Browse Topic: Agricultural vehicles and equipment

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Safety Alert Symbol for Agricultural, Construction, and Industrial EquipmentJ284_202110 (Current)10/1/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the safety alert symbol intended for use on construction and industrial equipment as defined in SAE J1116 and on agricultural tractors and machinery as defined in ASABE S390.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
Application Layer - Generator Sets and IndustrialJ1939/75_202107 (Historical)7/15/2021
SAE J1939-75 defines the set of data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. The data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) previously published within this document are published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document must refer to SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Integrated Multi-Physics Simulation for eVTOL In-flight Energy Regeneration using Piezoaeroelastic Power Harvesters and 6DOF ControlF-0077-2021-167815/10/2021
ABSTRACT
Brenner, Felix, Gomez, Llorenc, Huang,  Zhenhua
Felling Head Terminology and NomenclatureJ1272_202103 (Historical)3/1/2021
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)J2540/2_202012 (Current)12/6/2020
This standard provides a table of textual messages meeting the requirements for expressing International Traveler Information Systems (ITIS) phrases commonly used in the ITS industry. The tables provided herein follow the rules of SAE J2540 and therefore allow a local representation in various different languages, media expressions, etc., to allow true international use of these phrases. The phrases are predominantly intended for use in the description of traffic-related events of interest to travelers and other traffic practitioners. Other phrases exist for other specific specialty areas of ITS, and all such phrases follow a set of encoding and decoding rules outlined in SAE J2540 to ensure that the use of these phrases in messages remain interoperable between disparate types of user equipment. Implementers are cautioned to obtain the most recent set of tables by means of the ITS data registry, a process which involves SAE and other standards-setting organizations, and which is intended to maintain and enhance the level of harmonization among ITS standards set by each of the organizations. This standard defines the normative index values to be used to provide phrases needed by ITS practitioners. This standard provides non-normative textual phrases which MAY be used by implementers to ensure intelligible results. This standard follows the formats and rules established in SAE J2540 in the expressions, manipulations, and use of such tables. It should be pointed out that within the rules established by this standard, a variety of final tables are all considered “conformant” with the standard, and may vary as fits the needs of implementers.
V2X Core Technical Committee
Nomenclature - Industrial and Agricultural MowersJ990_202011 (Current)11/3/2020
Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Fuel Consumption Test Procedure - Type IIJ1321_202010 (Current)10/20/2020
This document describes a rigorous-engineering fuel-consumption test procedure that utilizes industry accepted data collection and statistical analysis methods to determine the change in fuel consumption for individual trucks and buses with GVWR of more than 10000 pounds. The test procedure may be conducted on a test track or on a public road under controlled conditions and supported by extensive data collection and data analysis constraints. The on-road test procedure is offered as a lower cost alternative to on-track testing, but the user is cautioned that on-road test may result in lower resolution (or precision) data due to a lack of control over the test environment. Test results that do not rigorously follow the method described herein are not intended for public use and dissemination and shall not be represented as an SAE J1321-Type II test result.
Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee
Using Augmented Reality to Reduce Workload in Offshore EnvironmentsF-0076-2020-1642010/5/2020
Helicopters are routinely used to transport crew to and from maritime wind farms. Inclement weather situations and demanding tasks put a high workload on pilots during these missions. This paper describes two test campaigns assessing the utility of a low cost Head-mounted display (HMD) to reduce workload for commercial maritime operations. This system was implemented within the Air Vehicle Simulator (AVES) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Three tasks were flown with experienced offshore pilots, performed in a realistic scenario. Independent subjective assessments of both workload and situational awareness were obtained. Results from the studies show that the overall workload for all missions decreased when using the HMD. Opinions regarding overall benefit and advantages of the system were found to vary between pilots and missions.
