sunyu, Xu, Xiaohong, Li, Jing, He, Xiao Yu, Deng, Jun, Li, Liguang

Methods for Rating the Viscosity-Temperature Behavior of Polymer-Containing Lubricants

2015-01-204809/01/2015

The Viscosity Index (VI, ASTM D2270) has a long and widespread history as a rating scale for the viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricants. However, the method has serious technical deficiencies which can lead to misleading conclusions. We have examined alternatives to the VI scale in an effort to more accurately characterize the viscometric behavior of modern lubricants, which are formulated with highly refined base oils and advanced polymers. We have found that the VI method can actually mask improved viscosity-temperature behavior for certain highly additized polymer-containing lubricants. We examine two different methods, the Roelands Slope Index and the Proportional VI, as an alternative to VI. It is important for lubricant developers and consumers to be aware of the limitations of the VI scale in describing the viscometric qualities of modern, high performance lubricants.

Zakarian, Jack, Webb, Michael E., Hunter, Brett

Oxidation Stability Study of Biobased Lubricant Basestocks

2015-01-204609/01/2015

One of the concerns for biolubricants is the improvement of their oxidation resistance. In this paper the oxidative behavior of seven different types of biobased lubricants basestocks is examined. The aim was to study their relative oxidation stability and also to investigate their response to various antioxidants. The renewable lubricants were treated with four antioxidant additives at a concentration of 0.5% wt. and a comparative assessments of the latters' effectiveness in suppressing the oxidation rate was carried out. Alterations in the acid value were examined as well as relative changes of the oxidized samples by FTIR spectroscopy. The oxidation stability was assessed by employing a Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) apparatus according to the accelerated oxidation stability standard method ASTM D7545/EN16091. RSSOT is a relatively new method and thus the behaviour of biobased lubricants and antioxidant agents in this accelerated method has not been thoroughly examined.

Dodos, George S., Anastopoulos, George, Zannikos, Fanourios E., Lois, Evripidis

Effects on Tribology Performance of a Reducing Additive for Automobile Lubricant

2015-01-204709/01/2015

We developed a unique reducing additive composed primarily of polyolester, diester, and vegetable oil-based ester compounds in order to switch from boundary to fluid lubrication and improve tribology performance, and chemically and experimentally investigated its effects on tribology performance. To confirm the lubrication effects of this reducing additive, we added it to oil and chemically investigated the cleaning and dissolving of the ultra-fine particle layer of contaminants, etc., adhering to lubrication pathways and sliding surfaces, and performed commercialization testing using actual vehicles. We found that this additive washed away and dissolved sludge, varnish, and other contaminants from lubricated surfaces, improving their lubrication properties and their tribology performance by reducing abrasion and friction.

Satonaga, Noriaki, Watanabe, Takashi

Frictional Characteristics of Crystalline Calcium Sulfonate Detergent in Engine Oil by Mini-Traction Machine

2014-01-278910/13/2014

Harsh emission control regulation restricted the sulfated ash, sulfur and phosphorus (SAPS) level in passenger car motor oil (PCMO), thus lubricant industry need to find new additive to partially or wholly replace Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), which has been used as an antioxidant and anti-wear agent for several decades. Overbased crystalline calcium sulfonate (CCS) detergent comprises calcite calcium carbonate and this structure might be useful to improve the anti-wear property of engine oil in severe lubrication condition, especially for PCMO with lower SAPS level. Frictional characteristics were studied between overbased amorphous calcium sulfonate (ACS) detergent and CCS and their interactions with dispersant and ZDDP by Mini-Traction Machine, which is often used to measure the Stribeck Curve of lubricant. In poly alpha-olefin base oil, both the two detergents showed lower traction coefficient in boundary lubrication (BL) regime, and higher traction coefficient in mixed

Cao, Congrui, Liu, Gongde, Zhang, Runxiang, She, Haibo, Tao, Qiangqiang

Effects of Combustion Parameters and Lubricating Oil on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turbo-Charged GDI Engine Fueled with Methanol/Gasoline Blends

