Browse Topic: Gear lubricants

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EV Transmission efficiency estimation using Simulation X2026-26-04531/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmission efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy use and enhancing performance. It minimizes power losses during energy transfer from the motor to the wheels, directly impacting the vehicle's range and battery life. High efficiency ensures smoother acceleration and better driving dynamics, improving the overall user experience. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) transmissions, EV transmissions often employ simpler, single-speed systems, reducing complexity and energy loss. Efficient transmissions help reduce energy usage, lower costs, and minimize environmental impact. As a result, transmission efficiency plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainability and reliability of EV designs. This paper proposes a simulation model based methodology to estimate EV transmission efficiency based on modelica models developed on simulation X. A single speed EV model is developed which contains whole transmission layout discretized into simple components which
Sutar, Suresh, Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral
Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Specifications: Current Technical Review and Future DirectionAIR6056A (Current)11/26/2025
This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification.
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
OPTIMIZATION OF OIL QUANTITY IN MANUAL TRANSMISSION AND REDUCING CHURNING LOSS2024-26-03461/16/2024
Gearbox efficiency losses are contributed by Oil seal rubbing, Synchro friction rubbing, Gear losses, bearing preload friction, windage losses, churning losses etc. Here in this experiment we have focused on quantifying and reducing the churning losses as well as verifying the lubrication requirements satisfactorily in all terrains and conditions. The paper establishes the effective way for evaluating same with over 80 trials conducted for conclusive proof. Gearboxes must work efficiently to get the job done properly and lubrication is vital to this efficiency. Lubricating oil is like the circulation system of a gearbox. If the oil levels fall too low, the gearbox will likely fail. Gearbox failure can lead to expensive repairs that could be prevented. Besides added costs due to replacement or repair, costs associated with a loss of production could be significant. These issues are why it is important to understand the consequences of having low lubricant levels. Similarly, higher oil
Lakshamanan, sundar
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_202101 (Historical)1/27/2021
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_202101-TEST-REC (Historical)1/27/2021
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Low Friction and Low Viscosity Final Drive Oil2019-01-233612/19/2019
The new lubricant was newly developed for differential gear unit to contribute to all friction factors/conditions (Boundary, Hydrodynamic & those Mixed Lubrication) even if the differential gear is operating under very severe conditions such as high-gear-contact pressure and highly sliding speed. The main concept of development was selecting and formulating the optimized additives for severe lubrication conditions in order to achieve the best balance between thinner-film thickness and extreme pressure performance. In conclusion, by the application of both synthetic base oil instead of mineral one and activation technology of MoDTC in spite of ZnDTP free formulation, it is finally realized to reduce the torque of final drive unit by 40% and it can be estimated the 0.5% of CO2 reduction in actual vehicles.
Kubo, Tomoo, Akie, Naoto, Okamoto, Yuji, Okuda, Sachiko, Sagawa, Takumaru, Ariyama, Mona, Komatsubara, Hitoshi
Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity ClassificationJ306_201902 (Current)2/6/2019
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_201901 (Historical)1/7/2019
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid-type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products - Type T Turbine Oils - SpecificationMS1010_201808 (Current)8/29/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type P Pneumatic Tool Oils - SpecificationMS1009_201808 (Current)8/8/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type F Lubricant for Spindle Bearings, and Associated Clutches - SpecificationMS1006_201803 (Current)3/4/2018
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type C (Gears) SpecificationMS1002_201710 (Current)10/18/2017
