Browse Topic: Commercial vehicles

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Nitrogen Absorption/Desorption (Gas Dissolution) in Aircraft Shock AbsorbersAIR6942 (Current)11/26/2025
This document outlines the current state of the art in the understanding of gas in solution in shock absorber oils in unseperated shock absorbers. A literature review, overview of Henry's law, Henry's law coefficients for known gas and oil couples, in-service operational problems, lessons learned, and potential future work will be discussed in the document.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW
Heavy-Duty Electrical Connector Performance StandardJ2030_202511 (Current)11/21/2025
This SAE Standard encompasses connectors between two cables or between a cable and an electrical component and focuses on the connectors external to the electrical component. This document provides environmental test requirements and acceptance criteria for the application of connectors for direct current electrical systems of 50 V or less in the majority of heavy-duty applications typically used in off-highway machinery. Severe applications can require higher test levels, or field-testing on the intended application.
CTTC C2, Electrical Components and Systems
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202510 (Current)10/1/2025
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Critical Aerodynamic and Performance Upgrades to Enable Larger Mars Rotorcraft Such as the Chopper PlatformF-0081-2025-03885/20/2025
Leveraging lessons learned from NASA's Ingenuity Mars helicopter and concepts such as the Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter, and Mars Science Helicopter has enabled partners at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA Ames, and AeroVironment, Inc. to mature a hexacopter vehicle concept (Chopper) with the ability to support a wide range of mission scenarios. This work focuses on the critical aeronautics-related challenges encountered transitioning from an Ingenuity-size vehicle to a much larger vehicle (˜15 times the mass) and discusses engineering efforts to address these challenges. Critical upgrades include optimized airfoils, higher solidity blades, and higher fidelity computational models. Because multiple rotors are required to lift the heavier vehicle, increased understanding of the impact of rotor-to-rotor interactions is also necessary. Rotors have been designed that are tailored to more demanding missions and will be validated in a joint test campaign between the partners. While the Chopper concept will be utilized to illustrate these maturation efforts, the lessons learned are applicable to other heavier next generation Mars rotorcraft platforms also.
Withrow-Maser, Shannah, Johnson, Wayne, Koning, Witold, Aagren, Tove, Ruan, Allen, Bowman, Joshua, Kaweesa, Dorcas, Malpica, Carlos, Sahragard-Monfared, Gianmarco, Jones-Wilson, Laura, Izraelevitz, Jacob, Delaune, Jeff, Mier-Hicks, Fernando, Dana Ainza Sneeder, Kimberly, Veismann, Marcel
GPS-BASED MOBILITY POWER ANALYSIS OF MILITARY VEHICLES2024-01-331111/15/2024
ABSTRACT Determining the required power for the tractive elements of off-road vehicles has always been a critical aspect of the design process for military vehicles. In recent years, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve stealth capabilities. The electric motors that power the wheel or tracks require an accurate estimation of the power and duty cycle for a vehicle during certain operating conditions. To meet this demand, a GPS-based mobility power model was developed to predict the duty cycle and energy requirements of off-road vehicles. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces developed during locomotion are determined from the GPS data, and these forces include the following: the gravitational, acceleration, motion resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drawbar forces. Initial application of the mobility power concept began when three U.S. military’s Stryker vehicles were equipped with GPS receivers while conducting a proofing mission at the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) in Hawaii on a soil with a known rating cone index (RCI). An analysis was conducted on the GPS data which allowed for the variation in the Stryker’s mobility power to be estimated as the vehicle traversed the terrain. The subsequent power duty cycle and required energy for the vehicle was determined along with predicted specific energy consumption and production values. Initial validation of the mobility power model began by tracking a hybrid 2006 Toyota Highlander during acceleration tests and on-road maneuvers. The model had an R2 and average absolute percent error of 0.91 and 12.9% respectively during the acceleration tests. The predicted and measured mobility power duty cycles were similar during the on-road maneuvers while an R2 and average absolute error of 0.44 and 7.1 kW was attained.
