Browse Topic: Agricultural vehicles and equipment

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Agricultural tractor brake linkage efficiency prediction and correlation using Flexible Multibody Dynamics model2026-26-0103To be published on 01/16/2026
In agricultural tractors, braking actuation is usually done through control linkages consisting of a series of connected four-bar linkages with multiple pivots from the pedal to the brake pads. The quality of force transmission is critical as it directly affects the braking performance of the tractor. Forces measured at the end of the control linkage or brake pull rod often show deviation with theoretically-based mechanical advantage calculations. This is due to various factors such as linkage transmission angle, elasticity, and friction in joints not considered, which contribute to loss in force transfer. A standardized simulation method needs to be developed and validated to predict the losses in the control linkage system. In this paper, the author proposes a simulation approach using multi-body dynamics, which includes contribution factors such as transmission angle, linkage elasticity, and friction in joints. MBS model for brake linkage system for three different tractors
Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, K, Vinoth, R, Sengottu, Paulraj, Lemuel
Thermal Management Control strategy for Primary & Secondary Drive Cooling Hybrid Electric Tractor2026-26-0069To be published on 01/16/2026
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, Sunil, Makana, Mohan, Natarajan, Saravanan, K, MALA
Utilization of an improved hardening model for finite element analysis and experimental correlation of a tractor ROPS Structure2026-26-0404To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, virtual validation using finite element analysis (FEA) has become a key step in designing an agricultural tractor roll over-protective structure (ROPS). With the advancement of computation power and ability of finite element solver to handle bigger models; a higher fidelity model can be built to improve virtual validation accuracy. More & more advanced material model can be used to improve accuracy of the results. Along with ROPS, its mounting chassis and mounting bolts can also be validated. Virtual validation at the design phase not only saves time of new product development cycle; but also optimizes the weight & cost of the design. This study focusses on the application of advanced material models in simulating a real-life tractor ROPS system. For the ROPS structure, both conventional isotropic hardening models (employing bilinear and piecewise multilinear stress-strain curves) and advanced kinematic hardening models based on the multi-component Armstrong-Frederick
PANDEY, MANOJ KUMAR, Kumar, Arun, Redkar, Dinesh, THIRUGNANAM, Vivekanndan, Magendran, G, MANI, SURESH
Identification of productive and non-productive activities in agricultural machinery using ECU and GPS parameters through the application of machine learning techniques2026-26-0102To be published on 01/16/2026
Any agricultural operation (such as cultivation, rotavation, ploughing, and harrowing) includes both effective work and non-productive activities (like transportation, stops, and idling) in the field. Non-productive work can distort the actual load profile, fuel consumption, and emissions. In this project, a machine learning-based methodology has been developed to differentiate between effective operations and non-productive activities, utilizing data collected in the field from data loggers installed on the machinery. Measurements were conducted on various machines across the country in all major applications to minimize the influence of any individual sample's deviation and to account for variability in customer operating practices. Nine critical parameters (Engine Speed, Exhaust Gas Temperature, THECU2, VPEXGAS, FULRAT, Actual Engine Percentage Torque, LBEGR, POIL & GPS Speed) were selected after screening & analyzing more than 100 CAN and GPS parameters. The critical parameters
Maharana, Devi prasad, Gangsar, Purushottam, gokhale, Varun, Pandey, Anand Kumar
Source Level Vibration Control of a Tractor Engine Through Inertial Force Balancing2026-26-0323To be published on 01/16/2026
Controlling the source vibrations in internal combustion engines is a crucial approach to minimizing the vibration levels experienced by the driver. The driver's subjective perception of vibration is primarily dictated by the vehicle's low-frequency response (<100 Hz). In IC engines used in agricultural tractor applications, the primary sources of vibration include (a) first-order inertial force, (b) couples generated by rotating and reciprocating components such as the piston assembly, connecting rod, and crankshaft, and (c) in-cylinder combustion. In this study, an order ranking analysis was conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled, naturally aspirated tractor engine within the driver's operating range to identify the dominant contributors to source vibrations. The first-order inertial force was observed to be the dominant contributor to the engine's vibration levels. Subsequently, an attempt was made to mitigate the unbalanced forces by implementing counterweight-based balancing
Bhuntel, Ajay, Rajput, Surendra, Rawat, Ashish
Event-Driven Field-to-Lab Replication: A Scalable Framework for Evaluating Fuel Economy and Performance in Dual-Fuel Tractors2026-26-0105To be published on 01/16/2026