2014-01-284110/13/2014

The aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the effects of combustion parameters [ignition timings, injection timings, excess air ratio (λ)] and lubricating oil on particulate matter (PM) emissions from a 2.0 L turbo-charged gasoline direct injection (T-GDI) engine fueled with gasoline (octane number = 97), methanol/gasoline blends and pure methanol. The results of this paper show that the PM number concentration mostly presents a typical bimodal distribution in figures. The particle number concentration mainly concentrates in the nucleation mode. With the increase of methanol volume fraction in the blended fuel, the PM emissions decrease significantly. Furthermore, there are few particles when the engine fueled with pure methanol. As advancing ignition timing, the total PM number rises by over about 200%. Under the pre-ignition condition, the higher in-cylinder temperature may also accelerate the formation of the nucleation mode particles. As advancing injection timing

Qin, Jing, Li, Xiang, Pei, Yiqiang

Impact of Lubricant Composition on Low-speed Pre-Ignition

2014-01-121304/01/2014

One of the limits on the maximum fuel efficiency benefit to be gained from turbocharged, downsized gasoline engines is the occurrence of pre-ignitions at low engine speed. These pre-ignitions may lead to high pressures and extreme knock (megaknock or superknock) which can cause severe engine damage. Though the mechanism leading to megaknock is not completely resolved, pre-ignitions are thought to arise from local autoignition of areas in the cylinder which are rich in low ignition delay “contaminants” such as engine oil and/or heavy ends of gasoline. These contaminants are introduced to the combustion chamber at various points in the engine cycle (e.g. entering from the top land crevice during blow-down or washed from the cylinder walls during DI wall impingement). This paper presents results from tests in which model “contaminants”, consisting of engine lubricant base stocks, base stocks mixed with fuel and base stocks mixed with one or more additives were injected directly into a

Welling, Orian, Collings, Nick, Williams, John, Moss, James

Methodology to Compare Effectiveness of Lubricating Additives in a Polymeric Matrix

2014-01-103404/01/2014

A majority of the plastics manufacturing operations are dependent on the formability of the molten thermoplastics. Ability of the material to flow at a set temperature influences the formability and the overall polymer melt process. Lubricating additive technologies are being developed to engineer the melt flow performance of the resin, promoting the compounding and molding process such as to reduce torque on the motor, reduced shear degradations, enhance uniform filling of hard-to-fill section, promoting thin wall molding, and influence the overall cycle time. Various lubricants are used in formulations to supplement superior flow and metal release with minimal effect on mechanical properties. This paper discusses the methodology to characterize the effectiveness of melt flow additives through comparing two different processing aids in Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyester filled and unfilled matrix and imply differences in processing. The learning from findings in this paper can

Shrivastava, Anshuman, Scheel, Mark, Strama, Julie

Assessment of Low Temperature Viscosity Performance in Modern Engine Oils

2013-01-256510/14/2013

Control of oil viscosity increase at low temperature, which derives from the wax crystallization behaviors of various formulation components, is a critical performance criterion in modern engine oil lubricants. Failure to manage viscosity increase will result in high oil viscosity and poor oil pumpability under cold start conditions, and eventually may lead to catastrophic damage to the engine. The importance of oil low temperature rheology gained further attention when the ILSAC GF-4 specification implemented an aged oil low temperature viscosity limit to guarantee performance retention during operation. This requirement continues in ILSAC GF-5 and is regarded as one of the key benchmarks of modern passenger car engine oils. Pour point depressants (PPDs) are polymeric additives that help alleviate viscosity increase under tcold climate conditions through interaction and control of wax crystallization growth. With increasingly diverse base stock supplies and quality standards

Demonstration of Fuel Economy Benefit of Friction Modifier Additives via Fuel-to-Lubricant Transfer in Euro-5 Gasoline Fleet

2013-01-261110/14/2013

Improved fuel economy is a key measure of performance in the automotive industry, driven both by market demand and increasingly stringent government emissions regulations. In this climate, targeting even small benefits to fuel consumption (FC) can have a large impact when considering fleet average CO2 emissions. Lubricant properties over the course of an oil drain interval (ODI) directly influence long-term fuel consumption. Furthermore, viscosity control gasoline additives have been shown to provide FC benefit via fuel-to-lubricant transfer. This study investigated whether consistently fueling with gasoline containing friction modifier (FM) additives could provide a long-term fuel consumption benefit via a lubricant transfer mechanism. A robust fleet trial method was employed to quantify fuel consumption benefits of two friction modifier additive packages relative to a baseline deposit control additive (DCA) package in a 95 RON, E5 fuel. FC was measured for 32 market relevant vehicles

Remmert, Sarah M., Felix-Moore, Alison, Nattrass, Steven R., Buttery, Ian, Ziman, Pauline, Smith, Sue J.