Maibach, Malte-Jörn, Jones, Michael, Walko, Christian
Air Conditioning of Aircraft CargoAIR806B (Current)5/12/2020
The report presents air conditioning data for aircraft cargo which is affected by temperature, humidity, ventilation rate and atmospheric pressure. The major emphasis is on conditioning of perishable products and warm-blooded animals. The report also covers topics peculiar to cargo aircraft or which are related to the handling of cargo.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Effect of Stator Surface Area on Braking Torque and Wall Heat Dissipation of Magnetorheological Fluid Retarder2020-01-09374/14/2020
Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is used as the transmission medium of the hydraulic retarder. The rheological properties are regulated by changing the magnetic field to achieve accurate control of the retarder's braking torque. Under the action of the external magnetic field, the flow structure and performance of the MRF retarder will be changed in a short time. The apparent viscosity coefficient increases by several orders of magnitude, the fluidity deteriorates and the heat generated by the brake cannot be transferred through the liquid circulation, which will affect the braking torque of the retarder. Changing the surface area of the stator also has an influence on the braking torque of the retarder and the wall heat dissipation. In this study, the relationship between the braking torque of the MRF retarder and the stator surface area of the retarder was analyzed. In addition, phase change materials were used to directly dissipate heat on the retarder surface to improve the heat dissipation rate of retarder and improve the stability of the retarder's braking torque. In order to study the effect of stator radius on braking torque of MRF retarder under an external magnetic field, a braking torque model was established based on MRF with Bingham model properties, and a heat transfer model of wall phase change material was established to analyze the relationship between heat transfer and braking torque of MRF retarder. The results show that the braking torque of the MRF retarder increases rapidly with the increase of the radius outside the effective working area of MRF, which increases faster at high speed and increases the stator wall surface heat dissipation, but the rate of heat dissipation increases relatively slowly. The wall surface with a heat pipe can take away the heat generated by the retarder and cool the retarder. Under the appropriate stator surface conditions, phase change materials are used on the wall surface of the retarder to dissipate heat, which improves the stability of the braking torque of the retarder and promotes the development of MRF retarder to high power.
Liu, ZhiQiang, Tan, Gangfeng, Tian, Zhongpeng, Zhou, Mi, Agyeman, Philip, Frimpong, Justice
Active and Passive Control of Torsional Vibration in Vehicle Hybrid Powertrain System2020-01-04084/14/2020
The vibration characteristics of hybrid vehicles are very different from that of traditional fuel vehicles. In this paper, the active and passive control schemes are used to inhibit the vibration issues in vehicle hybrid powertrain system. Firstly the torsional vibration mechanical model including engine, motor and planetary gear subsystems is established. Then the transient vibration responses of typical working condition are analyzed through power control strategy. Consequently the active and passive control of torsional vibration in hybrid powertrain system is proposed. The active control of the motor and generator torque is designed and the vehicle longitudinal vibration is reduced. The vibration of the planetary gear system is ameliorated with passive control method by adding torsional vibration absorbers to power units. The vibration characteristics in vehicle hybrid powertrain system are effectively improved through the active and passive control.
Zhang, Lijun, Zhang, Shijuan, Meng, Dejian, Xu, Jie
Nomenclature - Hydraulic BackhoesJ326_202003 (Current)3/4/2020
This SAE standard includes hydraulic backhoes which have no more than 190 degrees of rotational swing and are mounted on wheeled tractors and crawler tractors. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exact descriptions of any particular machine. The illustrations have been chosen to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
IMU Contributions to Navigation and Safety for ADAS and Autonomous VehiclesTBMG-361513/1/2020
Two of the fastest growing areas in automotive engineering are Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. To learn about the contribution of Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) to automobile navigation systems for these two applications, we interviewed Mike Horton, CTO of ACEINNA, Inc. (Boston, MA).
Wearable Health Tech Gets Efficiency UpgradeTBMG-362543/1/2020
North Carolina State University engineers have demonstrated a flexible device that harvests the heat energy from the human body to monitor health. The device surpasses all other flexible harvesters that use body heat as the sole energy source.
Model Predictive Automatic Lane Change Control for Intelligent Vehicles2020-01-50252/24/2020
As a basic link of driving behavior in urban roads, vehicle lane changing has a significant impact on traffic flow characteristics and traffic safety, and the automation of lane change is also a key issue to be solved in the field of intelligent driving. In this paper, the research on the automatic lane change control for intelligent vehicles is carried out. The main work is to build the overall structure of the vehicle's automatic lane change behavior, of which the planning and tracking are focused. The strategy of Constant Time Headway (CTH) is used in the lane change decision. The lane change trajectory adopts the model of constant velocity offset plus sine function, and the longitudinal displacement is determined by the vehicle speed when changing lanes. Model Predictive Control (MPC) theory is used to track the trajectory, which optimizes tracking accuracy and vehicle stability and constrains the range and rate of change of vehicle speed and steering angle. By using weighted quadratic cost function, linearity matrix inequality constraints and upper and lower bound constraints, the multi-objective trajectory tracking problem is eventually transformed into a constrained online convex quadratic programming problem. The results of simulation and HIL test show that the scheme of automatic lane change can make the vehicle smoothly complete the lane changing behavior, and the errors can meet the error requirements of lane change. Compared with other controller, the method shows smaller lateral acceleration, stronger robustness and higher control precision during the test. Moreover, the computational time of the proposed MPC controller, implemented using the PXI, is 47.994ms during one sampling period, which can satisfy the real-time requirement.