The shift toward sustainable agricultural machinery has highlighted diesel and CNG/bio-CNG dual-fuel systems as promising solutions. Yet, standardized methods for assessing their fuel economy (FE) and performance under real-world operating conditions remain underdeveloped. This study introduces an event-based duty cycle synthesis to bridge this gap. Field data encompassing ploughing, rotavating, sowing, transportation, and idling were systematically acquired using CAN bus interfaces and dataloggers, capturing engine load, wheel torque, throttle dynamics, and fuel consumption. A high-fidelity duty cycle was subsequently devised, integrating the frequency, duration, and load intensity of field operations. This cycle was replicated in a controlled laboratory environment via a chassis dynamometer and engine-in-the-loop (EiL) platform, enabling precise, repeatable evaluation of dual-fuel (diesel-CNG) and pure diesel modes. Key metrics—including brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC
Vishe, Prashant, Singh, Jitender, Saraswat, Shubham, Pawar, Abhijeet
NVH Refinement on the Agriculture Tractor using Coupled Test and Simulation Approach2026-26-0316To be published on 01/16/2026
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at driver touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, Noise Source Identification (NSI) is carried out to identify and rank airborne and structure borne noise sources at tractor level through elimination method followed by engine level testing in hemi anechoic chamber to identify the major noise radiating components by using noise and vibration measurement, sound intensity mapping tools. The outcome of NSI has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be highest
Gaikwad, Atul Annasaheb, Bankar, Harshal, Yadav, Prasad S, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh
Dynamic Prime Mover Management for Enhanced Energy Efficiency in Electric Tractors2026-26-0185To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric tractors present unique opportunities for efficient power management by decoupling traction and auxiliary loads. In the proposed system, two independent electric motors are employed: one dedicated to vehicle traction and the other to drive the power take-off (PTO) and hydraulic functions, including steering and auxiliary attachments like loaders. Hydraulic flow demand directly impacts operational productivity; traditionally, hydraulic flow is linked to engine speed, requiring frequent manual adjustments. This paper proposes an innovative dynamic control strategy that optimizes motor speed based on real-time application demands, introducing three distinct modes: Low Idle Mode, Loader Mode, and PTO Mode. The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) at the heart in coordination with the Farm Machinery Control Unit (FMCU) and Motor Control Unit (MCU), dynamically selects the appropriate mode based on user inputs such as PTO activation and joystick controls Low Idle Mode minimizes energy usage
Natarajan, Saravanan, P, Shanmugavel, M, Rojer, Joshi, Priyanka, sundaram, Pavithra
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural tractor Engine2026-26-0217To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Evaluation of Vibration Reduction Techniques in Agricultural Tractors: A Design of Experiments Approach2026-26-0344To be published on 01/16/2026
Operator comfort is among the most crucial features of agricultural tractors. Tractor operators work long hours and are subjected to vibrations and mechanical shocks, which are potentially harmful to their health. When selecting a tractor for agricultural use, one of the main factors to consider is tactile vibrations. The mandate for this project includes an investigation of tractor vibration control issues. For identifying the source of the issue, study of the controlling system is crucial. The objective of the study was to evaluate the vibrations transmitted through the tractor and to reduce vibrations on specific tactile locations through the design of experiments (DOE) method. In this paper, testing is performed on the specified tactile locations; to reduce resonance-induced vibrations, a range of approaches are being explored, including lowering the natural frequency away from the second-order engine frequency and improving the damping coefficient to lower the vibration amplitude
Baviskar, Shreyas, dhobale, Vishwajeet, Bhangare, Amit, Kunde, Sagar, Wagh, Sachin
Combustion noise quality improvement in a common rail Diesel Engine at Low idle for Agriculture Tractor2026-26-0329To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level NVH performance plays major role in customer comfort criteria. Tractor low idle rpm Sound Quality can be one of the parameter which influences customer purchasing decision based on comfort criteria. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study is carried out to understand which combustion parameter is most influencing to achieve better sound quality of engine. Taguchi design
p, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
A practical approach to reduce Gear Whine noise through gear Tooth contact analysis in an Agricultural Tractor2026-26-0345To be published on 01/16/2026
Customer demand for comfortable tractors has gone multi-fold in last decade. Transmission gear whine noise as one of the major sources of noise, is an important factor influencing the perceived quality of a vehicle and customer comfort. Investigations were carried out on 57HP tractor reported with high whine noise during deceleration from high speeds to low speeds. The source of whine noise is identified through order analysis as spiral bevel gear. Mitigating spiral bevel gear whine noise is always a challenge because of geometry, tooling and assembly requirements. Tooth contact analysis was performed on the spiral bevel gear for simulating the meshing of gear teeth to determine factors like contact patterns, transmission errors, and load distribution. From tooth contact analysis the root cause for high deceleration noise was identified as the motion transmission was not smooth in entry and exit for both forward and reverse. A practical approach of microgeometry optimization was