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Study on Calculation Method of Gear Temperature Field Based on Spray Lubrication2017-01-244410/8/2017
High-speed rotating gears are generally lubricated by spray lubrication. Lubricating oil is driven by high-speed rotating gear, and some lubricating oil will be excited into oil mist, so that the gears are in the gas-liquid mixed environment. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics model of the spray lubrication cooling process is established based on the gear heat transfer behavior under the spray lubrication condition. The influence of different spray parameters on the liquid-solid two-phase convective heat transfer coefficient is obtained. On this basis, the accurate boundary conditions of gear temperature field calculation are analyzed by studying the heat transfer behavior of high speed gear spray lubrication. The calculation model of gear temperature based on spray lubrication is established, and the temperature field distribution of gear is obtained. Finally, the gear spray cooling test stand is set up, and the accuracy of the calculation method is verified by comparing
Wang, Yanzhong, Song, Guanhua
New Generation Fuel Efficient Engine Oils with Superior Viscometrics2017-01-234910/8/2017
Automobile OEMs are looking for improving fuel economy[1,2] of their vehicles by reducing weight, rolling resistance and improving engine and transmission efficiency apart from the aerodynamic design. Fuel economy may be improved by using appropriate low viscosity [3] and use of friction reducers (FRs)[4,5] in the engine oils. The concept of high viscosity index [6] is being used for achieving right viscosity at required operating temperatures. In this paper performance properties of High Viscosity Index engine oils have been compared with conventional VI engine oils. Efforts have been made to check the key differentiation in oil properties w.r.t. low temperature fluidity, high temperature high shear viscosity/deposits, friction behavior, oxidation performance in bench tribological /engine/chassis dyno tests which finally lead to oil performance assessment. Three candidates of SAE 0W-30 grade oil with ACEA C2/API SN credentials have been chosen using various viscosity modifiers. Impact
Seth, Sarita, Maloth, Swamy, Kumar, Prashant, Tyagi, Bhuvenesh, Kumar, Lokesh, Mahapatra, Rajendra, Garg, Sarita, Saxena, Deepak, Suresh, R, Ramakumar, SSV
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type HF Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids—SpecificationMS1005_201708 (Current)8/18/2017
ISO 7745 shall be used for providing detailing, operational characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and factors affecting the choice to be made among fire-resistant fluids. HFAE, HFC, HFDR, HFDU and HETG oils are covered in this specification. HFAS, HFB and HFDS fluids are not addressed.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity ClassificationJ306_201708 (Historical)8/14/2017
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Development of Next Generation Gear Oil for Heavy Duty Vehicles2017-01-08903/28/2017
Heavy duty vehicles take a large role in providing global logistics. It is required to have both high durability and reduced CO2 from the viewpoint of global environment conservation. Therefore lubricating oils for transmission and axle/differential gear box are required to have excellent protection and longer drain intervals. However, it is also necessary that the gear oil maintain suitable friction performance for the synchronizers of the transmission. Even with such good performance, both transmission and axle/differential gear box lubricants must balance cost and performance, in particular in the Asian market. The development of gear oil additives for high reliability gear oil must consider the available base oils in various regions as the additive is a global product. In many cases general long drain gear oils for heavy duty vehicles use the group III or IV base oils, but it is desirable to use the group I/II base oils in terms of cost and availability. The main key technologies
Nakamura, Yoichiro, Horikoshi, Masahisa, TAKEI, Yasunori, Onishi, Takahiro, Murakami, Yasuhiro, Hewette, Chip
Extensional Rheology: New Dimension of Characterizing Automotive Fluids2017-01-03643/28/2017
