Browse Topic: Gear lubricants

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Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Specifications: Current Technical Review and Future DirectionAIR6056A (Current)11/26/2025
This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification.
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_202101 (Historical)1/27/2021
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a summary of key qualification requirements. A complete listing of qualification requirements and procedures can be found in the Program Document (PD4000), Gear Lubricant Review Program, available on the Performance Review Institute (PRI) website, www.p-r-i.org.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Low Friction and Low Viscosity Final Drive Oil2019-01-233612/19/2019
The new lubricant was newly developed for differential gear unit to contribute to all friction factors/conditions (Boundary, Hydrodynamic & those Mixed Lubrication) even if the differential gear is operating under very severe conditions such as high-gear-contact pressure and highly sliding speed. The main concept of development was selecting and formulating the optimized additives for severe lubrication conditions in order to achieve the best balance between thinner-film thickness and extreme pressure performance. In conclusion, by the application of both synthetic base oil instead of mineral one and activation technology of MoDTC in spite of ZnDTP free formulation, it is finally realized to reduce the torque of final drive unit by 40% and it can be estimated the 0.5% of CO2 reduction in actual vehicles.
Kubo, Tomoo, Akie, Naoto, Okamoto, Yuji, Okuda, Sachiko, Sagawa, Takumaru, Ariyama, Mona, Komatsubara, Hitoshi
Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity ClassificationJ306_201902 (Current)2/6/2019
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_201901 (Historical)1/7/2019
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a summary of key qualification requirements. A complete listing of qualification requirements and procedures can be found in the Program Document (PD4000) - Gear Lubricant Review Program - available on the Performance Review Institute (PRI) website, www.p-r-i.org.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products - Type T Turbine Oils - SpecificationMS1010_201808 (Current)8/29/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type P Pneumatic Tool Oils - SpecificationMS1009_201808 (Current)8/8/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type F Lubricant for Spindle Bearings, and Associated Clutches - SpecificationMS1006_201803 (Current)3/4/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type C (Gears) SpecificationMS1002_201710 (Current)10/18/2017
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Study on Calculation Method of Gear Temperature Field Based on Spray Lubrication2017-01-244410/8/2017
High-speed rotating gears are generally lubricated by spray lubrication. Lubricating oil is driven by high-speed rotating gear, and some lubricating oil will be excited into oil mist, so that the gears are in the gas-liquid mixed environment. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics model of the spray lubrication cooling process is established based on the gear heat transfer behavior under the spray lubrication condition. The influence of different spray parameters on the liquid-solid two-phase convective heat transfer coefficient is obtained. On this basis, the accurate boundary conditions of gear temperature field calculation are analyzed by studying the heat transfer behavior of high speed gear spray lubrication. The calculation model of gear temperature based on spray lubrication is established, and the temperature field distribution of gear is obtained. Finally, the gear spray cooling test stand is set up, and the accuracy of the calculation method is verified by comparing the measured value of the tooth surface temperature with the calculated value.
Wang, Yanzhong, Song, Guanhua
New Generation Fuel Efficient Engine Oils with Superior Viscometrics2017-01-234910/8/2017
Automobile OEMs are looking for improving fuel economy[1,2] of their vehicles by reducing weight, rolling resistance and improving engine and transmission efficiency apart from the aerodynamic design. Fuel economy may be improved by using appropriate low viscosity [3] and use of friction reducers (FRs)[4,5] in the engine oils. The concept of high viscosity index [6] is being used for achieving right viscosity at required operating temperatures. In this paper performance properties of High Viscosity Index engine oils have been compared with conventional VI engine oils. Efforts have been made to check the key differentiation in oil properties w.r.t. low temperature fluidity, high temperature high shear viscosity/deposits, friction behavior, oxidation performance in bench tribological /engine/chassis dyno tests which finally lead to oil performance assessment. Three candidates of SAE 0W-30 grade oil with ACEA C2/API SN credentials have been chosen using various viscosity modifiers. Impact of viscosity modifiers on cranking, pumping, high temperature high shear viscosity and Kurt Orbahn after shear viscosity have been studied. Bench tests such as SRV/MTM, Four Ball WSD, PDSC, JIS K2514 and TEOST tests are also included in the study. Selected candidates have been evaluated in Seq IV(Wear test) and in an equivalent test to Seq IIIG(High Temp Oxidation) engine test benches. Effect of FRs on fuel economy performance of best candidate has been studied in chassis dyno test on actual vehicle. Results show that Moly as friction modifier in gasoline engine oils has significant effect in reducing deposits, may be due to some synergy with additive package and base oil used. Work also shows that high viscosity index and use of FRs have significant contribution on fuel economy performance. The authors have plan to use this concept in further study of low viscosity engine oils.