P, Bharath, p, Priyadarshan, Janarthanan, Devakumara Raja, Chavan, Amit
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Autonomy is Breathing New Life into Farming1351505/16/2025
Labor shortages are pushing many family farms to the brink. The solution? Autonomous technology which is emerging as a game-changer--boosting productivity, cutting risk, and giving family farms a fighting chance to thrive for generations to come. At the forefront of this transformation is Blue River Technology, a John Deere subsidiary leading the charge in precision agriculture. From AI-driven tools to autonomous machinery, the company is helping to build the future of farming the John Deere way, meeting farmers in the field and designing solutions grounded in real-world challenges. With safety and scalability built in, farmers can start small with retrofit kits that upgrade existing tractors, making automation more accessible than ever. To learn more, we caught up with Aaron Wells, Director of Engineering at Blue River, to explore how automation is transforming agriculture and giving farmers the tools they need to stay ahead--despite labor challenges. We'd love to hear from you. Share
Hineman, Marcie
Analysis of Left-Turn Mixed Traffic Flow Dynamics at Y-Shaped Signalized Intersections Using Cellular Automata2025-01-720402/21/2025
Through the method of on-site video observation, this study divides the intersection area into three parts according to the road traffic characteristics of the Y-shaped signalized intersections, and at the same time obtains the relevant parameters. These parameters include the left-turn speed and traffic density of motor vehicles within both the internal and exit areas, the frequency of lane-changing and queuing behaviors of non-motorized vehicles in the internal area, and the left-turn speed and traffic density of non-motorized vehicles in both the internal and exit areas. The data extraction and analysis of the parameters provide strong data support for further analysis of the subsequent mixed traffic flow. A cellular automaton model is developed using the intersection’s exit area as the scenario. The exit area is divided into three lanes based on the queuing patterns of mixed traffic. Corresponding traffic rules are established according to the traffic density of motorized and non
Yuan, Li, Liu, Xiaowei
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Connected Vehicles with Over-The-Air Updates1349212/17/2024
As the automotive world shifts toward fully software-defined vehicles (SDVs), many OEMs are hesitant to embrace a consumer-driven model for over-the-air (OTA) updates. Enter Sibros, a company offering holistic OTA software that enables automakers to achieve scalable, software-defined mobility. By providing AI-powered insights that deliver continuous product and service enhancements, OEMs can harness Sibros' single no-code platform to monitor, control and optimize SDVs, thus accelerating time-to-market, reducing code defects and enabling hundreds of connected vehicle use cases at global scale. This presents unique value for consumers, OEMs, commercial fleet operators, and even off-road sectors like agriculture and mining. To learn more, we sat down with Hemant Sikaria, CEO & Co-Founder, Sibros, to discuss the impact of his company's groundbreaking technology, how insurance and regulation come into play, and the importance of robust security measures to ensure the responsible growth of
Hineman, Marcie
Viability of alternative fuels to decarbonize the world’s largest agricultural tractor market2024-26-006501/16/2024
India is the market with the highest sales of agricultural tractors and the market with the highest number of agricultural tractor park, as well. Even though taking into account the lower average power of Indian agricultural tractors, their cumulated diesel fuel consumption reaches a comparable size to the one for busses (ICCT, ~7% of the entire diesel fuel consumption). The possible use of alternative powertrains like battery-electric, especially considering the lower power of the Indian tractor market, is feasible, but struggling with challenges in terms of charging infrastructure and the possibly resulting lower productivity due to longer charging times. Therefore AVL proposes to investigate the use of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, a topic which is also being discussed by other global tractor OEMs, in the world-wide context the focus is here on higher tractor powers due to storage limitations of battery-electric systems and other alternatives. In the paper AVL
Hofer, Franz Josef, Arnberger, Anton, Kruth, Ronald
Engine Modelling with Smart Online DoE2024-26-033801/16/2024