This paper describes the basic principles of extensional rheometry, and the successful application to a variety of automotive fluids, including gear lubricants, paints, and forming lubricants. These fluids are used under very complex flow fields containing strong extensional (elongational) components. While exact derivation of extensional viscosities involves sophisticated theories, the measurement of liquid filament break-up time can provide fruitful information. Gear lubes showed different break-up time according to the kinematic viscosities. Addition of viscosity modifier (acrylic copolymer) significantly increased the breakup time, whereas surfactants had little effect. Clearcoat paint sample increased the breakup time, perhaps due to the deterioration. The waxy stamping lubricant showed remarkable change in the extensional properties as the temperature is raised. The extensional data obtained showed the promise of the technique to understand the performance of these fluids in
Ohtani, Hiroko, Ellwood, Kevin, Pereira, Gustavo, Chinen, Thiago, Selvasekar, Siddharthan
Low-viscosity Gear Oil Technology to Improve Wear at Tapered Roller Bearings in Differential Gear Unit2016-01-220410/17/2016
Torque loss reduction at differential gear unit is important to improve the fuel economy of automobiles. One effective way is to decrease the viscosity of lubricants as it results in less churning loss. However, this option creates a higher potential for thin oil films, which could damage the mechanical parts. At tapered roller bearings, in particular, wear at the large end face of rollers and its counterpart, known as bearing bottom wear is one of major failure modes. To understand the wear mechanism, wear at the rolling contact surface of rollers and its counterpart, known as bearing side wear, was also observed to confirm the wear impact on the tapered roller bearings. Because gear oils are also required to avoid seizure under extreme pressure, the combination of a phosphorus anti-wear agent and a sulfurous extreme pressure agent are formulated. Because the latter could cause an antagonistic impact on the former, we focused on control of active sulfur content as well as the treat
Mori, Takafumi, Suemitsu, Masanori, Umamori, Nobuharu, Sato, Takehisa, Ogano, Satoshi, Ueno, Kenji, Kuno, Oji, Hiraga, Kotaro, Yuasa, Kazuhiko, Shibata, Shinichiro, Ishikawa, Shinichiro
Application of an Organic Molybdenum Anti-Friction Additives in API SM Gasoline Engine Oil2016-01-08954/5/2016
An anti-friction additive was studied in API SM 5W-30 oil. Its tribological performance was evaluated on a four-ball tester, SRV and MTM. This additive has been found to be an effective antifriction additive for lubricants. The investigation indicates that this additive possesses excellent energy saving and reducing friction characteristics in API SM 5W-30 lubricating oil.
Zhang, Fengyuan, Qiu, Jianwei, Jin, Zhiliang, Zhang, Dahua, Yang, Li, Xie, Jingchun, Xu, Xiaohong
Tribological Properties of Automotive Lubricant SAE 20W-40 Containing Nano-Al 2 O 3 particles2014-01-278110/13/2014
The need for advanced lubricants is increasing rapidly due to the current wide range of operational usage, i.e., high loads and speeds of motion between friction pairs, broader temperature range, and the overall requirements for increased reliability and service life of machinery. It is essentially important to develop specialized anti-friction and anti-wear materials that will help in preventing wear and decreasing friction, thereby saving fuel and electricity. Simultaneously, such materials are also expected to reduce vibration, noise and maintenance of machine parts. Thus, the research into extending the service life of such materials continues to be imperative. Nanoparticles (NPs) present a novel approach in this regard, as they can be used in lubricants in between two mating contact surfaces as a third body. When compared with the widely used conventional micro-particles for tribological applications, NPs have unique features owing primarily to their much higher specific surface
Mohan, Nishant, Sharma, Mayank, Singh, Ramesh, Kumar, Naveen
Nanolubricant Oil Additives for Performance Improvement of the Intermediate Gearbox in the AH-64D HelicopterF-0070-2014-96295/20/2014
This paper presents a new nanolubricant for the intermediate gearbox of the Apache aircraft. Historically, the intermediate gearbox has been prone for grease leaking and this natural-occurring fault has negatively impacted the airworthiness of the aircraft. In this study, the incorporation of graphite nanoparticles in mobile aviation gear oil is presented as a nanofluid with excellent thermo-physical properties. Condition-based maintenance practices are demonstrated where four nanoparticle additive oil samples with different concentrations are tested in a full-scale tail rotor drive-train test stand, in addition to, a baseline sample for comparison purposes. Different condition monitoring results suggest the capacity of the nanofluids to have significant gearbox performance benefits when compared to the base oil.