Seth, Sarita, Maloth, Swamy, Kumar, Prashant, Tyagi, Bhuvenesh, Kumar, Lokesh, Mahapatra, Rajendra, Garg, Sarita, Saxena, Deepak, Suresh, R, Ramakumar, SSV
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type HF Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids—SpecificationMS1005_201708 (Current)8/18/2017
ISO 7745 shall be used for providing detailing, operational characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and factors affecting the choice to be made among fire-resistant fluids. HFAE, HFC, HFDR, HFDU and HETG oils are covered in this specification. HFAS, HFB and HFDS fluids are not addressed.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity ClassificationJ306_201708 (Historical)8/14/2017
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Development of Next Generation Gear Oil for Heavy Duty Vehicles2017-01-08903/28/2017
Heavy duty vehicles take a large role in providing global logistics. It is required to have both high durability and reduced CO2 from the viewpoint of global environment conservation. Therefore lubricating oils for transmission and axle/differential gear box are required to have excellent protection and longer drain intervals. However, it is also necessary that the gear oil maintain suitable friction performance for the synchronizers of the transmission. Even with such good performance, both transmission and axle/differential gear box lubricants must balance cost and performance, in particular in the Asian market. The development of gear oil additives for high reliability gear oil must consider the available base oils in various regions as the additive is a global product. In many cases general long drain gear oils for heavy duty vehicles use the group III or IV base oils, but it is desirable to use the group I/II base oils in terms of cost and availability. The main key technologies for group I/II oil-based gear oils are the additive components chosen and the formulation balance to achieve anti-wear optimum protection and extreme pressure conditions. This paper describes development focused on the evaluation of anti-wear and extreme pressure components using tests, the improvement of the extreme pressure properties, the provision of corrosion inhibition on the gear tooth surface, and the maintaining of friction properties for the synchronizers in the transmission. As a result, the lubricant gives durability and long drain interval performance, even blended in the group I/II base oils.
Nakamura, Yoichiro, Horikoshi, Masahisa, TAKEI, Yasunori, Onishi, Takahiro, Murakami, Yasuhiro, Hewette, Chip
Extensional Rheology: New Dimension of Characterizing Automotive Fluids2017-01-03643/28/2017
This paper describes the basic principles of extensional rheometry, and the successful application to a variety of automotive fluids, including gear lubricants, paints, and forming lubricants. These fluids are used under very complex flow fields containing strong extensional (elongational) components. While exact derivation of extensional viscosities involves sophisticated theories, the measurement of liquid filament break-up time can provide fruitful information. Gear lubes showed different break-up time according to the kinematic viscosities. Addition of viscosity modifier (acrylic copolymer) significantly increased the breakup time, whereas surfactants had little effect. Clearcoat paint sample increased the breakup time, perhaps due to the deterioration. The waxy stamping lubricant showed remarkable change in the extensional properties as the temperature is raised. The extensional data obtained showed the promise of the technique to understand the performance of these fluids in working conditions (e.g. spraying, coating, and stamping).
Ohtani, Hiroko, Ellwood, Kevin, Pereira, Gustavo, Chinen, Thiago, Selvasekar, Siddharthan
Low-viscosity Gear Oil Technology to Improve Wear at Tapered Roller Bearings in Differential Gear Unit2016-01-220410/17/2016
Torque loss reduction at differential gear unit is important to improve the fuel economy of automobiles. One effective way is to decrease the viscosity of lubricants as it results in less churning loss. However, this option creates a higher potential for thin oil films, which could damage the mechanical parts. At tapered roller bearings, in particular, wear at the large end face of rollers and its counterpart, known as bearing bottom wear is one of major failure modes. To understand the wear mechanism, wear at the rolling contact surface of rollers and its counterpart, known as bearing side wear, was also observed to confirm the wear impact on the tapered roller bearings. Because gear oils are also required to avoid seizure under extreme pressure, the combination of a phosphorus anti-wear agent and a sulfurous extreme pressure agent are formulated. Because the latter could cause an antagonistic impact on the former, we focused on control of active sulfur content as well as the treat ratios to reduce wear at the tapered roller bearing while maintaining anti-seizure. Additive screening bench tests were performed considering operational conditions in actual gear unit-stand tests on the basis of the above-mentioned concept and the best formulation was identified as a breakthrough for low-viscosity gear oil. This low-viscosity gear oil technology was validated in the unit-stand tests. The sample oil based on the technology demonstrated equivalent performance for anti-wear while maintaining good anti-seizure, to the high-viscosity gear oil.