Ayers, Paul, Bozdech, George
Test Cycle Simulation of Bench Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning15-17-03-00157/31/2024
Abstract Test cycle simulation is an essential part of the vehicle-in-the-loop test, and the deep reinforcement learning algorithm model is able to accurately control the drastic change of speed during the simulated vehicle driving process. In order to conduct a simulated cycle test of the vehicle, a vehicle model including driver, battery, motor, transmission system, and vehicle dynamics is established in MATLAB/Simulink. Additionally, a bench load simulation system based on the speed-tracking algorithm of the forward model is established. Taking the driver model action as input and the vehicle gas/brake pedal opening as the action space, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is used to update the entire model. This process yields the dynamic response of the output end of the bench model, ultimately producing the optimal intelligent driver model to simulate the vehicle’s completion of the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) on the bench. The results indicate that the algorithm exhibits good convergence in the simulation, throughout the WLTC simulation, the driver always kept the vehicle speed error within 1 km/h, and the response time is less than 0.5 s under the vehicle’s starting condition. In comparison to the PID control algorithm and the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm, it demonstrates smaller speed error and response time, ensuring accuracy, high efficiency, and safety during the indoor vehicle-in-the-loop test.
Gong, Xiaohao, Li, Xu, Hu, Xiong, Li, Wenli
Commercial Vehicles: Vol. 1EPRCOMPV1420235/3/2024
ABSTRACT
Lehmann, Johannes, Moorehead, Stewart, Muelaner, Jody E.
Tire-Soil Interaction Simulation Using Finite Element Method to Investigate Their Deformation and Sinkage2023-01-50011/3/2023
Abstract This research investigates the tire deformation and sandy soil sinkage on the performance of off-road vehicles. Tire deformation and soil sinkage were simulated with the Finite Element Method (FEM) using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 and validated using actual results taken from a previous work of tire size (235/70 R15) under four different tire inflation pressures (50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa) and three soil densities varying from loose, medium dense, and high dense sand. The optimum tire inflation pressures were obtained under various soil densities to achieve flotation pressure of the tires on the soil to generate good performance and accomplish the off-road vehicle missions.
Adel Mohamed, Mahmoud, Elhussieny, Sayed, Emam, Mohamed Ali, Abd Elhafiz, Mohamed M.
V4-002 FK testSAE-PP-009554/26/2022
Heavy vehicles are essential for the modern economy, delivering critical food, supplies, and freight throughout the world. Connected heavy vehicles are also driven by embedded computers that utilize internal communication using common standards. However, some implementations of the standards leave an opening for a malicious actor to abuse the system. One such abuse case is a cyber-attack known as the “Address Claim Attack.” Proposed in 2018, this attack uses a single network message to disable all communication to and from a target electronic control unit, which may have a detrimental effect on operating the vehicle. This article demonstrates the viability of the attack and then describes the implementation of a solution to prevent this attack in real time without requiring any intervention from the manufacturer of the target devices. The defense technique uses a bit-banged Controller Area Network (CAN) filter to detect the attack. Once an attack is discovered, the defender induces a CAN protocol error to remove the malicious message from the network. We discuss our results in terms of their applicability for Address Claim Attacks and possible implications for preventing a variety of network-based attacks in real time.