Meng, Ren, Guangqiang, Wu, Xunjie, Chen, Xuyang, Liu
Overhead Protection for Agricultural Tractors - Test Procedures and Performance RequirementsJ167_202002 (Current)2/20/2020
This SAE Standard applies to an overhead cover installed on a protective frame or enclosure conforming to SAE J2194 or alternately SAE J1194 and the following additional requirement of a drop test to verify the effectiveness of the overhead cover in protecting the operator from falling objects. The test procedures and performance requirements outlined in this document are based on currently available engineering data.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
Vehicle Application LayerJ1939/71_202002 (Historical)2/11/2020
The SAE J1939 communications network is developed for use in heavy-duty environments and suitable for horizontally integrated vehicle industries. The SAE J1939 communications network is applicable for light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy- duty vehicles used on-road or off-road, and for appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on-highway and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements. SAE J1939-71 is the SAE J1939 reference document for the conventions and notations that specify parameter placement in PGN data fields, the conventions for ASCII parameters, and conventions for PGN transmission rates. This document previously contained the majority of the SAE J1939 data parameters and messages for information exchange between the ECU applications connected to the SAE J1939 communications network. It also contained reference figures and reference information. The data parameters (SPNs), messages (PGNs), reference figures, and information previously published within this document are now published in SAE J1939DA. There are several SAE J1939-7X documents that collectively define all of the SAE J1939 application layer data parameters and messages. Diagnostic services and some industry-specific data parameters and messages are documented within other SAE J1939-7X application layer documents. An ECU may simultaneously use and support data parameters and messages from multiple SAE J1939-7X application layer documents.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Engineering the world's fastest tractor20TOFHP02_052/1/2020
JCB worked with design and engineering specialists to build a spectacular speed record-breaker that topped 150 mph. For farmers in a hurry, JCB's Fastrac series agricultural tractors are capable of speeds up to 43 mph (69 km/h) in stock form. But the British company believes in challenging its engineers to improve the breed, and in doing so they've taken the concept of a high-speed ag tractor to new heights. In June 2019, a JCB-modified machine, called Fastrac One, set a new world (modified) tractor speed record, averaging more than 100 mph. Then in November, the JCB engineers, working with counterparts at Ricardo, GKN Wheels & Structures, and Williams Advanced Engineering, raised the record by 32 mph to establish another Guinness World Record: 135.19 mph (217.57 km/h), averaged over two runs at Elvington Airfield in Britain. In one of its passes through the speed trap, the Fastrac Two tractor reached 153.77 mph (247.47 km/h).
Birch, Stuart
EDITORIAL: ConExpo: Go big or go home20TOFHP02_062/1/2020
My inbox has been inundated with notifications of exciting new construction equipment, power systems, and other advanced technologies to be revealed at the rapidly approaching ConExpo/Con-Agg and IFPE shows in March. For example, as I write this in mid-January, Kubota teases that it is entering a new product segment and will unveil new equipment at the Las Vegas event. And the onslaught will only intensify in the coming weeks. Not that I'm complaining. North America's largest construction trade-show comes around just every three years, so the excitement surrounding it is warranted and the number of new-product launches justified-it's a big event.
Gehm, Ryan
Auxiliary Power Take-off Drives for Agricultural TractorsJ717_201912 (Current)12/4/2019
This SAE Standard establishes specifications for mid- and side-power take-off drives that will be helpful in designing implements. Design of the implement attaching means must be tailored to each tractor, depending on attaching points available and the exact location of the auxiliary shaft.
Machine Technical Steering Committee
Considerations for Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Airborne ApplicationsAIR7765 (Current)11/18/2019
The scope of this joint EUROCAE/SAE report is to compile the considerations relating to airborne application of hydrogen fuel cells. This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of hydrogen as a fuel by describing its existing applications and the experience gained by exploiting fuel cells in sectors other than aviation. The use of hydrogen fuel cells in aircraft can help in meeting aviation environmental targets (including noise pollution) and can be vital to achieving efficient electrically propelled air vehicles. The experience gained with mature fuel cells in terrestrial applications and the handling of other gases in aviation, as presented herein, will help in alleviating safety concerns and in demystifying the usage of hydrogen in aviation.