Mori, Takafumi, Suemitsu, Masanori, Umamori, Nobuharu, Sato, Takehisa, Ogano, Satoshi, Ueno, Kenji, Kuno, Oji, Hiraga, Kotaro, Yuasa, Kazuhiko, Shibata, Shinichiro, Ishikawa, Shinichiro
Application of an Organic Molybdenum Anti-Friction Additives in API SM Gasoline Engine Oil2016-01-08954/5/2016
An anti-friction additive was studied in API SM 5W-30 oil. Its tribological performance was evaluated on a four-ball tester, SRV and MTM. This additive has been found to be an effective antifriction additive for lubricants. The investigation indicates that this additive possesses excellent energy saving and reducing friction characteristics in API SM 5W-30 lubricating oil.
Zhang, Fengyuan, Qiu, Jianwei, Jin, Zhiliang, Zhang, Dahua, Yang, Li, Xie, Jingchun, Xu, Xiaohong
Tribological Properties of Automotive Lubricant SAE 20W-40 Containing Nano-Al 2 O 3 particles2014-01-278110/13/2014
The need for advanced lubricants is increasing rapidly due to the current wide range of operational usage, i.e., high loads and speeds of motion between friction pairs, broader temperature range, and the overall requirements for increased reliability and service life of machinery. It is essentially important to develop specialized anti-friction and anti-wear materials that will help in preventing wear and decreasing friction, thereby saving fuel and electricity. Simultaneously, such materials are also expected to reduce vibration, noise and maintenance of machine parts. Thus, the research into extending the service life of such materials continues to be imperative. Nanoparticles (NPs) present a novel approach in this regard, as they can be used in lubricants in between two mating contact surfaces as a third body. When compared with the widely used conventional micro-particles for tribological applications, NPs have unique features owing primarily to their much higher specific surface area. This is true for studies of both nanostructured coatings of friction surfaces as well as for new lubricant compositions containing Nanoparticles. When compared to a pure fluid, this category of fluids containing nanoparticles (1-100 nm) has displayed fascinating behavior during experiments including augmented heat transfer coefficient and higher thermal conductivity. The products so developed can find applications in metal working fluids, industrial gear oils, and automotive gear lubricants, either alone or in formulations. Present research investigates the influence of NPs as lubricant additive on the relative motion of a plane surface over the other having circular surface in contact. A pin-on-disk setup as per ASTM G99 has been used to conduct the experiments in starved and fully flooded conditions at various loads and relative speeds at the pin and disc contact. The lubricant SAE 20W-40 with nano-additives has been used to study the influence on friction and specific wear rate at the interface. Based on the experiments, tribological behavior of lubricant with NPs has been compared with the lubricant without NPs. The coefficient of friction and specific wear rate were found to be decreased in lubricant containing NPs. The addition of NPs to the lubricant SAE 20W40 has proved to be profoundly promising in reducing the friction and specific wear rate.
Mohan, Nishant, Sharma, Mayank, Singh, Ramesh, Kumar, Naveen
Nanolubricant Oil Additives for Performance Improvement of the Intermediate Gearbox in the AH-64D HelicopterF-0070-2014-96295/20/2014
This paper presents a new nanolubricant for the intermediate gearbox of the Apache aircraft. Historically, the intermediate gearbox has been prone for grease leaking and this natural-occurring fault has negatively impacted the airworthiness of the aircraft. In this study, the incorporation of graphite nanoparticles in mobile aviation gear oil is presented as a nanofluid with excellent thermo-physical properties. Condition-based maintenance practices are demonstrated where four nanoparticle additive oil samples with different concentrations are tested in a full-scale tail rotor drive-train test stand, in addition to, a baseline sample for comparison purposes. Different condition monitoring results suggest the capacity of the nanofluids to have significant gearbox performance benefits when compared to the base oil.
Gouda, Kareem, Bayoumi, Abdel, Tarbutton, Joshua, McVay, Jacob
Effect of Lubricant Viscosity and Friction Modifier on Reciprocating Tests2013-36-015510/7/2013
Five automotive oils, with different viscosity grades, were tested under different loads and speeds in a reciprocating test using piston rings and cylinder liners. Starved and fully-flooded conditions were also considered in order to analyze the influence of lubricant supplier in the lubrication regimes, especially in boundary-mixed transition. The expected Stribeck curve behavior was observed, and more interesting visualization appeared when the viscosity value was extracted from the Stribeck abscissa axis. The higher viscosity oils showed lower friction coefficient at low speed/load ratios. Such behavior is usually neglected and may be significant to understand the triblogical behaviour of engineering components. Computer simulation showed similar results, including the “cross-over” speed/load when the lower viscosity oils start to show lower friction.