Gouda, Kareem, Bayoumi, Abdel, Tarbutton, Joshua, McVay, Jacob
Effect of Lubricant Viscosity and Friction Modifier on Reciprocating Tests2013-36-015510/7/2013
Five automotive oils, with different viscosity grades, were tested under different loads and speeds in a reciprocating test using piston rings and cylinder liners. Starved and fully-flooded conditions were also considered in order to analyze the influence of lubricant supplier in the lubrication regimes, especially in boundary-mixed transition. The expected Stribeck curve behavior was observed, and more interesting visualization appeared when the viscosity value was extracted from the Stribeck abscissa axis. The higher viscosity oils showed lower friction coefficient at low speed/load ratios. Such behavior is usually neglected and may be significant to understand the triblogical behaviour of engineering components. Computer simulation showed similar results, including the “cross-over” speed/load when the lower viscosity oils start to show lower friction.
Profito, Francisco J., Tomanik, Eduardo, Lastres, Luiz Fernando, Zachariadis, Demetrio C.
Lubricants, Industrial Oils and Related Products - Type X (Greases) - SpecificationMS1011_201303 (Historical)3/5/2013
The greases have been classified according to the operating conditions under which they are used, because the versatile nature of greases makes it impractical to classify them according to end use. It will therefore be necessary to consult the supplier to be certain that the grease can be used in; for example, rolling bearings or pumped supply systems, and also concerning the compatibility of products (see Remarks in Table 1).
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products - ClassificationMS1000_201302 (Historical)2/11/2013
This index provides an overview of lubricants and symbols for the purpose of assisting the user in the identification of the appropriate product and relevant SAE specification. The aim is to better determine the best lubricant to be used for a particular application. If containers used for shipping lubricants are also to be marked, the same identification and symbols should be used. See also ISO 5169 Machine tools - Presentation of lubrication instructions.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type T Turbine Oils - SpecificationMS1010_201212 (Historical)12/18/2012
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type P Pneumatic Tool Oils - SpecificationMS1009_201207 (Historical)7/16/2012
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial and Military UseJ2360_201204 (Historical)4/25/2012
The gear lubricants covered by this standard exceed American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Classification API GL-5 and are intended for hypoid type, automotive gear units, operating under conditions of high-speed/shock load and low-speed/high-torque. These lubricants may be appropriate for other gear applications where the position of the shafts relative to each other and the type of gear flank contact involve a large percentage of sliding contact. Such applications typically require extreme pressure (EP) additives to prevent the adhesion and subsequent tearing away of material from the loaded gear flanks. These lubricants are not appropriate for the lubrication of worm gears. Appendix A is a mandatory part of this standard. The information contained in Appendix A is intended for the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of this standard and for listing on the Qualified Products List (QPL) administered by the Lubricant Review Institute (LRI). Appendix A contains a
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type F Lubricant for Spindle Bearings, and Associated Clutches - SpecificationMS1006_201112 (Historical)12/14/2011
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
The Effect of Engine, Axle and Transmission Lubricant, and Operating Conditions on Heavy Duty Diesel Fuel Economy: Part 2: Predictions2011-01-21308/30/2011
A predictive model for estimating the fuel saving of “top tier” engine, axle and transmission lubricants (compared to “mainstream” lubricants), in a heavy duty truck, operating on a realistic driving cycle, is described. Simulations have been performed for different truck weights (10, 20 and 40 tonnes) and it was found that the model predicts percentage fuel economy benefits that are of a similar magnitude to those measured in well controlled field trials1. The model predicts the percentage fuel saving from the engine oil should decrease as the vehicle load increases (which is in agreement with field trial results). The percentage fuel saving from the axle and gearbox oils initially decreases with load and then stays more or less constant. This behaviour is due to the detailed way in which axle and gearbox efficiency varies with speed/load and lubricant type. A customer that uses fuel economy engine, axle and gearbox lubricants will achieve higher fuel savings compared to a customer
Taylor, Robert, Selby, K., Herrera, R., Green, D. A.