AE-7F Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Polyurethane Foam Performances’ Influence on Body Pressure Distribution on an Automotive Seat2019-01-502411/4/2019
From the microstructure point of view, the relationship of car seat comforts, including the static and dynamic comfort, and the polyurethane foam performance of its cushion has been analyzed. In this paper, polyurethane cushion performances associated with the seat static comfort have been mainly discussed. And their quantizing relation is obtained. How to apply the pressure gradient, one of body pressure distribution parameters, to optimize automobile seat comfort has been analyzed in detail. The findings suggest maximum and mean values of body pressures increase by 0.09 KPa and 0.04 KPa with the cushion foam hardness (Ph) increasing 1 KPa, respectively. The pressure gradient is little dependent on the cushion foam hardness within the range of Ph=4 ~ 5 KPa. Furthermore, the foam thickness under the hip should be greater 80 mm in order to reduce subcutaneous stresses under conditions of Ph= 6.2 KPa.
Wang, Yanfei, Xing, Li-Feng, Huang, Yu-Qiang
Ride Index Structure and Development MethodologyJ2834_201910 (Current)10/9/2019
This recommended practice defines methods for the measurement of periodic, random and transient whole-body vibration. It indicates the principal factors that combine to determine the degree to which a vibration exposure will cause discomfort. Informative appendices indicate the current state of knowledge and provide guidance on the possible effects of motion and vibration on discomfort. The frequency range considered is 0.5 Hz to 80 Hz. This recommended practice also defines the principles of preferred methods of mounting transducers for determining human exposure. This recommended practice is applicable to light passenger vehicles (e.g., passenger cars and light trucks). This recommended practice is applicable to motions transmitted to the human body as a whole through the buttocks, back and feet of a seated occupant, as well as through the hands of a driver. This recommended practice offers a method for developing a ride performance index but does not specifically describe how to apply this index to assessment or comparison of specific vehicles.
Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Q&A19TOFHP10_1310/1/2019
CNH Industrial is separating its On-Highway (commercial vehicles and powertrain) and Off-Highway (agriculture, construction and specialty vehicles) segments into two listed entities, as part of its new five-year 2020-2024 business plan, “Transform 2 Win.” CEO Hubertus M. Mühlhäuser and other CNH executive leaders made the announcement Sept. 3 at its Capital Markets Day event at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The spin-off of its On-Highway assets-Iveco, Iveco Bus and Heuliez Bus commercial-vehicle brands and the FPT Industrial powertrain business-is expected to be completed in early 2021. According to Mühlhäuser, the move results from an extensive portfolio review that revealed the two businesses have diverging regulatory and customer requirements and are impacted differently by four accelerating industry megatrends: digitalization, automation, alternative propulsion and servitization.
Gehm, Ryan
Unmanned Helicopter DroneTBMG-3535810/1/2019
UAVOS Inc. Mountain View, CA 650-584-3176 www.UAVOS.com
Ultraviolet Rays Quickly Bash Bacteria on Mobile DevicesTBMG-3534310/1/2019
Ultraviolet light has been used for more than 30 years as a source of disinfectant. A newly introduced product uses the technology to eliminate bacteria on cell phones, tablets and other mobile devices in 20 seconds, and is used worldwide in healthcare facilities, biotech manufacturing plants, and even food processing facilities.
Stability of Wheel Tractors during Braking2019-01-21429/15/2019
The dynamic distribution of normal reactions between the axles of the wheeled tractor has a significant impact on the stability against skidding and the wheeled tractor braking effectiveness. At the same time, the clarification of the normal reactions distribution between the axles allows to choose more rational braking forces distribution between the axles. It is shown that the best way to ensure the highest braking efficiency is the braking mode when the rear wheels of the tractor are at the blocking limit. An assessment of the expediency of installing brake mechanisms on only one axle of the tractor was made. The increase of braking efficiency of wheeled tractors with all brake wheels provided that they ensure directional stability is considered. The laws of braking forces distribution between the axles of wheel tractors for different sequence of wheels locking are determined. Using the method of partial accelerations an improved method for estimating the effect of a brake system on the stability of wheeled tractor is proposed. The criterion in the form of angular acceleration in the road plane ώz, by the value and sign of which one we can estimate the operational stability of the brake mechanisms has obtained.