Profito, Francisco J., Tomanik, Eduardo, Lastres, Luiz Fernando, Zachariadis, Demetrio C.
Lubricants, Industrial Oils and Related Products - Type X (Greases) - SpecificationMS1011_201303 (Historical)3/5/2013
The greases have been classified according to the operating conditions under which they are used, because the versatile nature of greases makes it impractical to classify them according to end use. It will therefore be necessary to consult the supplier to be certain that the grease can be used in; for example, rolling bearings or pumped supply systems, and also concerning the compatibility of products (see Remarks in Table 1).
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products - ClassificationMS1000_201302 (Historical)2/11/2013
This index provides an overview of lubricants and symbols for the purpose of assisting the user in the identification of the appropriate product and relevant SAE specification. The aim is to better determine the best lubricant to be used for a particular application. If containers used for shipping lubricants are also to be marked, the same identification and symbols should be used. See also ISO 5169 Machine tools - Presentation of lubrication instructions.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type T Turbine Oils - SpecificationMS1010_201212 (Historical)12/18/2012
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type P Pneumatic Tool Oils - SpecificationMS1009_201207 (Historical)7/16/2012
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_201204 (Historical)4/25/2012
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a summary of key qualification requirements. A complete listing of qualification requirements and procedures can be found in the Program Document (PD4000) – Gear Lubricant Review Program available from the Performance Review Institute, Attn: Secretary of the LRI, 161 Thorn Hill Road, Warrendale, PA 15086, (724) 772-1616 or at www.pri-network.com.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type F Lubricant for Spindle Bearings, and Associated Clutches - SpecificationMS1006_201112 (Historical)12/14/2011
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
The Effect of Engine, Axle and Transmission Lubricant, and Operating Conditions on Heavy Duty Diesel Fuel Economy: Part 2: Predictions2011-01-21308/30/2011
A predictive model for estimating the fuel saving of “top tier” engine, axle and transmission lubricants (compared to “mainstream” lubricants), in a heavy duty truck, operating on a realistic driving cycle, is described. Simulations have been performed for different truck weights (10, 20 and 40 tonnes) and it was found that the model predicts percentage fuel economy benefits that are of a similar magnitude to those measured in well controlled field trials1. The model predicts the percentage fuel saving from the engine oil should decrease as the vehicle load increases (which is in agreement with field trial results). The percentage fuel saving from the axle and gearbox oils initially decreases with load and then stays more or less constant. This behaviour is due to the detailed way in which axle and gearbox efficiency varies with speed/load and lubricant type. A customer that uses fuel economy engine, axle and gearbox lubricants will achieve higher fuel savings compared to a customer that just uses a fuel economy engine oil. Predicted fuel savings amount to just over 0.6 kg/hour for a 40 tonne truck. This estimate is for an SAE 5W-30 synthetic engine oil (compared to a mineral based SAE 15W-40), a synthetic SAE 75-80 gearbox oil (compared to a mineral SAE 80W gearbox oil) and a synthetic SAE 75W-90 axle oil (compared to a mineral SAE 90). This equates to a percentage fuel consumption saving of approximately 2.3%. Larger savings are predicted if lower viscosity engine lubricants were to be used (and example calculations have been performed for an SAE 0W-20 engine oil).
Taylor, Robert, Selby, K., Herrera, R., Green, D. A.
Seal Testing in Aerated Lubricants2011-01-12094/12/2011
Typical seal immersion testing in lubricants does not aerate the lubricant as typically seen during normal operation of a transmission or axle. This paper will discuss a new test apparatus that introduces air into transmission fluids and gear oils during seal immersion testing. The seal materials selected for the testing are from current vehicle applications from several different material families. The test results compare the standard properties: change in tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and volume swell. Several tests were completed to investigate and refine the new testing method for seal compatibility testing with transmission fluids and gear oils. Initial results from the first data sets indicate that lubricant aeration helps improve test repeatability. In addition to aeration, the test results explore appropriate fluid immersion temperature for repeatability and appropriate test duration.