Seal Testing in Aerated Lubricants2011-01-12094/12/2011
Typical seal immersion testing in lubricants does not aerate the lubricant as typically seen during normal operation of a transmission or axle. This paper will discuss a new test apparatus that introduces air into transmission fluids and gear oils during seal immersion testing. The seal materials selected for the testing are from current vehicle applications from several different material families. The test results compare the standard properties: change in tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and volume swell. Several tests were completed to investigate and refine the new testing method for seal compatibility testing with transmission fluids and gear oils. Initial results from the first data sets indicate that lubricant aeration helps improve test repeatability. In addition to aeration, the test results explore appropriate fluid immersion temperature for repeatability and appropriate test duration.
Petit, Joan, Fewkes, Roy, O'Brien, Cheryl
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type C (Gears) SpecificationMS1002_201012 (Historical)12/1/2010
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type C (Gears) SpecificationMS1002_201012-TEST-REC (Historical)12/1/2010
See Table 1.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type HF Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids—SpecificationMS1005_201006 (Historical)6/21/2010
ISO 7745 shall be used for providing detailing, operational characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and factors affecting the choice to be made among fire-resistant fluids. HFAE, HFC, HFDR, HFDU and HETG oils are covered in this specification. HFAS, HFB and HFDS fluids are not addressed.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type HF Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids—SpecificationMS1005_201006-TEST-REC (Historical)6/21/2010
ISO 7745 shall be used for providing detailing, operational characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and factors affecting the choice to be made among fire-resistant fluids. HFAE, HFC, HFDR, HFDU and HETG oils are covered in this specification. HFAS, HFB and HFDS fluids are not addressed.
Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Test Method for Evaluating Gear Fatigue Life of 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engine Oils2009-32-017811/3/2009
A new test method for evaluating gear fatigue life of 4-stroke motorcycle engine oil is proposed. A newly developed rolling 4-ball type apparatus demonstrated good discrimination of anti-fatigue performance of known motorcycle engine oils with relatively shorter test duration, smaller sample size and reasonably good precision in comparison with the conventional fatigue tests available in the industry. The effects of operating parameters on test accuracy and repeatability have been studied. The parameters studied are oil temperature, contact pressure, speed and the test specimen batch.
Hamaguchi, Hitoshi, Tanaka, Hideo, Bartels, Thorsten
Lubricant Optimisation for Synchromesh Manual Transmission of Utility Vehicles2008-01-17106/23/2008
In general the mechanical design and function of synchronized manual transmissions has remained relatively constant over the years, with incremental improvements in components, gears, bearings, seals, synchronizers and fluids continuing to advance the quality of the overall product. Marketplace demands generally drive improvements which are primarily aimed at durability and shift quality. Recently, however, advances in control and actuation technology have led to a new generation of automated manual transmissions. As a result, compatibility with electronic and valve components is becoming increasingly important. The synchronizers and fluid are two components that can affect the overall transmission performance experienced by the end user. Historically, there has been a variety of synchronizer materials, primarily brass for smaller vehicles such as passenger cars and molybdenum-based products for larger commercial vehicles. Recently sinter compositions, carbon and also phenolic
Abraham, M., Ramaprabhu, R., Evans, S. D.
Gear Shift: A New Pointer of Customer Delight for Automotive Gear Oils2008-28-00651/9/2008
This paper reports the preliminary studies of developing automotive gear oils with superior gear shift characteristics. Various automotive gear oils were screened for the basic properties of low temperature rehology, weld load, wear scar diameter and yellow metal protection characteristics as a prelude to establish their gear shift features. SRV friction studies at room temperature and sub zero temperatures and EHD traction coefficients were generated on various base blends and their friction modifier top-treated versions to check the efficacy of various friction modifier chemistries in smoothening the gear shift. Preliminary cold chamber testing was conducted as a validation of rig test findings.
Ramakumar, S.S.V., Bathla, V.K., Harinarayan, A.K., Mooken, R.T., Naithani, K.P., Malhotra, R.K.