Mutagaana, Festo
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202110 (Historical)10/21/2021
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Lifting Crane Sheave and Drum SizesJ881_202110 (Current)10/21/2021
This SAE Standard covers minimum dimensional relationship for sheaves, drums, and wire rope for mobile, construction type lift cranes.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Safety Alert Symbol for Agricultural, Construction, and Industrial EquipmentJ284_202110 (Current)10/1/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the safety alert symbol intended for use on construction and industrial equipment as defined in SAE J1116 and on agricultural tractors and machinery as defined in ASABE S390.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
Measurement of Exterior Sound Level of Specialized Aircraft Ground Support EquipmentARP1801A (Current)9/30/2021
The scope of this SAE Recommended Practice covers specialized internal combustion engine powered equipment used in support of aircraft operations. The equipment may be self-propelled, truck mounted, trailer mounted, skid mounted or stationary. It does not include construction equipment or equipment designed primarily for operation on highways or within factories or building areas. NOTE: Equivalent methodology is provided in (CEN) EN 1915-4, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 4: Noise measurement methods and reduction, to be used for measurements conforming to the EU Machinery Directive
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Crane Boom Hoist Disengaging DeviceJ999_202109 (Current)9/20/2021
This SAE Standard applies to cranes which are equipped to adjust the boom angle by hoisting and lowering means through rope reeving.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Combination Pelvic and Upper Torso Operator and Occupant Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work MachinesJ2292_202108 (Current)8/12/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes minimum performance and test requirements for combination pelvic and upper torso occupant restraint systems provided for off-road self-propelled work machines.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202108 (Historical)8/5/2021
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Wide Base Disc Wheels and Demountable Rims - Truck, Bus, and TrailerJ876_202108 (Current)8/2/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform engineering nomenclature for wide base disc wheels and demountable rims. This nomenclature and accompanying figures are intended to define fundamental wide base disc wheel and demountable rim terms. The dimensions given are those necessary to maintain serviceability and interchangeability of the wide base disc wheels and demountable rims with standard hardware. Valve clearances have not been included in this document.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Performance Test for Windshield Defrosting Systems for Off-Road, Self-Propelled Work MachinesJ1535_202108 (Historical)8/2/2021
This SAE Standard establishes uniform test procedures for the defrosting systems of off-road, self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agricultural, and forestry machinery as referenced in table one of this document. It includes tests that can be conducted with uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities, as well as in an appropriate outdoor environment.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
Rope Drum Rotation Indicating DeviceJ1332_202107 (Current)7/15/2021
This SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice applies to cranes when used in lifting crane service which are equipped with rope drum rotation indicating devices.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Application Layer - Generator Sets and IndustrialJ1939/75_202107 (Historical)7/15/2021
SAE J1939-75 defines the set of data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. The data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) previously published within this document are published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document must refer to SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Truck and Bus Coastdown ProcedureJ2978_202106 (Current)6/11/2021
This document describes a rigorous engineering test procedure that utilizes industry-accepted data collection and statistical analysis methods to determine the road load and to estimate the aerodynamic drag area of trucks and buses weighing more than 10000 pounds. The test procedure may be conducted on a test track or on a public road under controlled conditions and supported by extensive data collection and data analysis constraints. The estimated aerodynamic-drag-area result represents a single-speed and single-yaw-angle condition. Test results that do not rigorously follow the method described herein shall not be represented as an SAE J2978 result.
Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee
Integrated Multi-Physics Simulation for eVTOL In-flight Energy Regeneration using Piezoaeroelastic Power Harvesters and 6DOF ControlF-0077-2021-167815/10/2021
ABSTRACT
Brenner, Felix, Gomez, Llorenc, Huang,  Zhenhua
Disc Wheel and Hub or Drum Interface Dimensions - Truck and BusJ694_202104 (Current)4/30/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice contains dimensions and their tolerances concerning disc wheel to hub or drum interface areas for truck and bus applications. Disc wheels designed only for single wheel applications (not dual wheels) for light trucks and special or less common applications are not covered in this document.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Aircraft Flotation AnalysisAIR1780A (Current)4/23/2021
This document is divided into five parts. The first part deals with flotation analysis features and definitions to acquaint the engineer with elements common to the various methods and the meanings of the terms used. The second part identifies and describes the various methods used. To accomplish the minimum intent of this document, techniques could be limited to those needed for flotation analysis only; however, because of the close relation between flotation analysis and runway design, methods for the latter are also included. In fact, runway design criteria are used for flotation and evaluation in some cases, and are periodically the governing procedure in specific, if isolated, instances. From time to time, it may be necessary to deal with runways built to obsolete criteria. Therefore, a listing of most of these constitutes the third part. The fourth part of this document tabulates the recommended documents, categorizing them for commercial and civil versus military usage, by military service to be satisfied, and by type of pavement. The document concludes with brief elaborations of some concepts for broadening the analyst’s understanding of the subject.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
An Online Coverage Path Planning Method for Sweeper Trucks in Dynamic Environments2021-01-00954/6/2021
In this paper, a novel online coverage path planning (CPP) method for autonomous sweeper trucks in closed areas is proposed. This method can efficiently generate executable paths for sweeper trucks that cover all feasible uncleaned areas without getting tracked in dead-end, i.e., no backward behaviors required and avoid dynamic obstacles. To reach that end, a modified biological inspired neuron network method considering vehicle constrains is developed, where the dynamic of each neuron is determined by the shunting function. The path will be iteratively generated based on local neuron dynamics. In order to avoid dead-end, a detour algorithm combing with back iteration is introduced to search the nearest uncleaned area that can be reached within vehicle constrains. The proposed method is empirically approved to be computationally efficient and adaptive to maps with arbitrary shapes. The feasibility of generated paths is validated in simulations, where the pure pursuit method is applied to achieve path following. The truck model in the simulation achieves 100% coverage with reasonable cross-track errors.