Management of Lubricant Fuel Economy Performance over Time through Fuel Additives

2012-01-127004/16/2012

Government regulations and market demands continue to emphasize conservation of fossil fuels in the transportation industry. As a consequence, any incremental improvement in fuel economy (FE) is of great importance in the automotive sector. For instance, lower viscosity lubricants have been shown to improve FE but the longevity of such improvement is compromised by viscosity increases often observed as a lubricant ages during an oil drain interval (ODI). To address this issue, an option to manage lubricant viscometrics via fuel is proposed. In order to investigate such mitigation of viscosity increase during an ODI, and potentially the delivery of an ODI-averaged FE benefit, a fleet test was conducted with a fuel-borne additive intended to control increases in lubricant viscosity. The fleet test compared a market-representative reference fuel to a fuel containing a viscosity control additive (VCA). Five different European vehicle models were tested over a 15,000 mile ODI using a “quad

Rappaport, Scott, Nattrass, Steve, Smith, Sue, Brewer, Mark, Buttery, Ian, Ma, Hongrui

Study of Lower Viscosity Motorcycle Engine Oils for Fuel Saving-Anti-fatigue Performance-

2011-32-063411/08/2011

1 Fuel savings by engine oil have been requested for two-wheeled vehicles from the viewpoint of environmental issues. In four-wheeled vehicles, reduction of oil viscosity and addition of friction modifiers have been effective in improving fuel efficiency. However, direct application of engine oil for four-wheeled vehicles to two-wheeled vehicles is difficult. In a four-cycle two-wheeled vehicle, the transmission, gears, and a wet clutch system are imbedded within the engine1). Engine oil must display a remarkable performance as it is required to function as transmission oil and to improve anti-metal fatigue life and clutch performance2), 3). If fuel efficiency is improved by reducing the viscosity of engine oil used in two-wheeled vehicles, the fatigue life tends to worsen. Therefore, reduction in oil viscosity is difficult to achieve. In this study, the anti-metal fatigue life of an engine oil was evaluated using a gear or a rolling bearing in a crankshaft where fatigue failures may

Watanabe, Nobuaki, Inuzuka, Maiko, Mitarai, Akira

Research on Emissions and Engine Lube Oil Deterioration of Diesel Engines with BioFuels (RME)

2011-01-130204/12/2011

In the diesel sector the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME's) - in Europe mostly RME (rapeseed methyl ester) and in US mostly SME (soja oil methyl ester) - are used as a various share, % volume blends with the diesel fuel (B5, B7, B10, B20, Bxx). The present joint project focuses on RME being the most important representative of the biofuels of 1st generation in Europe. The influences of RME blend fuels on emissions and on lube oil deterioration are emphasized. Emissions were investigated on a modern engine with exhaust gas aftertreatment devices like SCR and (DPF+ SCR). Beside the legally limited exhaust emission components some non-legislated like NO₂, N₂O, NH₃ and nanoparticles were measured at stationary and dynamic engine operation. The most important findings are: - the increased percentage of RME w/o aftertreatment causes an increase of NOx by higher engine load and reduction of CO & HC; at transient operation (ETC) these tendencies are less pronounced and only B100 shows an

Stepien, Zbigniew, Urzedowska, Wieslawa, Oleksiak, Stanislaw, Czerwinski, Jan

Waste Lubricating Oil as a Source of Hydrogen Fuel using Chemical Looping Steam Reforming

2010-01-219210/25/2010

Initial results are presented for the production of hydrogen from waste lubricating oil using a chemical looping reforming (CLR) process. The development of flexible and sustainable sources of hydrogen will be required to facilitate a "hydrogen economy." The novel CLR process presented in this paper has an advantage over hydrogen production from conventional steam reforming because CLR can use complex, low value, waste oils. Also, because the process is scalable to small and medium size, hydrogen can be produced close to where it is required, minimizing transport costs. Waste lubricating oil typically contains 13-14% weight of hydrogen, which through the steam reforming process could produce a syngas containing around 75 vol% H₂, representing over 40 wt% of the fuel. The waste oil was converted to a hydrogen-rich syngas in a packed bed reactor, using a Ni/ Al₂O₃ catalyst as the oxygen transfer material (OTM). An oil conversion rate based on carbon species (CO, CO₂ and CH₄) of up to ~95