Limited Slip Additive Testing and Development: New Products with Improved Thermal Stability2007-01-19887/23/2007
Limited slip differentials, developed over 40 years ago to counter drive wheel slippage when different traction conditions exist on either side of an axle, are still widely employed by the automotive industry to improve driving control. In a limited slip differential (LSD) frictional couplings connect the axle shafts to the differential and provide the means of transmitting power to the wheels. The friction plates in the coupling may contain a variety of friction materials including metal, paper, sintered bronze, and carbon. Each one of these materials has very different frictional and wear characteristics and each one requires a different response from the gear additive package. Each plate must be durable over the course of the vehicle lifetime irrespective of the material used. As the demands on rear axles increases with the application of greater horsepower and the increasing requirements of aerodynamic engineers, the lubrication of these friction plates remains an ongoing challenge
Vettel, Paula, Lindsay, David
Operational performance of eco-friendly engine oils formulated with the sulfur-free additive ZP2007-01-19917/23/2007
The authors have spent considerable time studying the sulfur-free additive ZP as a means to improve the environmental properties of engine oils. ZP is an alternative compound to ZDDP, which has been a key engine oil additive for over 50 years. The ZP molecule contains oxygen in place of the sulfur found in ZDDP. In our past studies, various engine tests confirmed that ZP-blend engine oils outperform ZDDP-blend oils in terms of long-life and fuel-saving properties. Moreover, by using ZP, levels of sulfur can be reduced without sacrificing the oils' primary performance characteristics, so there less of an adverse effect on emission control systems, and lower levels of vehicle emissions can be achieved. We conducted field tests involving dozens of vehicles to verify the fuel economy retention and long-life performance of ZP oils. We report the results in this paper. For the field tests, we used ZP oils of 10W-30 and 5W-30 viscosities, and commercial vehicles operating in different parts
Tsujimoto, Teppei, Yaguchi, Akira, Yagishita, Kazuhiro
Extended-Drain Field Testing of Group III-Based Lubricants in Heavy-Duty Transmissions and Axles2007-01-19877/23/2007
In North America, all of the major suppliers of Class 8, heavy-duty manual transmissions and axles offer extended equipment warranties for 1,200,000 kilometers of on-highway service. In order to obtain the extended warranty, the customer must use an OEM-approved lubricant. The initial drain interval of the extended-warranty lubricant is 800,000 kilometers. Each OEM requires the lubricant marketers to pass very demanding bench and field test specifications in order to gain official approval. This paper describes the development and field testing of three extended-warranty lubricants made with Group III base oils. One lubricant is specially designed for heavy-duty, non-synchromesh manual transmissions. Another lubricant is specially designed for heavy-duty, rear drive axles. The third lubricant is designed as a “one drum” fluid for both transmissions and axles. The bench and field test results show that these lubricants perform as well as the more commonly used Group IV PAO-based
Zakarian, Jack A., Haire, Michael J.
Axle and Manual Transmission LubricantsJ308_200703 (Historical)3/22/2007
This SAE Information Report was prepared by the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Technical Committee for two purposes: (a) to assist the users of automotive equipment in the selection of axle1 and manual transmission lubricants for field use, and (b) to promote a uniform practice for use by marketers of lubricants and by equipment builders in identifying and recommending these lubricants by a service designation.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Axle and Manual Transmission LubricantsJ308_200703-TEST-REC (Historical)3/22/2007
This SAE Information Report was prepared by the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Technical Committee for two purposes: (a) to assist the users of automotive equipment in the selection of axle1 and manual transmission lubricants for field use, and (b) to promote a uniform practice for use by marketers of lubricants and by equipment builders in identifying and recommending these lubricants by a service designation.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Ship Systems and Equipment-Recommended Practice for Hydraulic Fluid SelectionJ1778_200611 (Current)11/13/2006
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies general requirements for hydraulic fluids to be used for ship systems and equipment with respect to power transmission, lubrication, and passive applications. It also indicates the environmental limits within which the fluids shall perform their intended purpose satisfactorily and reliably. Characteristics of particular importance to ship systems and equipment are discussed.