Zhang, Weiyang, Sun, Yong, Yu, Wenbo, XU, MENG
Correlation between Sensor Performance, Autonomy Performance and Fuel-Efficiency in Semi-Truck Platoons2021-01-00644/6/2021
Semi-trucks, specifically class-8 trucks, have recently become a platform of interest for autonomy systems. Platooning involves multiple trucks following each other in close proximity, with only the lead truck being manually driven and the rest being controlled autonomously. This approach to semi-truck autonomy is easily integrated on existing platforms, reduces delivery times, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions via fuel economy benefits. Level 1 SAE fuel studies were performed on class-8 trucks operating with the Auburn Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system, and fuel savings up to 10-12% were seen. Enabling platooning autonomy required the use of radar, global positioning systems (GPS), and wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Poor measurements and state estimates can lead to incorrect or missing positioning data, which can lead to unnecessary dynamics and finally wasted fuel. This is especially an issue if deceleration is applied in response to a bad measurement. In this study, a faulty radar was shown to cause a greater than 5% increase in fuel consumption. The mechanism of this fuel consumption increase is investigated and applied to other types of sensor failures to indicate their potential effects on fuel economy. This analysis indicates that poor GPS signals over short time can be largely filtered out, with no real gain or loss of fuel economy. V2V communications were intentionally limited by causing interference, which resulted in dropped communication packets over a small physical area, but not an appreciable impact on fuel economy.
Adam, Cristian, Lakshmanan, Sridhar, Richardson, Paul, Stegner, Evan, Ward, Jacob, Hoffman, Mark, Bevly, David M.
Intelligent Voice Activated Drone(s) for in-Vehicle Services and Real-Time Predictions2021-01-00634/6/2021
Today, commercially available drones have limited use-cases in the rapidly evolving community. However, with advances in drone and software technology, it is possible to utilize these aerial machines to solve problems in a variety of industries such as mining, medical, construction, and law enforcement. For example, in order to reduce time of investigation, Indiana State Police are currently utilizing ad-hoc commercial drones to reconstruct crash scenes for insurance and legal purposes. In this paper, we illustrate how to effectively integrate drones for in-vehicle services and real-time prediction for automotive applications. In order to accomplish this, we first integrate simpler controls such as voice-commands to control the drone from the vehicle. Next, we build smart prediction software that monitors vehicle behavior and reacts in real-time to collisions. Furthermore, we employ object recognition techniques through In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) systems to identify the surroundings based on inputs from drone-mounted camera sensors. Consequently, we implement object identification and smart maneuver of the drone in relation to the vehicle; as well, employ timely deployment of the drone prior to collision for emergency assistance and crash reconstruction purposes. The goal is to optimize performance and amplify safety and security of the vehicle. The prototype detailed in this paper was tested on a vehicle moving at a speed of 45 mph. The driver of the vehicle can deploy and control the drone using voice commands. The drone follows the vehicle and is in-sync with the vehicle and performs tasks to aid in post-collision assistance and crash reconstruction.