The implementation of TREM/CEV 5 emission norms on farm equipment will bring in cost pressure due to the need for exhaust after treatment systems. This cost increase needs to be reduced by bringing in more efficient and effective processes to shorten the development phase and to provide better fuel efficiencies. In this work ETAS ASCMO Online DoE with Constraint Modelling (ODCM) to execute smart online DoE on a new common rail diesel engine with EGR, whose exact bounds of operation was not available. A Global test plan with ASCMO Static was created without much focus on detailed constraints of engine operation, other than the full load curve. The parameters which were selected were Speed, Torque, Rail Pressure, Main Timing, EGR Valve Position, Pilot Separation and Quantity and Post Quantity and Separation. For these parameters, the safe operating bounds were not available. This ASCMO Static test plan is automated and executed on engine test cell with ETAS INCAFlow. ODCM at each step
Paulraj, Lemuel Srinivasan, Varsha, Anuroopa, Karadi, Subramanya, KUMAR, DEVENDRA
Investigating The Factors Affecting Cabin Comfort for Agricultural Machinery2024-26-006701/16/2024
Customer expectations for cabin tractors from comfort perspective has grown multifold in the recent years. Cabin noise and vibration is one of the crucial parameter which drives comfort feel for the customer. This would enable customer to remain comfortable during long working hours. Moreover, Cabin Tractors with lesser noise levels found to have better acceptance by Customers all over the world. The Nebraska reports studied for US based tractor shows evolution of trend of cabin noise in 100-150hp tractors in last couple of decades. Undoubtedly, tractor manufacturers have put lot of efforts towards meeting legislation demand & stringent customer requirements for European and US market. This paper presents the work carried out for investigating major contributing factors affecting tractor cabin Noise & Vibration for an existing 75HP tractor. Virtual and experimental studies have been carried out to identify the principal source of noise and the transfer paths for cabin noise
Chavan, Amit, K, Somasundaram, gunasekaran, Pandiyanayagam, Chaudhari, Vishal V, Sati, Navin
Development of Fuel efficiency Enhancement Module for tractors2024-26-006401/16/2024
In farm tractors, the available drawbar power and Power Take-Off (PTO) power are generally lower than the engine power due to parasitic losses. These losses are caused by engine-driven auxiliary loads such as cooling fans, hydraulic pumps for power steering, alternators, etc. Minimizing these parasitic losses can increase the available drawbar power and PTO power, resulting in direct fuel savings by reducing fuel consumption. The continuous increase in fuel costs and the environmental impact of emitted gases from burned fuel into the atmosphere have necessitated the replacement of hydraulic power steering and mechanical fans with electric power steering (EPS) and electric fans, respectively, to improve efficiency. The existing battery has been replaced with a higher capacity battery to provide power to the electric fan, electric power steering, and other electrical components. Additionally, the existing alternator has been replaced with a higher capacity alternator to meet the
Arjun, P., Natarajan, Saravanan, Chinnathambi, Manikandan, a, Radhakrishnan, nabar, Omkar
Finite Element Analysis and Correlation with Physical Test of Tractor Hood Bang Endurance Test2024-26-007101/16/2024
Tractors are machines primarily used for agricultural operations. However, tractors are used for various other application like loader, construction, haulage etc. There are many aggregates available in tractor like Engine, Transmission, Front hood assembly, Skid etc. and Hood is one such critical system in tractor, which encloses Engine and its associated parts. It is made of sheet metal with class 'A' surface finish for aesthetic purpose. Hood is locked using latch mechanism which is mounted on the tractor chassis. The main purpose of hood latch is to open and close the hood assembly during servicing. In some events, hood is closed by slamming which leads to structural failure and there is a need to validate hood assembly. This RWUP is replicated in lab as Hood bang test. To front load hood bang test, CAE methodology is developed and discussed in this paper. This paper focuses on FE methodology, process establishment of Hood bang simulation and correlation between CAE and test. FE
PANDEY, MANOJ, Kumar, Arun, Redkar, Dinesh, Perumal, Solairaj, Thankaraj, Pratheesh, Udayakumar, S
Fixed High Ground Clearance Tractor2024-26-006301/16/2024
Row-crop intercultural activities are widely affected by unavailability of manpower & seasonal nature. Current tractors with lower ground clearance are unable to access field after certain crop stage, may damage crop after growth up to 1 foot. Some limited mechanization available (self-propelled boom sprayer) are of higher cost. Cropcare activities are intensive and consistently increasing cost. A retrofit height attachment is designed and developed to ensure the tractor to enter field of crops having height up to 3 ft and perform intercultural operations with lesser investment and operating cost to utilize the unmechanized gap for business benefit. The concept is converting 2WD base tractor to high ground clearance tractor having ground clearance of 3ft and rear track of 42&44'', with modular retrofit height attachment kit with lesser change on base tractor. The kit can be removed later after Cropcare and covert back the tractor to usual 2WD base tractor. The solution is suitable for
A, Gokila, Natarajan, Saravanan, T, Vimalraj, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, RS, Vijay, Redkar, Dinesh, Gupta Sr, Vishal
Duty Cycle Based Fuel Consumption Calculation Using Simulation Methodology for Agricultural Tractor2024-26-006801/16/2024