Lea-Langton, Amanda, Giannakeas, Nikolaos, Rickett, Gavin, Dupont, Valerie, Twigg, Martyn

Waste Lubricating Oil as a Source of Hydrogen Fuel using Chemical Looping Steam Reforming

2010-01-2192-TEST-REC10/25/2010

Initial results are presented for the production of hydrogen from waste lubricating oil using a chemical looping reforming (CLR) process. The development of flexible and sustainable sources of hydrogen will be required to facilitate a "hydrogen economy." The novel CLR process presented in this paper has an advantage over hydrogen production from conventional steam reforming because CLR can use complex, low value, waste oils. Also, because the process is scalable to small and medium size, hydrogen can be produced close to where it is required, minimizing transport costs. Waste lubricating oil typically contains 13-14% weight of hydrogen, which through the steam reforming process could produce a syngas containing around 75 vol% H₂, representing over 40 wt% of the fuel. The waste oil was converted to a hydrogen-rich syngas in a packed bed reactor, using a Ni/ Al₂O₃ catalyst as the oxygen transfer material (OTM). An oil conversion rate based on carbon species (CO, CO₂ and CH₄) of up to ~95

Lea-Langton, Amanda, Giannakeas, Nikolaos, Rickett, Gavin, Dupont, Valerie, Twigg, Martyn

Study of Lower Viscosity Motorcycle Engine Oils for Fuel Saving

2010-32-012309/28/2010

As well as a four-wheeled vehicle, in the field of motorcycle, development of the CO₂ reduction technology and practical use are required for global environment protection. Therefore the energy conserving by engine oil is required. There are several technologies which have been applied to the passenger car engine oils using lower viscosity base oils and some friction modifier additives. However, these technologies might bring difficulties or problems to apply to the motorcycle engine oils. Since motorcycles normally have transmission gears and a wet clutch system inside the crankcase, the gear lubricity and clutch friction performance are additionally required for motorcycle engine oils. Motorcycle engine oils are also used under severer conditions than passenger car engine oils. Therefore, lower volatility performance at higher temperature conditions, higher shear stability, anti-wear performance and gear pitting toughness are needed. In this study, we report the results of motorcycle

Watanabe, Nobuaki

Limited Slip Additive Testing and Development: New Products with Improved Thermal Stability

2007-01-198807/23/2007

Limited slip differentials, developed over 40 years ago to counter drive wheel slippage when different traction conditions exist on either side of an axle, are still widely employed by the automotive industry to improve driving control. In a limited slip differential (LSD) frictional couplings connect the axle shafts to the differential and provide the means of transmitting power to the wheels. The friction plates in the coupling may contain a variety of friction materials including metal, paper, sintered bronze, and carbon. Each one of these materials has very different frictional and wear characteristics and each one requires a different response from the gear additive package. Each plate must be durable over the course of the vehicle lifetime irrespective of the material used. As the demands on rear axles increases with the application of greater horsepower and the increasing requirements of aerodynamic engineers, the lubrication of these friction plates remains an ongoing challenge

Vettel, Paula, Lindsay, David

Physical and Chemical Properties of Engine Oils

J357_200611 (Historical)

11/06/2006

This SAE Information Report reviews the various physical and chemical properties of engine oils and provides references to test methods and standards used to measure these properties. It also includes general references on the subject of engine oils, base stocks, and additives.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

The Impact of Some Gear Lubricants on the Surface Durability of Rolling Element Bearings

2006-01-035704/03/2006

The additive chemistry of some gear lubricants can have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings (1). Lubricant formulation has been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. As such, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been proposed to evaluate and quantify a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to rolling element bearings (2). Results from several lubricant performance evaluations are presented. The implications of these findings suggest that the detrimental performance effects on rolling element bearings need further fundamental study by the lubricant industry.

Nixon, Harvey P.

Methods for Assessing the Bearing Surface Durability Performance of Lubricant Formulations

2005-01-380810/24/2005

Lubricant formulations and lubricant additives have been demonstrated to have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings. However, there are very few standard tests used to assess the performance aspects of lubricants as they relate to bearing surface performance. Lubricant formulations have been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. In addition, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been developed for properly evaluating a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to bearings. These methods are explained and the corresponding test results are reviewed, to show their effectiveness as lubricant performance evaluation tools. The implications of these findings provide direction and suggestions for ways to minimize or avoid potential detrimental performance effects of lubricant

Nixon, Harvey P.