Nithiyanantham, Mayunthan, Sinnapolu, Giribabu
Speed Planning System for Commercial Vehicles in Mountainous Areas2021-01-01264/6/2021
There are a large number of curves and slopes in the mountainous areas. Unreasonable acceleration and deceleration in these areas will increase the burden of the brake system and the fuel consumption of the vehicle. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a speed planning and promotion system for commercial vehicles in mountainous areas. The wind, slope, curve, engine brake, and rolling resistances are analyzed to establish the thermal model of the brake system. Based on the thermal model, the safe speed of the brake system is acquired. The maximum safe speed on the turning section is generated by the vehicle dynamic model. And the economic speed is calculated according to the fuel consumption model. The planning speed is provided based on these models. This system can guide the driver to handle the vehicle speed more reasonably. According to the simulation, compared to cruise control, speed planning can save fuel consumption at a mean value of 9.13% in typical mountainous areas. The field test of a typical commercial vehicle shows that this system can increase fuel efficiency by 4.26% compared to an experienced driver during a journey in a mountainous area.
Peng, Dengzhi, Fang, Kekui, Tian, Zhongpeng, Zhang, Yuxiao, Tan, Gangfeng
Model Predictive Control-Based Lateral Control of Autonomous Large-Size Bus on Road with Large Curvature2021-01-00994/6/2021
This paper describes a lateral control of autonomous large size buses on road with large curvature. In the case of long and wide commercial vehicle such as large bus, applying centerline tracking controllers in constrained environments such as large curved road (e.g. turning at intersection) may cause some concerns. Two concerns are considered: inner lane crossing related to collisions with curb and opposite lane crossing related to threatening surrounding vehicles. Considering relations between width and curvature of the road and length and width of the large size bus, the curvature of road at which inner or outer lane crossing begin to occur was calculated when centerline tracking controller was applied. Thus, the proposed algorithm optimizes motion of the bus by using model predictive control (MPC) using road geometry as constraints. Based on geometric relations of curved road and vehicle, distance from the lane to each corner of the vehicle is defined using relative lateral position and relative heading angle of the vehicle and road center line, which is used in the MPC formulation. A slack variables are used to solve feasibility problem caused by the difference between open loop prediction and closed loop trajectory in receding horizon optimal control. Performance indexes are defined to evaluate performance of the algorithms. The proposed algorithm was evaluated via computer simulation. The performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with the centerline tracking controller. It is shown that the proposed algorithm allows the large size bus to cope well with steering on road with large curvature.
Lim, Hyeongho, Kim, Changhee, Jo, Ara
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202103 (Historical)3/29/2021
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Sound Measurement—Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines Operator-Work CycleJ1166_202103 (Current)3/22/2021
This SAE Standard sets forth the procedures to be used in measuring sound levels and determining the time weighted sound level at the operator's station(s) of specified off-road self-propelled work machines. This document applies to the following work machines which have operator stations as specified in SAE J1116: • Crawler Loader • Grader • Log Skidder • Wheel Loader • Crawler Tractor with Dozer • Pipelayer • Dumper • Wheel Tractor with Dozer • Trencher • Tractor Scraper • Backhoe • Sweeper • Roller/Compactor • Hydraulic Excavator • Pad Foot Wheel Compactor with Dozer • Excavator and Wheel Feller-Buncher The instrumentation requirements and specific work cycles for these machines are described. The method used to calculate the time weighted average sound level at the operator station(s) is specified for Leq(5), or optional exchange rates, during continuous operation in a work cycle representing continuous medium to heavy work. The work cycles provide a repeatable reproduceable means to uniformly measure working machines against a “yard stick. A method to relate the time weighted average sound level at the operator station(s) to estimate operator sound exposure with part load work, supervision, and rest breaks is also provided.
OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
Principles and Process for Developing Icons for Electronic DisplaysJ3113_202103 (Current)3/10/2021
SAE J3113 provides principles and a process for developing icons for use in electronic displays related to off-road work machines as stated defined in SAE J1116. Following the process ensures that icons are derived from ISO-registered graphical symbols or ISO-compliant non-registered graphical symbols.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
Straight-Line Braking Test for Truck and Bus TiresJ2673_202103 (Current)3/1/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) describes a test method for determination of heavy truck (Class VI, VII, and VIII) tire force and moment properties under straight-line braking conditions. The properties are acquired as functions of normal force and slip ratio using a sequence specified in this practice. At each normal force increment, the slip ratio is continually changed by application of a braking torque ramp. The data are suitable for use in vehicle dynamics modeling, comparative evaluations for research and development purposes, and manufacturing quality control. This document is intended to be a general guideline for testing on an ideal machine. Users of this RP may modify the recommended protocols to satify the needs of specific use-cases; e.g., reducing the recommended number of test loads and/or pressures for benchmarking purposes. However, due care is necessary when modifying the protocols to maintain data integrity.
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Felling Head Terminology and NomenclatureJ1272_202103 (Historical)3/1/2021
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Operator's Seat Dimensions for Off-Road Self-Propelled Work MachinesJ899_202102 (Historical)2/23/2021
For off-road work machines listed in SAE J1116.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
6.0.110 - Modeling and Parameterization Study of Fuel Consumption and Emissions for Light Commercial VehiclesSAE-PP-002662/4/2021
This paper describes the effects of diverse driving modes and vehicle component characteristics impact on fuel efficiency and emissions of light commercial vehicles. The AVL's vehicle and powertrain system level simulation tool (CRUISE) was adopted in this study. The main input data such as the fuel consumption & emission map were based on the experimental value and vehicle components characteristic data (full load characteristic curves, gear shifting position curves, torque conversion curve etc.) and basic specifications (gross weight, gear ratio, tire radius etc.) were used based on the database or suggested value. The test database for two diesel vehicles adopted whether prediction accuracy of simulation data were converged in acceptable range. These data had been acquired from the portable emission measurement system, the exhaust emission and operating conditions (engine speed, vehicle speed, pedal position etc.) were acquired at each time step. The fuel consumption rate was derived from carbon balance method. The 3 types of test driving modes were selected to verify the correlations between the simulation and experiment results. These modes contain city driving and expressway driving modes, it is expected that almost all vehicle operating ranges were covered. It is revealed that most of suggested default module data offered in CRUISE did not significant impact on prediction accuracy. However, the characteristic of the torque converter data had high impact on prediction results. The predicted fuel efficiency errors were converged in 3.5 percent regardless of driving mode by changing the torque converter data whereas origin model shows the over 10 percent differences in specific driving modes. In case of vehicle1, the emission prediction simulations were also conducted based on the emission map data. The predicted total CO2 emission which is closely related to the fuel consumption rate shows the good agreement with test results. The predicted NOx emission also shows the similar trends with test results but some discrepancies were exist. Through this processes, the vehicle dynamics model adopted in this study was sufficiently shows the high prediction accuracy and it was concluded that this model useful to further parametric study which specifications shows the great influenced on the vehicle performance. Parametric study was performed by changing the parameters at specific percentages. The priority of main factor impact on fuel efficiency were slightly changed depending on the driving mode and vehicle type, it was revealed that the gross weight, rolling resistance and the drag force have a potential possibility impact on the fuel efficiency about 1 to 3 percent.