This project was undertaken with an objective to develop methodology by formulating set of procedures that would help in achieving the end goal. Once methodology is established, it paves way to optimize the end results more effectively which results in reduced lead time during product development. Methodology can either be based on pure experimental investigations or by simulations. Combination of mathematical and empirical approach is inherently followed in simulations, which helps in reducing the testing time and overall cost. Commercial vehicles (CV) have seen paradigm shift in the fuel consumption (FC) certification approaches, with an intention to align with 2016 Paris climate agreement. Use of simulation tool like VECTO for commercial vehicle FC certification has gained momentum in Europe. Overall experience gained in commercial vehicle FC simulation has motivated us to leverage the learnings for off-road applications like agricultural tractors. Tractors largely differ from CVs
Gijare, Sumant, Karthick, K, Juttu, Simhachalam, Thipse, Sukrut S, Paulraj, Lemuel Srinivasan, B, Jaiganesh, T, Senthil Kumar, Sridharan, Sudarsanam
Virtual design validation of innovative High Ground Clearance Tractor kit2024-26-006601/16/2024
An agricultural tractor is often modified for special farming applications such as horticulture where the standard design is not suitable or accessible. In such cases farm equipment manufacturers are demanded a frugal and cost effect Engineered farming solutions. One such design is the innovative High Ground Clearance Tractor (HGCT) kit offered to increase the Tractor height without damaging the crop. In this paper, author proposes a durability assessment method to evaluate the HGCT kit attachments to meet the durability criteria. Road load data acquisition is done to measure the acceleration and strain levels for various horticulture operations such as tillage, spraying and transportation. Actual operating conditions are simulated with the help of four poster durability setup inside the lab which helps to reduce the field testing for design iterations. Multi-body dynamics simulation (MBS) is used to front load the four poster lab testing in virtual and extract the loads on component
Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, A, Gokila, Kumar, Yuvaraj, Jaiswal, Sunny, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, Londhe, Abhijit, Mani, Suresh, Natarajan, Saravanan
Assisted Steering Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles Based on Combination of Driving and Braking2023-01-701210/30/2023
This paper presents a low-speed assisted steering control approach for distributed drive electric vehicles. When the vehicle is driven at low speed, the braking of the inner-rear wheel is combined with differential drive to reduce the turning radius. A hierarchical control structure has been designed to achieve comprehensive control. The upper-level controller tracks the expected yaw rate and vehicle side-slip angle through a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) algorithm. The desired yaw rate and vehicle side-slip angle are obtained according to the reference vehicle model, which can be regulated by the driver through the accelerator pedal. The lower-level controller uses a quadratic programming algorithm to distribute the yaw moment and driving moment to each wheel, aiming to minimize tire load rate variance. Simulation and real vehicle tests compare three steering modes: front-wheel steering only, front-wheel steering + differential drive assisted steering, and front-wheel steering
Wu, Dongmei, Wang, Cheng, Du, Changqing, Zhang, Yichao
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Sustainable Rubber Hits the Road1337902/03/2023
When the rubber hits the road, one tire company stands out among the rest. From raw material traceability to supply chain transparency, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is not only helping to do what's good for business, but what's good for the planet, too. Driven by an ambitious sustainability strategy, Goodyear has set goals to develop a tire made of 100% sustainable materials by 2030 and using only renewable energy in its manufacturing facilities and operations by 2040. The company is even working to develop a domestic source of natural rubber from a specific species of dandelion in collaboration with the Department of Defense, the Air Force Research Lab, BioMADE and Farmed Materials. To learn more about Goodyear's impressive sustainability journey, we sat down with Ellis Jones, Vice President and Chief Sustainability Officer. He discusses the company's uniquely strong culture, the importance of working collaboratively with small farms, and the development of new sustainable tire
Hineman, Marcie
Deere advances in-field autonomy22TOFHP08_0108/01/2022
While stereo cameras and computer vision guide Deere's “limited release” 8R autonomous tractor, Bear Flag's lidar tech will augment future machines. Q&A with Deere's Joe Liefer John Deere got “really serious” about autonomy in 2019, according to Joe Liefer, senior product manager of autonomy at John Deere Intelligent Solutions Group. Three years later - after forming an in-house development team and acquiring some tech-startup expertise - the machinery maker revealed a fully autonomous tractor at CES 2022 that it claims is ready for large-scale production. Based on Deere's 8R tractor, the machine combines a TruSet-enabled chisel plow, GPS guidance system, advanced AI and six pairs of stereo cameras that enable 360-degree obstacle detection and distance calculation. The autonomous 8R tractor also continuously checks its position relative to a geofence and is accurate to within less than 1 inch (25 mm), Deere claims. Farmers monitor and control it from a smartphone app.