Development of Long Life Pulley-Supporting Bearing for Belt-CVT

2005-01-087304/11/2005

The belt-type continuous variable transmission (b-CVT) consists of a simple structure that transmits power by using a steel push belt in combination with a pulley. One important factor that leads to the deterioration of rolling bearing life is influence of additives in the special traction oil (CVT fluid). CVT fluid is mixed various additives to increase friction coefficient with the aim of maximizing sliding performance between the metal belt and pulley surface areas. In order to restrain heat generation due to friction driving between the metal belt and the pulleys, and to minimize churning resistance of the gears in the unit, viscous resistance of CVT fluid is designated at a lower class than that of gear lubrication oil used in manual transmissions. As a result, formation of an oil film is impeded throughout the bearing interior, creating harsher operating conditions that those found in conventional transmissions. During the developmental stage of b-CVTs, automakers confirmed that

Takemura, Hiromichi, Sakajiri, Yoshiaki, Fujita, Shinji

On-Board Sensor Systems to Diagnose Condition of Diesel Engine Lubricants - Focus on Soot

2004-01-301010/25/2004

Soot is a typical byproduct of the diesel fuel combustion process, and a portion of the soot inevitably enters an engine's crankcase. A key functionality of a diesel engine lubricant is to disperse and suspend soot so that larger-particle agglomerations are prevented. The role of soot agglomeration in abrasive engine wear and lubricant viscosity increase is the subject of a continuing investigation; however, what is generally known is that once an engine lubricant loses its ability to control soot and a rapid viscosity increase begins, the lubricant has reached the end of its useful life and should be changed to maximize engine performance and life. This issue of soot related viscosity increase is of such importance that the Mack T-11 engine test was developed as a laboratory tool to evaluate lubricants. The newly proposed Mack EO-N Premium Plus - 03 specification includes a T-11 performance requirement. Recently, a study was run using a variety of lubricants to compare the T-11 test

Goodlive, S. A., Lvovich, V. F., Humphrey, B. K., Boyle, F. P.

Advances in Additive Technology for Limited Slip Axles – Part I Friction Test Development

2003-01-323410/27/2003

Limited slip differentials have been used for many years in the automotive industry to improve driving control and reduce chatter and vibrations from the rear axle. The choice of proper lubricant is essential to quiet and smooth operation. Special additives are available to modify the frictional response in the coupling to eliminate stick-slip problems. In recent years, there has been a trend in the US toward higher axle sump temperatures. Therefore, new limited slip additives are needed with better thermal stability and frictional performance. In this paper, we will present the results of the development of a bench test to measure the friction performance of limited slip lubricants.

Vettel, Paula, Bielik, Peter

Effect of Oil Drain Interval on Crankcase Lubricant Quality

2003-01-195710/27/2003

The average oil change interval for passenger vehicles in the USA is gradually increasing, and is currently approaching 8,320 km (5,200 miles). This paper details the results of lubricant condition monitoring on samples taken from hundreds of vehicles at intervals ranging from 0 to 25,600 km (16,000 miles). The data indicate steady additive depletion by 4,800 to 9,600 km (3,000-6,000 miles), resulting in a concomitant decrease in measured oxidation resistance. Oxidation and nitration of the basestock was also found to be present at this point, resulting in a gradual increase in both kinematic and HTHS viscosity. As a result, it is predicted that excessively long drain intervals will produce a measurable increase in fuel consumption and associated CO2 emissions. Many owners' manuals recommend service intervals of 12,000 and 4,800 km (7,500 and 3,000 miles) under “normal” and “severe” service conditions, respectively. Overall, the data indicate that the majority of passenger vehicles

Lacey, P.I., Gunsel, S., Ferner, M.D., Pozebanchuk, M., Alim, A

Long Drain/Fuel Efficient Engine Oils Based on the ZDTP Substitute Additive Technologhy

2003-01-200305/19/2003

Zinc dialkylphosphate (ZP), a sulfur free analogue of Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDTP) has been synthesized and tested for engine oil application. The sulfur free engine oil based on ZP showed excellent TBN retention and engine cleanliness in several engine tests which were operated at low and high temperatures. A prototype low phosphorus (0.05%) and low sulfated ash (0.5%) engine oil exhibited even better longer drain performance than a fully synthetic engine oil containing 0.1% P and 1.1% sulfated ash. Thus, zinc dialkylphosphate can be a promising candidate as a ZDTP substitute for future catalyst system compatible engine oil.