Ship Fluid Systems Committee
The Impact of Some Gear Lubricants on the Surface Durability of Rolling Element Bearings2006-01-03574/3/2006
The additive chemistry of some gear lubricants can have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings (1). Lubricant formulation has been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. As such, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been proposed to evaluate and quantify a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to rolling element bearings (2). Results from several lubricant performance evaluations are presented. The implications of these findings suggest that the detrimental performance effects on rolling element bearings need further fundamental study by the lubricant industry.
Nixon, Harvey P.
Methods for Assessing the Bearing Surface Durability Performance of Lubricant Formulations2005-01-380810/24/2005
Lubricant formulations and lubricant additives have been demonstrated to have a major impact on the surface durability of rolling element bearings. However, there are very few standard tests used to assess the performance aspects of lubricants as they relate to bearing surface performance. Lubricant formulations have been slanted heavily toward protecting gear concentrated contacts from galling and wear. In addition, much of the performance differentiation of lubricants has been dependent on highly accelerated, standardized laboratory tests related to gears. Methods have been developed for properly evaluating a lubricant's performance characteristics as they relate to bearings. These methods are explained and the corresponding test results are reviewed, to show their effectiveness as lubricant performance evaluation tools. The implications of these findings provide direction and suggestions for ways to minimize or avoid potential detrimental performance effects of lubricant
Nixon, Harvey P.
Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity ClassificationJ306_200506 (Historical)6/14/2005
This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.
Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication
Development of New Manual Transmission Gear Oil for Fuel Economy2005-01-21825/11/2005
We developed a new Manual Transmission Gear Oil (MTF) named LV for improved fuel economy and CO2 reduction. MTF LV is a low viscosity fluid to reduce stir losses at lower temperatures. In general, low viscosity fluids can cause metal fatigue, wear and seizure. The MTF LV was designed to overcome these problems by maintaining the oil film thickness after it is deteriorated and improving the wear characteristics with additives. As a result, the MTF LV provides equal or better durability than the current MTF. In addition, it also has good performance at low temperatures, better shift feeling characteristics, and improved oxidation stability.
Yamamori, Kazuo, Saito, Koji, Yoneda, Tetsuzou
Field Experience with Selected Lubricants for Commercial Vehicle Manual Transmissions2005-01-21765/11/2005
Laboratory testing is an essential part of product development. However, it usually only reflects a small portion of the experience that a lubricant may see in actual service conditions. Many laboratory tests are designed to only address one or two facets of what is deemed to be critical performance areas. Since it is difficult to cover all of the critical performance conditions problems sometimes arise in service that were not anticipated by the laboratory test. Or, conversely, some above average performance evolves during service that was not observed in a specific laboratory test. This paper highlights the overall performance of four manual transmission fluids approved or accepted by the manufacturer for this application. The evaluations were conducted in a city bus fleet with the test buses assigned to the same route for approximately 300,000 km over 30 months. The route chosen for this operation was the most severe for the fleet and included several long, steep grades on the
O'Connor, B. M., Jacoby, F. C., Cain, R. W.
Development of Long Life Pulley-Supporting Bearing for Belt-CVT2005-01-08734/11/2005
The belt-type continuous variable transmission (b-CVT) consists of a simple structure that transmits power by using a steel push belt in combination with a pulley. One important factor that leads to the deterioration of rolling bearing life is influence of additives in the special traction oil (CVT fluid). CVT fluid is mixed various additives to increase friction coefficient with the aim of maximizing sliding performance between the metal belt and pulley surface areas. In order to restrain heat generation due to friction driving between the metal belt and the pulleys, and to minimize churning resistance of the gears in the unit, viscous resistance of CVT fluid is designated at a lower class than that of gear lubrication oil used in manual transmissions. As a result, formation of an oil film is impeded throughout the bearing interior, creating harsher operating conditions that those found in conventional transmissions. During the developmental stage of b-CVTs, automakers confirmed that
Takemura, Hiromichi, Sakajiri, Yoshiaki, Fujita, Shinji
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