Petit, Joan, Fewkes, Roy, O'Brien, Cheryl
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type C (Gears) SpecificationMS1002_201012 (Historical)12/1/2010
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type HF Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids—SpecificationMS1005_201006 (Historical)6/21/2010
ISO 7745 shall be used for providing detailing, operational characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and factors affecting the choice to be made among fire-resistant fluids. HFAE, HFC, HFDR, HFDU and HETG oils are covered in this specification. HFAS, HFB and HFDS fluids are not addressed.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Test Method for Evaluating Gear Fatigue Life of 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engine Oils2009-32-017811/3/2009
A new test method for evaluating gear fatigue life of 4-stroke motorcycle engine oil is proposed. A newly developed rolling 4-ball type apparatus demonstrated good discrimination of anti-fatigue performance of known motorcycle engine oils with relatively shorter test duration, smaller sample size and reasonably good precision in comparison with the conventional fatigue tests available in the industry. The effects of operating parameters on test accuracy and repeatability have been studied. The parameters studied are oil temperature, contact pressure, speed and the test specimen batch.
Hamaguchi, Hitoshi, Tanaka, Hideo, Bartels, Thorsten
Lubricant Optimisation for Synchromesh Manual Transmission of Utility Vehicles2008-01-17106/23/2008
In general the mechanical design and function of synchronized manual transmissions has remained relatively constant over the years, with incremental improvements in components, gears, bearings, seals, synchronizers and fluids continuing to advance the quality of the overall product. Marketplace demands generally drive improvements which are primarily aimed at durability and shift quality. Recently, however, advances in control and actuation technology have led to a new generation of automated manual transmissions. As a result, compatibility with electronic and valve components is becoming increasingly important. The synchronizers and fluid are two components that can affect the overall transmission performance experienced by the end user. Historically, there has been a variety of synchronizer materials, primarily brass for smaller vehicles such as passenger cars and molybdenum-based products for larger commercial vehicles. Recently sinter compositions, carbon and also phenolic materials have been used although mostly in Japan. Each composition affords the designer different wear and durability properties(1). For example, although sinter is a copper-based alloy like brass the fluid does not always respond to each in the same way. Thus, there is a need to revise the fluid composition to obtain the optimum performance with the synchronizer material being used. This paper studies the effect of fluids on the friction performance of the brass synchronizer materials used by one of India's leading original equipment manufacturers (OEM), Mahindra and Mahindra, during bench and vehicle testing. This paper also includes a range of key laboratory tests that provide a relative assessment of product performance.
Abraham, M., Ramaprabhu, R., Evans, S. D.
Gear Shift: A New Pointer of Customer Delight for Automotive Gear Oils2008-28-00651/9/2008
This paper reports the preliminary studies of developing automotive gear oils with superior gear shift characteristics. Various automotive gear oils were screened for the basic properties of low temperature rehology, weld load, wear scar diameter and yellow metal protection characteristics as a prelude to establish their gear shift features. SRV friction studies at room temperature and sub zero temperatures and EHD traction coefficients were generated on various base blends and their friction modifier top-treated versions to check the efficacy of various friction modifier chemistries in smoothening the gear shift. Preliminary cold chamber testing was conducted as a validation of rig test findings.
Ramakumar, S.S.V., Bathla, V.K., Harinarayan, A.K., Mooken, R.T., Naithani, K.P., Malhotra, R.K.
Operational performance of eco-friendly engine oils formulated with the sulfur-free additive ZP2007-01-19917/23/2007
The authors have spent considerable time studying the sulfur-free additive ZP as a means to improve the environmental properties of engine oils. ZP is an alternative compound to ZDDP, which has been a key engine oil additive for over 50 years. The ZP molecule contains oxygen in place of the sulfur found in ZDDP. In our past studies, various engine tests confirmed that ZP-blend engine oils outperform ZDDP-blend oils in terms of long-life and fuel-saving properties. Moreover, by using ZP, levels of sulfur can be reduced without sacrificing the oils' primary performance characteristics, so there less of an adverse effect on emission control systems, and lower levels of vehicle emissions can be achieved. We conducted field tests involving dozens of vehicles to verify the fuel economy retention and long-life performance of ZP oils. We report the results in this paper. For the field tests, we used ZP oils of 10W-30 and 5W-30 viscosities, and commercial vehicles operating in different parts of Japan. The results showed that the ZP oils provided long-life performance superior to that of the ZDDP oils. Furthermore, the ZP oils maintained their friction-reducing performance after long-distance driving, with excellent fuel economy retention. Furthermore, there was no excessive increase in the concentration of metallic elements in the oils, indicating that the ZP oils provided good anti-wear protection, and would not cause problems of reduced engine reliability.