Podrigalo, Mikhail, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Klets, Dmytro, Dubinin, Yevhen, Savchenkov, Borys, Koryak, Alexander, Rudzinskyi, Volodymyr, Viktoriia, Zadorozhnia, Polianskyi, Oleksandr
Potential of Electrification Applied to Non-Road Diesel Engines2019-24-02029/9/2019
The new Stage 5 European regulation for Non Road Mobile Machinery has lowered the limits on pollutant emissions for all the categories of internal combustion engines. An interesting alternative to the implementation of sophisticated after-treatment systems is to downsize the engine, and provide the extra power for peak demands with an electric motor, installed in place of the flywheel. The paper explores the potential of this concept, applied to an industrial engine, manufactured by Kohler, and delivering a maximum power of 56 kW@2600 rpm. The study is supported by a comprehensive experimental characterization of the internal combustion engine and of the electric components. A representative duty cycle is also defined, on the basis of a set of measures, taken in real operating conditions. The analysis of this reference cycle is performed by using a GT-Suite model, comparing different power split strategies. It is found that the ICE total displacement can be reduced from 2.5 to 1.9 L (from 4 to 3 cylinders), without any penalization on powertrain performance and weight. A relevant reduction of soot (22%) and NOx (16%) emissions is observed, along with a slight reduction of fuel consumption.
Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto, Scrignoli, Francesco, Fregni, Paolo, Gaioli, Simone, Franceschini, Giovanni, Barater, Davide
Precise Temperature Measurements with Invisible LightTBMG-351399/1/2019
A portable, stable, standards-quality radiation thermometer was invented that can measure temperatures between -50 °C (-58 °F) to 150 °C (302 °F). The corresponding infrared wavelengths are from 8 to 14 micrometers.
Truck and Bus Aerodynamic Device and Concept TerminologyJ2971_201908 (Current)8/2/2019
This SAE J2971 Recommended Practice describes a standard naming convention of aerodynamic devices and technologies used to control aerodynamic forces on truck and buses weighing more than 10000 pounds (including trailers).
Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee
New Technique Tests for Viral InfectionsTBMG-347567/1/2019
Currently, most U.S. medical offices and hospitals use the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test to determine whether or not a person has a viral infection. It’s a common test but ELISA’s sensitivity is relatively low, so clinicians need a fairly high number of antibodies in a person’s blood to get a positive test result. It also often takes seven to 10 days after an infection for the test to register.
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE UNIVERSAL JOINT0800146/25/2019
VANDERBEEK, H.
Q&A19TOFHP06_156/1/2019
For years Volvo Construction Equipment has operated wheel loaders via remote control in underground mining operations, first for very dedicated tasks and more recently increasing the flexibility and scope of their operation. A recent test program with mining company Boliden examined both standard WiFi and a 4G+ communication system built with the help of Ericsson, on a machine located more than 400 m (1,300 ft) below ground. Though the program was deemed a great success by both companies and considered an important step on the pathway to truly autonomous machines, they agreed that a more robust communication system was necessary. Hello 5G. Volvo CE is now trialing 5G mobile connectivity in a two-year partner program by Telia and Ericsson, this time employing a remote-controlled wheel loader, the L180H, in a 25-hectare constructionsite setting in Eskilstuna, Sweden. Calle Skillsäter, Volvo CE's technical specialist for connected machines, offers some insights on the technology, this latest trial program and where it can go from here, in this edited exchange provided by the company.
Gehm, Ryan
Bullish on biomethane19TOFHP06_016/1/2019
The CEO of CNH Industrial says biomethane is cleaner path than electric, as Case demos the alt fuel in cool wheel-loader concept. Hybrid and electric powertrains were omnipresent at bauma 2019 in Munich, with several OEMs and engine manufacturers showcasing electrified machines in near-production form. But CNH Industrial bucked that trend, touting the many benefits of biomethane instead. “Everybody talks about electrification; however, we believe that on the on-highway side as well as in off-highway there is a ‘bridging technology’ that is here to stay-LNG and CNG (liquefied and compressed natural gas),” said Hubertus M. Mühlhäuser, CEO of CNH Industrial, which includes brands Case, New Holland, Iveco and FPT Industrial, among others.