Area coverage using drones for Precision Agriculture2022-26-124705/26/2022
With the constant growth of the world population, the necessity for increasing productivity has become paramount owing to faster resource depletion. We have seen great leaps in the automation of agricultural operations which has sustained the increased demand for food. UAVs are one such technology with the potential to revolutionize the farming industry through precise and focused applications for crop inputs. In this work, a system that enables applying precision agriculture approach for crop monitoring, growth, and protection activities is described. This work focuses on designing a UAV system capable of maneuvering through agricultural fields addressing the problem of complete coverage of fields. Coverage Path Planning is the process of finding the route that covers all points of the specific area. Most of the research focused on finding the optimal path takes only geometrical aspects into account, while not considering context-specific robot features, energy, speed, and sensor
Karthikeyan, Rohith, Arya, Hemendra
Simulation of 2-Stroke D-Cycle Engine Concept for Agricultural Tractor2022-01-046403/29/2022
This paper explains to modify conventional 4-Stroke 2.7L 4-Cylinder CRS (Common Rail System) Naturally aspirated (NA) Diesel engine into 2-Stroke D-Cycle (i.e. Differential Stroke) engine for Agricultural Tractor applications. 1D Performance simulation was performed using GT-POWER to focus on how to maximize the combustion efficiency and power/torque demand using a 2-stroke D-Cycle by taking advantages of deficits in a 4-stroke engine, optimizing for improving emissions and realizing higher torque demands for Tractor field applications. Furthermore, appropriate cam geometries ensuing specific application of puddling, tillage etc. are generated which can be accommodated without major design changes. Exhaust, heat transfer, pumping, frictional losses, and volumetric efficiency are analyzed. Performance Simulation results shows that Fuel economy improvement of ~ 10%, average increase in Power output of ~ 30%, average NOx emission reduction of ~ 15% and better drivability at low engine
S, SHANKAR, Paulraj, Lemuel
Safety Alert Symbol for Agricultural, Construction, and Industrial EquipmentJ284_202110 (Current)10/01/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the safety alert symbol intended for use on construction and industrial equipment as defined in SAE J1116 and on agricultural tractors and machinery as defined in ASABE S390.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
Design and Development Methodology of Automatic Electric Start System for Power Tiller2021-26-009309/22/2021
This paper deals with designing and development methodology of Automatic Electric Start (AES) system for power tiller which has horizontal diesel engine as prime mover. Designing of AES system constitutes of designing of Starter Motor, Starter Motor Bracket, Flywheel Ring Gear, Battery, Electrical Circuit, Fan Alternator and then development these components as integrated system prototype. Unlikely tractor market, AES system are not so common in Indian power tiller market therefore, unprecedented design approach towards design of AES system on power tiller engine has been presented in this paper. An engine without AES system requires of huge amount of engine starting effort by farmer whereby farmers fatigue levels are always on higher side. AES system on power tiller has made 0 N force requirement to start engine which was approximately 92 N earlier. Design of AES system depends on analysis engine cranking torque, which is a complex process and involves calculation of moments, such as
singh, sahildeep, sakthiendran, s, kanase, kedar
Virtual simulation method to predict farm tractor durability load cycles for proving ground tests2021-26-009709/22/2021
Agriculture machinery industries have always relied on conventional product development process such as laboratory tests, accelerated durability track tests and field tests. Now a days the competitive nature seen in industry concerns need to enhance product quality, time to market and development cost. Utilization of computer aided engineering (CAE) methods not only provide solution but also could play key role in tractor development process. The objective is to assess the performance of virtual simulation model of mid segment farm tractor using Multibody System Model (MBS) for predicting the durability loads on virtual proving ground test tracks. Multibody simulation software MSC ADAMS is used to develop a virtual tractor model. Durability test tracks and simulation is carried out as per company testing standards. Data measurement is done using Wheel force Transducer (WFT) to study front and rear spindle forces and moments to evaluate the virtual model performance. Spindle vertical
Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, N, Balaramakrishna, Londhe, Abhijit, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G
Reduction of Aeroacoustics Tonal Noise for a Tractor Cooling Fan2021-26-029909/22/2021
Currently, noise pollution has become one of the major environmental concerns. To address this, new noise standards and regulations are being introduced and mandate the tractor OEM's to meet the defined noise levels. Fan noise from the cooling fan is one of the key contributors to the overall vehicle noise. Hence, the reduction of fan noise at the source is a very important and critical task. Even though fan noise is broadband in nature its aerodynamic noise sources are most dominant at the higher harmonics of the blade pass frequency (BPF). Aerodynamic noise of a fan can be varied by changing the fan geometry viz. blade profile, fan width & diameter, no. of blades, and ring on its periphery. Cooling fan is an important component of the cooling system which ensures adequate airflow for radiator cooling and avoids engine overheating with uniform heat dissipation. The important parameters that need to be considered while designing a cooling fan are noise level, airflow, and power
Avinash, D., Shankar, M, Maller, Rathish, V, Ravindran
Prediction and Validation of Cab Noise in Agricultural Equipment2021-01-107008/31/2021
To improve overall customer experience, it is imperative to minimize the noise levels inside agricultural equipment cab. Up-front prediction of acoustic performance in product development is critical to implement the noise control strategies optimally. This paper discusses the methodology used for virtual modeling of a cab on agricultural equipment for prediction of interior noise. The Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) approach is suitable to predict high frequency interior noise and sound quality parameters such as articulation index and loudness. The cab SEA model is developed using a commercial software. The structural and acoustic excitations are measured through physical testing in various operating conditions. The interior noise levels predicted by the virtual model are compared with the operator ear noise levels measured in the test unit. The resultant SPL spectrum from SEA correlates well with the test. This model is used to optimize the noise control treatments and improve the
Mandke, Devendra, Fapal, Anand, Pawar, Sachin, Cone, Kerry
Reduced Heat Leakage Improves Wearable Health DeviceTBMG-3961708/01/2021
Researchers have enhanced a flexible body heat harvester by preventing heat leakage. The harvesters use heat energy from the human body to power wearable technologies. The technology relies on the same principles governing rigid thermoelectric harvesters that convert heat to electrical energy.