Tsujimoto, Teppei, Yaguchi, Akira, Yagishita, Kazuhiro
Limited Slip Additive Testing and Development: New Products with Improved Thermal Stability2007-01-19887/23/2007
Limited slip differentials, developed over 40 years ago to counter drive wheel slippage when different traction conditions exist on either side of an axle, are still widely employed by the automotive industry to improve driving control. In a limited slip differential (LSD) frictional couplings connect the axle shafts to the differential and provide the means of transmitting power to the wheels. The friction plates in the coupling may contain a variety of friction materials including metal, paper, sintered bronze, and carbon. Each one of these materials has very different frictional and wear characteristics and each one requires a different response from the gear additive package. Each plate must be durable over the course of the vehicle lifetime irrespective of the material used. As the demands on rear axles increases with the application of greater horsepower and the increasing requirements of aerodynamic engineers, the lubrication of these friction plates remains an ongoing challenge. Lubricant frictional characteristics are very important in determining the quiet and smooth operation of LSD's. Fully formulated API GL-5 J 2360 gear lubricants are unable to fulfill all the lubrication requirements of LSD's. Special additives have therefore been developed to improve the frictional response in the coupling to eliminate noise, vibration, and stick slip problems. There is a requirement to provide limited slip additives that give excellent friction plate lubrication. The goal of lubricant formulators is to develop new products that retain frictional performance with minimal effect on the thermal stability of the gear lubricant. Test methodology has been developed that correlates friction characteristics with known field performance and testing has been performed on a variety of friction plate materials. The results of testing with current commercially available limited slip additives and new additives with much improved thermal characteristics in different gear lubricants and with different hardware configurations are discussed. This paper adds to previous work in this area and brings to a conclusion the development, design and experimentation associated with this extensive program.
Vettel, Paula, Lindsay, David
Extended-Drain Field Testing of Group III-Based Lubricants in Heavy-Duty Transmissions and Axles2007-01-19877/23/2007
In North America, all of the major suppliers of Class 8, heavy-duty manual transmissions and axles offer extended equipment warranties for 1,200,000 kilometers of on-highway service. In order to obtain the extended warranty, the customer must use an OEM-approved lubricant. The initial drain interval of the extended-warranty lubricant is 800,000 kilometers. Each OEM requires the lubricant marketers to pass very demanding bench and field test specifications in order to gain official approval. This paper describes the development and field testing of three extended-warranty lubricants made with Group III base oils. One lubricant is specially designed for heavy-duty, non-synchromesh manual transmissions. Another lubricant is specially designed for heavy-duty, rear drive axles. The third lubricant is designed as a “one drum” fluid for both transmissions and axles. The bench and field test results show that these lubricants perform as well as the more commonly used Group IV PAO-based lubricants in extended-drain applications.
Zakarian, Jack A., Haire, Michael J.
Axle and Manual Transmission LubricantsJ308_200703 (Historical)3/22/2007
This SAE Information Report was prepared by the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Technical Committee for two purposes: (a) to assist the users of automotive equipment in the selection of axle1 and manual transmission lubricants for field use, and (b) to promote a uniform practice for use by marketers of lubricants and by equipment builders in identifying and recommending these lubricants by a service designation.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Ship Systems and Equipment-Recommended Practice for Hydraulic Fluid SelectionJ1778_200611 (Current)11/13/2006
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies general requirements for hydraulic fluids to be used for ship systems and equipment with respect to power transmission, lubrication, and passive applications. It also indicates the environmental limits within which the fluids shall perform their intended purpose satisfactorily and reliably. Characteristics of particular importance to ship systems and equipment are discussed.
Ship Fluid Systems Committee
The Impact of Some Gear Lubricants on the Surface Durability of Rolling Element Bearings2006-01-03574/3/2006
The additive chemistry of some gear lubricants can have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings (1). Lubricant formulation has been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. As such, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been proposed to evaluate and quantify a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to rolling element bearings (2). Results from several lubricant performance evaluations are presented. The implications of these findings suggest that the detrimental performance effects on rolling element bearings need further fundamental study by the lubricant industry.
Nixon, Harvey P.
Methods for Assessing the Bearing Surface Durability Performance of Lubricant Formulations2005-01-380810/24/2005
Lubricant formulations and lubricant additives have been demonstrated to have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings. However, there are very few standard tests used to assess the performance aspects of lubricants as they relate to bearing surface performance. Lubricant formulations have been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. In addition, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been developed for properly evaluating a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to bearings. These methods are explained and the corresponding test results are reviewed, to show their effectiveness as lubricant performance evaluation tools. The implications of these findings provide direction and suggestions for ways to minimize or avoid potential detrimental performance effects of lubricant formulations on rolling element bearings.
Nixon, Harvey P.
Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity ClassificationJ306_200506 (Historical)6/14/2005
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Field Experience with Selected Lubricants for Commercial Vehicle Manual Transmissions2005-01-21765/11/2005
Laboratory testing is an essential part of product development. However, it usually only reflects a small portion of the experience that a lubricant may see in actual service conditions. Many laboratory tests are designed to only address one or two facets of what is deemed to be critical performance areas. Since it is difficult to cover all of the critical performance conditions problems sometimes arise in service that were not anticipated by the laboratory test. Or, conversely, some above average performance evolves during service that was not observed in a specific laboratory test. This paper highlights the overall performance of four manual transmission fluids approved or accepted by the manufacturer for this application. The evaluations were conducted in a city bus fleet with the test buses assigned to the same route for approximately 300,000 km over 30 months. The route chosen for this operation was the most severe for the fleet and included several long, steep grades on the outbound and inbound legs from the garage. While all of the fluids met the laboratory acceptance criteria for this equipment the severe nature of this service showed notable differences among the fluids at the end of the test period. Interim inspections were conducted and samples taken at regular intervals in an effort to track progress. The gearboxes were assessed for synchronizing capability, gear wear, and overall cleanliness at the conclusion of the testing.
O'Connor, B. M., Jacoby, F. C., Cain, R. W.
Development of New Manual Transmission Gear Oil for Fuel Economy2005-01-21825/11/2005
We developed a new Manual Transmission Gear Oil (MTF) named LV for improved fuel economy and CO2 reduction. MTF LV is a low viscosity fluid to reduce stir losses at lower temperatures. In general, low viscosity fluids can cause metal fatigue, wear and seizure. The MTF LV was designed to overcome these problems by maintaining the oil film thickness after it is deteriorated and improving the wear characteristics with additives. As a result, the MTF LV provides equal or better durability than the current MTF. In addition, it also has good performance at low temperatures, better shift feeling characteristics, and improved oxidation stability.
Yamamori, Kazuo, Saito, Koji, Yoneda, Tetsuzou
Development of Long Life Pulley-Supporting Bearing for Belt-CVT2005-01-08734/11/2005
The belt-type continuous variable transmission (b-CVT) consists of a simple structure that transmits power by using a steel push belt in combination with a pulley. One important factor that leads to the deterioration of rolling bearing life is influence of additives in the special traction oil (CVT fluid). CVT fluid is mixed various additives to increase friction coefficient with the aim of maximizing sliding performance between the metal belt and pulley surface areas. In order to restrain heat generation due to friction driving between the metal belt and the pulleys, and to minimize churning resistance of the gears in the unit, viscous resistance of CVT fluid is designated at a lower class than that of gear lubrication oil used in manual transmissions. As a result, formation of an oil film is impeded throughout the bearing interior, creating harsher operating conditions that those found in conventional transmissions. During the developmental stage of b-CVTs, automakers confirmed that premature flaking occasionally occurred before the calculated life of the bearings. This report describes the process of premature flaking and the development of long life bearings as a measure against flaking life and dimensional stability under high operating temperatures as one of the more important functions of transmission bearings.
Takemura, Hiromichi, Sakajiri, Yoshiaki, Fujita, Shinji
Monitoring Water in Automotive Lubricants with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy2004-01-305010/25/2004
The presence of water in lubricants can cause a variety of quality and performance problems (1). Depending on the lubricant type and application, excessive water can cause additive fall out or hydrolysis, corrosion and pitting of metal surfaces during use, interference with surface active additives such as friction modifiers, foaming of the lubricant and filter plugging. Quality checks for water are commonly done using techniques such as visual inspection, crackle test, measurement of dielectric breakdown voltage (2) or Karl Fischer titration (3). Of these, only Karl Fischer titration is truly quantitative. Quantitation of water can be complicated by the presence of hydrophilic additives, which attract and bind water. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used as a screening test because the presence of water will cause a broad absorbance peak to appear at about 3400 cm-1 due to the OH stretch. The use of FTIR is examined for the accurate determination of water in new, formulated oils. It has been compared to Karl Fischer titration for ease of use and for approximate detection limits in four different types of automotive fluids: gear oil, heavy duty engine oil, passenger car motor oil and tractor hydraulic oil. The viability of the routine use of FTIR was also compared to the other more common, non-quantitative methods described above.
Bjornen, Kay K., Graham, Mary E.