Gehm, Ryan
Smart Agriculture Sensors: Helping Small Farmers and Positively Impacting Global Issues, TooTBMG-345856/1/2019
Smart agriculture, also known as precision agriculture, allows farmers to maximize yields using minimal resources such as water, fertilizer, and seeds. By deploying sensors and mapping fields, farmers can begin to understand their crops at a micro scale, conserve resources, and reduce impacts on the environment. Smart agriculture has roots going back to the 1980s when Global Positioning System (GPS) capability became accessible for civilian use. Once farmers were able to accurately map their crop fields, they could monitor and apply fertilizer and weed treatments only to areas that required it. During the 1990s, early precision agriculture users adopted crop yield monitoring to generate fertilizer and pH correction recommendations. As more variables could be measured and entered into a crop model, more accurate recommendations for fertilizer application, watering, and even peak yield harvesting, could be made.
Multi-Domain Model for Rotorcraft Countermeasure DispensingF-0075-2019-146505/13/2019
A multi-domain Eulerian/Lagrangian approach for modeling transient behavior of countermeasures released from tactical rotorcraft is being developed, that tracks chaff/flares/pyrophorics properties from initial dispensing and bloom, through entrainment within the rotorcraft flowfield, to final settling to the ground. Development of the software leverages extensive prior simulation and experimental work conducted at CDI on droplet and particle modeling, fuel jettisoning, agricultural airborne spraying applications, icing accretion, brownout cloud simulation, and store separation clearance determination. The software is designed for supporting applications that include chaff dispenser mounting design, piloted simulation training and tactics development, and radar cross-section (RCS) determination and engagement simulations. The code couples in CDI's real-time free wake analysis to support the development of accurate time-varying signature calculations and expands the potential for analysis of tactics and doctrine for countermeasure dispensing in both steady and maneuvering rotorcraft flight conditions.
McKillip, Robert, Quackenbush, Todd
Test Procedure for Measuring Hydraulic Lift Capacity on Agricultural Tractors Equipped with Three-Point HitchJ283_201905 (Current)5/10/2019
The lift capacity can be determined by Section 4 and/or Section 5. When the results are recorded, the test method shall be identified.
Machine Technical Steering Committee
The CAN Bus: Driving the Future of Autonomous Military Vehicles19AERP05_025/1/2019
It's a crisp November day in Michigan, and a convoy of British and American resupply vehicles are rumbling along at a comfortable 25 miles per hour. In the lead is a British Army Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV) HX-60 truck, trailed closely by two U.S. Army Oshkosh Light Medium Tactical Vehicles (LMTVs). In total, there are zero humans operating this convoy. This was the scene in November 2017, when the US-UK Coalition Assured Autonomous Resupply (CAAR) demonstration took place at Camp Grayling, Michigan - the result of three years of research and engineering to examine the use of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) in resupply situations, to tackle so-called “last mile” issues regarding supplying troops on the front lines of active conflicts around the world.
The CAN Bus: Driving the Future of Autonomous Military VehiclesTBMG-343435/1/2019
It’s a crisp November day in Michigan, and a convoy of British and American resupply vehicles are rumbling along at a comfortable 25 miles per hour. In the lead is a British Army Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV) HX-60 truck, trailed closely by two U.S. Army Oshkosh Light Medium Tactical Vehicles (LMTVs). In total, there are zero humans operating this convoy.
Ride Index Structure and Development MethodologyJ2834_201904 (Historical)4/24/2019
This recommended practice defines methods for the measurement of periodic, random and transient whole-body vibration. It indicates the principal factors that combine to determine the degree to which a vibration exposure will cause discomfort. Informative appendices indicate the current state of knowledge and provide guidance on the possible effects of motion and vibration on discomfort. The frequency range considered is 0.5 Hz to 80 Hz. This recommended practice also defines the principles of preferred methods of mounting transducers for determining human exposure. This recommended practice is applicable to light passenger vehicles (e.g., passenger cars and light trucks). This recommended practice is applicable to motions transmitted to the human body as a whole through the buttocks, back and feet of a seated occupant, as well as through the hands of a driver. This recommended practice offers a method for developing a ride performance index but does not specifically describe how to apply this index to assessment or comparison of specific vehicles.
Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Material Handler Nomenclature and SpecificationsJ2506_201904 (Historical)4/15/2019
This SAE Standard establishes terminology and the content of commercial literature specifications for self-propelled crawler and wheeled material handlers, pedestal mounted material handlers and their equipment as defined in 3.1. Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been provided to describe the principles to be used in applying this document. (Material handlers share many design characteristics with hydraulic excavators and log loaders; primarily 360 degree continuous rotation of the upperstructure relative to the undercarriage or mounting. They differ in their operating application. Material handlers are used for the handling of scrap material and normally utilize grapples or magnets. Hydraulic excavators are used for the excavation of earth, gravel and other loose material utilizing a bucket. Log loaders are used for the handling of logs and trees and normally utilize grapples.)
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Lift Capacity Calculation Method Scrap and Material HandlersJ2518_201904 (Historical)4/15/2019
This SAE Standard provides a uniform method to calculate the lift capacity of scrap and material handlers, establishes definitions and specifies machine conditions for the calculations. This document applies to scrap and material handlers as defined in SAE J2506 that have a 360 degrees continuous rotating upper structure. It does not apply to equipment that is incapable of lifting a load completely off the ground. This document applies to those machines that are crawler, wheel, rail and pedestal or stationary mounted.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Research on Constant Speed Control Strategy of Water Medium Retarders for Heavy-Duty Vehicles2019-01-13044/2/2019
Hydraulic retarders are extensively used in heavy-duty vehicles because of their advantages, such as their large braking torque and long continuous operating hours. They can reduce the vehicle velocity by converting the kinetic energy of a traveling vehicle to the thermal energy of the working fluid. The water medium retarder is a new type of hydraulic retarder with the characteristics of high power density and simple structure. It uses the engine's coolant as the working medium, and the heat is directly taken away by the vehicle cooling system. Therefore, the heavy-duty vehicle can achieve long-term continuous braking during the downhill process. One of the main functions of water medium retarder is driving downhill at a constant speed which determines whether the vehicle drives stably and safely. Therefore, studying the constant-speed control strategy during downhill driving is particularly important. In this paper, the structure and working principle of water medium retarder and the dynamic characteristic are analyzed. The dynamic models of vehicle and water medium retarder are established based on dynamic analysis during downhill process. The braking process that involves the water medium retarder is divided into three stages. Then the constant speed controller of water medium retarder which include three control algorithms is designed, respectively, PID algorithm, fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy-PID algorithm. The vehicle dynamic model and the constant speed control model of water medium retarder are established using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation has been carried out and the comparative analysis of three algorithms mentioned above is conducted. The simulation results show that three controllers designed in this paper can quickly and accurately calculate the target filling ratio, fuzzy controller has better constant torque control performance, and the vehicle speed error is significantly reduced, which improves the stability of the vehicle during downhill process.
Lei, Yulong, Song, Pengxiang, Fu, Yao, Wang, Yuhai, Zhang, Yuchen
Attitude Control of the Vehicle with Six In-Wheel Drive and Adaptive Hydro Pneumatic Suspensions2019-01-04564/2/2019
The ability of actively adjusting attitude provides a great advantage for those vehicles used in special environments such as off-road environment with extreme terrains and obstacles. It can improve vehicles’ stability and performance. This paper proposes an attitude control system for realizing the active attitude adjustment and vehicle motion control in the same time. The study is based on a vehicle with six wheel independent drive and six independent suspensions (6WIDIS), which is a kind of unmanned vehicle with six in-wheel drives and six independent hydro pneumatic suspensions. With the hydro- pneumatic suspensions, the vehicle’s attitude can be actively adjusted. This paper develops a centralized- distributed control strategy with attitude information obtained by multi-sensor fusion, which can coordinate the complex relationship among the six wheels and suspensions. The attitude control system consists of three parts. The first part is the attitude determination that includes attitude sensors and a method to measure any quantity sensitive to attitude and determine the real-time vehicle status. The second part is the attitude adjustment that computes the input torques to follow the desired roll and pitch angles. The third part is an attitude actuator that determines a desired force for each hydro pneumatic suspension. In order to simulate the practical vehicle more realistically, a dynamic model with 18 degrees of freedom is established. A torque vector controller is also developed to provide the excellent steering ability, skid-resistance and robustness for the 6WIDIS, which is the basis of the attitude control. Simulation tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed attitude control system. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed attitude control system is good and it can improve the obstacle performance, mobility and flexibility of the vehicles.