Yagishita, Kazuhiro, Igarashi, Jinichi

Fluoroelastomer Resistant to Automotive Lubricants

2003-01-200005/19/2003

There are many kinds of lubricants such as automatic transmission fluid, brake fluid, bearing grease, etc. used in automotive vehicles. Fluoroelastomers have been used for a long time for oil seals contacting such lubricants. Fluoroelastomers composed of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and optionally incorporated tetrafluoroethylene are designated as FKM, which have been one of the most popular fluoroelastomers. The latest automotive lubricants tend to contain a large amount of additives to improve the performance along with the demanding driving conditions. Such additives, however, are reactive with FKM at elevated temperatures to raise the hardness of FKM, which results in losing the sealing performance. An elastomer material which does not lose the flexibility in the long-term exposure to the lubricant has been desired. This paper introduces a fluoroelastomer composed of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene (FEPM), and also discusses the excellent chemical resistance of FEPM

Tate, Noriharu, Saito, Masayuki, Sugitani, Kazutoshi

The Impact of Passenger Car Motor Oils on Emissions Performance

2003-01-198805/19/2003

Throughout the evolution of the automobile, passenger car motor oils have been developed to address issues of wear, corrosion, deposit formation, friction, and viscosity stability. As a result, the internal combustion engines are now developed with the expectation that the lubricants to be used in them will deliver certain performance attributes. Metallurgies, clearances, and built-in stresses are all chosen with certain expectations from the lubricant. A family of chemicals that has been universally used in formulating passenger car motor oils is zinc dithiophosphates (ZDPs). ZDPs are extremely effective at protecting highly stressed valve train components against wear failure, especially in engine designs with a sliding contact between cams and followers. While ZDPs' benefits on wear control are universally accepted, ZDPs have been identified as the source of phosphorus, which deactivates noble metal aftertreatment systems. This paper summarizes the transport mechanism, methods to

Chamberlin, W.B., Kelley, J.C., Wilk, M.A.

Electrical Contact Resistance Bench Wear Testing: Comparison With Engine Test Results

2002-01-267410/21/2002

Because of the rising costs of engine tests, bench testing is a necessity in engine oil development. Which bench test to use remains a problem. Recently, we have reported on the use of electrical contact resistance (ECR) coupled with a ball-on-disk tribometer to study the formation and the durability of antiwear films from binary additive mixtures. This paper extends the ECR study to fully formulated fresh oils run in both fired gasoline engines and the ECR bench test. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of used Sequence VE engine parts from highash fully formulated lubricants are shown and the relationship of ECR film formation to fired-engine test performance is discussed.

Yamaguchi, E. S., Roby, S. H., Ryason, P. R., Yeh, S. W.

The Role of Engine Oil Formulations on Fluid Diagnostics

2002-01-267710/21/2002

Historically, vehicle fluid condition has been monitored by measuring miles driven or hours operated. Many current vehicles have more sophisticated monitoring methods that use additional variables such as fuel consumption, engine temperature and engine revolutions to predict fluid condition. None of these monitoring means, however, actually measures a fluid property to determine condition, and that is about to change. New sensors and diagnostic systems are being developed that allow real time measurement of some lubricant physical and/or chemical properties and interpret the results in order to recommend oil change intervals and maximize performance. Many of these new sensors use electrochemical or acoustic wave technologies. This paper examines the use of these two technologies to determine engine oil condition and focuses on the effects of lubricant chemistry on interpreting the results. Data are presented which demonstrate pitfalls from dependence upon a single sensing strategy for

Zalar, F. V., Lvovich, V. F., Buse, K. R., Zhang, C., George, H. F.

The Performance of Heterocyclic Compounds as Potential Lubricating Oil Additives

2002-01-280110/21/2002

The derivatives of heterocyclic compounds, especially nitrogen-containing derivatives of heterocyclic compounds (NCDHC) possess excellent properties, such as anti-wear, anti-corrosion, and anti-oxidation. Many researchers indicated that the excellent properties of NCDHC could be attributed to their compact and stable structures. It is important to study these compounds since they are potential non-phosphorus multifunctional additives that may be used as replacements for zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) in lubricating oils. In this paper, a series of derivatives of morpholine (DM) were synthesized, their properties as lubricating oil additives were evaluated by experimental tests. The results indicated that NCDHC and DM possess good anti-wear, friction reduction, load-carrying, anti-corrosion and anti-oxidation properties.