Evaluating Tribology of Synchronizers for Today's Manual Transmissions2004-01-20226/8/2004
Manual transmissions are a common source of complaint from car drivers because of poor or hard shifting. For that reason, OEM pay increasing attention to the friction properties of the synchronising elements. There is a very limited range of standardised equipment for synchroniser performance evaluation on the market. Testing conditions in this equipment does not always match today's gearbox operating environment, particularly in terms of dynamic performance. Synchroniser Friction testing has been re-considered at ETSm with these new requirements in mind and practical solutions applied to produce a new rig with high dynamic performance and low operational cost. Synchronizer friction on this machine did particularly stress endurance wear and synchroniser sticking during the running-in phase on a reference brass synchronizer. Impact of the transmission lubricant formulation on initial friction coefficients has been studied and indicated more effect from base oil viscosity than from the Gear Oil performance package itself. Synchroniser design and technology has the strongest effect on overall friction behaviour and friction modifier is the most active component in lubricant formulation.
Bouffet, Alain
Advances in Additive Technology for Limited Slip Axles – Part I Friction Test Development2003-01-323410/27/2003
Limited slip differentials have been used for many years in the automotive industry to improve driving control and reduce chatter and vibrations from the rear axle. The choice of proper lubricant is essential to quiet and smooth operation. Special additives are available to modify the frictional response in the coupling to eliminate stick-slip problems. In recent years, there has been a trend in the US toward higher axle sump temperatures. Therefore, new limited slip additives are needed with better thermal stability and frictional performance. In this paper, we will present the results of the development of a bench test to measure the friction performance of limited slip lubricants.
Vettel, Paula, Bielik, Peter
Technologies for Modern Manual Transmission Performance2003-01-20055/19/2003
While the general mechanical design and function of synchronized manual transmissions has remained fairly constant over the years, incremental improvements of all components - gears, bearings, seals, synchronizers, and fluids - continue to advance the quality of the product. The improvements are generally driven by marketplace demands aimed at durability and shift quality. The synchronizer and fluid are two design components that can affect the overall performance of the transmission as observed by the end user. In recent years there has been a variety of synchronizer materials from brass and molybdenum based products to include Sinter compositions as well as phenolic materials-particularly in Japan. Each composition affords the designer different wear and durability properties. For example, although the Sinter is a Cu based alloy like the brass; fluid response is not necessarily the same. Thus, there is a need for revision of the fluid composition to obtain the optimum effect from the synchronizer material. This paper examines the effect of fluids on the friction and wear performance of synchronizer materials in carefully controlled laboratory tests. In addition, the correct test methodology allows one to develop information about the shift quality of the fluid-synchronizer material combination. To achieve maximum benefit from the lubricant-gearbox system it is essential that the rheological and chemical properties of the fluid are in balance with the operating environment, hence the inclusion of sections on oxidation and seals.
Gahagan, M P, Yoshimura, T, Vinci, J N
Fuel Economy Improvement Through Frictional Loss Reduction in Light Duty Truck Rear Axle2002-01-282110/21/2002
In an effort to improve fuel economy for light duty trucks, an initiative was undertaken to reduce frictional losses in rear axle through use of low friction lubricants and novel surface finish on gears while maintaining durability. This paper describes the effect of rear axle lubricants on fuel economy. A laboratory rig was set up using a full size pick-up truck rear axle to measure axle efficiency and lubricant temperature with various SAE 75W-90 and SAE 75W-140 viscosity grade lubricants. Traction coefficients of lubricants were also measured at various temperatures using a laboratory ball and disk contact geometry. An improvement in axle efficiency up to 4.3% was observed over current Ford factory fill SAE 75W-140 lubricant depending on speed, torque and the type of lubricant used. The temperature of the lubricants was also lower than that with the current factory fill. This is important for maintaining bearing life and overall durability of the rear axle. Chassis roll fuel economy tests conducted using a 5.4L V-8 full size sport utility vehicle (SUV) showed up to 1.4% improvement in the Federal Test Protocol (FTP) metro/highway (M/H) cycle along with lower axle temperature.
Gangopadhyay, Arup, Asaro, Sam, Schroder, Michael, Jensen, Ron, Sorab, Jagadish
Influence of Gear Oil Formulation on Oil Temperature2002-01-16935/6/2002
Friction losses in complex tribo-technical system are revealed primarily through their effect on the operating temperature level. In order to assess the influence of the oil formulation on the temperature level comprehensive tests were run in a model test apparatus consisting of a special adapter for the 4-ball test rig. More than ten with different formulations (different base oils, additive packages and viscosity modifiers) were tested. The resulting temperature levels varied by nearly 25 %. The objective of this model testing is to assess the influence of the oil formulation on the operating temperature of vehicle manual transmission. The correlation to the real tribotechnical system was confirmed by a VW Polo transmission test.
Wienecke, D., Bartz, W. J.
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