Li, Boxin, Zheng, Gangtie, Wang, Zhaokui
Research on the Driving Stability Control System of the Dual-Motor Drive Electric Vehicle2019-01-04364/2/2019
In order to improve the steering stability of the dual-motor drive electric vehicle, Taking the yaw rate and the sideslip angle as the control variables, Using the improved two degree of freedom linear dynamic model and seven degree of freedom nonlinear vehicle dynamics model, The hierarchical structure is used to establish the dual-motor drive electric vehicle steering stability control strategy which consist of the upper direct yaw moment decision-making layer based on the sliding mode controller and the lower additional yaw moment distribution layer based on the optimization theory. The Matlab/Simulink-Carsim joint simulation platform was built. The control strategy proposed in this paper was simulated and verified under the snake test condition and double-line shift test condition. The results show that the proposed control strategy can ensure the vehicle yaw stability, and avoid the safety problem caused by the longitudinal speed reduction when the braking force is used as the yaw moment.
Wang, Shu, Zhao, Xuan, Yu, Qiang, Shi, Peilong, Yu, Man, Zhang, Shuo
2019 Vehicle Technology Review19AUTP04_024/1/2019
Reviewing the latest tech applications in the automotive space and the trends they're serving. With massive shifts looming in the automotive engineering space - the titanic trio of Autonomy, Mobility and Electrification (AME) - it's easy to forget that the pace of innovation continues unaltered in the here and now. We've reviewed the latest technologies on the newest OEM models and how they point to current trends in the automotive landscape. Though the AME macro trends represent the majority investment in the automotive space, and work on traditional engineering projects including new powertrains continues, small features that resonate often serve as a guideposts to what's next.
Seredynski, Paul
Autonomy Meets Agronomy19AVEP03_143/1/2019
John Deere sows some autonomy ideas at CES 2019. Iconic agricultural equipment giant John Deere is spearheading the expansion of digital controls in farm machinery and in so doing was the first off-highway equipment maker ever to display agriculture machinery at the 2019 CES consumer electronics conference. Deere's autonomous tractor dominated the small vehicles in the outdoor autonomous-vehicle section, while a hulking combine harvester towered over drones and personal robots on the show floor.
Costlow, Terry
Deere displays ag equipment at CES to tout software, AI tech19TOFHP02_122/1/2019
John Deere highlighted the growing role of digital controls, becoming the first off-highway equipment maker to bring ag equipment to the CES consumer electronics conference early in January. Deere's autonomous tractor dominated the small vehicles in the outdoor autonomous vehicle section, while a combine harvester outsized drones and personal robots on the show floor. The S700 combine demonstrated the advanced nature of ag equipment. It uses enhanced GPS technology to guide the vehicle with accuracy of 2.5 cm (0.98 in). Guidance is enhanced by a camera that helps the vehicle navigate through crop rows. As grain is harvested, it's monitored by a camera that checks to see that separation is handled efficiently.
Costlow, Terry
Fan Guard for Off-Road MachinesJ1308_201901 (Current)1/10/2019
This practice applies to guarding of engine cooling fans used on Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines defined in SAE J1116. It does not include guarding for belts, pulleys, or other rotating equipment used on these machines.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Instrumentation Technique Used for Design Optimization of Front Axle Support Bracket in Agricultural Tractor2019-26-00831/9/2019
Agriculture tractor industry is highly competitive in the current market scenario with global majors competing in various markets. A tractor having an optimum design is of prime importance to keep the cost low while providing higher value to the customers. Technology advances in instrumentation methodology and data acquisition helps not only in providing the right inputs for the design of a component/system but also very much useful for design/system optimization. Front Axle Support of an agricultural tractor is one of the structural member which is connected to the Chassis which is called skid of the tractor to which the Front Axle is mounted through Pillow block (Plummer block) arrangement to facilitate axle oscillation about the tractor longitudinal center line. Front ballast weights are mounted on a bracket which is intern mounted to the front axle support to maintain the required front reaction in various agricultural operations. The front axle support experiences stresses and strains due to the vertical & lateral movement of the ballast weight as a result of the tractor travel and turning. Strain gauges and accelerometers are used to acquire strain and vibration characteristics respectively on the front axle support during the vertical and lateral movement of the ballast weights. For the purpose of design optimization three different side support brackets are designed. For optimization of Front axle support, the strain gauge and accelerometers are mounted at different places to record strain and acceleration data from the durability track. Data acquisition was carried out with three different side support bracket configurations in ballasted condition. The acquired data was analyzed for all the four different configurations to assess the best suitable bracket design where least strain and acceleration values are recorded. These measured values are verified with CAE analysis result and are very well comparable and good level of co-relation was established.
Soundararajan, Dinesh
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