Soft Robotic Gripper Based on Twining PlantsTBMG-3959208/01/2021
Scientists often look to nature for cues when designing robots — some robots mimic human hands while others simulate the actions of octopus arms or inchworms. Now, researchers have designed a soft robotic gripper that draws inspiration from an unusual source: pole beans. While pole beans and other twining plants use their touch-sensitive shoots to wrap themselves around supports like ropes and rods to grow upward, the new robot is designed to firmly but gently grasp objects as small as 1 millimeter in diameter.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Cummins Innovating Engines to Power the Global Food Economy1315407/16/2021
Whether it's gas, electric or hydrogen-fueled, engines serving the agriculture industry are dynamic. Cummins engines power everything from the farm to the field to the future. Ann Schmelzer, General Manager, Global Ag Business for Cummins, is passionate about problem solving through the lens of technology. Building on Cummins' reputation of reliability, Schmelzer is leading the charge to get their engines into the growing demand of autonomous agriculture. Listen as she shares insights on the current economics of agriculture and ways Cummins is stepping up to meet the needs of the global food economy.
Hineman, Marcie
Application Layer - Generator Sets and IndustrialJ1939/75_202107 (Current)07/15/2021
SAE J1939-75 defines the set of data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. The data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) previously published within this document are published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document must refer to SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: John Deere Brings Precision to Agriculture Through StarFire Network1312906/04/2021
John Deere has been both a benchmark and a thought-leader in agricultural innovation throughout its 180-year history. Today, Deere's StarFire Network global-positioning system achieves down-to-the-centimeter position accuracy to keep farmers on the cutting-edge. On this episode, Al Savage, StarFire Network Manager, discusses the applications of StarFire technology from precision planting to integrations with autonomous machinery.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Bear Flag Robotics, Helping Farmers Improve Sustainability1300804/06/2021
Sustainable farming is within reach and Bear Flag Robotics is part of the collage of technology that's making it happen. On the latest episode, we spoke with Igino Cafiero and Aubrey Donnellan, Founders of Bear Flag Robotics, to discuss how the unique business model enables business and farming success. From their days at Carnegie Mellon to the present, the unique perspectives of Cafiero and Donnellan have helped build the Bear Flag Robotics business on diversity of thought, transparency and trust. Discover how they bring these same ideals to business relationships with farmers and how Bear Flag's technology plays a role in safety, productivity and sustainability.
Hineman, Marcie
Felling Head Terminology and NomenclatureJ1272_202103 (Current)03/01/2021
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
EDITORIAL: State of the industry: ubiquitous broadband is key21TOFHP02_0402/01/2021
Bipartisanship and infrastructure: More of the former will (hopefully) help secure more of the latter. That sums up a recurrent theme during the Association of Equipment Manufacturers' (AEM) mid-January media call to discuss the 2020 elections and what the results mean for the $288 billion equipment manufacturing industry in 2021. Top of the list for the industry's policy priorities is infrastructure. “Passing policies that modernize U.S. infrastructure will allow our nation to address the 21st century global economy, and that's through further investments in our nation's roads, highways, bridges, rails, ports, airports and also to deliver broadband access through all of America,” said AEM president Dennis Slater.
Gehm, Ryan
Monarch's automated, electric tractor ready for 2021 deliveries21TOFHP02_1002/01/2021
“If you want to fundamentally improve your economics,” said Monarch Tractor co-founder and CTO Zachary Omohundro to farmers and growers everywhere, “you go electric.” During a webcast with SAE International's Southern California Section featuring his startup company's battery-electric compact tractor, Omohundro offered markedly reduced operational costs as only one of many reasons for using the Monarch tractor, for which he said deliveries will start this fall for the “several hundred working farms” that have reserved the tractor that starts at $50,000.