Mutagaana, Festo
Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering FatigueJ267_202102 (Current)2/4/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202012 (Historical)12/30/2020
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Hydraulic Cylinder Integrity TestJ1334_202012 (Current)12/22/2020
Applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of Off-Road Work Machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)J2540/2_202012 (Current)12/6/2020
This standard provides a table of textual messages meeting the requirements for expressing International Traveler Information Systems (ITIS) phrases commonly used in the ITS industry. The tables provided herein follow the rules of SAE J2540 and therefore allow a local representation in various different languages, media expressions, etc., to allow true international use of these phrases. The phrases are predominantly intended for use in the description of traffic-related events of interest to travelers and other traffic practitioners. Other phrases exist for other specific specialty areas of ITS, and all such phrases follow a set of encoding and decoding rules outlined in SAE J2540 to ensure that the use of these phrases in messages remain interoperable between disparate types of user equipment. Implementers are cautioned to obtain the most recent set of tables by means of the ITS data registry, a process which involves SAE and other standards-setting organizations, and which is intended to maintain and enhance the level of harmonization among ITS standards set by each of the organizations. This standard defines the normative index values to be used to provide phrases needed by ITS practitioners. This standard provides non-normative textual phrases which MAY be used by implementers to ensure intelligible results. This standard follows the formats and rules established in SAE J2540 in the expressions, manipulations, and use of such tables. It should be pointed out that within the rules established by this standard, a variety of final tables are all considered “conformant” with the standard, and may vary as fits the needs of implementers.
V2X Core Technical Committee
Vehicle Transport Unit Load Device (ULD)ARP1554D (Current)11/30/2020
The tests are static in nature to minimize complexity and cost of required testing facilities. As far as practical, applied static loads should take into account the combined static and dynamic loads anticipated in service. It is intended that tests shall be non-destructive in nature and not result in damage unless ultimate load conditions are employed. Test equipment and methods of testing described are not meant to be restrictive. Alternate equivalent methods to accomplish the desired results may be employed. In selected cases, tests may be repeated under ultimate load conditions when required for substantiation of analytical data. If this becomes necessary, the parts deformed may be removed and replaced prior to the retest.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Upper Coupler Kingpin - Commercial Trailers and SemitrailersJ700_202011 (Current)11/12/2020
This SAE Standard applies to upper coupler kingpins for commercial trailers and semitrailers in the unladen condition. See Figure 1. A 90 degree ± 1 degree angle extends (in all directions) from the centerline of the kingpin to the upper coupler plate surface within a 48.26 cm (19 inch) radius. The upper coupler plate surface should not bow downward (convex) more than 0.635 cm (1/4 inch) within a 48.26 cm (19 inch) radius or more than 0.3175 cm (1/8 inch) at a radius of 25.4 cm (10 inches) from the kingpin. The upper coupler plate surface should not bow upward (concave) more than 0.15875 cm (1/16 inch) within a 48.26 cm (19 inch) radius. (See Figure 2.)
Truck and Bus Total Vehicle Steering Committee
Dimensional Compatibility for Commercial Vehicles Fitment of Complete Wheels in Drum Brake Applications - Truck and BusJ1865_202011 (Current)11/4/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice defines a clearance line for establishing dimensional compatibility between drum brakes and wheels with 19.5 inch, 22.5 inch, and 24.5 inch diameter rims. Wheels designed for use with drum brakes may not be suitable for disc brake applications. The lines provided establish the maximum envelope for brakes, including all clearances, and minimum envelope for complete wheels to allow for interchangeability. This document addresses the dimensional characteristics only, and makes no reference to the performance, operational dynamic deflections, or heat dissipation of the system. Valve clearances have not been included in the fitment lines. Bent valves may be required to clear brake drums. Disc brake applications may require additional running clearances beyond those provided by the minimum contour lines. Mounting systems as noted are referenced in SAE J694.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Nomenclature - Industrial and Agricultural MowersJ990_202011 (Current)11/3/2020
Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202010 (Historical)10/30/2020
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Driver Drowsiness and Fatigue in the Safe Operation of Vehicles - Definition of Terms and ConceptsJ3198_202010 (Current)10/26/2020
This SAE Information Report provides definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue. It also includes information and concepts for driver drowsiness as they relate to the safe operation of a vehicle. The key driver drowsiness and fatigue causal factors include the following: (1) sleep quality and quantity, (2) time of day, (3) time awake, (4) time on task (modulated by characteristics of the driving task), (5) task-related fatigue (variations of arousal levels related to task underload and overload), and (6) combinations of these factors. Medical conditions, medication, alcohol, or drugs exacerbate drowsiness; however, the discussion in this report is limited to fatigue concepts. This report has two primary outputs: (1) definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and (2) basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue and its effects on the safe operation of a vehicle. These include the physiological and cognitive effects of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety. Examples of effect of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety include those related to vehicle control, operator vigilance (sustained attention), reaction times (object and event detection and response), situational awareness, physiological indicators, subjective assessments, and combinations thereof. For definitions of driving performance measures, refer to SAE J2944. This report applies to all worldwide motor vehicle passenger cars and light trucks, as well as heavy trucks, buses, motorcycles, and mopeds. The intended users of the document are practitioners and researchers in the automotive industry, academia, and other organizations with interest in driver drowsiness and fatigue, driving and driver performance assessment, and road safety.
Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Fuel Consumption Test Procedure - Type IIJ1321_202010 (Current)10/20/2020
This document describes a rigorous-engineering fuel-consumption test procedure that utilizes industry accepted data collection and statistical analysis methods to determine the change in fuel consumption for individual trucks and buses with GVWR of more than 10000 pounds. The test procedure may be conducted on a test track or on a public road under controlled conditions and supported by extensive data collection and data analysis constraints. The on-road test procedure is offered as a lower cost alternative to on-track testing, but the user is cautioned that on-road test may result in lower resolution (or precision) data due to a lack of control over the test environment. Test results that do not rigorously follow the method described herein are not intended for public use and dissemination and shall not be represented as an SAE J1321-Type II test result.
Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee
Comparative Analysis of Emergency Evasive Steering for Long Combination Vehicles02-13-03-001810/10/2020
This study provides a simulation-based comparative analysis of the distance and time needed for long combination vehicles (LCVs) - namely, A-doubles with 28-, 33-, and 48-ft trailers - to safely exercise an emergency, evasive steering maneuver such as required for obstacle avoidance. The results are also compared with conventional tractor-semitrailers with a single 53-ft trailer. A multi-body dynamic model for each vehicle combination is developed in TruckSim® with an attempt to assess the last point to steer (LPTS) and evasive time (ET) at various highway speeds under both dry and wet road conditions. The results indicate that the minimum avoidance distance and time required for the 28-ft doubles vary from 206 ft (60 mph) to 312 ft (80 mph) and 2.3 s to 2.6 s, respectively. The required LPTS represents a 6% to 31% increase when compared with 53-ft semitrucks. When driving below 76 mph on a dry road and below 75 mph on a wet road, the 28-ft doubles exhibit LPTS and ET that are larger than 33-ft doubles. In addition, the 33-ft doubles exhibit larger LPTS and ET than 48-ft doubles for the highway speeds considered. This is mainly attributed to the longer trailer wheelbase that causes smaller rear trailer amplifications. At speeds higher than 76 mph on dry roads and 75 mph on wet roads, however, an opposite trend is observed. As the trailer length increases, the distance and time needed to safely avoid an obstacle also increase. A comparison between dry and wet road conditions is also conducted, with the results indicating that more time and distance would be needed for obstacle avoidance on wet roads.
Chen, Yang, Zhang, Zichen, Ahmadian, Mehdi
Fire Prevention on Forestry MachineryJ1212_202010 (Current)10/6/2020
This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Using Augmented Reality to Reduce Workload in Offshore EnvironmentsF-0076-2020-1642010/5/2020
Helicopters are routinely used to transport crew to and from maritime wind farms. Inclement weather situations and demanding tasks put a high workload on pilots during these missions. This paper describes two test campaigns assessing the utility of a low cost Head-mounted display (HMD) to reduce workload for commercial maritime operations. This system was implemented within the Air Vehicle Simulator (AVES) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Three tasks were flown with experienced offshore pilots, performed in a realistic scenario. Independent subjective assessments of both workload and situational awareness were obtained. Results from the studies show that the overall workload for all missions decreased when using the HMD. Opinions regarding overall benefit and advantages of the system were found to vary between pilots and missions.
Maibach, Malte-Jörn, Jones, Michael, Walko, Christian
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