Shui, Lin, Han, Ning, Sun, Yushuang, Liu, Weimin, Xue, Qunji

A New Development In Base-Resistant Fluoroelastomers

2002-01-063603/04/2002

FEPM Dipolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and propylene (P) are known to exhibit excellent resistance to nucleophilic attack by basic chemicals. FEPM polymers, however, are difficult to process, and exhibit relatively poor resistance to many hydrocarbon lubricants, particularly compared to conventional fluoroelastomers (FKM): e.g., copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VF2), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and, incorporated in some FKM types, tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). Terpolymers of TFE, propylene, and VF2 are available which contain higher levels of fluorine than FEPM dipolymers, due to the incorporation of VF2 monomer, and these polymers exhibit some improvement in resistance to hydrocarbon fluids. TFE/P/VF2 terpolymers, however, are not as resistant to base attack as dipolymers of TFE/P. This paper introduces a new polymer that exhibits excellent processing characteristics, including mold release. This new polymer provides improved resistance to hydrocarbon fluids, compared to currently

Bauerle, John G., Tang, Phan L.

The Fuel Additive/Lubricant Interactions: Compatibility Assessments in Field Studies and Laboratory Tests

2001-01-196205/07/2001

Engine oil performance issues span a broad range of criteria, with the most often addressed including thermal and oxidative degradation control, anti-wear efficacy, contaminant suspension / dispersion capability, acid neutralization, maintenance of low temperature properties, and fuel economy retention. Each of these performance characteristics has an impact on the life expectancy of a lubricant. An additional factor that has been an area of ongoing research in this laboratory is the effect of fuel and fuel additives on the quality and performance of engine oils. It is recognized that fuel can reach the thin film of lubricant on the cylinder wall prior to combustion in an internal combustion engine. In this manner the base fuel constituents and fuel additives can enter the crankcase unburned. Laser induced fluorescence studies conducted previously demonstrated the delivery mechanism in an optically accessible gasoline powered engine (1). The extent of fuel and fuel additive build-up in

Thiel, C. Yvonne, Hayden, Thomas E.

New Friction Model for Sheet Metalforming

2001-01-008103/05/2001

Much effort has been spent optimizing sheet surface roughness for improved pressworking performance. However, comparatively little attention has been given to the problems associated with stamping coated steel sheets. It has been assumed that the surface roughness of the substrate dominates. Consequently, problems with sheet coatings have been mainly addressed on the press shop floor with lubricants and die surface treatments. An extensive study on the effects of lubricants and lubricant additives on zinc-coated sheet revealed anomalous behavior particularly with the soft zinc coatings that could not be readily explained with tribological theory, namely Coulomb friction and the Stribeck curve. A later study examined the effects of lubricant weight on press performance with various zinc-coated steels. Once again anomalies appeared that were repeatable yet defied explanation. This paper examines these anomalies and proposes an explanation for differences in stamping performance of zinc

Dalton, Gregory

A New Apparatus to Evaluate Lubricants for Space Applications - The Spiral Orbit Tribometer (SOT)

2000-01-182806/19/2000

Lubricants used in space mechanisms must be thoroughly tested prior to their selection for critical applications. Traditionally, two types of tests have been used: accelerated and full-scale. Accelerated tests are rapid, economical, and provide useful information for gross screening of candidate lubricants. Although full-scale tests are more believable because they mimic actual spacecraft conditions, they are expensive and time consuming. The spiral orbit tribometer compromises between the two extremes. It rapidly determines the rate of tribochemically induced lubricant consumption, which leads to finite test times, under realistic rolling/pivoting conditions that occur in angular contact bearings.

Jones, William R., Pepper, Stephen V., Jansen, Mark J., Nguyen, QuynhGiao N., Kingsbury, Edward P., Loewenthal, Stuart, Predmore, Roamer E.

Computer Aided Hydraulic Oil Formulations

2000-01-203306/19/2000

Neveu, Christian D., Schweder, Roland

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