Visnic, Bill
CES 2021: Deere demos tractor, high-precision planter via virtual reality21TOFHP02_0902/01/2021
Digital technology is rapidly transforming off-highway equipment, giving users more functionality and higher precision than is possible with human operators. John Deere highlighted its advanced electronic skills during the virtual CES 2021 conference in January by giving remote booth attendees virtual reality (VR) headsets that demonstrated its technical prowess. Deere highlighted its ExactEmerge planter technology and its 8RX track-type tractor during the virtual trade show. The two can be paired to boost yields, letting operators plant seeds with high precision even while running at 10 mph (16 km/h), double the rate possible with earlier generations.
Costlow, Terry
Q&A21TOFHP02_1102/01/2021
Commercial vehicles run under a wide range of operating conditions and duty cycles - not all are well-suited for battery-electric propulsion, particularly in the near term. For those hard-to-electrify vehicles, renewable diesel is a viable option to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions “practically overnight,” according to Matt Leuck, technical manager for Renewable Road Transportation in North America for Neste, which claims to be the world's largest producer of renewable diesel and jet fuel. Preparing to participate in the “Low/Zero Carbon Fuels” technical session during the SAE Government/Industry Digital Summit on February 2-3, Leuck said that Neste sees strong, sustained growth for renewable diesel in medium- and heavy-duty road vehicles, as well as in other segments such as mobile machines used at mines and construction sites. “In fact, demand growth has the potential to increase fivefold in the decades ahead,” he shared. “This growth is driven by two key things: end-users are setting
Gehm, Ryan
RIDING ON AIR: Activated carbon aims at autos21AUTP02_0302/01/2021
An old piece of science is set to bring new applications across the mobility spectrum. Activated carbon may seem an esoteric piece of science in the automotive space, but it is quietly playing a key role in Audi A6 and A7 air-suspension systems. The technology also is promising for new applications in vehicle safety, comfort and acoustics. Carbon Air, a company spun off from a U.K. university, is developing activated carbon for use in cars, light trucks, heavy commercial vehicles, buses, motorcycles and even mountain bikes. The technology, which is based on activated charcoal, has long been used in other industry sectors including medical, agricultural, water treatment and food production. Its opportunities in mobility appear to be equally broad, the company noted.
Birch, Stuart
ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)J2540/2_202012 (Current)12/06/2020
This standard provides a table of textual messages meeting the requirements for expressing International Traveler Information Systems (ITIS) phrases commonly used in the ITS industry. The tables provided herein follow the rules of SAE J2540 and therefore allow a local representation in various different languages, media expressions, etc., to allow true international use of these phrases. The phrases are predominantly intended for use in the description of traffic-related events of interest to travelers and other traffic practitioners. Other phrases exist for other specific specialty areas of ITS, and all such phrases follow a set of encoding and decoding rules outlined in SAE J2540 to ensure that the use of these phrases in messages remain interoperable between disparate types of user equipment. Implementers are cautioned to obtain the most recent set of tables by means of the ITS data registry, a process which involves SAE and other standards-setting organizations, and which is
V2X Core Technical Committee
Autonomy kicks up some dust20TOFHP12_0212/01/2020
Machines that move, haul and plow earth can capitalize on autonomous systems today via increased safety and productivity in the field and significant cost savings. Autonomous operation for on-highway commercial vehicles has grabbed headlines and public attention, rightfully so since these haulers increasingly will share the roads with passenger vehicles. But there is a lot of interesting new core work occurring in the off-highway autonomy space as well, according to Brendan Chan, chief engineer of unmanned systems and active safety at Oshkosh Corp. “There's the hub-to-hub stuff that everyone's been talking about.
Gehm, Ryan
Aircraft Thermal Heat Conduction MethodTBMG-3819812/01/2020
An aircraft thermal management technology using one-way heat transfer of planar bridging-droplet thermal diodes was developed for use with electronics, aircraft, and spacecraft. Diodes are a special kind of device that allow heat to conduct in only one direction by use of engineered materials. For management of heat, diodes are attractive because they enable the dumping of heat entering one side, while resisting heat on the opposite side. In the case of aircraft, heat is absorbed from an overheated plane but resisted from the outside environment.
Nomenclature - Industrial and Agricultural MowersJ990_202011 (Current)11/03/2020
Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Autonomy Takes Off-highway20AVEP11_0611/01/2020
Integrating automation systems in mining, agricultural and construction machines can increase safety and productivity in the field and bring significant economic benefits. Autonomous operation for on-highway commercial vehicles has grabbed headlines and public attention, rightfully so since these haulers increasingly will share the roads with passenger vehicles. But there is a lot of interesting new core work occurring in the off-highway autonomy space as well, according to Brendan Chan, chief engineer of unmanned systems and active safety at Oshkosh Corp. “There's the hub-to-hub stuff that everyone's been talking about. There's also a lot of geofence, low-speed applications where autonomy could be very useful and a very good value,” Chan said at the 2020 SAE COMVEC Digital Summit. Vehicles for yard maneuvering is one such application.
Gehm, Ryan
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